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Pachauri S, Zaid R, Sherkhane PD, Easa J, Viterbo A, Chet I, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK. Comparative Phenotypic, Genomic, and Transcriptomic Analyses of Two Contrasting Strains of the Plant Beneficial Fungus Trichoderma virens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0302422. [PMID: 36719232 PMCID: PMC10100780 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a beneficial fungus that helps plants fight pathogens and abiotic stresses and thereby enhances crop yields. Unlike other Trichoderma spp., there are two well-defined strains (P and Q) of T. virens, classified by secondary metabolites profiling, primarily the biosynthesis of the nonribosomal, strong antimicrobial agents gliotoxin (Q) and gliovirin (P). We have studied the phenotypic and biocontrol properties of two well-studied representative isolates (T. virens Gv29-8 and T. virens GvW/IMI304061) that represent a Q strain and a P strain of T. virens, respectively. We refined the genome assembly of the P strain using nanopore technology, and we compared it with the Q strain. The differences between the genomes include gene expansion in the Q strain. T. virens Gv29-8 is weaker than GvW as a mycoparasite on the broad host-range plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, and it is ineffective as a biocontrol agent when applied to pathogen-infested soil. T. virens Gv29-8 proved to be phytotoxic to Arabidopsis seedlings, whereas the effect of T. virens GvW was not major. Both strains colonized the surface and outer cortex layer of tomato roots, with about 40% higher colonization by T. virens Gv29-8. T. virens Gv29-8 induced the expression of a larger set of tomato genes than did T. virens GvW, although some tomato genes were uniquely induced in response to T. virens GvW. We studied the comparative transcriptome response of T. virens Gv29-8 and T. virens GvW to S. rolfsii. A larger set of genes was regulated in T. virens GvW than in T. virens Gv29-8 in the presence of the plant pathogen. IMPORTANCE Trichoderma virens populations that were earlier classified into two strains (P and Q) based on secondary metabolites profiling are also phenotypically and genetically distinct, with the latter being ineffective in controlling the devastating, broad host range plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. The two strains also provoke distinct as well as overlapping transcriptional responses to the presence of the plant and the pathogen. This study enriches our knowledge of Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions and identifies novel candidate genes for further research and deployment in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Rinat Zaid
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jamela Easa
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ada Viterbo
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilan Chet
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
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Bansal R, Sethy SK, Khan Z, Shaikh N, Banerjee K, Mukherjee PK. Genetic Evidence in Favor of a Polyketide Origin of Acremeremophilanes, the Fungal "Sesquiterpene" Metabolites. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0179322. [PMID: 35938791 PMCID: PMC9430172 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01793-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eremophilanes are a large group of "sesquiterpenes" produced by plants and fungi, with more than 180 compounds being known in fungi alone. Many of these compounds are phytotoxic, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulators, and hence are of great economic values. Acremeremophilanes A to O have earlier been reported in a marine isolate of Acremonium sp. We report here the presence of Acremeremophilane I, G, K, N, and O, in a plant beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens, in a strain-specific manner. We also describe a novel, P strain-specific polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster in T. virens. This gene cluster, designated amm cluster, is absent in the genome of a Q strain of T. virens, and in other Trichoderma spp.; instead, a near identical cluster is present in the genome of the toxic mold Stachybotrys chartarum. Using gene knockout, we provide evidence that acremeremophilanes are biosynthesized via a polyketide route, and not via the mevalonate/terpene synthesis route as believed. We propose here that the 10-carbon skeleton is a product of polyketide synthase, to which a five-carbon isoprene unit is added by a prenyl transferase (PT), a gene for which is present next to the PKS gene in the genome. Based on this evidence, we propose that at least some of the eremophilanes classified in literature as sesquiterpenes (catalyzed by terpene cyclase) are actually meroterpenes (catalyzed by PKSs and PTs), and that the core moiety is not a sesquiterpene, but a hybrid polyketide/isoprene unit. IMPORTANCE The article contradicts the established fact that acremeremophilane metabolites produced by fungi are sesquiterpenes; instead, our findings suggest that at least some of these well-studied metabolites are of polyketide origin. Acremeremophilane metabolites are of medicinal significance, and the present findings have implications for the metabolic engineering of these metabolites and also their overproduction in microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Sethy
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR–National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nasiruddin Shaikh
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR–National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR–National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Vinale F, Hohmann P, Atanasova L, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Editorial: Molecular Intricacies of Trichoderma-Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Fungal Biol 2022; 3:892228. [PMID: 37746205 PMCID: PMC10512387 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.892228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Francesco Vinale
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierre Hohmann
- Sustainable Plant Protection Programme, IRTA Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Manikandan A, Johnson I, Jaivel N, Krishnamoorthy R, SenthilKumar M, Raghu R, Gopal NO, Mukherjee PK, Anandham R. Gamma-induced mutants of Bacillus and Streptomyces display enhanced antagonistic activities and suppression of the root rot and wilt diseases in pulses. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:103-118. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aims to increase Bacillus and Streptomyces antagonistic activity against the root rot and wilt diseases of pulses caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum, respectively. To increase antagonistic action, Bacillus subtilis BRBac4, Bacillus siamensis BRBac21, and Streptomyces cavourensis BRAcB10 were subjected to random mutagenesis using varying doses of gamma irradiation (0.5–3.0 kGy). Following the irradiation, 250 bacterial colonies were chosen at random for each antagonistic strain and their effects against pathogens were evaluated in a plate assay. The ERIC, BOX, and random amplified polymorphic studies demonstrated a clear distinction between mutant and wild-type strains. When mutants were compared to wild-type strains, they showed improved plant growth-promoting characteristics and hydrolytic enzyme activity. The disease suppression potential of the selected mutants, B. subtilis BRBac4-M6, B. siamensisi BRBac21-M10, and S. cavourensis BRAcB10-M2, was tested in green gram, black gram, and red gram. The combined inoculation of B. siamensis BRBac21-M10 and S. cavourensis BRAcB10-M2 reduced the incidence of root rot and wilt disease. The same treatment also increased the activity of the defensive enzymes peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. These findings suggested that gamma-induced mutation can be exploited effectively to improve the biocontrol characteristics of Bacillus and Streptomyces. Following the field testing, a combined bio-formulation of these two bacteria may be utilised to address wilt and root-rot pathogens in pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariyan Manikandan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Coimbatore 641003 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Iruthayasamy Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Nanjundan Jaivel
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Coimbatore 641003 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Ramasamy Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Crop Management, Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture , Pollachi , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Murugaiyan SenthilKumar
- Department of Crop Management, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Eachangkottai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Rajasekaran Raghu
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Coimbatore 641003 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Nellaiappan Olaganathan Gopal
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Coimbatore 641003 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Environmental Biotechnology Section Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Rangasamy Anandham
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) , Coimbatore 641003 , Tamil Nadu , India
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5
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Bauri AK, Sherkhane PD, Mukherjee P, Khan Z, Banerjee K, Carcache de Blanco EJ, Eugenio GA, Foro S, Mukherjee PK. Identification of Penicillic Acid as the Active Principle of
Penicillium polonicum
Inhibiting the Plant Pathogen
Pythium aphanidermatum
, and Elucidation of Its Crystal Structure. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy K. Bauri
- Bio-Organic Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Poulomi Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes Pune 412307 India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes Pune 412307 India
| | | | | | - Sabine Foro
- FB Material Wissenschatt FG Structurforschung Technische Universitaet Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-str. 2 D-64287 Darmstdt Germany
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
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Alexander LT, Lepore R, Kryshtafovych A, Adamopoulos A, Alahuhta M, Arvin AM, Bomble YJ, Böttcher B, Breyton C, Chiarini V, Chinnam NB, Chiu W, Fidelis K, Grinter R, Gupta GD, Hartmann MD, Hayes CS, Heidebrecht T, Ilari A, Joachimiak A, Kim Y, Linares R, Lovering AL, Lunin VV, Lupas AN, Makbul C, Michalska K, Moult J, Mukherjee PK, Nutt W(S, Oliver SL, Perrakis A, Stols L, Tainer JA, Topf M, Tsutakawa SE, Valdivia‐Delgado M, Schwede T. Target highlights in CASP14: Analysis of models by structure providers. Proteins 2021; 89:1647-1672. [PMID: 34561912 PMCID: PMC8616854 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological and functional significance of selected Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction 14 (CASP14) targets are described by the authors of the structures. The authors highlight the most relevant features of the target proteins and discuss how well these features were reproduced in the respective submitted predictions. The overall ability to predict three-dimensional structures of proteins has improved remarkably in CASP14, and many difficult targets were modeled with impressive accuracy. For the first time in the history of CASP, the experimentalists not only highlighted that computational models can accurately reproduce the most critical structural features observed in their targets, but also envisaged that models could serve as a guidance for further studies of biologically-relevant properties of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila T. Alexander
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Athanassios Adamopoulos
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Ann M. Arvin
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural BiologyGrenobleFrance
| | - Valerio Chiarini
- Program in Structural Biology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Naga babu Chinnam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- BioengineeringStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Cryo‐EM and Bioimaging SSRLSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Rhys Grinter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Gagan D. Gupta
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Christopher S. Hayes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR)RomeItaly
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - Romain Linares
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural BiologyGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Vladimir V. Lunin
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Andrei N. Lupas
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Cihan Makbul
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - John Moult
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - William (Sam) Nutt
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - Stefan L. Oliver
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lucy Stols
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz‐Institut für Experimentelle VirologieHamburgGermany
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated BioimagingLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
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Gupta GD, Bansal R, Mistry H, Pandey B, Mukherjee PK. Structure-function analysis reveals Trichoderma virens Tsp1 to be a novel fungal effector protein modulating plant defence. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:267-276. [PMID: 34547313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens colonizes roots and develops a symbiotic relationship with plants where the fungal partner derives nutrients from plants and offers defence, in return. Tsp1, a small secreted cysteine-rich protein, was earlier found to be upregulated in co-cultivation of T. virens with maize roots. Tsp1 is well conserved in Ascomycota division of fungi, but none of its homologs have been studied yet. We have expressed and purified recombinant Tsp1, and resolved its structure to 1.25 Å resolutions, from two crystal forms, using Se-SAD methods. The Tsp1 adopts a β barrel fold and forms dimer in structure as well as in solution form. DALI based structure analysis revealed the structure similarity with two known fungal effector proteins: Alt a1 and PevD1. Structure and evolutionary analysis suggested that Tsp1 belongs to a novel effector protein family. Tsp1 acted as an inducer of salicylic acid mediated susceptibility in plants, rendering maize plants more susceptible to a necrotrophic pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus, as observed using plant defence assay and RT-qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan D Gupta
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India.
| | - Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Hiral Mistry
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Bharati Pandey
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India; Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
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8
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Bansal R, Pachauri S, Gururajaiah D, Sherkhane PD, Khan Z, Gupta S, Banerjee K, Kumar A, Mukherjee PK. Dual role of a dedicated GAPDH in the biosynthesis of volatile and non-volatile metabolites- novel insights into the regulation of secondary metabolism in Trichoderma virens. Microbiol Res 2021; 253:126862. [PMID: 34563853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens produces viridin/viridiol, heptelidic (koningic) acid, several volatile sesquiterpenes and gliotoxin (Q strains) or gliovirin (P strains). We earlier reported that deletion of the terpene cyclase vir4 and a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, designated as vGPD) associated with the "vir" cluster abrogated the biosynthesis of several volatile sesquiterpene metabolites. Here we show that, the deletion of this GAPDH also impairs the biosynthesis of heptelidic acid (a non-volatile sesquiterpene), viridin (steroid) and gliovirin (non-ribosomal peptide), indicating regulation of non-volatile metabolite biosynthesis by this GAPDH that is associated with a secondary metabolism gene cluster. To gain further insights into the details of this novel form of regulation, we identified the terpene cyclase gene responsible for heptelidic acid biosynthesis (hereafter designated as has1) and prove that the expression of this gene is regulated by vGPD. Interestingly, deletion of has1 impaired biosynthesis of heptelidic acid (HA), viridin and gliovirin, but not of volatile sesquiterpenes. Deletion of the vir cluster associated terpene cyclase gene (vir4), located next to the vGPD gene, did not impair biosynthesis of HA, viridin or gliovirin. We thus unveil a novel circuitry of regulation of secondary metabolism where an HA-tolerant GAPDH isoform (vGPD) regulates HA biosynthesis through the transcriptional regulation of the HA-synthase gene (which is not part of the "vir" cluster). Interestingly, impairment of HA biosynthesis leads to the down-regulation of biosynthesis of other non-volatile secondary metabolites, but not of volatile secondary metabolites. We thus provide evidence that the "vir" cluster associated, HA-tolerant GAPDH in T. virens participates in the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes as a biosynthetic enzyme, and regulates the production of non-volatile metabolites via regulation of HA biosynthesis. The orthologue of the "vir" cluster in Aspergillus oryzae was earlier reported to synthesize HA by another group. Our study thus proves that the same gene cluster can code for unrelated metabolites in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Deepa Gururajaiah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Pramod D Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307. India
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307. India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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9
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Jayalakshmi R, Oviya R, Premalatha K, Mehetre ST, Paramasivam M, Kannan R, Theradimani M, Pallavi MS, Mukherjee PK, Ramamoorthy V. Production, stability and degradation of Trichoderma gliotoxin in growth medium, irrigation water and agricultural soil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16536. [PMID: 34400690 PMCID: PMC8367996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin produced by Trichoderma virens is inhibitory against various phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. However, its stability in soil-ecosystem has not yet been well-defined. This study aimed to decipher its persistence and behaviour in growth media, irrigation water and soil ecosystems. Gliotoxin production was noticed at logarithmic growth phase and converted into bis-thiomethyl gliotoxin at late stationary growth phase of T. virens in acidic growth medium. But, no gliotoxin production was observed in neutral and alkaline growth medium. Gliotoxin was stable for several days in acidic water but degraded in alkaline water. Degradation of gliotoxin was more in unsterile soil than sterile soil and also that was higher under wet soil than dry soil. Degradation of gliotoxin was hastened by alkaline pH in wet soil but not in dry soil. Under unsterile soil conditions, high soil moisture increased the degradation of gliotoxin and the degradation of gliotoxin occurred quickly in alkaline soil (in 5 days) compared to acidic soil (in 10 days). Under sterile soil conditions, high soil moisture also enhanced the degradation of gliotoxin but level of degradation was less compared to unsterile conditions. Thus, gliotoxin stability is influenced mainly by the soil wetness, soil microbial community and pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jayalakshmi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Oviya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Premalatha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S T Mehetre
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - M Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Kannan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Theradimani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M S Pallavi
- Pesticide Residue and Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - V Ramamoorthy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kumar R, Mukherjee PK. Trichoderma virens Bys1 may competitively inhibit its own effector protein Alt a 1 to stabilize the symbiotic relationship with plant-evidence from docking and simulation studies. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:144. [PMID: 33708467 PMCID: PMC7910336 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Trichoderma spp. are widely used for plant growth promotion and disease control. They form stable symbiosis-like relationship with roots. Unlike plant pathogens and mycorrhizae, the molecular events leading to the development of this association is not well understood. Pathogens deploy effector proteins to suppress or evade plant defence. Indirect evidences suggest that Trichoderma spp. can also deploy effector-like proteins to suppress plant defence favouring colonization of roots. Here, using computer simulation, we provide evidence that Trichoderma virens may deploy analogues of host defence proteins to "neutralize" its own effector protein to minimize damage to host tissues, as one of the mechanisms to achieve a stable symbiotic relationship with plants. We provide evidence that T. virens Bys1 protein has a structure similar to plant PR5/thaumatin-like protein and can bind Alt a 1 with a very high affinity, which might lead to the inactivation of its own effector protein. We have, for the first time, predicted a fungal protein that is a competitive inhibitor of a fungal effector protein deployed by many pathogenic fungi to suppress plant defence, and this protein/gene can potentially be used to enhance plant defence through transgenic or other approaches. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02652-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
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11
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Pachauri S, Gupta GD, Mukherjee PK, Kumar V. Expression of a heptelidic acid-insensitive recombinant GAPDH from Trichoderma virens, and its biochemical and biophysical characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105697. [PMID: 32681951 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens genome harbors two isoforms of GAPDH, one (gGPD) involved in glycolysis and the other one (vGPD) in secondary metabolism. vGPD is expressed as part of the "vir" cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes. The secondary metabolism-associated GAPDH is tolerant to the anti-cancer metabolite heptelidic acid (HA), produced by T. virens. Characterizing the HA-tolerant form of GAPDH, thus has implications in cancer therapy. In order to get insight into the mechanism of HA-tolerance of vGPD, we have purified recombinant form of this protein. The protein displays biochemical and biophysical characteristics analogous to the gGPD isoform. It exists as a tetramer with Tm of about 56.5 °C, and displays phosphorylation enzyme activity with Km and Kcat of 0.38 mM and 2.55 sec-1, respectively. The protein weakly binds to the sequence upstream of the vir4 gene that codes for the core enzyme (a terpene cyclase) of the "vir" cluster. The EMSA analysis indicates that vGPD may not act as a transcription factor driving the "vir" cluster, at least not by directly binding to the promoter region. We also succeeded in obtaining small crystals of this protein. We have constructed structural models of vGPD and gGPD of T. virens. In silico constrained docking analysis reveals weaker binding of heptelidic acid in vGPD, compared to gGPD protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Gagan D Gupta
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India; Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Taylor JT, Mukherjee PK, Puckhaber LS, Dixit K, Igumenova TI, Suh C, Horwitz BA, Kenerley CM. Deletion of the Trichoderma virens NRPS, Tex7, induces accumulation of the anti-cancer compound heptelidic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:672-677. [PMID: 32736691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer antibiotic heptelidic acid is a sesquiterpene lactone produced by the beneficial plant fungus Trichoderma virens. This species has been separated into two strains, referred to as P and Q, based on its biosynthesis of secondary metabolites; notably, only P-strains were reported to produce heptelidic acid. While characterizing a Q-strain of T. virens containing a directed mutation in the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase encoding gene Tex7, the appearance of an unknown compound in anomalously large quantities was visualized by TLC. Using a combination of HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and NMR spectroscopy, this compound was identified as heptelidic acid. This discovery alters the strain classification structure of T. virens. Additionally, the Tex7 mutants inhibited growth of maize seedlings, while retaining the ability to induce systemic resistance against the foliar fungal pathogen, Cochliobolus heterostrophus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Taylor
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Lorraine S Puckhaber
- USDA, ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Karuna Dixit
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles Suh
- USDA, ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Pachauri S, Sherkhane PD, Kumar V, Mukherjee PK. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Major Deletions in the Genome of M7, a Gamma Ray-Induced Mutant of Trichoderma virens That Is Repressed in Conidiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Mycoparasitism. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1030. [PMID: 32595612 PMCID: PMC7303927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a commercial biofungicide used in agriculture. We have earlier isolated a mutant of T. virens using gamma ray-induced mutagenesis. This mutant, designated as M7, is defective in morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, and mycoparasitism. The mutant does not produce conidia, and the colony is hydrophilic. M7 cannot utilize cellulose and chitin as a sole carbon source and is unable to parasitize the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum in confrontation assay. Several volatile (germacrenes, beta-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, gamma-muurolene) and non-volatile (viridin, viridiol, gliovirin, heptelidic acid) metabolites are not detected in M7. In transcriptome analysis, many genes related to secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, hydrophobicity, and transportation, among others, were found to be downregulated in the mutant. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified five deletions in the mutant genome, totaling about 250 kb (encompassing 71 predicted ORFs), which was confirmed by PCR. This study provides novel insight into genetics of morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, and mycoparasitism and eventually could lead to the identification of novel regulators of beneficial traits in plant beneficial fungi Trichoderma spp. We also suggest that this mutant can be developed as a microbial cell factory for the production of secondary metabolites and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramod D Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.,Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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14
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Bansal R, Mistry HU, Mukherjee PK, Gupta GD. Expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction studies of a novel root-induced secreted protein from Trichoderma virens. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:257-262. [PMID: 32510466 PMCID: PMC7278501 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20007025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCPs) from fungi play an important role in fungi-host interactions. The plant-beneficial fungi Trichoderma spp. are in use worldwide as biocontrol agents and protect the host plant from soil-borne as well as foliar pathogens. Recently, a novel SSCP, Tsp1, has been identified in the secreted protein pool of T. virens and is overinduced upon its interaction with the roots of the maize plant. The protein was observed to be well conserved in the Ascomycota division of fungi, and its homologs are present in many plant-pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum and Magnaporthe oryzae. However, none of these homologs have yet been characterized. Recombinant Tsp1 protein has been expressed and purified using an Escherichia coli expression system. The protein, with four conserved cysteines, forms a dimer in solution as observed by size-exclusion chromatography. The dimerization, however, does not involve disulfide bonds. Circular-dichroism data suggested that the protein has a β-strand-rich secondary structure that matched well with the secondary structure predicted using bioinformatics methods. The protein was crystallized using sodium malonate as a precipitant. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 1.7 Å resolution and belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121 (Rmeas = 5.4%), with unit-cell parameters a = 46.3, b = 67.0, c = 173.2 Å. The Matthews coefficient (VM) of the crystal is 2.32 Å3 Da-1, which corresponds to nearly 47% solvent content with four subunits of Tsp1 protein in the asymmetric unit. This is the first report of the structural study of any homolog of the novel Tsp1 protein. These structural studies will help in understanding the classification and function of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Hiral U. Mistry
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Gagan D. Gupta
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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15
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Rao YJB, Chopra S, Kumar P, Mukherjee PK, Singhal S, Adlakha V, Vijaya Kumar T, Sreenivas B, Babu E. New initiatives to bolster analytical facilities in India for in situ U-Th-Pb Geochronology, Hf and O isotope systematics in zircon: a focus on laboratories at the IUAC, WIHG and CSIR-NGRI. PINSA 2020. [DOI: 10.16943/ptinsa/2020/49823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Jain AK, Thakur VC, Joshi M, Mukherjee PK, Patel RC, Bhattacharyya K, Singhal S, Agarwal KK, Dixit R, Deshmukh G, Mohan M. Tectonics of the Western, Sikkim and Arunachal Himalaya. PINSA 2020. [DOI: 10.16943/ptinsa/2020/49781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Maestroni BM, Skerritt JH, Ferris IG, Ambrus A, Amin R, Bajet N, Dagher S, Genhai Y, Ghanem I, Guo J, Hock B, Jebakumar SRD, Maestroni B, Maqbool U, Matthews W, Merino R, Montoya A, Mukherjee PK, Prapamontol T, Skerritt J, Stanker L, Takyi E, Yücel Ü. Analysis of DDT Residues in Soil by ELISA: An International Interlaboratory Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/84.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An international interlaboratory study was conducted to determine the performance of a group of laboratories from developing and developed countries. The study used a commercial microwell ELISA on unknown samples spiked with different levels of DDT. The study design was based on Youden pairs and balanced replicates. Two soils, differing in particle size distributions, organic matter content, and cation-exchange capacities and thought to be DDT-free, were spiked at 5 DDT levels between 0.025 and 2 mg/kg. Nineteen laboratories in 17 countries took part in the collaborative trial; of these, the majority were modestly equipped laboratories in developing countries. Samples were analyzed without filtration or cleanup and using standards of pure DDT in methanol. Data were analyzed for repeatability and reproducibility, and average recoveries at the spike levels were calculated. Mean real recoveries for both soils were similar (103% for soil A and 100% for soil B), with values between 0.1 and 2 mg/kg DDT. Precision estimates were best in the linear working range of the assay (0.1–0.5 mg/kg DDT), with reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) typically averaging about 38 and 46% near the upper and lower detection limits, respectively. Corresponding repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) values were 20–36% and 36–57%. Thus, even though much of the trial was performed under developing country conditions, performance statistics were similar to other reported results obtained with ELISAs on small molecules of agricultural importance, such as mycotoxins and pesticide and antibiotic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt M Maestroni
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency, Training and Reference Center for Food and Pesticide Control, Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, A-2444 Seiberdorf, Austria
| | - John H Skerritt
- Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian G Ferris
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency, Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, A-2444 Seiberdorf, Austria
| | - Arpad Ambrus
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency, Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, A-2444 Seiberdorf, Austria
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18
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Mukherjee PK, Mehetre ST, Sherkhane PD, Muthukathan G, Ghosh A, Kotasthane AS, Khare N, Rathod P, Sharma KK, Nath R, Tewari AK, Bhattacharyya S, Arya M, Pathak D, Wasnikar AR, Tiwari RKS, Saxena DR. A Novel Seed-Dressing Formulation Based on an Improved Mutant Strain of Trichoderma virens, and Its Field Evaluation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1910. [PMID: 31543866 PMCID: PMC6730527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using gamma-ray-induced mutagenesis, we have developed a mutant (named G2) of Trichoderma virens that produced two- to three-fold excesses of secondary metabolites, including viridin, viridiol, and some yet-to-be identified compounds. Consequently, this mutant had improved antibiosis against the oomycete test pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. A transcriptome analysis of the mutant vis-à-vis the wild-type strain showed upregulation of several secondary-metabolism-related genes. In addition, many genes predicted to be involved in mycoparasitism and plant interactions were also upregulated. We used tamarind seeds as a mass multiplication medium in solid-state fermentation and, using talcum powder as a carrier, developed a novel seed dressing formulation. A comparative evaluation of the wild type and the mutant in greenhouse under high disease pressure (using the test pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii) revealed superiority of the mutant over wild type in protecting chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds and seedlings from infection. We then undertook extensive field evaluation (replicated micro-plot trials, on-farm demonstration trials, and large-scale trials in farmers' fields) of our mutant-based formulation (named TrichoBARC) for management of collar rot (S. rolfsii) in chickpea and lentil (Lens culinaris) over multiple locations in India. In certain experiments, other available formulations were included for comparison. This formulation consistently, over multiple locations and years, improved seed germination, reduced seedling mortality, and improved plant growth and yield. We also noticed growth promotion, improved pod bearing, and early flowering (7-10 days) in TrichoBARC-treated chickpea and lentil plants under field conditions. In toxicological studies in animal models, this formulation exhibited no toxicity to mammals, birds, or fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sayaji T Mehetre
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - P D Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Gopi Muthukathan
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Ananya Ghosh
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - A S Kotasthane
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - N Khare
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Parshuram Rathod
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Kishan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Rajib Nath
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Anand K Tewari
- Department of Plant Pathology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | | | - Meenakshi Arya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India
| | - D Pathak
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Shillongani, India
| | - A R Wasnikar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, India
| | - R K S Tiwari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - D R Saxena
- R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sehore, India
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Malinich EA, Wang K, Mukherjee PK, Kolomiets M, Kenerley CM. Differential expression analysis of Trichoderma virens RNA reveals a dynamic transcriptome during colonization of Zea mays roots. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:280. [PMID: 30971198 PMCID: PMC6458689 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma spp. are majorly composed of plant-beneficial symbionts widely used in agriculture as bio-control agents. Studying the mechanisms behind Trichoderma-derived plant benefits has yielded tangible bio-industrial products. To better take advantage of this fungal-plant symbiosis it is necessary to obtain detailed knowledge of which genes Trichoderma utilizes during interaction with its plant host. In this study, we explored the transcriptional activity undergone by T. virens during two phases of symbiosis with maize; recognition of roots and after ingress into the root cortex. Results We present a model of T. virens – maize interaction wherein T. virens experiences global repression of transcription upon recognition of maize roots and then induces expression of a broad spectrum of genes during colonization of maize roots. The genes expressed indicate that, during colonization of maize roots, T. virens modulates biosynthesis of phytohormone-like compounds, secretes a plant-environment specific array of cell wall degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites, remodels both actin-based and cell membrane structures, and shifts metabolic activity. We also highlight transcription factors and signal transduction genes important in future research seeking to unravel the molecular mechanisms of T. virens activity in maize roots. Conclusions T. virens displays distinctly different transcriptional profiles between recognizing the presence of maize roots and active colonization of these roots. A though understanding of these processes will allow development of T. virens as a bio-control agent. Further, the publication of these datasets will target future research endeavors specifically to genes of interest when considering T. virens – maize symbiosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5651-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Malinich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Mendoza-Mendoza A, Zaid R, Lawry R, Hermosa R, Monte E, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK. Corrigendum to “Molecular dialogues between Trichoderma and roots: Role of the fungal secretome” [Fungal Biol Rev 32 (2018) 62–85]. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Mukherjee PK, Hurley JF, Taylor JT, Puckhaber L, Lehner S, Druzhinina I, Schumacher R, Kenerley CM. Ferricrocin, the intracellular siderophore of Trichoderma virens, is involved in growth, conidiation, gliotoxin biosynthesis and induction of systemic resistance in maize. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:606-611. [PMID: 30278887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungal siderophores are known to be involved in iron acquisition and storage, as well as pathogenicity of mammals and plants. As avirulent plant symbionts, Trichoderma spp. colonize roots and induce resistance responses both locally and systemically. To study the role of intracellular siderophore(s) in Trichoderma-plant interactions, we have obtained mutants in a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, TvTex10, that was predicted to be involved in intracellular siderophore(s) biosynthesis. This gene has a detectable basal level of expression and is also upregulated under iron-deplete conditions. This is unlike two other siderophore-encoding genes, which are tightly regulated by iron. Disruption of tex10 gene using homologous recombination resulted in mutants with enhanced growth rate, reduced conidiation and hyper-sensitivity to oxidative stress as compared to wildtype strain. The mutants also produced reduced levels of gliotoxin and dimethyl gliotoxin but have enhanced ability to colonize maize seedling roots. The mutants were also impaired in induction of induced systemic resistance (ISR) in maize against the foliar pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA; Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - James F Hurley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - James T Taylor
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Lorraine Puckhaber
- USDA ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia Lehner
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Druzhinina
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Schumacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
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Swain H, Adak T, Mukherjee AK, Mukherjee PK, Bhattacharyya P, Behera S, Bagchi TB, Patro R, Shasmita, Khandual A, Bag M, Dangar T, Lenka S, Jena M. Novel Trichoderma strains isolated from tree barks as potential biocontrol agents and biofertilizers for direct seeded rice. Microbiol Res 2018; 214:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pachauri S, Chatterjee S, Kumar V, Mukherjee PK. A dedicated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma virens-evidence for the role of a fungal GAPDH in secondary metabolism. Curr Genet 2018; 65:243-252. [PMID: 30046843 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the sixth step of glycolysis, and is also known to perform other (moonlighting) activities in animal cells. We have earlier identified an additional GAPDH gene in Trichoderma virens genome. This gene is consistently associated with the vir cluster responsible for biosynthesis of a range of volatile sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma virens. This gene is also associated with an orthologous gene cluster in Aspergillus spp. Both glycolytic GAPDH and the vir cluster-associated GAPDH show more than 80% similarity with essentially conserved NAD+ cofactor- and substrate-binding sites. However, a conserved indel is consistently present only in GAPDH associated with the vir cluster, both in T. virens and Aspergillus spp. Using gene knockout, we demonstrate here that the vir cluster-associated GAPDH is involved in biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes in T. virens. We thus, for the first time, elucidate the non-glycolytic role of a GAPDH in a fungal system, and also prove for the first time that a GAPDH, a primary metabolism protein, is involved in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Suchandra Chatterjee
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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Chadha S, Mehetre ST, Bansal R, Kuo A, Aerts A, Grigoriev IV, Druzhinina IS, Mukherjee PK. Genome-wide analysis of cytochrome P450s of Trichoderma spp.: annotation and evolutionary relationships. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:12. [PMID: 29881631 PMCID: PMC5985579 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450s form an important group of enzymes involved in xenobiotics degradation and metabolism, both primary and secondary. These enzymes are also useful in industry as biotechnological tools for bioconversion and a few are reported to be involved in pathogenicity. Trichoderma spp. are widely used in industry and agriculture and are known for their biosynthetic potential of a large number of secondary metabolites. For realising the full biosynthetic potential of an organism, it is important to do a genome-wide annotation and cataloguing of these enzymes. Results Here, we have studied the genomes of seven species (T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. longibrachiatum, T. reesei , T. harzianum and T. virens) and identified a total of 477 cytochrome P450s. We present here the classification, evolution and structure as well as predicted function of these proteins. This study would pave the way for functional characterization of these groups of enzymes and will also help in realization of their full economic potential. Conclusion Our CYPome annotation and evolutionary studies of the seven Trichoderma species now provides opportunities for exploration of research-driven strategies to select Trichoderma species for various applications especially in relation to secondary metabolism and degradation of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chadha
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Sayaji T Mehetre
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Ravindra Bansal
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Alan Kuo
- 2U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Andrea Aerts
- 2U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- 2U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- 3Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
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Bansal R, Sherkhane PD, Oulkar D, Khan Z, Banerjee K, Mukherjee PK. The Viridin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster of Trichoderma virens
and Its Conservancy in the Bat White-Nose Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Dasharath Oulkar
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
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Sherkhane PD, Bansal R, Banerjee K, Chatterjee S, Oulkar D, Jain P, Rosenfelder L, Elgavish S, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK. Genomics-Driven Discovery of the Gliovirin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in the Plant Beneficial Fungus Trichoderma Virens. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Suchandra Chatterjee
- Food Technology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Dasharath Oulkar
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Prachi Jain
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Lea Rosenfelder
- Department of Biology; TheTechnion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Sharona Elgavish
- Department of Biology; TheTechnion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Department of Biology; TheTechnion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
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Pudake RN, Srivastava R, Mukherjee PK, Sharma A. Heat stress-induced activation of a Trichoderma harzianum PIL superfamily gene. Gene Reports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kamble S, Mukherjee PK, Eapen S. Expression of an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens confers enhanced tolerance to Alternaria blight in transgenic Brassica juncea (L.) czern and coss lines. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2016; 22:69-76. [PMID: 27186020 PMCID: PMC4840152 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An endochitinase gene 'ech42' from the biocontrol fungus 'Trichoderma virens' was introduced to Brassica juncea (L). Czern and Coss via Agrobaterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation method. Integration and expression of the 'ech42' gene in transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR, RT-PCR and Southern hybridization. Transgenic lines (T1) showed expected 3:1 Mendelian segregation ratio when segregation analysis for inheritance of transgene 'hpt' was carried out. Fluorimetric analysis of transgenic lines (T0 and T1) showed 7 fold higher endochitinase activity than the non-transformed plant. Fluorimetric zymogram showed presence of endochitinase (42 kDa) in crude protein extract of transgenic lines. In detached leaf bioassay with fungi Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola, transgenic lines (T0 and T1) showed delayed onset of lesions as well as 30-73 % reduction in infected leaf area compared to non-transformed plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchita Kamble
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Susan Eapen
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
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Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Mukherjee PK. Gliotoxin--bane or boon? Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1096-109. [PMID: 26443473 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is the most important epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type fungal toxin. GT was originally isolated from Trichoderma species as an antibiotic substance involved in biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A few isolates of GT-producing Trichoderma virens are commercially marketed for biological control and widely used in agriculture. Furthermore, GT is long known as an immunosuppressive agent and also reported to have anti-tumour properties. However, recent publications suggest that GT is a virulence determinant of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. This compound is thus important on several counts - it has medicinal properties, is a pathogenicity determinant, is a potential diagnostic marker and is important in biological crop protection. The present article addresses this paradox and the ecological role of GT. We discuss the function of GT as defence molecule, the role in aspergillosis and suggest solutions for safe application of Trichoderma-based biofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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Panja B, Bhowmick S, Chowrasia VR, Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee RN, Sen A, Sarkar M, Ram AK, Mukherjee PK. A cross-sectional study of adverse drug reactions reporting among doctors of a private medical college in Bihar, India. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 47:126-7. [PMID: 25821329 PMCID: PMC4375811 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.150382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadev Panja
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - S Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - V R Chowrasia
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - Shipra Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - R N Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - Arindam Sen
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - Manjula Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - A K Ram
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - P K Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
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Sasmal S, Majumdar S, Gupta M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee PK. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of Saraca asoca Roxb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:782-6. [PMID: 23569847 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systemic evaluation of the medicinal value of seeds which include macroscopic and microscopic characterization, physiochemical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical screening and experimental antipyretic activity. METHODS Saraca asoca seed was studied for pharmacognostical, phytochemical and other recommended methods for standardizations. Also, the acetone extract of the seeds was evaluated for acute toxicity study and antipyretic activity using Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in Wistar rats at oral doses of 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. RESULTS After phytochemical screening, the acetone extract showed the presence of saponin, tannins and flavonoids which inhibit pyrexia. The therapeutic efficacy achieved at both the dose levels of the research drug and standard drug aspirin (100 mg/kg) showed significant (P<0.01) antipyretic activity when compared to the control group. The highly significant antipyretic effect exhibited at the dose of 500 mg/kg was also found to be sustainable in nature. CONCLUSIONS The antipyretic effect of the acetone extract showed significant results in rats at the dose of 500 mg/kg after following the standard pharmacognostical and phytochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasmal
- Department of Dravyaguna (Medicinal Pharmacology), Institute of Post Graduate Ayurvedic Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Crutcher FK, Moran-Diez ME, Ding S, Liu J, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK, Kenerley CM. A paralog of the proteinaceous elicitor SM1 is involved in colonization of maize roots by Trichoderma virens. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:476-86. [PMID: 25986544 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent, Trichoderma virens, has the ability to protect plants from pathogens by eliciting plant defense responses, involvement in mycoparasitism, or secreting antagonistic secondary metabolites. SM1, an elicitor of induced systemic resistance (ISR), was found to have three paralogs within the T. virens genome. The paralog sm2 is highly expressed in the presence of plant roots. Gene deletion mutants of sm2 were generated and the mutants were found to overproduce SM1. The ability to elicit ISR in maize against Colletotrichum graminicola was not compromised for the mutants compared to that of wild type isolate. However, the deletion strains had a significantly lowered ability to colonize maize roots. This appears to be the first report on the involvement of an effector-like protein in colonization of roots by Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie K Crutcher
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2765 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Maria E Moran-Diez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Bioprotection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647 Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jinggao Liu
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2765 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Benjamin A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Shiboski CH, Chen H, Ghannoum MA, Komarow L, Evans S, Mukherjee PK, Isham N, Katzenstein D, Asmelash A, Omozoarhe AE, Gengiah S, Allen R, Tripathy S, Swindells S. Role of oral candidiasis in TB and HIV co-infection: AIDS Clinical Trial Group Protocol A5253. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 18:682-8. [PMID: 24903939 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between oral candidiasis and tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, and to investigate oral candidiasis as a potential tool for TB case finding. METHODS Protocol A5253 was a cross-sectional study designed to improve the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in HIV-infected adults in high TB prevalence countries. Participants received an oral examination to detect oral candidiasis. We estimated the association between TB disease and oral candidiasis using logistic regression, and sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS Of 454 participants with TB culture results enrolled in African sites, the median age was 33 years, 71% were female and the median CD4 count was 257 cells/mm(3). Fifty-four (12%) had TB disease; the prevalence of oral candidiasis was significantly higher among TB cases (35%) than among non-TB cases (16%, P < 0.001). The odds of having TB was 2.4 times higher among those with oral candidiasis when controlling for CD4 count and antifungals (95%CI 1.2-4.7, P = 0.01). The sensitivity of oral candidiasis as a predictor of TB was 35% (95%CI 22-48) and the specificity 85% (95%CI 81-88). CONCLUSION We found a strong association between oral candidiasis and TB disease, independent of CD4 count, suggesting that in resource-limited settings, oral candidiasis may provide clinical evidence for increased risk of TB and contribute to TB case finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Shiboski
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - H Chen
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M A Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - L Komarow
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Evans
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - N Isham
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - D Katzenstein
- Statistical Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Asmelash
- Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - S Gengiah
- Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - R Allen
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - S Tripathy
- AIDS Clinical Trial Group Operations Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - S Swindells
- Molecular Virology Clinic National AIDS Research Institute, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, Bhosari, India
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Calandria JM, Asatryan A, Balaszczuk V, Knott EJ, Jun BK, Mukherjee PK, Belayev L, Bazan NG. NPD1-mediated stereoselective regulation of BIRC3 expression through cREL is decisive for neural cell survival. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1363-77. [PMID: 25633199 PMCID: PMC4495360 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived mediator, induces cell survival in uncompensated oxidative stress (OS), neurodegenerations or ischemic stroke. The molecular principles underlying this protection remain unresolved. We report here that, in retinal pigment epithelial cells, NPD1 induces nuclear translocation and cREL synthesis that, in turn, mediates BIRC3 transcription. NPD1 activates NF-κB by an alternate route to canonical signaling, so the opposing effects of TNFR1 and NPD1 on BIRC3 expression are not due to interaction/s between NF-κB pathways. RelB expression follows a similar pattern as BIRC3, indicating that NPD1 also is required to activate cREL-mediated RelB expression. These results suggest that cREL, which follows a periodic pattern augmented by the lipid mediator, regulates a cluster of NPD1-dependent genes after cREL nuclear translocation. BIRC3 silencing prevents NPD1 induction of survival against OS. Moreover, brain NPD1 biosynthesis and selective neuronal BIRC3 abundance are increased by DHA after experimental ischemic stroke followed by remarkable neurological recovery. Thus, NPD1 bioactivity governs key counter-regulatory gene transcription decisive for retinal and brain neural cell integrity when confronted with potential disruptions of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Calandria
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - A Asatryan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - V Balaszczuk
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - E J Knott
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - B K Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - P K Mukherjee
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Belayev
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - N G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Morán-Diez ME, Trushina N, Lamdan NL, Rosenfelder L, Mukherjee PK, Kenerley CM, Horwitz BA. Host-specific transcriptomic pattern of Trichoderma virens during interaction with maize or tomato roots. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:8. [PMID: 25608961 PMCID: PMC4326404 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-014-1208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma directly antagonize soil-borne fungal pathogens, and an increasing number of species are studied for their potential in biocontrol of plant pathogens in agriculture. Some species also colonize plant roots, promoting systemic resistance. The Trichoderma-root interaction is hosted by a wide range of plant species, including monocots and dicots. RESULTS To test the hypothesis that gene expression by the fungal partner in this beneficial interaction is modulated by the plant, Trichoderma virens was co-cultured with maize or tomato in a hydroponic system allowing interaction with the roots. The transcriptomes for T. virens alone were compared with fungus-inoculated tomato or maize roots by hybridization on microarrays of 11645 unique oligonucleotides designed from the predicted protein-coding gene models. Transcript levels of 210 genes were modulated by interaction with roots. Almost all were up-regulated. Glycoside hydrolases and transporters were highly represented among transcripts induced by co-culture with roots. Of the genes up-regulated on either or both host plants, 35 differed significantly in their expression levels between maize and tomato. Ten of these were expressed higher in the fungus in co-culture with tomato roots than with maize. Average transcript levels for these genes ranged from 1.9 fold higher on tomato than on maize to 60.9 fold for the most tomato-specific gene. The other 25 host-specific transcripts were expressed more strongly in co-culture with maize than with tomato. Average transcript levels for these genes were 2.5 to 196 fold higher on maize than on tomato. CONCLUSIONS Based on the relevant role of Trichoderma virens as a biological control agent this study provides a better knowledge of its crosstalk with plants in a host-specific manner. The differentially expressed genes encode proteins belonging to several functional classes including enzymes, transporters and small secreted proteins. Among them, glycoside hydrolases and transporters are highlighted by their abundance and suggest an important factor in the metabolism of host cell walls during colonization of the outer root layers. Host-specific gene expression may contribute to the ability of T. virens to colonize the roots of a wide range of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Morán-Diez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Present address: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Naomi Trushina
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| | - Netta Li Lamdan
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| | - Lea Rosenfelder
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Mumbai, India.
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
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Nath S, Bhowmick S, Dutta T, Chowrasia VR, Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee RN, Sarkar M, Ram AK, Mukherjee PK. A study of promotional advertisements of drugs in a medical journal: an ethics perspective. Indian J Med Ethics 2014; 11:237-41. [PMID: 25377037 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2014.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study assessed 54 advertisements of 145 different drugs, published over one year (from December 2011 to November 2012) in an Indian medical journal, circulated widely mainly among general practitioners (GPs). The ethical guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI) for medicinal drug promotion were applied. The brand name was mentioned in all advertisements (100% compliance both with the WHO and OPPI criteria) and the names of the active ingredients were also mentioned in 128 (90.14%) advertisements. However, major adverse drug reactions were mentioned in only two advertisements (1.37%); precautions, contraindications and warnings in only two (1.37%); and major interactions in only one (0.68%). Only three advertisements (2.06%) were well substantiated with references. To ensure the ethical promotionof drugs among GPs, journals must introduce compulsory review and appraisal of promotional advertisements by a dedicated review board, including at least one member trained in pharmacology and one representative from the medical division of a pharmaceutical company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Nath
- 2nd Year PGT; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107
| | - Subhrojyoti Bhowmick
- Assistant Professor; Department of Pharmacology, Flat No. 4, Prathama Apartments, 41/2 PGH Shah Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Trayambak Dutta
- 2nd Year PGT; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 India
| | - V R Chowrasia
- Assistant Professor; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 Indiaa
| | - Shipra Bhattacharya
- Professor and Head; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 India
| | - R N Chatterjee
- Professor; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 India
| | - Manjula Sarkar
- Professor; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 India
| | - A K Ram
- Professor Emeritus; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 India
| | - P K Mukherjee
- Professor Emeritus; Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107 India
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Pazzagli L, Seidl-Seiboth V, Barsottini M, Vargas WA, Scala A, Mukherjee PK. Cerato-platanins: elicitors and effectors. Plant Sci 2014; 228:79-87. [PMID: 25438788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanins are an interesting group of small, secreted, cysteine-rich proteins that have been implicated in virulence of certain plant pathogenic fungi. The relatively recent discovery of these proteins in plant beneficial fungi like Trichoderma spp., and their positive role in induction of defense in plants against invading pathogens has raised the question as to whether these proteins are effectors or elicitor molecules. Here we present a comprehensive review on the occurrence of these conserved proteins across the fungal kingdom, their structure-function relationships, and their physiological roles in plant pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. We also discuss the usefulness of these proteins in evolving strategies for crop protection through a transgenic approach or direct application as elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Morgagni Street, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Barsottini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents/IB, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Walter A Vargas
- Centro de EstudiosFotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Aniello Scala
- Department of Production Sciences Agri-Food and the Environment (DISPAA), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Nicolás C, Hermosa R, Rubio B, Mukherjee PK, Monte E. Trichoderma genes in plants for stress tolerance- status and prospects. Plant Sci 2014; 228:71-8. [PMID: 25438787 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi from the genus Trichoderma are well known for their anti-microbial properties. Certain genes from Trichoderma spp. have been identified and transferred to plants for improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, as well for applications in bioremediation. Several Trichoderma genomes have been sequenced and many are in the pipeline, facilitating high throughput gene analysis and increasing the availability of candidate transgenes. This, coupled with improved plant transformation systems, is expected to usher in a new era in plant biotechnology where several genes from these antagonistic fungi can be transferred into plants to achieve enhanced stress tolerance, bioremediation activity, herbicide tolerance, and reduction of phytotoxins. In this review, we illustrate the major achievements made by transforming plants with Trichoderma genes as well as their possible mode of action. Moreover, examples of efficient application of genetically modified plants as biofactories to produce active Trichoderma enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Nicolás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Rubio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- NuclearAgriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Enrique Monte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Kanan Y, Gordon WC, Mukherjee PK, Bazan NG, Al-Ubaidi MR. Neuroprotectin D1 is synthesized in the cone photoreceptor cell line 661W and elicits protection against light-induced stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:197-204. [PMID: 25212825 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid family member, is obtained by diet or synthesized from dietary essential omega-3 linolenic acid and delivered systemically to the choriocapillaris, from where it is taken up by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). DHA is then transported to the inner segments of photoreceptors, where it is incorporated in phospholipids during the biogenesis of outer segment disk and plasma membranes. As apical photoreceptor disks are gradually shed and phagocytized by the RPE, DHA is retrieved and recycled back to photoreceptor inner segments for reassembly into new disks. Under uncompensated oxidative stress, the docosanoid neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), a potent mediator derived from DHA, is formed by the RPE and displays its bioactivity in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether photoreceptors have the ability to synthesize NPD1, and whether or not this lipid mediator exerts bioactivity on these cells. For this purpose, 661W cells (mouse-derived photoreceptor cells) were used. First we asked whether these cells have the ability to form NPD1 by incubating cells with deuterium (d4)-labeled DHA exposed to dark and bright light treatments, followed by LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic analysis to identify and quantify d4-NPD1. The second question pertains to the potential bioactivity of these lipids. Therefore, cells were incubated with 9-cis-retinal in the presence of bright light that triggers cell damage and death. Following 9-cis-retinal loading, DHA, NPD1, or vehicle were added to the media and the 661W cells maintained either in darkness or under bright light. DHA and NPD1 were then quantified in cells and media. Regardless of lighting conditions, 661W cells acquired DHA from the media and synthesized 4-9 times as much d4-NPD1 under bright light treatment in the absence and presence of 9-cis-retinal compared to cells in darkness. Viability assays of 9-cis-retinal-treated cells demonstrated that 34 % of the cells survived without DHA or NPD1. However, after bright light exposure, DHA protected 23 % above control levels and NPD1 increased protection by 32 %. In conclusion, the photoreceptor cell line 661W has the capability to synthesize NPD1 from DHA when under stress, and, in turn, can be protected from stress-induced apoptosis by DHA or NPD1, indicating that photoreceptors effectively contribute to endogenous protective signaling mediated by NPD1 under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kanan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, BMSB 781, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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Vargas WA, Mukherjee PK, Laughlin D, Wiest A, Moran-Diez ME, Kenerley CM. Role of gliotoxin in the symbiotic and pathogenic interactions of Trichoderma virens. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2319-2330. [PMID: 25082950 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a gene disruption strategy, we generated mutants in the gliP locus of the plant-beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens that were no longer capable of producing gliotoxin. Phenotypic assays demonstrated that the gliP-disrupted mutants grew faster, were more sensitive to oxidative stress and exhibited a sparse colony edge compared with the WT strain. In a plate confrontation assay, the mutants deficient in gliotoxin production were ineffective as mycoparasites against the oomycete, Pythium ultimum, and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but retained mycoparasitic ability against Rhizoctonia solani. Biocontrol assays in soil showed that the mutants were incapable of protecting cotton seedlings from attack by P. ultimum, against which the WT strain was highly effective. The mutants, however, were as effective as the WT strain in protecting cotton seedlings against R. solani. Loss of gliotoxin production also resulted in a reduced ability of the mutants to attack the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum compared with the WT. The addition of exogenous gliotoxin to the sclerotia colonized by the mutants partially restored their degradative abilities. Interestingly, as in Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human pathogen, gliotoxin was found to be involved in pathogenicity of T. virens against larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. The loss of gliotoxin production in T. virens was restored by complementation with the gliP gene from A. fumigatus. We have, thus, demonstrated that the putative gliP cluster of T. virens is responsible for the biosynthesis of gliotoxin, and gliotoxin is involved in mycoparasitism and biocontrol properties of this plant-beneficial fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - David Laughlin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Aric Wiest
- Fungal Genetics Stock Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Maria E Moran-Diez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
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Kumar MV, Prasad SK, Rao DSS, Mukherjee PK. Competition between anisometric and aliphatic entities: an unusual phase sequence with the induction of a phase in an n-alkane-liquid crystal binary system. Langmuir 2014; 30:4465-4473. [PMID: 24678973 DOI: 10.1021/la500367y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate two important features that arise out of introducing a liquid-crystalline (LC) compound into the rotator phase matrix and the consequent competition between the anisometric segments of the LC moieties and the aliphatic units. First, we show that the change in the structural character of the mixed medium depends on which of the entities forms the minority concentration: in the case of this being the alkane, the two components of the binary system are nanophase segregated, whereas if the LC molecules are present in a small concentration, then the layered structure merely gets roughened without any segregation. The second and more significant result of the calorimetric and X-ray experiments, at low LC concentrations, is the induction of a rotator phase that leads to unusual phase sequence not reported hitherto. Possible scenarios for the molecular arrangement are discussed. A Landau model is also presented that explains some of the observed features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Soft Matter Research, Jalahalli, Bangalore 560 013, India
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Kasthurirangan S, Saha JK, Agnihotri AN, Bhattacharyya S, Misra D, Kumar A, Mukherjee PK, Santos JP, Costa AM, Indelicato P, Mukherjee TK, Tribedi LC. Observation of 2p3d(1Po)→1s3d(1De) radiative transition in He-like Si, S, and Cl ions. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:243201. [PMID: 24483657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.243201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental determination of the 2p3d(1Po)→1s3d(1De) x-ray line emitted from He-like Si, S, and Cl projectile ions, excited in collisions with thin carbon foils, using a high-resolution bent-crystal spectrometer. A good agreement between the observation and state-of-the-art relativistic calculations using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock formalism including the Breit interaction and QED effects implies the dominance of fluorescent decay over the autoionization process for the 2p3d(^{1}P^{o}) state of He-like heavy ions. This is the first observation of the fluorescence-active doubly excited states in He-like Si, S, and Cl ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasthurirangan
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India and Department of Physics, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - J K Saha
- Narula Institute of Technology, Agarpara, Kolkata 700109, India
| | - A N Agnihotri
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | | | - D Misra
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - A Kumar
- Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - P K Mukherjee
- Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Howrah 711202, India
| | - J P Santos
- Centro de Física Atómica, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - A M Costa
- Centro de Física Atómica, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - P Indelicato
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie-Paris 6, Case 74; 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - T K Mukherjee
- Narula Institute of Technology, Agarpara, Kolkata 700109, India
| | - L C Tribedi
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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Ghannoum MA, Hossain MA, Long L, Mohamed S, Reyes G, Mukherjee PK. Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy in an Optimized Animal Model ofTrichophytonmentagrophytes-Dermatophytosis. J Chemother 2013; 16:139-44. [PMID: 15216947 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytoses are known to cause considerable discomfort, cosmetic problems and financial loss that have been recognized as a significant health concern worldwide. Since currently available antifungal agents have limitations in their efficacy, new agents are being developed. This study was undertaken to optimize an in vivo model of experimental dermatophytosis for evaluation of the efficacy of antifungal compounds. Guinea pigs were infected with different inocula of T. mentagrophytes to establish dermatophytosis. The optimal conditions for dermatophytosis in guinea pigs were found to be an inoculum size of 1 x 10(7) fungal cells applied on abraded skin. After optimization, animals were treated with oral or topical formulations of terbinafine. The optimized guinea pig model was found to be highly reproducible, and useful in the primary screening and evaluation of the anti-dermatophytic efficacy of topical and oral formulations of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5028, USA.
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Crutcher FK, Parich A, Schuhmacher R, Mukherjee PK, Zeilinger S, Kenerley CM. A putative terpene cyclase, vir4, is responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile terpene compounds in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 56:67-77. [PMID: 23707931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A putative terpene cyclase vir4, which is a member of a secondary metabolite cluster, has been deleted in Trichoderma virens to determine its function. The deletion mutants were compared for volatile production with the wild-type as well as two other Trichoderma spp. This gene cluster was originally predicted to function in the synthesis of viridin and viridiol. However, the experimental evidence demonstrates that this gene cluster is involved in the synthesis of volatile terpene compounds. The entire vir4-containing gene cluster is absent in two other species of Trichoderma, T. atroviride and T. reesei. Neither of these two species synthesizes volatile terpenes associated with this cluster in T. virens. We have thus identified a novel class of volatile fungal sesquiterpenes as well as the gene cluster involved in their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie K Crutcher
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2765 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, United States
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Mukherjee PK, Das P, Rao PSS. Time trends in MB-PB ratio among untreated leprosy patients attending a referral hospital in UP, India during 2001 to 2010. Indian J Lepr 2013; 85:59-64. [PMID: 24236364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Secular trends in incidence of leprosy serve as a powerful tool in determining progress in reaching eradication. However, the interpretation of these trends must take into account both operational and epidemiological factors. A study was done to assess a time trend in the ratios of MB & PB from 2001 to 2010 based on the leprosy patients registered in a referral hospital in UP, India. Data were analyzed based on the gender, age and residence. Regardless of these factors, MB proportion shows no significant trends. These findings are discussed and it is concluded that we are no more close to eradication as compared to the status over a decade ago. Hence, much greater efforts will be required to promote early detections of MB cases, whether children or adults, male or female.
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Abstract
Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture and industry as biopesticides and sources of enzymes, respectively. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are efficient mycoparasites and prolific producers of secondary metabolites, some of which have clinical importance. However, the ecological or biological significance of this metabolite diversity is sorely lagging behind the chemical significance. Many strains produce elicitors and induce resistance in plants through colonization of roots. Seven species have now been sequenced. Comparison of a primarily saprophytic species with two mycoparasitic species has provided striking contrasts and has established that mycoparasitism is an ancestral trait of this genus. Among the interesting outcomes of genome comparison is the discovery of a vast repertoire of secondary metabolism pathways and of numerous small cysteine-rich secreted proteins. Genomics has also facilitated investigation of sexual crossing in Trichoderma reesei, suggesting the possibility of strain improvement through hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Abstract
The discovery of echinocandins, and their development and approval, was hailed as a significant addition to our antifungal armamentarium, previously predominated by polyenes and azoles. To date, three echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of fungal infections. Since all three echinocandins target the fungal cell wall and share a similar structural chemical backbone, they are perceived to be identical. However, a scientific literature review shows distinct differences among the echinocandins in terms of in vitro activity, fungicidal activity, post-antifungal effect, paradoxical effect, and activity on biofilms. More investigation is warranted to determine if the observed differences among the echinocandins can translate to clinical advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Mukherjee PK. Theoretical model of the frequency and temperature dependence of the complex non-linear dielectric effect in the isotropic phase above the isotropic-smectic-A phase transition. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2012; 35:9705. [PMID: 22526979 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the Landau model, the temperature and frequency dependence of the complex non-linear dielectric effect in the isotropic phase above the isotropic-smectic-A phase transition is calculated. Comparing the results of the calculations with existing data, we finally conclude that the model provides a description of the isotropic-smectic-A transition that takes all experimentally known features of the non-linear dielectric effect in the isotropic phase into account in a qualitatively correct way.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Charles M. Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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