CORM-A1 Alleviates Pro-Atherogenic Manifestations via miR-34a-5p Downregulation and an Improved Mitochondrial Function

Atherogenesis involves multiple cell types undergoing robust metabolic processes resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and consequent oxidative stress. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been recently explored for its anti-atherogenic potency; however, the effects of CO on ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis remain unexplored. Herein, we describe the anti-atherogenic efficacy of CORM-A1, a CO donor, in in vitro (ox-LDL-treated HUVEC and MDMs) and in vivo (atherogenic diet-fed SD rats) experimental models. In agreement with previous data, we observed elevated miR-34a-5p levels in all our atherogenic model systems. Administration of CO via CORM-A1 accounted for positive alterations in the expression of miR-34a-5p and transcription factors/inhibitors (P53, NF-κB, ZEB1, SNAI1, and STAT3) and DNA methylation pattern, thereby lowering its countenance in atherogenic milieu. Inhibition of miR-34a-5p expression resulted in restoration of SIRT-1 levels and of mitochondrial biogenesis. CORM-A1 supplementation further accounted for improvement in cellular and mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and subsequent reduction in ROS. Further and most importantly, CORM-A1 restored cellular energetics by improving overall cellular respiration in HUVECs, as evidenced by restored OCR and ECAR rates, whereas a shift from non-mitochondrial to mitochondrial respiration was observed in atherogenic MDMs, evidenced by unaltered glycolytic respiration and maximizing OCR. In agreement with these results, CORM-A1 treatment also accounted for elevated ATP production in both in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Cumulatively, our studies demonstrate for the first time the mechanism of CORM-A1-mediated amelioration of pro-atherogenic manifestations through inhibition of miR-34a-5p expression in the atherogenic milieu and consequential rescue of SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration.

Autonomous regulation of retinal insulin biosynthesis in diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurodegenerative disease that results as a complication of dysregulated glucose metabolism, or diabetes. The signaling of insulin is lost or dampened in diabetes, but this hormone has also been shown to be an important neurotrophic factor which supports neurons of the brain. The role of local insulin synthesis and secretion in the retina, however, is unclear. We have investigated whether changes in local insulin synthesis occur in the diabetic retina and in response to stressors known to initiate retinal neurodegenerative processes. The expression of insulin and its cleavage product, c-peptide, were examined in retinas of a Type I diabetes animal model and human postmortem donors with DR. We detected mRNAs for insulin I (Ins1), insulin II (Ins2) and human insulin (Ins) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Using an ex-vivo system, isolated neuroretinas and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layers were exposed to glycemic, oxidative and inflammatory environments to measure insulin gene transcripts produced de novo in the retina under disease-relevant conditions. The expression of insulin in the retina was altered with the progression of diabetes in STZ mice and donors with DR. Transcription factors for insulin, were simultaneously expressed in a pattern matching insulin genes. Furthermore, de novo insulin mRNA in isolated retinas was induced by acute stress. RPE explants displayed the most pronounced changes in Ins1 and Ins2. This data reveals that the retina, like the brain, is an organ capable of producing local insulin and this synthesis is altered in diabetes.

Pharmacological and Metabolic Significance of Bile Acids in Retinal Diseases

Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic sterols primarily synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released in the intestinal lumen upon food intake. BAs play important roles in micellination of dietary lipids, stimulating bile flow, promoting biliary phospholipid secretion, and regulating cholesterol synthesis and elimination. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that, aside from their conventional biological function, BAs are also important signaling molecules and therapeutic tools. In the last decade, the therapeutic applications of BAs in the treatment of ocular diseases have gained great interest. Despite the identification of BA synthesis, metabolism, and recycling in ocular tissues, much remains unknown with regards to their biological significance in the eye. Additionally, as gut microbiota directly affects the quality of circulating BAs, their analysis could derive important information on changes occurring in this microenvironment. This review aims at providing an overview of BA metabolism and biological function with a focus on their potential therapeutic and diagnostic use for retinal diseases.

A Comprehensive Review Evaluating the Impact of Protein Source (Vegetarian vs. Meat Based) in Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common neurological consequence in patients with cirrhosis and has a healthcare burden of USD 5370 to 50,120 per patient annually. HE significantly hampers the quality of life and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients with cirrhosis are at a high risk for protein-calorie malnutrition due to altered metabolism. Current evidence has changed the old belief of protein restriction in patients with cirrhosis and now 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg/day protein intake is recommended. Case series and studies with small numbers of participants showed that a vegetarian protein diet decreases the symptoms of HE when compared to a meat-based diet, but the evidence is limited and requires further larger randomized controlled trials. However, vegetable or milk-based protein diets are good substitutes for patients averse to meat intake. Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) (leucine, isoleucine and valine) have also been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of HE and are recommended as an alternative therapy in patients with cirrhosis for the treatment of HE. In this review, we provide an overview of current literature evaluating the role of protein intake in the management of HE in cirrhosis.

Selenomethionine (Se-Met) Induces the Cystine/Glutamate Exchanger SLC7A11 in Cultured Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells: Implications for Antioxidant Therapy in Aging Retina

Oxidative damage has been identified as a major causative factor in degenerative diseases of the retina; retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are at high risk. Hence, identifying novel strategies for increasing the antioxidant capacity of RPE cells, the purpose of this study, is important. Specifically, we evaluated the influence of selenium in the form of selenomethionine (Se-Met) in cultured RPE cells on system xc- expression and functional activity and on cellular levels of glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant. ARPE-19 and mouse RPE cells were cultured with and without selenomethionine (Se-Met), the principal form of selenium in the diet. Promoter activity assay, uptake assay, RT-PCR, northern and western blots, and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the expression of xc-, Nrf2, and its target genes. Se-Met activated Nrf2 and induced the expression and function of xc- in RPE. Other target genes of Nrf2 were also induced. System xc- consists of two subunits, and Se-Met induced the subunit responsible for transport activity (SLC7A11). Selenocysteine also induced xc- but with less potency. The effect of Se-met on xc- was associated with an increase in maximal velocity and an increase in substrate affinity. Se-Met increased the cellular levels of glutathione in the control, an oxidatively stressed RPE. The Se-Met effect was selective; under identical conditions, taurine transport was not affected and Na+-coupled glutamate transport was inhibited. This study demonstrates that Se-Met enhances the antioxidant capacity of RPE by inducing the transporter xc- with a consequent increase in glutathione.

Inactivation of Endothelial ADAM17 Reduces Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Neuronal and Vascular Damage

Retinal ischemia contributes to visual impairment in ischemic retinopathies. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM17 is implicated in multiple vascular pathologies through its ability to regulate inflammatory signaling via ectodomain shedding. We investigated the role of endothelial ADAM17 in neuronal and vascular degeneration associated with retinal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury using mice with conditional inactivation of ADAM17 in vascular endothelium. ADAM17Cre-flox and control ADAM17flox mice were subjected to 40 min of pressure-induced retinal ischemia, with the contralateral eye serving as control. Albumin extravasation and retinal leukostasis were evaluated 48 h after reperfusion. Retinal morphometric analysis was conducted 7 days after reperfusion. Degenerate capillaries were assessed by elastase digest and visual function was evaluated by optokinetic test 14 and 7 days following ischemia, respectively. Lack of ADAM17 decreased vascular leakage and reduced retinal thinning and ganglion cell loss in ADAM17Cre-flox mice. Further, ADAM17Cre-flox mice exhibited a remarkable reduction in capillary degeneration following IR. Decrease in neurovascular degeneration in ADAM17Cre-flox mice correlated with decreased activation of caspase-3 and was associated with reduction in oxidative stress and retinal leukostasis. In addition, knockdown of ADAM17 resulted in decreased cleavage of p75NTR, the process known to be associated with retinal cell apoptosis. A decline in visual acuity evidenced by decrease in spatial frequency threshold observed in ADAM17flox mice was partially restored in ADAM17-endothelial deficient mice. The obtained results provide evidence that endothelial ADAM17 is an important contributor to IR-induced neurovascular damage in the retina and suggest that interventions directed at regulating ADAM17 activity can be beneficial for alleviating the consequences of retinal ischemia.

Inhibition of HDAC6 Attenuates Diabetes-Induced Retinal Redox Imbalance and Microangiopathy

We investigated the contributing role of the histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) to the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, we examined the mechanism of action of HDAC6 in human retinal endothelial cells (HuREC) exposed to glucidic stress. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-rats), a rat model of type 1 diabetes, were used as model of DR. HDAC6 expression and activity were increased in human diabetic postmortem donors and STZ-rat retinas and were augmented in HuREC exposed to glucidic stress (25 mM glucose). Administration of the HDAC6 specific inhibitor Tubastatin A (TS) (10 mg/kg) prevented retinal microvascular hyperpermeability and up-regulation of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, in STZ-rats, TS decreased the levels of senescence markers and rescued the expression and activity of the histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), while downregulating the levels of free radicals and of the redox stress markers 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and nitrotyrosine (NT). The antioxidant effects of TS, consequent to HDAC6 inhibition, were associated with preservation of Nrf2-dependent gene expression and up-regulation of thioredoxin-1 activity. In vitro data, obtained from HuREC, exposed to glucidic stress, largely replicated the in vivo results further confirming the antioxidant effects of HDAC6 inhibition by TS in the diabetic rat retina. In summary, our data implicate HDAC6 activation in mediating hyperglycemia-induced retinal oxidative/nitrative stress leading to retinal microangiopathy and, potentially, DR.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid Halts Pathological Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in infants. We have investigated the efficacy of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its taurine and glycine conjugated derivatives tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) in preventing retinal neovascularization (RNV) in an experimental model of ROP. Seven-day-old mice pups (P7) were subjected to oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and were treated with bile acids for various durations. Analysis of retinal vascular growth and distribution revealed that UDCA treatment (50 mg/kg, P7-P17) of OIR mice decreased the extension of neovascular and avascular areas, whereas treatments with TUDCA and GUDCA showed no changes. UDCA also prevented reactive gliosis, preserved ganglion cell survival, and ameliorated OIR-induced blood retinal barrier dysfunction. These effects were associated with decreased levels of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and normalization of the VEGF-STAT3 signaling axis. Furthermore, in vitro tube formation and permeability assays confirmed UDCA inhibitory activity toward VEGF-induced pro-angiogenic and pro-permeability effects on human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Collectively, our results suggest that UDCA could represent a new effective therapy for ROP.

Loss of GPR109A/HCAR2 induces aging-associated hepatic steatosis

GPR109A agonists have been used for the treatment of obesity however, the role of GPR109A in regulating aging-associated alterations in lipid metabolism is unknown. In this study we used Gpr109a^-/- mice to investigate the effect of aging in the regulation of lipid accumulation. We observed that in mouse and human livers, in addition to Kupffer cells, GPR109A is expressed in hepatocytes. Over 12 months, compared to wild type (WT), Gpr109a^-/- mice gained significantly more weight. Food intake and levels of serum lipids were similar among both groups. Compared to age-matched WT mice, 12-months old Gpr109a^-/- mice had significantly increased liver weight, hepatic steatosis and serum markers of liver injury. The fatty liver phenotype in Gpr109a^-/- mice was associated with increased hepatic expression of lipogenesis genes and decreased expression of lipolysis genes. Gpr109a^-/- mice had significantly increased fat tissues, which was associated with significant increase in adipocyte diameter and surface area. Adipose tissue from Gpr109a^-/- mice had increased expression of lipogenesis genes; however, expression of lipolytic genes was similar in both groups. Collectively, these results indicate that during aging, GPR109A modulates de novo lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissue, and its dysregulation can lead to age-associated obesity and hepatic steatosis.

Data on the role of miR-144 in regulating fetal hemoglobin production in retinal pigmented epithelial cells

The data presented in this article are connected to our related article entitled "Inhibiting microRNA-144 potentiates Nrf2-dependent antioxidant signaling in retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) and protects against oxidative stress-induced outer retinal degeneration" [1] where, we have shown that miR-144 induces oxidative stress in RPE cells by targeting Nrf2 expression. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that like erythroid cells, RPE cells express α, β and γ-globin and produce hemoglobin locally in retina. Further, the ability to therapeutically reactivate fetal hemoglobin production in these cells, a strategy of high potential benefit in the treatment of complications of sickle cell disease, including retinopathy, is impacted by Nrf2-mediated signaling [2,3]. Studies by others [4,5] provide compelling evidence of a regulatory role for miR-144 and Nrf2 in fetal hemoglobin production in erythroid cells. Our current work confirms this finding in human RPE. We additionally show that miR-144-mediated regulation of fetal hemoglobin production in RPE cells is independent of kruppel like factor 1 (KLF-1). This supports the plausibility that in RPE, hemoglobin, particularly fetal hemoglobin, may be important for functions other than oxygen transport (e.g., antioxidant defense). Indeed, our new data on miR-144 in RPE supports strongly the potential mechanistic between fetal hemoglobin production and the regulation of oxidative stress in this cell type [1].

Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1 improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via Nrf2 activation mediated improvement in oxidative stress and mitochondrial function

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated signaling plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis of hepatic cells. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1 (CORM-A1) has been reported to stimulate up-regulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in hepatocytes. However, the role of CORM-A1 in improving lipid metabolism, antioxidant signaling and mitochondrial functions in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is unknown. In this study, we report that CORM-A1 prevents hepatic steatosis in high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet fed C57BL/6J mice, used as model of NASH. The beneficial effects of CORM-A1 in HFHF fed mice was associated with improved lipid homeostasis, Nrf2 activation, upregulation of antioxidant responsive (ARE) genes and increased ATP production. As, mitochondria are intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and important sites of lipid metabolism, we further investigated the mechanisms of action of CORM-A1-mediated improvement in mitochondrial function in palmitic acid (PA) treated HepG2 cells. Cellular oxidative stress and cell viability were found to be improved in PA + CORM-A1 treated cells via Nrf2 translocation and activation of cytoprotective genes. Furthermore, in PA treated cells, CORM-A1 improved mitochondrial oxidative stress, membrane potential and rescued mitochondrial biogenesis thru upregulation of Drp1, TFAM, PGC-1α and NRF-1 genes. CORM-A1 treatment improved cellular status by lowering glycolytic respiration and maximizing OCR. Improvement in mitochondrial respiration and increment in ATP production in PA + CORM-A1 treated cells further corroborate our findings. In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that CORM-A1 ameliorates tissue damage in steatotic liver via Nrf2 activation and improved mitochondrial function, thus, suggesting the anti-NASH potential of CORM-A1.

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CORM-A1 facilitates Nrf2 translocation and regulates cellular redox homeostasis in liver.

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CORM-A1 improves antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in liver.

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CORM-A1 induces mitochondrial biogenesis, improves energetics and cellular respiration in HepG2 cells.

Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases

Aging is related to a number of functional and morphological changes leading to progressive decline of the biological functions of an organism. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), released by several endogenous and exogenous processes, may cause important oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to important cellular dysfunctions. The imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses brings to oxidative stress conditions and, related to accumulation of ROS, aging-associated diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the most relevant data reported in literature on the natural compounds, mainly phytochemicals, with antioxidant activity and their potential protective effects on age-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and chronic inflammation, and possibly lower side effects, when compared to other drugs.

Carbon monoxide releasing molecule A-1 attenuates acetaminophen-mediated hepatotoxicity and improves survival of mice by induction of Nrf2 and related genes

Acute liver injury is frequently associated with oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide releasing molecule A-1 (CORM A-1) in oxidative stress-mediated liver injury. Overnight-fasted mice were injected with acetaminophen (APAP; 300 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) and were sacrificed at 4 and 12 h. They showed elevated levels of serum transaminases, depleted hepatic glutathione (GSH) and hepatocyte necrosis. Mice injected with CORM A-1 (20 mg/kg) 1 h after APAP administration, had reduced serum transaminases, preserved hepatic GSH and reduced hepatocyte necrosis. Mice that received a lethal dose of APAP (600 mg/kg), died by 10 h; but those co-treated with CORM A-1 showed a 50% survival. Compared to APAP-treated mice, livers from those co-treated with CORM A-1, had upregulation of Nrf2 and ARE genes (HO-1, GCLM and NQO-1). APAP-treated mice had elevated hepatic mRNA levels of inflammatory genes (Nf-κB, TNF-α, IL1-β and IL-6), an effect blunted in those co-treated with CORM A-1. In tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-treated HepG2 cells, CORM A-1 augmented cell viability, reduced oxidative stress, activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and anti-oxidant response element (ARE) genes. The molecular docking profile of CO in the kelch domain of Keap1 protein suggested that CO released from CORM A-1 mediated Nrf2 activation. Collectively, these data indicate that CORM A-1 reduces oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 and related genes, and restoring hepatic GSH, to reduce hepatocyte necrosis and thus minimize liver injury that contributes to an overall improved survival rate.

Kidney-targeted inhibition of protein kinase C-α ameliorates nephrotoxic nephritis with restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction

To investigate the role of protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) in glomerulonephritis, the capacity of PKC-α inhibition to reverse the course of established nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) was evaluated. Nephritis was induced by a single injection of nephrotoxic serum and after its onset, a PKC-α inhibitor was administered either systemically or by targeted glomerular delivery. By day seven, all mice with NTN had severe nephritis, whereas mice that received PKC-α inhibitors in either form had minimal evidence of disease. To further understand the underlying mechanism, label-free shotgun proteomic analysis of the kidney cortexes were performed, using quantitative mass spectrometry. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed 157 differentially expressed proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction as the most modulated pathway. Functional protein groups most affected by NTN were mitochondrial proteins associated with respiratory processes. These proteins were down-regulated in the mice with NTN, while their expression was restored with PKC-α inhibition. This suggests a role for proteins that regulate oxidative phosphorylation in recovery. In cultured glomerular endothelial cells, nephrotoxic serum caused a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential, mitochondrial morphologic changes and an increase in glycolytic lactic acid production; all normalized by PKC-α inhibition. Thus, PKC-α has a critical role in NTN progression, and the results implicate mitochondrial processes through restoring oxidative phosphorylation, as an essential mechanism underlying recovery. Importantly, our study provides additional support for targeted therapy to glomeruli to reverse the course of progressive disease.

Deoxycholylglycine, a conjugated secondary bile acid, reduces vascular tone by attenuating Ca2+ sensitivity via rho kinase pathway

Patients with cirrhosis have reduced systemic vascular resistance and elevated circulating bile acids (BAs). Previously, we showed that secondary conjugated BAs impair vascular tone by reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Ca²⁺ influx. In this study, we investigated the effect of deoxycholylglycine (DCG), on Ca²⁺ sensitivity in reducing vascular tone. First, we evaluated the effects of DCG on U46619- and phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)-induced vasoconstriction. DCG reduced U46619-induced vascular tone but failed to reduce PMA-induced vasoconstriction. Then, by utilizing varied combinations of diltiazem (voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channel [VDCC] inhibitor), Y27632 (RhoA kinase [ROCK] inhibitor) and chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor) for the effect of DCG on U46619-induced vasoconstriction, we ascertained that DCG inhibits VDCC and ROCK pathway with no effect on PKC. We further assessed the effect of DCG on ROCK pathway. In β-escin-permeabilized arteries, DCG reduced high-dose Ca²⁺- and GTPγS (a ROCK activator)-induced vasoconstriction. In rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), DCG reduced U46619-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain subunit (MLC₂₀) and myosin phosphatase target subunit-1 (MYPT1). In permeabilized VSMCs, DCG reduced Ca²⁺- and GTPγS-mediated MLC₂₀ and MYPT1 phosphorylation, and further, reduced GTPγS-mediated membrane translocation of RhoA. In VSMCs, long-term treatment with DCG had no effect on ROCK2 and RhoA expression. In conclusion, DCG attenuates vascular Ca²⁺ sensitivity and tone via inhibiting ROCK pathway. These results enhance our understanding of BAs-mediated regulation of vascular tone and provide a platform to develop new treatment strategies to reduce arterial dysfunction in cirrhosis.

M1 Muscarinic Receptor Deficiency Attenuates Azoxymethane-Induced Chronic Liver Injury in Mice

Cholinergic nervous system regulates liver injury. However, the role of M1 muscarinic receptors (M1R) in modulating chronic liver injury is uncertain. To address this gap in knowledge we treated M1R-deficient and WT mice with azoxymethane (AOM) for six weeks and assessed liver injury responses 14 weeks after the last dose of AOM. Compared to AOM-treated WT mice, M1R-deficient mice had attenuated liver nodularity, fibrosis and ductular proliferation, α-SMA staining, and expression of α1 collagen, Tgfβ-R, Pdgf-R, Mmp-2, Timp-1 and Timp-2. In hepatocytes, these findings were associated with reductions of cleaved caspase-3 staining and Tnf-α expression. In response to AOM treatment, M1R-deficient mice mounted a vigorous anti-oxidant response by upregulating Gclc and Nqo1 expression, and attenuating peroxynitrite generation. M1R-deficient mouse livers had increased expression of Trail-R2, a promotor of stellate cell apoptosis; dual staining for TUNNEL and α-SMA revealed increased stellate cells apoptosis in livers from M1R-deficient mice compared to those from WT. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of M1R reduced H₂O₂-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in vitro. These results indicate that following liver injury, anti-oxidant response in M1R-deficient mice attenuates hepatocyte apoptosis and reduces stellate cell activation, thereby diminishing fibrosis. Therefore, targeting M1R expression and activation in chronic liver injury may provide therapeutic benefit.

Withaferin-A Reduces Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Withaferin-A (WA) has anti-oxidant activities however, its therapeutic potential in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is unknown. We performed a proof-of-concept study to assess the therapeutic potential of WA in a mouse model that mimics APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in humans. Overnight fasted C57BL/6NTac (5-6 wk. old) male mice received 200 mg/kg APAP intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 1 h mice were treated with 40 mg/kg WA or vehicle i.p., and euthanized 4 and 16 h later; their livers were harvested and serum collected for analysis. At 4 h, compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had reduced serum ALT levels, hepatocyte necrosis and intrahepatic hemorrhage. All APAP-treated mice had reduced hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels however, reduction in GSH was lower in WA-treated when compared to vehicle-treated mice. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, livers from WA-treated mice had reduced APAP-induced JNK activation, mitochondrial Bax translocation, and nitrotyrosine generation. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had increased hepatic up-regulation of Nrf2, Gclc and Nqo1, and down-regulation of Il-6 and Il-1β. The hepatoprotective effect of WA persisted at 16 h. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had reduced hepatocyte necrosis and hepatic expression of Il-6, Tnf-α and Il-1β, increased hepatic Gclc and Nqo1 expression and GSH levels, and reduced lipid peroxidation. Finally, in AML12 hepatocytes, WA reduced H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress and necrosis by preventing GSH depletion. Collectively, these data show mechanisms whereby WA reduces necrotic hepatocyte injury, and demonstrate that WA has therapeutic potential in AILI.

Assessing Myogenic Response and Vasoactivity In Resistance Mesenteric Arteries Using Pressure Myography

Small resistance arteries constrict and dilate respectively in response to increased or decreased intraluminal pressure; this phenomenon known as myogenic response is a key regulator of local blood flow. In isobaric conditions small resistance arteries develop sustained constriction known as myogenic tone (MT), which is a major determinant of systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Hence, ex vivo pressurized preparations of small resistance arteries are major tools to study microvascular function in near-physiological states. To achieve this, a freshly isolated intact segment of a small resistance artery (diameter ~260 μm) is mounted onto two small glass cannulas and pressurized. These arterial preparations retain most in vivo characteristics and permit assessment of vascular tone in real-time. Here we provide a detailed protocol for assessing vasoactivity in pressurized small resistance mesenteric arteries from rats; these arteries develop sustained vasoconstriction - approximately 25% of maximal diameter - when pressurized at 70 mmHg. These arterial preparations may be used to study the effect of investigational compounds on relationship between intra-arterial pressure and vasoactivity and determine changes in microvascular function in animal models of various diseases.

Crystal structure of [1-(3-chloro-phen-yl)-5-hy-droxy-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl](p-tol-yl)methanone

In the title compound C₁₈H₁₅ClN₂O₂, the dihedral angles between the central pyrazole ring and the pendant chloro­benzene and p-tolyl rings are 17.68 (10) and 51.26 (12)°, respectively. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed, which closes an S(6) ring.

M1 muscarinic receptors modify oxidative stress response to acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury

The role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in modulating acute liver injury is unknown. We detected M1 muscarinic receptor (M1R) expression in human and murine hepatocytes, and investigated the consequences of M1R deficiency on acute liver injury in vivo and inhibiting M1R activation on hepatocyte injury in vitro. Age-matched wild-type (WT) and M1R-deficient (Chrm1(-/-)) male mice were injected intraperitoneally with 200mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP) and euthanized 0, 2, 4, 16, 24, and 36h later. Biochemical and histological parameters indicated that liver injury peaked within 16h after APAP treatment and resolved by 24h. Compared to WT, M1R-deficient mice had reduced intrahepatic hemorrhage and hepatocyte necrosis, reflected by an attenuated rise in serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Livers of M1R-deficient mice showed reduced hepatocyte DNA fragmentation and attenuated expression of injury cytokines (Il-1α, Il-1β, Il-6, and Fasl). In all mice hepatic glutathione levels decreased after APAP injection, but they recovered more quickly in M1R-deficient mice. During the course of APAP-induced liver injury in M1R-deficient compared to WT mice, hepatic Nrf-2, Gclc, and Nqo1 expressions increased and nitrotyrosine generation decreased. APAP metabolic pathways were not altered by M1R deficiency; expression of hepatic Cyp2e1, Cyp1a2, Cyp3a11, Cyp3a13, Car, and Pxr was similar in Chrm1(-/-) and WT mice. Finally, treatment of murine AML12 hepatocytes with a novel M1R antagonist, VU0255035, attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative stress, prevented GSH depletion, and enhanced viability. We conclude that M1R modify hepatocyte responses to oxidative stress and that targeting M1R has therapeutic potential for toxic liver injury.

Crystal structure of (4Z)-1-(3,4-di-chloro-phen-yl)-4-[hy-droxy(4-methyl-phen-yl)methyl-idene]-3-methyl-4,5-di-hydro-1H-pyrazol-5-one

The title compound, C₁₈H₁₄Cl₂N₂O₂, crystallizes with two mol­ecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit. In mol­ecule A, the dihedral angles between the central pyrazole ring and pendant di­chloro­benzene and p-tolyl rings are 2.18 (16) and 46.78 (16)°, respectively. In mol­ecule B, the equivalent angles are 27.45 (16) and 40.45 (18)°, respectively. Each mol­ecule features an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which closes an S(6) ring and mol­ecule A also features a C—H⋯O inter­action. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯π interactions and aromatic π–π stacking [shortest centroid–centroid separation = 3.707 (2) Å] generate a three-dimensional network.

A comparative study of experimental and theoretical results of conformations of oxovanadium(IV) complexes with 4-acyl pyrazolone ligands using DFT method

The optimized structures and electronic properties of the oxovanadium(IV) complexes containing 4-acyl pyrazolone ligands were calculated using density functional theory. The total energies of both the complexes were calculated e.g. syn and anti conformation of complex 1 and complex 2 with and without solvent. The calculated total energy for syn conformation was -10.162 keV, while total energy for anti conformation was -10.155 keV. Similarly, the calculated total energy for complex 2 with solvent was obtained -10.793 keV, while total energy for complex 2 without solvent was -10.158 keV. The total energy calculation shows that syn conformation is more stable in complex 1, while complex 2 is more stable in twisted geometry with solvent. In order to investigate the electronic properties of ligands and complexes, quantum chemical parameters, such as the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO), and energy gap were calculated. The theoretically calculated data of the complexes are in good agreement with the data obtained by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

(Z)-3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-methyl-anilino)propyl-idene]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one

In the title mol­ecule, C₂₀H₂₁N₃O, the central pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 4.75 (9) and 49.11 (9)°, respectively, with the phenyl and methyl-substituted benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 51.76 (8)°. The amino group and carbonyl O atom are involved in an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, π–π inter­actions are observed between benzene rings [centroid–centroid seperation = 3.892 (2) Å] and pyrazole rings [centroid–centroid seperation = 3.626 (2) Å], forming chains along [111]. The H atoms of the methyl group on the p-tolyl substituent were refined as disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.60 (4):0.40 (4) ratio.

Hepatoprotective potential of Tecomella undulata stem bark is partially due to the presence of betulinic acid

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tecomella undulata (TU;` Family Bignoniaceae) is used in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for treating various diseases including hepatic ailments. It is also incorporated in various marketed hepatoprotective polyherbal formulations.

AIM

The present study was aimed at evaluating possible hepatoprotective role of isolated compounds from TU stem bark (TSB) using in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

METHODS

In vitro cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potential of various extract, fractions and isolated compounds from TU stem bark were evaluated using HepG2 cells. Rats were pre-treated with TU methanolic extract (TSB-7) or betulinic acid (MS-2) or silymarin for 7 days followed by a single dose of CCl(4) (0.5 ml/kg, i.p.). Plasma markers of hepatic damage, hepatic antioxidants and indices of lipid peroxidation along with microscopic evaluation of liver were assessed in control and treatment groups.

RESULTS

TSB-2 and MS-1 accounted for significant cell death whereas; TSB-1, TBS-7, TSB-9, TSB-10 and, MS-2 did not register significant cytotoxicity. Further, non-cytotoxic components exhibited ascending grade of hepatoprotection in vitro (TSB-10<TSB-1<TSB-7<TSB-9<MS-2). Pre-treatment of TSB-7 or MS-2 to CCl(4) treated rats prevented hepatocyte damage as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological observations.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that, hepatoprotective potential of Tecomella undulata stem bark is partially due to the presence of betulinic acid.

Anthocyanin-rich red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) extract attenuates cardiac and hepatic oxidative stress in rats fed an atherogenic diet

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the aetiology of several diseases including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Anthocyanin-rich extracts have been shown to possess a variety of therapeutic roles, including antioxidant, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties. The present inventory was undertaken to evaluate the protective role of anthocyanin-rich red cabbage extract (ARCE) on an atherogenic (ATH) diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia and related cardiac and, hepatic oxidative stress in rats.

RESULTS

ARCE (100 mg kg(-1) body weight) treatment of rats fed the ATH diet significantly prevented elevation in serum and tissue lipids, circulating levels of cardiac and hepatic damage markers, and resulted in excretion of lipids through faeces. Also, the ARCE extract significantly attenuated alterations in the cardiac and hepatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation, and histopathological changes in cardiac and hepatic tissue.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the present study provides the first scientific evidence for a protective role of ARCE against ATH diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia and cardiac and hepatic oxidative stress.

Amelioration of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats by standardized Feronia limonia. Linn leaf extracts

The hepatoprotective potential of standardized Feronia limonia (Family, Rutaceae) methanolic extract (FL-7) and chloroform soluble fraction (FL-9) were assessed against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats treated with CCl4 recorded significant elevation in plasma markers of hepatic injury, alteration in hepatic antioxidant status and histopathological damages. However, rats pretreated with FL-7 (200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and FL-9 (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days and later administered CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg, i.p.) recorded lowered indices of the above mentioned parameters and minimal histological damage in a dose dependent manner. These results were comparable to that of CCl4+silymarin treated rats. The results obtained with FL-7 and FL-9 are attributable to their free radical scavenging potential due to high contents of polyphenols and flavonols recorded herein. Overall, this study establishes the efficacy of FL-7 and FL-9 as hepatoprotective agents against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Sida rhomboidea.Roxb aqueous extract down-regulates in vivo expression of vascular cell adhesion molecules in atherogenic rats and inhibits in vitro macrophage differentiation and foam cell formation

The present study evaluates efficacy of Sida rhomboidea.Roxb (SR) leaves extract in ameliorating experimental atherosclerosis using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Atherogenic (ATH) diet fed rats recorded significant increment in the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very LDL (VLDL), autoantibody against oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), markers of LDL oxidation and decrement in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) along with increment in aortic TC and TG. The ex vivo LDL oxidation assay revealed an increased susceptibility of LDL isolated from ATH rats to undergo copper mediated oxidation. These set of changes were minimized by simultaneous co-supplementation of SR extract to ATH diet fed rats. Histopathology of aorta and immunolocalization studies recorded pronounced atheromatous plaque formation, vascular calcification, significant elastin derangements and higher expression of macrophage surface marker (F4/80), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and p-selectin in ATH rats. Whereas, ATH+SR rats depicted minimal evidence of atheromatous plaque formation, calcium deposition, distortion/defragmentation of elastin and accumulation of macrophages along with lowered expression of VCAM-1 and P-selectin compared to ATH rats. Further, monocyte to macrophage differentiation and in vitro foam cell formation were significantly attenuated in presence of SR extract. In conclusion, SR extract has the potency of controlling experimental atherosclerosis and can be used as promising herbal supplement in combating atherosclerosis.

Hepatoprotective activity of Feronia limonia root

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of a methanolic extract and of marmesin isolated from the root bark of Feronia limonia.

METHODS

Activity levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), cell viability and cell death were evaluated in HepG2 cells (human liver hepatoma cells) treated with CCl₄ in the presence or absence of F. limonia extract or marmesin. Plasma activity levels of AST, ALT, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, hepatic antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and histopathological evaluations were carried out in rats treated with CCl₄ alone or co-supplemented with F. limonia extract or marmesin in a dose-dependent manner.

KEY FINDINGS

In-vitro co-supplementation of F. limonia methanolic extract or marmesin significantly minimized alteration in levels of AST and ALT and improved cell viability. Oral administration of F. limonia methanolic extract or marmesin significantly prevented CCl₄-induced elevation in the plasma markers of hepatic damage and hepatic lipid peroxidation and a decrease in hepatic antioxidants. In-vivo hepatoprotective potential of F. limonia methanolic extract and marmesin was evident from the minimal alterations in the histoarchitecture of liver.

CONCLUSIONS

This has been the first scientific report on the hepatoprotective potential of F. limonia root bark methanolic extract and marmesin.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb--a review

Present review for the first time provides a complete botanical description and information on ethnomedicinal uses of Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb (CG; Fam, Verbenaceae). Recent studies conducted from our laboratory provide pharmacological evidence for its anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potentials. Further, its beneficial potential in preventing in vitro and in vivo non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis and potent hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging abilities along with its acute and sub-chronic toxicological evaluations are also reported from our laboratory. In keeping with its traditional uses, CG extract was capable of ameliorating experimentally induced hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Its beneficial potential against NASH induced oxidative stress and atherosclerosis can be attributed to its potent free radical scavenging potential. Non-toxic nature of CG leaf extract further provides added merit to its reported pharmacological properties. The present review summarizes the pioneering scientific evidence for the pharmacological effects of CG against related metabolic disorders like hypertension, diabetes and obesity along with anti oxidant potential and beneficial effects against non alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Cytotoxicity evaluation and antimicrobial studies of starch capped water soluble copper nanoparticles

Water soluble monodisperse copper nanoparticles of about 10nm diameter were prepared by microwave irradiation using starch as green capping agent. The resulting Cu-starch conjugate were characterized by FTIR and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The study confirmed the presence of copper embedded in polysaccharide matrix. The aqueous solution of starch capped copper nanoparticles (SCuNPs) exhibited excellent bactericidal action against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the nanoparticles was carried out using mouse embryonic fibroblast (3T3L1) cells by MTT cell viability assay, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and dark field microscopy imaging. The capped nanoparticles exhibited cytotoxicity at much higher concentration compared to cupric ions. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SCuNPs was well below the in vitro cytotoxic concentration. Statistical analysis demonstrated p<0.05 for significant results and p>0.05 for non-significant ones as compared to untreated cells. The non-cytotoxic green Cu-starch conjugate offers a rational approach towards antimicrobial application and for integration to biomedical devices.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and DNA nuclease activity of Cu(II) complexes derived from pyrazolone based NSO-donor Schiff base ligands

Two neutral mononuclear Cu(II) complexes have been prepared in EtOH using Schiff bases derived from 4-toluoyl pyrazolone and thiosemicarbazide. Both the ligands have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. The molecular geometry of one of these ligands has been determined by single crystal X-ray study. It reveals that these ligands exist in amine-one tautomeric form in the solid state. Microanalytical data, Cu-estimation, molar conductivity, magnetic measurements, IR, UV-Visible, FAB-Mass, TG-DTA data and ESR spectral studies were used to confirm the structures of the complexes. Electronic absorption and IR spectra of the complexes suggest a square-planar geometry around the central metal ion. The interaction of complexes with pET30a plasmid DNA was investigated by spectroscopic measurements. Results suggest that the copper complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode and can quench the fluorescence intensity of EB bound to DNA. The interaction between the complexes and DNA has also been investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis, interestingly, we found that the copper(II) complexes can cleave circular plasmid DNA to nicked and linear forms.

Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb leaf extract attenuates in vitro macrophage differentiation and expression of VCAM-1 and P-selectin in thoracic aorta of atherogenic diet fed rats

Present inventory evaluates the anti-atherogenic potential of C. glandulosum.Coleb leaf extract (CG) using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Serum markers of low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) oxidation, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, auto-antibody titer, ex vivo LDL-C oxidation, LDL-C aggregation, aortic lipids, histopathological evaluations and immunolocalization of macrophage surface marker (F4/80), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and P-selectin were performed in CON [rats treated with single dose of saline (i.p.) and fed with laboratory chow], ATH [rats treated with single dose of vitamin D3 (600,000 IU, i.p) and fed with atherogenic diet] and ATH+CG [rats treated with single dose of vitamin D3 (600,000 IU, i.p.) and fed with atherogenic diet and simultaneously treated with 200 mg/kg CG extract, p.o.] for 8 weeks. CG extract supplementation to atherogenic diet fed rats significantly prevented increment in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins, markers of LDL-C oxidation, auto-antibody titer and aortic lipids. Also, LDL-C isolated from ATH+CG rats recorded mimimal aggregation and susceptibility to undergo ex vivo LDL-C oxidation. Microscopic evaluation of thoracic aorta of ATH+CG rats reveled prevention of atheromatous plaque formation, accumulation of lipid laden macrophages, calcium deposition, distortion/defragmentation of elastin, accumulation of macrophages and, down regulation of cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and P-selectin) expression. Further, in vitro monocyte to macrophage differentiation was significantly attenuated in presence of CG extract (200 µg/mL). It can be concluded from the present study that, CG extract is capable of controlling induction of experimental atherosclerosis and warrants further scrutiny at the clinical level as a possible therapeutic agent.

Oxidative stress induced apoptosis of human lung carcinoma (A549) cells by a novel copper nanorod formulation

This study elucidates the process of synthesis of copper (Cu) nanorods using almond skin extract as stabilizing cum capping agent. These nanorods were (about 200 nm long and 40 nm wide) characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, cytotoxicity potential of these nanorods was evaluated in A549 cells (Human lung carcinoma cell line) via cell viability assay and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Also, reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), cellular oxidative stress (Rhodamine 123 florescence) and apoptosis (Annexin V FITC/Propidium iodide staining) were also investigated in control and treated cells. Results indicated that Cu nanorods induced apoptotic death of cancer cells by induction of oxidative stress, depletion of cellular antioxidants and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study reports a novel process of synthesis of almond skin extract capped Cu nanorods and its potential as an anticancer agent against A549 lung carcinoma cells.

Sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract down-regulates expression of PPARγ2 and leptin genes in high fat diet fed C57BL/6J Mice and retards in vitro 3T3L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation

Sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) is being used by the populace of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes and obesity. We have previously reported its hypolipidemic and anti-diabetic properties. In this study, we report the effect of SRLE on (i) in vivo modulation of genes controlling high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and (ii) in vitro 3T3L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation and leptin release. Supplementation with SRLE significantly prevented HFD induced increment in bodyweight, plasma lipids and leptin, visceral adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy. Also, SRLE supplementation reduced food intake, down regulated PPARγ2, SREBP1c, FAS and LEP expressions and up-regulated CPT-1 in epididymal adipose tissue compared to obese mice. In vitro adipogenesis of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes was significantly retarded in the presence of SRLE extract. Also decreased triglyceride accumulation, leptin release and glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase activity along with higher glycerol release without significant alteration of viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes, was recorded. Our findings suggest that prevention of HFD induced visceral adiposity is primarily by down regulation of PPARγ2 and leptin gene expression coupled with attenuation of food intake in C57BL/6J mice. SRLE induced prevention of pre-adipocytes differentiation, and leptin release further substantiated these findings and scientifically validates the potential application of SRLE as a therapeutic agent against obesity.

Anti-obesity potential of Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb leaf aqueous extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb leaf aqueous extract (CG) is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Previous study from our laboratory have documented anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties of CG extract but, till date there are no pharmacological studies available on its anti-obesity potential. This inventory investigates the underlining molecular mechanism/s of CG induced regulation of in vivo HFD induced obesity and in vitro adipocyte differentiation.

AIM

To evaluate effects of CG extract on (i) expression of genes regulating visceral adiposity and (ii) in vitro adipocyte differentiation and LEP release.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Body weight, lee index, plasma lipids and LEP, mRNA expression of PPARγ-2, SREBP1c, FAS, CPT-1 and LEP in epididymal adipose tissue of control and experimental groups were evaluated. Also, potential of CG extract on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and LEP release was assessed.

RESULTS

Supplementation of CG extract to HFD fed mice significantly prevented HFD induced increment in bodyweight, lee index, plasma lipids and LEP, visceral adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy. Also, CG extract supplementation resulted in down regulation of PPARγ-2, SREBP1c, FAS and LEP expression along with up-regulation of CPT-1 in epididymal adipose tissue compared to HFD fed mice. In vitro study recorded significant anti-adipogenic effect of CG extract that resulted in decreased adipogenesis, TG accumulation, LEP release, G3PDH activity along with higher glycerol release without significantly altering viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb extract prevents adipocyte differentiation and visceral adiposity by down regulation of PPARγ-2 related genes and Lep expression thus validating its traditional therapeutic use in controlling obesity.

Protective effect of Clerodendron glandulosum extract against experimentally induced metabolic syndrome in rats

CONTEXT

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become one of the major health burdens worldwide. To date, no single pharmacological agent has been developed to correct metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS. Use of indigenous medicinal plants as alternative medicines against MetS could be beneficial due to multiple therapeutic usage, easy availability, and relatively few side effects.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the protective effect of Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb. (Verbenaceae) aqueous leaf extract (CgE) against experimentally induced MetS in rats.

METHODS

Changes in body weight, food and fluid intake, plasma glucose, insulin, fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI), plasma total lipid profile, free fatty acids (FFA), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), blood pressure and vascular reactivity have been investigated in various experimental groups.

RESULTS

Fructose+CgE groups recorded significant decrement (P <0.05) in plasma glucose, insulin, FIRI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and FFA, whereas plasma HDL level was significantly increased (P <0.05) along with an efficient clearance of glucose during OGTT and lowered area under curve values. FRU+CgE groups also showed significantly decreased (P <0.05) mean arterial blood pressure along with decreased vasoconstriction and increased vasorelaxation in response to administration of various pharmacological agents. These results were comparable with metformin treated rats.

DISCUSSION

C. glandulosum leaf extract ameliorates experimentally induced MetS by improving dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.

CONCLUSION

This study provides the first pharmacological evidence for the protective role of C. glandulosum leaves against experimentally induced MetS. Thus, therapeutic use of C. glandulosum in controlling MetS is indicated.

Sida rhomboidea.Roxb leaf extract ameliorates gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sida rhomboidea.Roxb (SR) known as "Mahabala" in Ayurveda and marketed as "Shahadeyi" is used in ethnomedicine to treat ailments such as dysuria and urinary disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate nephroprotective potential of SR against gentamicin (GM) induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats with GM (100 mg/kg bodyweight (i.p.) for 8 days) and were treated with SR extract (200 and 400 mg/kg bodyweight (p.o.) for 8 days) or 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (vehicle). Plasma and urine urea and creatinine, renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants along with lipid peroxidation were evaluated in various experimental groups.

RESULTS

GM treatment induced significant elevation (p<0.05) in plasma and urine urea, creatinine, renal lipid peroxidation along with significant decrement (p<0.05) in renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. SR treatment to GM treated rats (GM+SR) recorded significant decrement (p<0.05) in plasma and urine urea and creatinine, renal lipid peroxidation along with significant increment (p<0.05) in renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.

CONCLUSION

SR leaf extract ameliorates GM induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction and thus validates its ethnomedicinal use.