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Mollereau B, Rzechorzek NM, Roussel BD, Sedru M, Van den Brink DM, Bailly-Maitre B, Palladino F, Medinas DB, Domingos PM, Hunot S, Chandran S, Birman S, Baron T, Vivien D, Duarte CB, Ryoo HD, Steller H, Urano F, Chevet E, Kroemer G, Ciechanover A, Calabrese EJ, Kaufman RJ, Hetz C. Adaptive preconditioning in neurological diseases - therapeutic insights from proteostatic perturbations. Brain Res 2016; 1648:603-616. [PMID: 26923166 PMCID: PMC5010532 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In neurological disorders, both acute and chronic neural stress can disrupt cellular proteostasis, resulting in the generation of pathological protein. However in most cases, neurons adapt to these proteostatic perturbations by activating a range of cellular protective and repair responses, thus maintaining cell function. These interconnected adaptive mechanisms comprise a 'proteostasis network' and include the unfolded protein response, the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy. Interestingly, several recent studies have shown that these adaptive responses can be stimulated by preconditioning treatments, which confer resistance to a subsequent toxic challenge - the phenomenon known as hormesis. In this review we discuss the impact of adaptive stress responses stimulated in diverse human neuropathologies including Parkinson׳s disease, Wolfram syndrome, brain ischemia, and brain cancer. Further, we examine how these responses and the molecular pathways they recruit might be exploited for therapeutic gain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mollereau
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - N M Rzechorzek
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - B D Roussel
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - M Sedru
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - D M Van den Brink
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - B Bailly-Maitre
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team 8 (Hepatic Complications in Obesity), Nice, France
| | - F Palladino
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - D B Medinas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P M Domingos
- ITQB-UNL, Av. da Republica, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S Hunot
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - S Birman
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Baron
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, 31, avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - D Vivien
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - C B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H D Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Steller
- Howard Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - F Urano
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - E Chevet
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - G Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women׳s and Children׳s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Ciechanover
- The Polak Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 30196, Israel
| | - E J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - R J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - C Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Tasselli M, Chaumette T, Paillusson S, Monnet Y, Lafoux A, Huchet-Cadiou C, Aubert P, Hunot S, Derkinderen P, Neunlist M. Effects of oral administration of rotenone on gastrointestinal functions in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e183-93. [PMID: 23281940 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic rotenone model of Parkinson's disease (PD) accurately replicates many aspects of the pathology of human PD, especially neurodegeneration of the substantia nigra and lesions in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Nevertheless, the precise effects of oral rotenone on the ENS have not been addressed yet. This study was therefore designed to assess the effects of a chronic oral treatment by rotenone on enteric neurochemical phenotype, gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and intestinal epithelial barrier permeability. METHODS Male C57BL6N mice received once daily oral rotenone administration for 28 days. GI functions were analyzed 4 weeks after rotenone treatment. Gastrointestinal motility was assessed by measuring gastric emptying, total transit time, fecal pellet output, and bead latency. Intestinal barrier permeability was evaluated both in vivo and ex vivo. The number of enteric neurons and the enteric neurochemical phenotype were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra was performed in a subset of animals. KEY RESULTS Mice treated orally with rotenone had a decrease in fecal pellet output and in jejunal alpha-synuclein expression as compared with control animals. This was associated with a significant decrease in TH-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. No change in gastric emptying, total transit time, intestinal epithelial barrier permeability, and enteric neurochemical phenotype was observed. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Chronic oral treatment with rotenone only induced minor changes in the ENS and did not recapitulate the GI abnormalities seen in PD, while it replicates neurodegeneration of the substantia nigra.
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Grabli D, Karachi C, Bernard F, Belaid H, Bardinet E, Tandé D, Wattiez N, Hartmann A, Hunot S, Hirsch E, François C. Implication des neurones cholinergiques du noyau pédonculopontin dans les troubles de la posture et de la marche de la maladie de Parkinson. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(11)70013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bohic S, Ghersi-Egea JF, Gibon J, Paoletti P, Arnaud J, Hunot S, Boom A, Bouron A. [Biological roles of trace elements in the brain with special focus on Zn and Fe]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010; 167:269-79. [PMID: 21056442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many metals like iron (Fe), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) fulfil various essential biological functions and are thus vital for all living organisms. For instance, they play important roles in nervous tissue, participating in a wide range of processes such as neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination or synaptic transmission. STATE OF THE ART As in other tissues, brain cells tightly control the concentration of metals but any excess or deficit can lead to deleterious responses and alter cognitive functions. Of note, certain metals such as Zn, Fe or Cu accumulate in specific brain structures over lifespan and several neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a dysregulation of the homeostatic mechanisms controlling the concentration of these cations. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES This review will address some of the cellular and molecular processes controlling the entry and distribution of selected metals (mainly Zn and Fe) in the brain, as well as their roles in synaptic transmission, in the pathogenesis of some neurologic diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and their impact on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bohic
- Inserm U836, équipe 6 Rayonnement synchrotron et recherches médicales, Grenoble institut des neurosciences, 38054 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
The glial reaction is generally considered to be a consequence of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In Parkinson's disease, postmortem examination reveals a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra associated with a massive astrogliosis and the presence of activated microglial cells. Recent evidence suggests that the disease may progress even when the initial cause of neuronal degeneration has disappeared, suggesting that toxic substances released by the glial cells may be involved in the propagation and perpetuation of neuronal degeneration. Glial cells can release deleterious compounds such as proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, Il-1beta, IFN-gamma), which may act by stimulating nitric oxide production in glial cells, or which may exert a more direct deleterious effect on dopaminergic neurons by activating receptors that contain intracytoplasmic death domains involved in apoptosis. In line with this possibility, an activation of proteases such as caspase-3 and caspase-8, which are known effectors of apoptosis, has been reported in Parkinson's disease. Yet, caspase inhibitors or invalidation of TNF-alpha receptors does not protect dopaminergic neurons against degeneration in experimental models of the disease, suggesting that manipulation of a single signaling pathway may not be sufficient to protect dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, the antiinflammatory drugs pioglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, and the tetracycline derivative minocycline have been shown to reduce glial activation and protect the substantia nigra in an animal model of the disease. Inhibition of the glial reaction and the inflammatory processes may thus represent a therapeutic target to reduce neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hirsch
- INSERM U289, Experimental Neurology and Therapeutics, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunot
- Section of Immunobiology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Hartmann A, Troadec JD, Hunot S, Kikly K, Faucheux BA, Mouatt-Prigent A, Ruberg M, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Caspase-8 is an effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, but pathway inhibition results in neuronal necrosis. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2247-55. [PMID: 11264300 PMCID: PMC6762382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 is a proximal effector protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family death pathway. In the present human postmortem study, we observed a significantly higher percentage of dopaminergic (DA) substantia nigra pars compacta neurons that displayed caspase-8 activation in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients compared with controls. In an in vivo experimental PD model, namely subchronically 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice, we also show that caspase-8 is indeed activated after exposure to this toxin early in the course of cell demise, suggesting that caspase-8 activation precedes and is not the consequence of cell death. However, cotreatment of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-intoxicated primary DA cultures with broad-spectrum and specific caspase-8 inhibitors did not result in neuroprotection but seemed to trigger a switch from apoptosis to necrosis. We propose that this effect is related to ATP depletion and suggest that the use of caspase inhibitors in pathologies linked to intracellular energy depletion, such as PD, should be cautiously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hartmann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtière, 75013 Paris, France
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Zheng TS, Hunot S, Kuida K, Momoi T, Srinivasan A, Nicholson DW, Lazebnik Y, Flavell RA. Deficiency in caspase-9 or caspase-3 induces compensatory caspase activation. Nat Med 2000; 6:1241-7. [PMID: 11062535 DOI: 10.1038/81343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. As effectors of the apoptotic machinery, caspases are considered potential therapeutic targets. Using an established in vivo model of Fas-mediated apoptosis, we demonstrate here that elimination of certain caspases was compensated in vivo by the activation of other caspases. Hepatocyte apoptosis and mouse death induced by the Fas agonistic antibody Jo2 required proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bid and used a Bid-mediated mitochondrial pathway of caspase activation; deficiency in caspases essential for this pathway, caspase-9 or caspase-3, unexpectedly resulted in rapid activation of alternate caspases after injection of Jo2, and therefore failed to protect mice against Jo2 toxicity. Moreover, both ultraviolet and gamma irradiation, two established inducers of the mitochondrial caspase-activation pathway, also elicited compensatory activation of caspases in cultured caspase-3(-/-) hepatocytes, indicating that the compensatory caspase activation was mediated through the mitochondria. Our findings provide direct experimental evidence for compensatory pathways of caspase activation. This issue should therefore be considered in developing caspase inhibitors for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Zheng
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Hirsch EC, Hunot S, Hartmann A. Mechanism of cell death in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Funct Neurol 2000; 15:229-37. [PMID: 11213526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Hirsch
- INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hirsch
- INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Hartmann A, Hunot S, Michel PP, Muriel MP, Vyas S, Faucheux BA, Mouatt-Prigent A, Turmel H, Srinivasan A, Ruberg M, Evan GI, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Caspase-3: A vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2875-80. [PMID: 10688892 PMCID: PMC16023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040556597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 is an effector of apoptosis in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its potential role in the human pathology remains to be demonstrated. Using caspase-3 immunohistochemistry on the postmortem human brain, we observed a positive correlation between the degree of neuronal loss in dopaminergic (DA) cell groups affected in the mesencephalon of PD patients and the percentage of caspase-3-positive neurons in these cell groups in control subjects and a significant decrease of caspase-3-positive pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of PD patients compared with controls that also could be observed in an animal model of PD. This suggests that neurons expressing caspase-3 are more sensitive to the pathological process than those that do not express the protein. In addition, using an antibody raised against activated caspase-3, the percentage of active caspase-3-positive neurons among DA neurons was significantly higher in PD patients than in controls. Finally, electron microscopy analysis in the human brain and in vitro data suggest that caspase-3 activation precedes and is not a consequence of apoptotic cell death in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hartmann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
Apoptosis, the seemingly counter-intuitive act of physiological cell suicide, is accomplished by an evolutionarily conserved death program that is centered on the activation of a group of intracellular cysteine proteases known as caspases. It is now clear that both extra- and intra-cellular stimuli induce apoptosis by triggering the activation of these otherwise latent proteases in a process that culminates in caspase-mediated disintegration of cellular contents and their subsequent absorption by neighboring cells. While many elegant in vitro studies have demonstrated the requirement of caspase activities for the execution of most, if not all, apoptosis, the precise contribution of individual caspases in vivo and how they functionally relate to each other remain poorly elucidated. Fortunately, the generation of various caspase deficient mice through gene targeting has provided a unique window of opportunity to definitely examine the physiological function of these caspases in vivo. As the list of caspase knockouts grows, we considered it was time to review what we have been learned, from these studies about the exact role of individual caspases in mediating apoptotic events. We will also provide our prediction on the direction of future studies in this ever-growing field of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Zheng
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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Hirsch EC, Hunot S, Damier P, Brugg B, Faucheux BA, Michel PP, Ruberg M, Muriel MP, Mouatt-Prigent A, Agid Y. Glial cell participation in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1999; 80:9-18. [PMID: 10410697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Hirsch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Murer MG, Boissiere F, Yan Q, Hunot S, Villares J, Faucheux B, Agid Y, Hirsch E, Raisman-Vozari R. An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult human brain, with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 1999; 88:1015-32. [PMID: 10336117 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a member of the family of neuronal differentiation and survival-promoting molecules called neurotrophins. Neuronal populations known to show responsiveness to the action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor include the cholinergic forebrain, mesencephalic dopaminergic, cortical, hippocampal and striatal neurons. This fact has aroused considerable interest in the possible contribution of an abnormal brain-derived neurotrophic factor function to the aetiology and physiopathology of different neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This report describes the cellular and regional distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in post mortem control human brain and in limited regions of the brain in patients with Alzheimer's disease, as was revealed by immunohistochemistry. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is widely expressed in the control human brain, both by neurons and glia. In neurons, brain-derived neurotrophic factor was localized in the cell body, dendrites and axons. Among the structures showing the most intense immunohistochemical labeling were the hippocampus, claustrum, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septum and the nucleus of the solitary tract. In the striatum, immunoreactivity was more intense in striosomes than in the matrix. Many labeled neurons were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The large putatively cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain showed no immunoreactivity. The general pattern of labeling was similar in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive material was found in senile plaques, and some immunoreactive cortical pyramidal neurons showed neurofibrillary tangles, suggesting that brain-derived neurotrophic factor may be involved in the process of neuronal degeneration and/or compensatory mechanisms which occur in this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Murer
- INSERM U289, H ôpital de la Pitié Sal pêtrière, Paris, France
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Hunot S, Dugas N, Faucheux B, Hartmann A, Tardieu M, Debré P, Agid Y, Dugas B, Hirsch EC. FcepsilonRII/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in glial cells. J Neurosci 1999; 19:3440-7. [PMID: 10212304 PMCID: PMC6782235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the mechanism of nerve cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Among several toxic oxidative species, nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as a key element on the basis of the increased density of glial cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD. However, the mechanism of iNOS induction in the CNS is poorly understood, especially under pathological conditions. Because cytokines and FcepsilonRII/CD23 antigen have been implicated in the induction of iNOS in the immune system, we investigated their role in glial cells in vitro and in the SN of patients with PD and matched control subjects. We show that, in vitro, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) together with interleukin-1beta (Il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can induce the expression of CD23 in glial cells. Ligation of CD23 with specific antibodies resulted in the induction of iNOS and the subsequent release of NO. The activation of CD23 also led to an upregulation of TNF-alpha production, which was dependent on NO release. In the SN of PD patients, a significant increase in the density of glial cells expressing TNF-alpha, Il-1beta, and IFN-gamma was observed. Furthermore, although CD23 was not detectable in the SN of control subjects, it was found in both astroglial and microglial cells in parkinsonian patients. Altogether, these data demonstrate the existence of a cytokine/CD23-dependent activation pathway of iNOS and of proinflammatory mediators in glial cells and their involvement in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 289, Mécanismes et Conséquences de la Mort Neuronale, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
The data reviewed here show that, in Parkinson's disease (PD), some dopaminergic neurons are more vulnerable than others to the pathologic process. The glial cells surrounding dopaminergic neurons may be involved in this selective vulnerability. One subpopulation of glial cells, in particular, may play a neuroprotective role by metabolizing dopamine and scavenging oxygen free radicals that are associated with dopamine metabolism. Another subpopulation of glial cells may be deleterious to dopaminergic neurons. This effect may be mediated by the production of nitric oxide and cytokines, which may in turn account for the oxidative stress observed in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. Finally, this inflammatory reaction may result in the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hirsch
- INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Boissière F, Hunot S, Faucheux B, Duyckaerts C, Hauw JJ, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in cholinergic neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 1997; 8:2849-52. [PMID: 9376517 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199709080-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a nuclear transcription factor involved in the control of numerous cellular functions, particularly regulation of survival. Translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, an event essential for NK-kappaB activation, could be mediated through the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, p75, which has recently been shown to mediate cell death. In the human brain, p75 is exclusively expressed in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. This population degenerates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate whether p75 could play a role in the vulnerability of these neurons via NF-kappaB activation, we studied the cellular distribution of NF-kappaB in the nucleus basalis of Meynert of four AD patients and four control subjects. The immunostaining observed both in AD patients and control subjects was limited to large, probably cholinergic, neurons. In AD, the proportion of neurons with nuclear NF-kappaB staining was significantly increased, suggesting an association between NF-kappaB functions and the process of cholinergic degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boissière
- INSERM U289 and Laboratoire de neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Ruberg M, France-Lanord V, Brugg B, Lambeng N, Michel PP, Anglade P, Hunot S, Damier P, Faucheux B, Hirsch E, Agid Y. [Neuronal death caused by apoptosis in Parkinson disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1997; 153:499-508. [PMID: 9683999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identity of the neuronal populations (dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic) that die in Parkinson's disease is well established. The cause of this degeneration, and the mechanism by which it takes place is still unknown, although there is data, at least for the dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that oxidative stress might play a role. In addition, recent ultrastructural studies of dopaminergic neurons in patients with Parkinson's disease have shown that these neurons die by apoptosis, and immunocytochemical studies have shown that the cytokine TNF-alpha, observed in microglial cells in the substantia nigra of patients post-mortem, might play a role, as might the transcription factor NF-kappa B, which is translocated into the nucleus of dopaminergic neurons in patients, a sign of its activation. We have developed an in vitro model of dopaminergic cell death that accounts for these observations. In both differentiated PC12 cells and primary cultures of mesencephalic neurons, we have shown that when the sphingomyelin-dependent signaling pathway is activated, these cells die by apoptosis, preceded by the production of superoxide radicals in the mitochondria and the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B. TNF-alpha is known to induce all three such events: apoptosis, activation of the sphingomyelin pathway, free radical production. Our results suggest that the superoxide radicals are used as signalling molecules within the sphingomyelin pathway. These observations may help to explain the origin of the evidence, in postmortem brain from parkinsonian patients, for oxidative stress, hypothesized to be an etiological factor in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruberg
- INSERM U.289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris
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Hunot S, Brugg B, Ricard D, Michel PP, Muriel MP, Ruberg M, Faucheux BA, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB is increased in dopaminergic neurons of patients with parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:7531-6. [PMID: 9207126 PMCID: PMC23856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from postmortem studies suggest an involvement of oxidative stress in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease (PD) that have recently been shown to die by apoptosis, but the relationship between oxidative stress and apoptosis has not yet been elucidated. Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB is associated with oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in several nonneuronal in vitro models. To investigate whether it may play a role in PD, we looked for the translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, evidence of its activation, in melanized neurons in the mesencephalon of postmortem human brain from five patients with idiopathic PD and seven matched control subjects. In PD patients, the proportion of dopaminergic neurons with immunoreactive NF-kappaB in their nuclei was more than 70-fold that in control subjects. A possible relationship between the nuclear localization of NF-kappaB in mesencephalic neurons of PD patients and oxidative stress in such neurons has been shown in vitro with primary cultures of rat mesencephalon, where translocation of NF-kappaB is preceded by a transient production of free radicals during apoptosis induced by activation of the sphingomyelin-dependent signaling pathway with C2-ceramide. The data suggest that this oxidant-mediated apoptogenic transduction pathway may play a role in the mechanism of neuronal death in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 289, Mécanismes et Conséquences de la Mort Neuronale, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
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Boissière F, Hunot S, Faucheux B, Hersh LB, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Trk neurotrophin receptors in cholinergic neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1997; 8:1-8. [PMID: 8997546 DOI: 10.1159/000106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides cortical pathology, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain but not in the caudate nucleus, putamen or mesencephalon. Since cholinergic neurons which degenerate in AD are sensitive to nerve growth factor (NGF), a link between NGF sensitivity and the vulnerability of cholinergic neurons has been suspected. Levels of NGF are not altered in patients with AD, however. Thus, cholinergic nerve cell death in AD could not result from a deficiency in NGF receptors. Using sequential immunohistochemistry with antibodies that recognize preferentially TrkA, the specific receptor for NGF, and with antibodies directed against choline acetyltransferase we analyzed the expression of neurotrophin receptors in cholinergic neurons from control and AD brains. TrkA was expressed on cholinergic neurons of the striatum and nucleus basalis of Meynert but not on those of the mesencephalon. In AD patients, the number of neurons expressing TrkA was markedly decreased in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, very likely as a consequence of cholinergic neuronal loss. No loss of TrkA-positive neurons was observed in the striatum. Taken in conjunction with our previously published report of loss of high-affinity NGF binding in the striatum of AD patients, our results suggest a reduced expression of TrkA, the specific receptor for NGF, on striatal cholinergic neurons in AD. The loss of neurotrophin receptors may contribute to the alteration of cholinergic neurons occurring in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boissière
- Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Physiopathologie et Pathogenèse des Maladies Dégénératives du Système Nerveux, INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalon. Although the mechanism of this neuronal loss is still unknown, oxidative stress is very likely involved in the cascade of events leading to nerve cell death. Since nitric oxide could be involved in the production of free radicals, we analysed, using immunohistochemistry and histochemistry, the production systems of nitric oxide in the mesencephalon of four patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and three matched control subjects. Using specific antibodies directed against the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (the enzyme involved in the synthesis of nitric oxide), we found evidence to suggest that this isoform was present solely in glial cells displaying the morphological characteristics of activated macrophages. Immunohistochemical analysis performed with antibodies against the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase, however, revealed perikarya and processes of neurons but no glial cell staining. The number of nitric oxide synthase-containing cells was investigated by histoenzymology, using the NADPH-diaphorase activity of nitric oxide synthase. Histochemistry revealed (i) a significant increase in NADPH-diaphorase-positive glial cell density in the dopaminergic cell groups characterized by neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease and (ii) a neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease that was two-fold greater for pigmented NADPH-diaphorase-negative neurons than for pigmented NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons. These data suggest a potentially deleterious role of glial cells producing excessive levels of nitric oxide in Parkinson's disease, which may be neurotoxic for a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons, especially those not expressing NADPH-diaphorase activity. However, it cannot be excluded that the presence of glial cells expressing nitric oxide synthase in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease represents a consequence of dopaminergic neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunot
- INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Hunot S, Bernard V, Faucheux B, Boissière F, Leguern E, Brana C, Gautris PP, Guérin J, Bloch B, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene expression in the human brain: a post mortem in situ hybridization study with special reference to Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1996; 103:1043-52. [PMID: 9013392 DOI: 10.1007/bf01291789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. Since dopaminergic neurons degenerate in Parkinson's disease, this factor is a potential therapeutical tool that may save dopaminergic neurons during the pathological process. Moreover, a reduced GDNF expression may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, we tested whether altered GDNF production may participate in the mechanism of cell death in this disease. GDNF gene expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization using riboprobes corresponding to a sequence of the exon 2 human GDNF gene. Experiments were performed on tissue sections of the mesencephalon and the striatum from 8 patients with Parkinson's disease and 6 control subjects matched for age at death and for post mortem delay. No labelling was observed in either group of patients. This absence of detectable expression could not be attributed to methodological problems as a positive staining was observed using the same probes for sections of astroglioma biopsies from human adults and for sections of a newborn infant brain obtained at post-mortem. These data suggest that GDNF is probably expressed at a very low level in the adult human brain and its involvement in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease remains to be demonstrated. GDNF may represent a powerful new therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunot
- INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Boissière F, Hunot S, Faucheux B, Mouatt-Prigent A, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. High affinity neurotrophin receptors in cholinergic neurons in the human brain. C R Acad Sci III 1994; 317:997-1003. [PMID: 7882144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine protein kinases TrkA and TrkC are signal-transducing receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), respectively. In the human brain postmortem, using sequential immunohistochemistry, we detected the presence of TrkA and TrkC on 99% and 95% of cholinergic neurons from the basal forebrain and on some cholinergic neurons (22% and 16%, respectively) from the striatum, but not on those from the mesencephalon. These results suggest that some cholinergic neurons, particularly those of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, may be sensitive to both NGF and NT-3 in the human brain. The sensitivity of cholinergic neurons to these two neurotrophins may have a special interest in therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boissière
- INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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