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Abstract
Antibodies that can bind to viruses but are unable to block infection in cell culture are known as "nonneutralizing antibodies." Such antibodies are nearly universally elicited following viral infection and have been characterized in viral infections such as influenza, rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. It has been widely assumed that these nonneutralizing antibodies do not function in a protective way in vivo and therefore are not desirable targets of antiviral interventions; however, increasing evidence now shows this not to be true. Several virus-specific nonneutralizing antibody responses have been correlated with protection in human studies and also shown to significantly reduce virus replication in animal models. The mechanisms by which many of these antibodies function is only now coming to light. While nonneutralizing antibodies cannot prevent viruses entering their host cell, nonneutralizing antibodies work in the extracellular space to recruit effector proteins or cells that can destroy the antibody-virus complex. Other nonneutralizing antibodies exert their effects inside cells, either by blocking the virus life cycle directly or by recruiting the intracellular Fc receptor TRIM21. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of ways in which nonneutralizing antibodies function against a range of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawny L. Chandler
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnes Yang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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2
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Chandler LC, Barnard AR, Caddy SL, Patrício MI, McClements ME, Fu H, Rada C, MacLaren RE, Xue K. Erratum: Enhancement of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy Using Hydroxychloroquine in Murine and Human Tissues. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:300. [PMID: 36843676 PMCID: PMC9950804 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.012.].
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3
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Albecka A, Clift D, Vaysburd M, Rhinesmith T, Caddy SL, Favara DM, Baxendale HE, James LC. A functional assay for serum detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108588. [PMID: 34323299 PMCID: PMC8408615 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 results in antibodies against spike (S) and nucleoprotein (N). However, whilst there are widely available neutralization assays for S antibodies, there is no assay for N-antibody activity. Here, we present a simple in vitro method called EDNA (electroporated-antibody-dependent neutralization assay) that provides a quantitative measure of N-antibody activity in unpurified serum from SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. We show that N antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 intracellularly and cell-autonomously but require the cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21. Using EDNA, we show that low N-antibody titres can be neutralizing, whilst some convalescents possess serum with high titres but weak activity. N-antibody and N-specific T-cell activity correlates within individuals, suggesting N antibodies may protect against SARS-CoV-2 by promoting antigen presentation. This work highlights the potential benefits of N-based vaccines and provides an in vitro assay to allow the antibodies they induce to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Dean Clift
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Tyler Rhinesmith
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
- CITIIDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David M Favara
- Department of OncologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
- Department of OncologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalThe Queen Elizabeth Hospital King’s Lynn NHS Foundation TrustKings LynnUK
- Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
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4
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Illingworth CJR, Hamilton WL, Warne B, Routledge M, Popay A, Jackson C, Fieldman T, Meredith LW, Houldcroft CJ, Hosmillo M, Jahun AS, Caller LG, Caddy SL, Yakovleva A, Hall G, Khokhar FA, Feltwell T, Pinckert ML, Georgana I, Chaudhry Y, Curran MD, Parmar S, Sparkes D, Rivett L, Jones NK, Sridhar S, Forrest S, Dymond T, Grainger K, Workman C, Ferris M, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Brown NM, Weekes MP, Baker S, Peacock SJ, Goodfellow IG, Gouliouris T, de Angelis D, Török ME. Superspreaders drive the largest outbreaks of hospital onset COVID-19 infections. eLife 2021; 10:e67308. [PMID: 34425938 PMCID: PMC8384420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is notable both for its rapid spread, and for the heterogeneity of its patterns of transmission, with multiple published incidences of superspreading behaviour. Here, we applied a novel network reconstruction algorithm to infer patterns of viral transmission occurring between patients and health care workers (HCWs) in the largest clusters of COVID-19 infection identified during the first wave of the epidemic at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Based upon dates of individuals reporting symptoms, recorded individual locations, and viral genome sequence data, we show an uneven pattern of transmission between individuals, with patients being much more likely to be infected by other patients than by HCWs. Further, the data were consistent with a pattern of superspreading, whereby 21% of individuals caused 80% of transmission events. Our study provides a detailed retrospective analysis of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and sheds light on the need for intensive and pervasive infection control procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher JR Illingworth
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, East Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson WayCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institut für Biologische Physik, Universität zu KölnKölnGermany
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical SciencesCambridgeUnited States
| | - William L Hamilton
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ben Warne
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew Routledge
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ashley Popay
- Public Health England Field Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris Jackson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, East Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson WayCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom Fieldman
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luke W Meredith
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J Houldcroft
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Aminu S Jahun
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura G Caller
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Grant Hall
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Khokhar
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Malte L Pinckert
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Iliana Georgana
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin D Curran
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Surendra Parmar
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominic Sparkes
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy Rivett
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Nick K Jones
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sally Forrest
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom Dymond
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kayleigh Grainger
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris Workman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Ferris
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 3 Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Brown
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael P Weekes
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England, National Infection ServiceLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniela de Angelis
- Institut für Biologische Physik, Universität zu KölnKölnGermany
- Public Health England, National Infection ServiceLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - M Estée Török
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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5
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Tonkin-Hill G, Martincorena I, Amato R, Lawson ARJ, Gerstung M, Johnston I, Jackson DK, Park N, Lensing SV, Quail MA, Gonçalves S, Ariani C, Spencer Chapman M, Hamilton WL, Meredith LW, Hall G, Jahun AS, Chaudhry Y, Hosmillo M, Pinckert ML, Georgana I, Yakovleva A, Caller LG, Caddy SL, Feltwell T, Khokhar FA, Houldcroft CJ, Curran MD, Parmar S, Alderton A, Nelson R, Harrison EM, Sillitoe J, Bentley SD, Barrett JC, Torok ME, Goodfellow IG, Langford C, Kwiatkowski D. Patterns of within-host genetic diversity in SARS-CoV-2. eLife 2021; 10:e66857. [PMID: 34387545 PMCID: PMC8363274 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and reconstructing transmission chains has become a major public health focus for many governments around the world. The modest mutation rate and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 prevents the reconstruction of transmission chains from consensus genome sequences, but within-host genetic diversity could theoretically help identify close contacts. Here we describe the patterns of within-host diversity in 1181 SARS-CoV-2 samples sequenced to high depth in duplicate. 95.1% of samples show within-host mutations at detectable allele frequencies. Analyses of the mutational spectra revealed strong strand asymmetries suggestive of damage or RNA editing of the plus strand, rather than replication errors, dominating the accumulation of mutations during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Within- and between-host diversity show strong purifying selection, particularly against nonsense mutations. Recurrent within-host mutations, many of which coincide with known phylogenetic homoplasies, display a spectrum and patterns of purifying selection more suggestive of mutational hotspots than recombination or convergent evolution. While allele frequencies suggest that most samples result from infection by a single lineage, we identify multiple putative examples of co-infection. Integrating these results into an epidemiological inference framework, we find that while sharing of within-host variants between samples could help the reconstruction of transmission chains, mutational hotspots and rare cases of superinfection can confound these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luke W Meredith
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Grant Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Aminu S Jahun
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Malte L Pinckert
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Iliana Georgana
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura G Caller
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Khokhar
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ewan M Harrison
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Bioinformatics InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - M Estee Torok
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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6
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Hamilton WL, Tonkin-Hill G, Smith ER, Aggarwal D, Houldcroft CJ, Warne B, Meredith LW, Hosmillo M, Jahun AS, Curran MD, Parmar S, Caller LG, Caddy SL, Khokhar FA, Yakovleva A, Hall G, Feltwell T, Pinckert ML, Georgana I, Chaudhry Y, Brown CS, Gonçalves S, Amato R, Harrison EM, Brown NM, Beale MA, Spencer Chapman M, Jackson DK, Johnston I, Alderton A, Sillitoe J, Langford C, Dougan G, Peacock SJ, Kwiatowski DP, Goodfellow IG, Torok ME. Genomic epidemiology of COVID-19 in care homes in the east of England. eLife 2021; 10:e64618. [PMID: 33650490 PMCID: PMC7997667 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 poses a major challenge to care homes, as SARS-CoV-2 is readily transmitted and causes disproportionately severe disease in older people. Here, 1167 residents from 337 care homes were identified from a dataset of 6600 COVID-19 cases from the East of England. Older age and being a care home resident were associated with increased mortality. SARS-CoV-2 genomes were available for 700 residents from 292 care homes. By integrating genomic and temporal data, 409 viral clusters within the 292 homes were identified, indicating two different patterns - outbreaks among care home residents and independent introductions with limited onward transmission. Approximately 70% of residents in the genomic analysis were admitted to hospital during the study, providing extensive opportunities for transmission between care homes and hospitals. Limiting viral transmission within care homes should be a key target for infection control to reduce COVID-19 mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Hamilton
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Emily R Smith
- Cambridgeshire County CouncilCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Dinesh Aggarwal
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health EnglandColindaleUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J Houldcroft
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ben Warne
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luke W Meredith
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Aminu S Jahun
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin D Curran
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health LaboratoryCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Surendra Parmar
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health LaboratoryCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura G Caller
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Khokhar
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Grant Hall
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Malte L Pinckert
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Iliana Georgana
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas M Brown
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health LaboratoryCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Spencer Chapman
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gordon Dougan
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Ian G Goodfellow
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of VirologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - M Estee Torok
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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7
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Caddy SL, Vaysburd M, Papa G, Wing M, O'Connell K, Stoycheva D, Foss S, Terje Andersen J, Oxenius A, James LC. Viral nucleoprotein antibodies activate TRIM21 and induce T cell immunity. EMBO J 2020; 40:e106228. [PMID: 33258165 PMCID: PMC7917548 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (N) is an immunodominant antigen in many enveloped virus infections. While the diagnostic value of anti‐N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is because while they are non‐neutralising, they somehow clear infection by coronavirus, influenza and LCMV in vivo. Here, we show that anti‐N immune protection is mediated by the cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Exploiting LCMV as a model system, we demonstrate that TRIM21 uses anti‐N antibodies to target N for cytosolic degradation and generate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against N peptide. These CTLs rapidly eliminate N‐peptide‐displaying cells and drive efficient viral clearance. These results reveal a new mechanism of immune synergy between antibodies and T cells and highlights N as an important vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,CITIID, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wing
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Stoycheva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Meredith LW, Hamilton WL, Warne B, Houldcroft CJ, Hosmillo M, Jahun AS, Curran MD, Parmar S, Caller LG, Caddy SL, Khokhar FA, Yakovleva A, Hall G, Feltwell T, Forrest S, Sridhar S, Weekes MP, Baker S, Brown N, Moore E, Popay A, Roddick I, Reacher M, Gouliouris T, Peacock SJ, Dougan G, Török ME, Goodfellow I. Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate cases of health-care associated COVID-19: a prospective genomic surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:1263-1272. [PMID: 32679081 PMCID: PMC7806511 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden and influence of health-care associated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is unknown. We aimed to examine the use of rapid SARS-CoV-2 sequencing combined with detailed epidemiological analysis to investigate health-care associated SARS-CoV-2 infections and inform infection control measures. METHODS In this prospective surveillance study, we set up rapid SARS-CoV-2 nanopore sequencing from PCR-positive diagnostic samples collected from our hospital (Cambridge, UK) and a random selection from hospitals in the East of England, enabling sample-to-sequence in less than 24 h. We established a weekly review and reporting system with integration of genomic and epidemiological data to investigate suspected health-care associated COVID-19 cases. FINDINGS Between March 13 and April 24, 2020, we collected clinical data and samples from 5613 patients with COVID-19 from across the East of England. We sequenced 1000 samples producing 747 high-quality genomes. We combined epidemiological and genomic analysis of the 299 patients from our hospital and identified 35 clusters of identical viruses involving 159 patients. 92 (58%) of 159 patients had strong epidemiological links and 32 (20%) patients had plausible epidemiological links. These results were fed back to clinical, infection control, and hospital management teams, leading to infection-control interventions and informing patient safety reporting. INTERPRETATION We established real-time genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a UK hospital and showed the benefit of combined genomic and epidemiological analysis for the investigation of health-care associated COVID-19. This approach enabled us to detect cryptic transmission events and identify opportunities to target infection-control interventions to further reduce health-care associated infections. Our findings have important implications for national public health policy as they enable rapid tracking and investigation of infections in hospital and community settings. FUNDING COVID-19 Genomics UK funded by the Department of Health and Social Care, UK Research and Innovation, and the Wellcome Sanger Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Meredith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William L Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Warne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Myra Hosmillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aminu S Jahun
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin D Curran
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Surendra Parmar
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura G Caller
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fahad A Khokhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grant Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sally Forrest
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Brown
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elinor Moore
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Popay
- Field Epidemiology, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain Roddick
- Field Epidemiology, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Reacher
- Field Epidemiology, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Estée Török
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Chandler LC, Barnard AR, Caddy SL, Patrício MI, McClements ME, Fu H, Rada C, MacLaren RE, Xue K. Enhancement of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy Using Hydroxychloroquine in Murine and Human Tissues. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 14:77-89. [PMID: 31309129 PMCID: PMC6606965 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of gene therapy using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are dependent on the efficacy of viral transduction. Currently, we have reached the safe limits of AAV vector dose, beyond which damaging inflammatory responses are seen. To improve the efficacy of AAV transduction, we treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts, primate retinal pigment epithelial cells, and human retinal explants with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 1 h prior to transduction with an AAV2 vector encoding GFP driven by a ubiquitous CAG promoter. This led to a consistent increase in GFP expression, up to 3-fold, compared with vector alone. Comparing subretinal injections of AAV2.CAG.GFP vector alone versus co-injection with 18.75 μM HCQ in paired eyes in mice, mean GFP expression was 4.6-fold higher in retinae co-treated with HCQ without retinal toxicity. A comparative 5.9-fold effect was seen with an AAV8(Y733F).GRK1.GFP vector containing the photoreceptor-specific rhodopsin kinase promoter. While the mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, our data suggest that a single pulse of adjunctive HCQ could safely improve AAV transduction in vivo, thus providing a novel strategy for enhancing the clinical effects of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel C. Chandler
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alun R. Barnard
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Maria I. Patrício
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michelle E. McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Howell Fu
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Cristina Rada
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kanmin Xue
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Corresponding author: Kanmin Xue, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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10
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Bottermann M, Foss S, Caddy SL, Clift D, van Tienen LM, Vaysburd M, Cruickshank J, O'Connell K, Clark J, Mayes K, Higginson K, Lode HE, McAdam MB, Sandlie I, Andersen JT, James LC. Complement C4 Prevents Viral Infection through Capsid Inactivation. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:617-629.e7. [PMID: 30926239 PMCID: PMC6461443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is vital for anti-microbial defense. In the classical pathway, pathogen-bound antibody recruits the C1 complex (C1qC1r2C1s2) that initiates a cleavage cascade involving C2, C3, C4, and C5 and triggering microbial clearance. We demonstrate a C4-dependent antiviral mechanism that is independent of downstream complement components. C4 inhibits human adenovirus infection by directly inactivating the virus capsid. Rapid C4 activation and capsid deposition of cleaved C4b are catalyzed by antibodies via the classical pathway. Capsid-deposited C4b neutralizes infection independent of C2 and C3 but requires C1q antibody engagement. C4b inhibits capsid disassembly, preventing endosomal escape and cytosolic access. C4-deficient mice exhibit heightened viral burdens. Additionally, complement synergizes with the Fc receptor TRIM21 to block transduction by an adenovirus gene therapy vector but is partially restored by Fab virus shielding. These results suggest that the complement system could be altered to prevent virus infection and enhance virus gene therapy efficacy. Complement components C1 and C4 mediate potent neutralization of adenovirus Deposition of C4b on the viral capsid inactivates capsid disassembly C4 exerts direct antiviral functions independent from its role as a C3-convertase C4 antiviral functions synergize with TRIM21-mediated virus neutralization
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bottermann
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway; CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Dean Clift
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Laurens M van Tienen
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James Cruickshank
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kevin O'Connell
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jessica Clark
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Keith Mayes
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Katie Higginson
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Heidrun E Lode
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Martin B McAdam
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway; CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Leo C James
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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11
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Caddy SL, Wang M, Krishnamurthy P, Uttenthal B, Chandra A, Crawley C, James LC. Characterization of innate immune viral sensors in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Innate Immun 2018; 24:112-121. [PMID: 29433372 PMCID: PMC6830896 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918757898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), with up to one in four deaths
directly linked to viral disease. Whilst awaiting lymphocyte reconstitution
post-HSCT, the innate antiviral immune response is the first line of defense
against invading viruses. Several novel innate viral-sensing pathways have
recently been characterized, but their physiological importance in humans is
poorly understood. We analyzed a panel of innate viral-sensor genes in HSCT
patients, and assessed whether differences in innate antiviral responses could
account for variation in susceptibility to viral infections. Expression levels
of innate viral sensors in HSCT patients with active viral infections, HSCT
patients without active infections and healthy volunteers were highly
homogenous. Although IFN-α expression was up-regulated in actively infected
patients relative to controls, a corresponding up-regulation of innate viral
sensor expression was not observed. IFN-α stimulation of patient PBMCs
in vitro showed intact IFN-α signaling, but actively
infected patients' PBMCs had reduced up-regulation of innate viral sensors. We
show that the aberrant IFN-α responses in HSCT patients were not due to
calcineurin inhibition. Our data therefore raises the possibility of an
intrinsic defect in innate viral sensor up-regulation in HSCT patients following
viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meng Wang
- 2 Department of Haematology, 2153 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge, UK
| | - Pramila Krishnamurthy
- 2 Department of Haematology, 2153 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin Uttenthal
- 2 Department of Haematology, 2153 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- 3 Department of Immunology, 2153 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles Crawley
- 2 Department of Haematology, 2153 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge, UK
| | - Leo C James
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Abstract
A number of novel viruses have been associated with canine gastroenteritis in recent years, from viral families as diverse as Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae to Parvoviridae and Circoviridae. The ability of many of these viruses to cause disease is uncertain, but epidemiological studies are continually adding to our knowledge of these potential pathogens. This review presents a summary of the latest research and current understanding of novel viruses associated with canine gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Caddy
- Magdalene College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Berto A, Pham HA, Thao TTN, Vy NHT, Caddy SL, Hiraide R, Tue NT, Goodfellow I, Carrique-Mas JJ, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Boni MF. Hepatitis E in southern Vietnam: Seroepidemiology in humans and molecular epidemiology in pigs. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:43-50. [PMID: 28598034 PMCID: PMC6645987 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathogens account for a significant proportion of the burden of emerging infectious diseases in humans. The Wellcome Trust-Vietnamese Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (WT-VIZIONS) is aiming to understand the circulation of viral zoonotic pathogens in animals that pose a potential risk to human health. Evidence suggests that human exposure and infections with hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes (GT) 3 and 4 results from zoonotic transmission. Hypothesising that HEV GT3 and GT4 are circulating in the Vietnamese pig population and can be transmitted to humans, we aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV exposure in a population of farmers and the general population. We additionally performed sequence analysis of HEV in pig populations in the same region to address knowledge gaps regarding HEV circulation and to evaluate if pigs were a potential source of HEV exposure. We found a high prevalence of HEV GT3 viral RNA in pigs (19.1% in faecal samples and 8.2% in rectal swabs) and a high HEV seroprevalence in pig farmers (16.0%) and a hospital-attending population (31.7%) in southern Vietnam. The hospital population was recruited as a general-population proxy even though this particular population subgroup may introduce bias. The detection of HEV RNA in pigs indicates that HEV may be a zoonotic disease risk in this location, although a larger sample size is required to infer an association between HEV positivity in pigs and seroprevalence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berto
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
| | - H A Pham
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T T N Thao
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - N H T Vy
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - S L Caddy
- UK Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Hiraide
- UK Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N T Tue
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - I Goodfellow
- UK Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J J Carrique-Mas
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
| | - G E Thwaites
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
| | - S Baker
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK.,The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M F Boni
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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14
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Dudas G, Carvalho LM, Bedford T, Tatem AJ, Baele G, Faria NR, Park DJ, Ladner JT, Arias A, Asogun D, Bielejec F, Caddy SL, Cotten M, D’Ambrozio J, Dellicour S, Di Caro A, Diclaro J, Duraffour S, Elmore MJ, Fakoli LS, Faye O, Gilbert ML, Gevao SM, Gire S, Gladden-Young A, Gnirke A, Goba A, Grant DS, Haagmans BL, Hiscox JA, Jah U, Kargbo B, Kugelman JR, Liu D, Lu J, Malboeuf CM, Mate S, Matthews DA, Matranga CB, Meredith LW, Qu J, Quick J, Pas SD, Phan MVT, Pollakis G, Reusken CB, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Schaffner SF, Schieffelin JS, Sealfon RS, Simon-Loriere E, Smits SL, Stoecker K, Thorne L, Tobin EA, Vandi MA, Watson SJ, West K, Whitmer S, Wiley MR, Winnicki SM, Wohl S, Wölfel R, Yozwiak NL, Andersen KG, Blyden SO, Bolay F, Carroll M, Dahn B, Diallo B, Formenty P, Fraser C, Gao GF, Garry RF, Goodfellow I, Günther S, Happi CT, Holmes EC, Kargbo B, Keïta S, Kellam P, Koopmans MPG, Kuhn JH, Loman NJ, Magassouba N, Naidoo D, Nichol ST, Nyenswah T, Palacios G, Pybus OG, Sabeti PC, Sall A, Ströher U, Wurie I, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Rambaut A. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic. Nature 2017; 544:309-315. [PMID: 28405027 PMCID: PMC5712493 DOI: 10.1038/nature22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luiz Max Carvalho
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Tatem
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Daniel J. Park
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason T. Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Armando Arias
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Danny Asogun
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Filip Bielejec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D’Ambrozio
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ”L. Spallanzani” – IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - JosephW. Diclaro
- Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael J. Elmore
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Merle L. Gilbert
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Stephen Gire
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Andreas Gnirke
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Umaru Jah
- University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jeffrey R. Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Mate
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Luke W. Meredith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
- University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - James Qu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joshua Quick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Suzan D. Pas
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - My VT Phan
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK
| | - Chantal B. Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rachel S. Sealfon
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Génétique Fonctionelle des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS URA3012, Paris 75015, France
| | - Saskia L. Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kilian Stoecker
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucy Thorne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Ekaete Alice Tobin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Vandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Simon J. Watson
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kendra West
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sarah M. Winnicki
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roman Wölfel
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Nathan L. Yozwiak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sylvia O. Blyden
- Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Fatorma Bolay
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - MilesW. Carroll
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, UK
- University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Fraser
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George F. Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
- University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Stephan Günther
- The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian T. Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Paul Kellam
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - N’Faly Magassouba
- Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Amadou Sall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ute Ströher
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Isatta Wurie
- University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomathematics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Emmott E, Sorgeloos F, Caddy SL, Vashist S, Sosnovtsev S, Lloyd R, Heesom K, Locker N, Goodfellow I. Norovirus-Mediated Modification of the Translational Landscape via Virus and Host-Induced Cleavage of Translation Initiation Factors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S215-S229. [PMID: 28087593 PMCID: PMC5393397 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.062448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses produce viral RNAs lacking a 5′ cap structure and instead use a virus-encoded viral protein genome-linked (VPg) protein covalently linked to viral RNA to interact with translation initiation factors and drive viral protein synthesis. Norovirus infection results in the induction of the innate response leading to interferon stimulated gene (ISG) transcription. However, the translation of the induced ISG mRNAs is suppressed. A SILAC-based mass spectrometry approach was employed to analyze changes to protein abundance in both whole cell and m7GTP-enriched samples to demonstrate that diminished host mRNA translation correlates with changes to the composition of the eukaryotic initiation factor complex. The suppression of host ISG translation correlates with the activity of the viral protease (NS6) and the activation of cellular caspases leading to the establishment of an apoptotic environment. These results indicate that noroviruses exploit the differences between viral VPg-dependent and cellular cap-dependent translation in order to diminish the host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Emmott
- From the ‡Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK;
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- From the ‡Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- From the ‡Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Surender Vashist
- From the ‡Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stanislav Sosnovtsev
- §Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Lloyd
- ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX
| | - Kate Heesom
- ‖Proteomics facility, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicolas Locker
- **Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- From the ‡Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK;
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16
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Todd JA, Evangelou M, Cutler AJ, Pekalski ML, Walker NM, Stevens HE, Porter L, Smyth DJ, Rainbow DB, Ferreira RC, Esposito L, Hunter KMD, Loudon K, Irons K, Yang JH, Bell CJM, Schuilenburg H, Heywood J, Challis B, Neupane S, Clarke P, Coleman G, Dawson S, Goymer D, Anselmiova K, Kennet J, Brown J, Caddy SL, Lu J, Greatorex J, Goodfellow I, Wallace C, Tree TI, Evans M, Mander AP, Bond S, Wicker LS, Waldron-Lynch F. Regulatory T Cell Responses in Participants with Type 1 Diabetes after a Single Dose of Interleukin-2: A Non-Randomised, Open Label, Adaptive Dose-Finding Trial. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002139. [PMID: 27727279 PMCID: PMC5058548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has an essential role in the expansion and function of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs reduce tissue damage by limiting the immune response following infection and regulate autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs) to prevent autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Genetic susceptibility to T1D causes alterations in the IL-2 pathway, a finding that supports Tregs as a cellular therapeutic target. Aldesleukin (Proleukin; recombinant human IL-2), which is administered at high doses to activate the immune system in cancer immunotherapy, is now being repositioned to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders at lower doses by targeting Tregs. METHODS AND FINDINGS To define the aldesleukin dose response for Tregs and to find doses that increase Tregs physiologically for treatment of T1D, a statistical and systematic approach was taken by analysing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single doses of subcutaneous aldesleukin in the Adaptive Study of IL-2 Dose on Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes (DILT1D), a single centre, non-randomised, open label, adaptive dose-finding trial with 40 adult participants with recently diagnosed T1D. The primary endpoint was the maximum percentage increase in Tregs (defined as CD3+CD4+CD25highCD127low) from the baseline frequency in each participant measured over the 7 d following treatment. There was an initial learning phase with five pairs of participants, each pair receiving one of five pre-assigned single doses from 0.04 × 106 to 1.5 × 106 IU/m2, in order to model the dose-response curve. Results from each participant were then incorporated into interim statistical modelling to target the two doses most likely to induce 10% and 20% increases in Treg frequencies. Primary analysis of the evaluable population (n = 39) found that the optimal doses of aldesleukin to induce 10% and 20% increases in Tregs were 0.101 × 106 IU/m2 (standard error [SE] = 0.078, 95% CI = -0.052, 0.254) and 0.497 × 106 IU/m2 (SE = 0.092, 95% CI = 0.316, 0.678), respectively. On analysis of secondary outcomes, using a highly sensitive IL-2 assay, the observed plasma concentrations of the drug at 90 min exceeded the hypothetical Treg-specific therapeutic window determined in vitro (0.015-0.24 IU/ml), even at the lowest doses (0.040 × 106 and 0.045 × 106 IU/m2) administered. A rapid decrease in Treg frequency in the circulation was observed at 90 min and at day 1, which was dose dependent (mean decrease 11.6%, SE = 2.3%, range 10.0%-48.2%, n = 37), rebounding at day 2 and increasing to frequencies above baseline over 7 d. Teffs, natural killer cells, and eosinophils also responded, with their frequencies rapidly and dose-dependently decreased in the blood, then returning to, or exceeding, pretreatment levels. Furthermore, there was a dose-dependent down modulation of one of the two signalling subunits of the IL-2 receptor, the β chain (CD122) (mean decrease = 58.0%, SE = 2.8%, range 9.8%-85.5%, n = 33), on Tregs and a reduction in their sensitivity to aldesleukin at 90 min and day 1 and 2 post-treatment. Due to blood volume requirements as well as ethical and practical considerations, the study was limited to adults and to analysis of peripheral blood only. CONCLUSIONS The DILT1D trial results, most notably the early altered trafficking and desensitisation of Tregs induced by a single ultra-low dose of aldesleukin that resolves within 2-3 d, inform the design of the next trial to determine a repeat dosing regimen aimed at establishing a steady-state Treg frequency increase of 20%-50%, with the eventual goal of preventing T1D. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN27852285; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01827735.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FWL); (JAT)
| | - Marina Evangelou
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J. Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin L. Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M. Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Stevens
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linsey Porter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Esposito
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kara M. D. Hunter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Loudon
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Irons
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie H. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J. M. Bell
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Schuilenburg
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Heywood
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Challis
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sankalpa Neupane
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Clarke
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Coleman
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dawson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donna Goymer
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Anselmiova
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Kennet
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Brown
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Lu
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Greatorex
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim I. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Evans
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P. Mander
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bond
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FWL); (JAT)
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17
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Smits SL, Pas SD, Reusken CB, Haagmans BL, Pertile P, Cancedda C, Dierberg K, Wurie I, Kamara A, Kargbo D, Caddy SL, Arias A, Thorne L, Lu J, Jah U, Goodfellow I, Koopmans MP. Genotypic anomaly in Ebola virus strains circulating in Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30035. [PMID: 26539753 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.40.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone was a focus of ongoing Ebola virus transmission from late June 2015. Viral genomes linked to this area contain a series of 13 T to C substitutions in a 150 base pair intergenic region downstream of viral protein 40 open reading frame, similar to the Ebolavirus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-J0169 strain (J0169) detected in the same town in November 2014. This suggests that recently circulating viruses from Freetown descend from a J0169-like virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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McElroy A, Hiraide R, Bexfield N, Jalal H, Brownlie J, Goodfellow I, Caddy SL. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Dogs in the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128703. [PMID: 26076364 PMCID: PMC4468057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic pathogens, with pigs predominantly implicated in disease transmission. The rapid rise in human cases in developed countries over the past decade indicates a change in epidemiology of HEV, and it has been suggested that additional animal species may be involved in transmission of infection. Multiple studies have identified contact with dogs as a risk factor for HEV infection in industrialised nations, and a low seroprevalence to HEV has previously been reported in dogs in low-income countries. In this study we aimed to evaluate the possibility that dogs are susceptible to HEV, and determine the frequency with which this occurs. Serum samples from UK dogs with and without hepatitis were screened for HEV-specific antibodies, and canine liver and stool samples were analysed by qPCR for the presence of HEV RNA. We describe evidence to show HEV infection occurs at low levels in dogs in the UK, but the strain of origin is undetermined. The low seroprevalence level of HEV in dogs implies the risk of zoonotic disease transmission is likely to be limited, but further investigations will be required to determine if HEV-infected dogs can transmit HEV to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife McElroy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rintaro Hiraide
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bexfield
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, School Lane, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid Jalal
- Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
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19
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Caddy SL, Goodfellow I. Complete genome sequence of canine astrovirus with molecular and epidemiological characterisation of UK strains. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:206-13. [PMID: 25818578 PMCID: PMC4401448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are a common cause of gastroenteritis in many species including man. We sought to determine whether canine astrovirus is circulating in the UK. Canine astrovirus was identified in four dogs with gastroenteritis. Sequencing the capsid of each isolate identified significant genetic heterogeneity. The first full genome sequence of canine astrovirus has also been determined.
Astroviruses are a common cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. These viruses can also cause infection in a range of domestic and wild animal species. Canine astrovirus (CaAstV) was first identified in the USA, and has since been reported in dogs from Europe, the Far East and South America. We sought to determine whether CaAstV is circulating in the UK dog population, and to characterise any identified strains. Stool samples were collected from pet dogs in the UK with and without gastroenteritis, and samples were screened for CaAstV by qPCR. Four CaAstV positive samples were identified from dogs with gastroenteritis (4/67, 6.0%), whereas no samples from healthy dogs were positive (p < 0.001). Sequencing of the capsid sequences from the four CaAstV strains found significant genetic heterogeneity, with only 80% amino acid identity between strains. The full genome sequence of two UK CaAstV strains was then determined, confirming that CaAstV conforms to the classic genome organisation of other astroviruses with ORF1a and ORF1b separated by a frameshift and ORF2 encoding the capsid protein. This is the first report describing the circulation of CaAstV in UK dogs with clinical signs of gastroenteritis, and the first description of the full-length genomes of two CaAstV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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20
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Hwang S, Alhatlani B, Arias A, Caddy SL, Christodoulou C, Cunha JB, Emmott E, Gonzalez-Hernandez M, Kolawole A, Lu J, Rippinger C, Sorgeloos F, Thorne L, Vashist S, Goodfellow I, Wobus CE. Murine norovirus: propagation, quantification, and genetic manipulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 33:15K.2.1-61. [PMID: 24789596 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15k02s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is a positive-sense, plus-stranded RNA virus in the Caliciviridae family. It is the most common pathogen in biomedical research colonies. MNV is also related to the human noroviruses, which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Like the human noroviruses, MNV is an enteric virus that replicates in the intestine and is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. MNV replicates in murine macrophages and dendritic cells in cells in culture and in the murine host. This virus is often used to study mechanisms in norovirus biology, because human noroviruses are refractory to growth in cell culture. MNV combines the availability of a cell culture and reverse genetics system with the ability to study infection in the native host. Herein, we describe a panel of techniques that are commonly used to study MNV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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