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Bhowmick BK, Sarkar S, Roychowdhury D, Patil SD, Lekhak MM, Ohri D, Rama Rao S, Yadav SR, Verma RC, Dhar MK, Raina SN, Jha S. Allium cytogenetics: a critical review on the Indian taxa. Comp Cytogenet 2023; 17:129-156. [PMID: 37304149 PMCID: PMC10252142 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.98903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Allium Linnaeus, 1753 (tribe Allieae) contains about 800 species worldwide of which almost 38 species are reported in India, including the globally important crops (onion, garlic, leek, shallot) and many wild species. A satisfactory chromosomal catalogue of Allium species is missing which has been considered in the review for the species occurring in India. The most prominent base number is x=8, with few records of x=7, 10, 11. The genome size has sufficient clues for divergence, ranging from 7.8 pg/1C to 30.0 pg/1C in diploid and 15.16 pg/1C to 41.78 pg/1C in polyploid species. Although the karyotypes are seemingly dominated by metacentrics, substantial variation in nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) is noteworthy. The chromosomal rearrangement between A.cepa Linnaeus, 1753 and its allied species has paved way to appreciate genomic evolution within Allium. The presence of a unique telomere sequence and its conservation in Allium sets this genus apart from all other Amaryllids and supports monophyletic origin. Any cytogenetic investigation regarding NOR variability, telomere sequence and genome size in the Indian species becomes the most promising field to decipher chromosome evolution against the background of species diversity and evolution, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Kumar Bhowmick
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, 1&3, Urquhart Square, Kolkata- 700006, West Bengal, IndiaDepartment of Botany, Scottish Church CollegeKolkataIndia
| | - Sayantika Sarkar
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata- 700019, West Bengal, IndiaUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Dipasree Roychowdhury
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata- 700019, West Bengal, IndiaUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Sayali D. Patil
- Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra- 416004, IndiaShivaji UniversityKolhapurIndia
| | - Manoj M. Lekhak
- Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra- 416004, IndiaShivaji UniversityKolhapurIndia
| | - Deepak Ohri
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Research Cell, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow- 226028, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAmity University Uttar PradeshLucknowIndia
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793022, IndiaNorth-Eastern Hill UniversityShillongIndia
| | - S. R. Yadav
- Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra- 416004, IndiaShivaji UniversityKolhapurIndia
| | - R. C. Verma
- School of Studies in Botany, Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh 456010, IndiaVikram UniversityUjjainIndia
| | - Manoj K. Dhar
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir- 180006, IndiaUniversity of JammuJammuIndia
| | - S. N. Raina
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201313, IndiaAmity UniversityNoidaIndia
| | - Sumita Jha
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata- 700019, West Bengal, IndiaUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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Rajpal VR, Sharma S, Sehgal D, Sharma P, Wadhwa N, Dhakate P, Chandra A, Thakur RK, Deb S, Rama Rao S, Mir BA, Raina SN. Comprehending the dynamism of B chromosomes in their journey towards becoming unselfish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1072716. [PMID: 36684438 PMCID: PMC9846793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1072716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigated for more than a century now, B chromosomes (Bs) research has come a long way from Bs being considered parasitic or neutral to becoming unselfish and bringing benefits to their hosts. B chromosomes exist as accessory chromosomes along with the standard A chromosomes (As) across eukaryotic taxa. Represented singly or in multiple copies, B chromosomes are largely heterochromatic but also contain euchromatic and organellar segments. Although B chromosomes are derived entities, they follow their species-specific evolutionary pattern. B chromosomes fail to pair with the standard chromosomes during meiosis and vary in their number, size, composition and structure across taxa and ensure their successful transmission through non-mendelian mechanisms like mitotic, pre-meiotic, meiotic or post-meiotic drives, unique non-disjunction, self-pairing or even imparting benefits to the host when they lack drive. B chromosomes have been associated with cellular processes like sex determination, pathogenicity, resistance to pathogens, phenotypic effects, and differential gene expression. With the advancements in B-omics research, novel insights have been gleaned on their functions, some of which have been associated with the regulation of gene expression of A chromosomes through increased expression of miRNAs or differential expression of transposable elements located on them. The next-generation sequencing and emerging technologies will further likely unravel the cellular, molecular and functional behaviour of these enigmatic entities. Amidst the extensive fluidity shown by B chromosomes in their structural and functional attributes, we perceive that the existence and survival of B chromosomes in the populations most likely seem to be a trade-off between the drive efficiency and adaptive significance versus their adverse effects on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Rani Rajpal
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Vijay Rani Rajpal, , ; Soom Nath Raina,
| | - Suman Sharma
- Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Deepmala Sehgal
- Syngenta, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Prashansa Sharma
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nikita Wadhwa
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Atika Chandra
- Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kr. Thakur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sohini Deb
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Soom Nath Raina
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India,*Correspondence: Vijay Rani Rajpal, , ; Soom Nath Raina,
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Rajpal VR, Raina SN, Rao SR, Sharma S, Choudhary A. Chromosome Complements and Karyological Studies in <i>Medicago</i> Species. CYTOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.87.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soom Nath Raina
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Sector 125
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University
| | - Suman Sharma
- Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi
| | - Amrita Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University
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Mariappan V, Ranganadin P, Shanmugam L, Rao SR, Balakrishna Pillai A. Early shedding of membrane-bounded ACE2 could be an indicator for disease severity in SARS-CoV-2. Biochimie 2022; 201:139-147. [PMID: 35724946 PMCID: PMC9212747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 uses membrane bound Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a key host receptor for its entry. However, inconsistent results are available in terms of shedding of membrane ACE2 and circulating levels of soluble ACE2 during SARS-CoV-2. To ascertain soluble ACE2 as an effective biomarker for the prediction of COVID-19 outcome, in the present study, we investigated the levels of plasma ACE2 during the early phase of infection in COVID-19 patients. The study involved a total of 42 COVID-19 patients along with 10 healthy controls. Plasma levels of ACE2 was determined using ELISA at the time of admission and on day 7 post admission. The association of sACE2 with D-dimer a marker for hyper-coagulation was performed using a dependence test. Compared to healthy controls, SARS-CoV-2 cases has shown a huge increase in the sACE2 at the time of admission. During the course of infection, we found a significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in sACE2 in severe cases compared to moderate. There was a strong increase in sACE2 in cases with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, a strong positive correlation (P ≤ 0.001) was obtained between sACE2 and D-dimer. Thus, an excessive shedding of ACE2 during the early phase is a common phenomenon in severe form of the SARS-CoV-2. Along with D-dimer, the sACE2 levels could serve as a clinical biomarker for the prediction of disease outcome. However further studies are needed to ascertain its role in host-virus interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Pajanivel Ranganadin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Lokesh Shanmugam
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE), Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 070, India; Department of General Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - S R Rao
- Research, Innovation and Development, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
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Borah R, Bhattacharjee A, Rao SR, Kumar V, Sharma P, Upadhaya K, Choudhury H. Genetic diversity and population structure assessment using molecular markers and SPAR approach in Illicium griffithii, a medicinally important endangered species of Northeast India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:118. [PMID: 34374870 PMCID: PMC8355293 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicium griffithii is an aromatic medicinal tree species that has been listed in the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Dried seed pods of I. griffithii have a good market potential in the spices and pharmaceutical industries. Fruits are the potential source of shikimic acid and used for the production of oseltamivir (a drug against bird flu). However, in recent years, unscientific harvesting and rampant exploitation of the species has caused a negative and adverse effect on its natural population. Proper knowledge of genetic diversity and population structure is crucial to understand the population dynamics, adaptation, and evolutionary pattern of a particular species for conservation. It was from this view point that the present study was undertaken so as to compare the various types of DNA-based molecular markers namely RAPD, ISSR, DAMD, and SCoT by their efficiency and SPAR approach to evaluate the genetic diversity of I. griffithii as well as to analyze population genetic structure for conservation purpose. RESULT A total of 250 discernible bands were generated with 246 bands (98.40 %) being polymorphic in nature. All the primers in combination gave a mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.81 and Rp value (resolving power) of 4.32. Nei's, Gst, and AMOVA analysis showed similar values of genetic differentiation among populations (Gst = 0.396, FST = 0.30, respectively), revealing a low level of genetic differentiation among the eight sampled populations. I. griffithii with an estimated gene flow value of Nm = 0.761 was significantly low among populations. Clustering pattern obtained with Bayesian structure and PCoA diagram revealed that intermixing of genetic material across populations is only possible when the populations lie close to each other. This is further validated with UPGMA clustering method where a positive correlation of genetic variability with geographical distance among closely related populations could be clearly seen. CONCLUSION The result aids in the identification, collection, and preservation of diverse germplasm of I. griffithii from Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya of Northeast India. This would further help in understanding the population structure and genetic diversity among other Illicium species in order to formulate effective conservation strategies for the improvement of this endangered taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Borah
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, School of Technology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Chemistry and Bioprospecting Division, Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Chemistry and Bioprospecting Division, Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India
| | - Krishna Upadhaya
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, School of Technology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Hiranjit Choudhury
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, School of Technology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India.
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Mariappan V, Manoharan PS, R P, Shanmugam L, Rao SR, Pillai AB. Potential biomarkers for the early prediction of SARS-COV-2 disease outcome. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105057. [PMID: 34153419 PMCID: PMC8215377 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic due to the fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused severe impairment in health, social, economic, scientific, and medical sectors across the globe. Owing to the not so well understood mechanism of disease pathogenesis in terms of variations in immune responses, there remains obscure why some of the patients who are infected by the novel SARS-CoV-2 develop an unpredictable clinical course that rapidly causes severe and deadly complications/manifestations. Currently, several assays are available for the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the point of care. However, none of these assays can predict the severity of the COVID-19 disease. Thus, the identification of a prognostic biomarker that forecasts the condition of SARS-CoV-2 patients to develop a severe form of the disease could enable the clinicians for more efficient patient triage and treatment. In this regard, the present review describes the role of selected biomolecules that are crucially involved in the immune-pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyper-immune responsiveness, bradykinin storm and vascular leakage assuming these may serve as an effective prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 to understand the outcome of the disease. Based on the review, we also propose the development of a cost-effective SERS-based prognostic biosensor for the detection and quantification of biomolecules for use as a point-of-care system during a disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - P S Manoharan
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Science (IGIDS), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Pajanivel R
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Lokesh Shanmugam
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - S R Rao
- Vice-President (Research, Innovation & Development), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
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Coumare VN, Pawar SJ, Manoharan PS, Pajanivel R, Shanmugam L, Kumar H, Boratne AV, Subramanian B, Easow JM, Sivaprakash B, Kalaivani R, Renuka K, Prabavathy S, Angeline K, Pillai AB, Rao SR. COVID-19 Pandemic-Frontline Experiences and Lessons Learned From a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital at a Suburban Location of Southeastern India. Front Public Health 2021; 9:673536. [PMID: 34178928 PMCID: PMC8232226 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.673536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The key challenges to any health care setup during emergency situations, such as that of the COVID-19 pandemic would be to rapidly address hospital preparedness and response tailored to the local population, societal influences, political factors within the existing infrastructure, and workforce. Second, to adopt and moderate policies, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and guidelines issued by national and international agencies, such as WHO, CDC, and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) were tailor-made to the local conditions of the hospital and community. In this publication, we have discussed the challenges and experiences in preparation and responses to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary teaching hospital situated at a suburban locale in a small union territory. Puducherry is located in the South Eastern Coromandel Coast of India. The core processes, such as hospital preparedness, adoption, and amendments to SOPs based on dynamic changes in guidelines released by the central and local government, training given to health care workers, setting up the in-house diagnostic facility, surge capacity, management of supplies during the lockdown, infection prevention, and control and patient care are discussed. We have also reinforced our experiences in translating COVID-related opportunities for research and innovation in the form of awards and research proposals for the faculty and students of our institute. The lessons learned in terms of strength and limitations on the ground level of public health during this process is worth sharing as it would provide guidance in preparing the health care setups for pre- and post-pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nirmal Coumare
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Swati Jayant Pawar
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - P S Manoharan
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - R Pajanivel
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Lokesh Shanmugam
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Hemanth Kumar
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Abhijit V Boratne
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Balanehru Subramanian
- Central Inter-disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Joshy M Easow
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - B Sivaprakash
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - R Kalaivani
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - K Renuka
- Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - S Prabavathy
- Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Kripa Angeline
- Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
| | | | - S R Rao
- Research, Innovation and Development, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Puducherry, India
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Thakur RK, Rajpal VR, Rao SR, Singh A, Joshi L, Kaushal P, Raina SN. Induction and evaluation of colchitetraploids of two species of Tinospora Miers, 1851. Comp Cytogenet 2020; 14:211-229. [PMID: 32509238 PMCID: PMC7253504 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v14i2.33394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autotetraploidy, both natural and/or induced, has potential for genetic improvement of various crop species including that of medicinal importance. Tinospora cordifolia (Willdenow, 1806) Miers, 1851 ex Hooker et Thomson, 1855 and T. sinensis (Loureiro, 1790) Merrill, 1934 are two diploid species, which are dioecious, deciduous and climbing shrubs with high medicinal importance. Among the three methods used for induction of polyploidy by colchicine treatment, it was cotton swab method which successfully induced the polyploidy in both species. The morphological and cytogenetical features of the synthetic tetraploids were compared with their diploid counterparts. The tetraploids were morphologically distinct from diploid plants. They exhibited larger organs, such as stem, leaves, inflorescence, fruits, flowers and seeds. The tetraploids were characterized by the presence of low quadrivalent frequency and high bivalent average. Unequal distribution of chromosomes at anaphase I was found in 60% cells. The present study provides important information on the superiority of autotetraploids as compared to diploid counterparts in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kr. Thakur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, IndiaAmity UniversityNoidaIndia
| | - Vijay Rani Rajpal
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, IndiaUniversity of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, IndiaNorth Eastern Hill UniversityShillongIndia
| | - Apekshita Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, IndiaAmity UniversityNoidaIndia
| | - Lata Joshi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, IndiaAmity UniversityNoidaIndia
| | - Pankaj Kaushal
- ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, IndiaICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research InstituteJhansiIndia
| | - Soom Nath Raina
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, IndiaAmity UniversityNoidaIndia
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Lamo JM, Rao SR. Meiotic behaviour and its implication on species inter-relationship in the genus Curcuma (Linnaeus, 1753) (Zingiberaceae). Comp Cytogenet 2017; 11:691-702. [PMID: 29114361 PMCID: PMC5672274 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i4.14726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, detailed meiotic analysis was investigated in seven species of Curcuma (Linnaeus, 1753) which can contribute significantly to our understanding about species inter-relationship, speciation and evolution. The species were divided into two groups viz., Group I having 2n = 42 (C. comosa Roxburgh, 1810, C. haritha Mangaly & M.Sabu, 1993, C. mangga Valeton & Zijp, 1917, and C. motana Roxburgh, 1800) and Group II with 2n = 63 (C. caesia Roxburgh, 1810, C. longa Linnaeus, 1753 and C. sylvatica Valeton, 1918). Both groups display varying degree of chromosome associations. Group I species showed the prevalence of bivalents, however occasional quadrivalents besides univalents were also encountered. About 48% of the PMCs analyzed in C. mangga showed 21 bivalents (II) meiotic configurations, 32% in C. comosa and 16% in C. haritha. Group II species as expected showed the presence of trivalents besides bivalents, univalents and quadrivalents. About 32% of the PMCs analyzed at MI in C. sylvatica showed 21 trivalents (III) meiotic configurations, 24% in C. longa and 8% in C. caesia. Overall, low frequency of multivalent associations as compared to bivalents indicates that Curcuma is an allopolyploid complex. Moreover, x = 21 is too high a basic number, therefore, we suggest that the genus Curcuma has evolved by hybridization of species with different chromosome numbers of 2n = 24 and 18, resulting in a dibasic amphidiploid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mary Lamo
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
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Asdourian MS, Rao SR, Skolny MN, Salama L, Brunelle C, Seward C, Taghian AG. Abstract PD4-03: Chemotherapy-related risk factors associated with lymphedema in breast cancer patients: Should repeated ipsilateral arm infusions be avoided? Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-pd4-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic, iatrogenic condition that can occur after damage to the lymphatic system during surgery (sx) or radiation, precipitating edema of the arm, breast, or trunk. BCRL risk-reduction education is an essential component of clinical care, and practitioners often advise patients (pts) to avoid needle punctures on the treated arm when possible. There is, however, a lack of substantial scientific evidence to lessen patient distress. Considering the common use of chemotherapy (CT) agents in this population, we assessed whether repeated skin punctures on the ipsilateral arm for CT infusions increased the risk of BCRL compared to CT via central lines in a large, prospective cohort of breast cancer (BC) pts.
Methods: We prospectively screened 630 pts with unilateral (487) or bilateral (143) BC sx receiving neoadjuvant (NAC) and/or adjuvant CT (AdjCT) for arm lymphedema (defined as volume change ≥10%) at our hospital from 2005–16. Pts were measured with a perometer pre-operatively and at 3–7 month follow-up intervals. Clinicopathologic and treatment (tx)-related characteristics, including details on CT regimen and the method of intravenous (IV) CT administration [peripheral IV catheters (PIVCs), central venous access devices (CVADs), peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs)] were obtained by chart review. Cox proportional hazard analyses were applied to ascertain the risk of BCRL associated with these factors.
Results: The median post-op follow-up was 44 months. Of the 630 pts, 40% underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), 60% underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or no nodal sx, 16% and 89% received NAC or AdjCT, respectively. CT was administered via PIVCs inserted in the hand/arm for 59%, via CVADs or PICCs for 26%, and via both PIVCs at least once and CVADs/PICCs for 15%. The 2-yr cumulative incidence of BCRL was 12% (95% CI 9.9-15.2%). Multivariable regression results indicated that pts with both peripheral IV infusions on the arm and implanted CVADs did not have a higher risk of BCRL (HR(95% CI)=1.4(0.6-3.6)) than pts who received CT via CVADs only (1.7(0.7-3.8)). The overall number of NAC (p=0.24;0.9(95% CI 0.8-1.1)) or AdjCT cycles (p=0.78;1.0(0.9-1.1)) was not associated with BCRL, nor was the number of peripheral IV infusions (p=0.17;1.0(1.0-1.1)). BMI >30 (p<0.0001;3.4(1.9-6.0)) and number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.02;3.2(1.3-8.1)) were significantly associated with BCRL. Among those with PIVCs, pts with bilateral SLNB/ALND were more likely to develop BCRL than pts with unilateral sx (p<0.01;5.0(1.9-13.4)). Only 38% of the 32 bilateral pts with BCRL received at least one peripheral IV infusion on their ipsilateral arm.
Conclusion: Results suggest that repeated skin punctures on the ipsilateral arm for CT infusions do not significantly increase the risk for BCRL compared to implanted CVADs, nor does the overall number of CT cycles. As survivors may be concerned about the risk of developing BCRL following sx and tx, healthcare practitioners should strive to mitigate pt worry during and well beyond the course of tx, educating pts about the lifestyle risk exposures for BCRL and precautionary guidelines not being definitive.
Citation Format: Asdourian MS, Rao SR, Skolny MN, Salama L, Brunelle C, Seward C, Taghian AG. Chemotherapy-related risk factors associated with lymphedema in breast cancer patients: Should repeated ipsilateral arm infusions be avoided? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD4-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- MS Asdourian
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - SR Rao
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - MN Skolny
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - L Salama
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - C Brunelle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - C Seward
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - AG Taghian
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Rao SR, Snaith AE, Marino D, Cheng X, Lwin ST, Orriss IR, Hamdy FC, Edwards CM. Tumour-derived alkaline phosphatase regulates tumour growth, epithelial plasticity and disease-free survival in metastatic prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:227-236. [PMID: 28006818 PMCID: PMC5243990 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that bone-related parameters are the main prognostic factors for overall survival in advanced prostate cancer (PCa), with elevated circulating levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) thought to reflect the dysregulated bone formation accompanying distant metastases. We have identified that PCa cells express ALPL, the gene that encodes for tissue nonspecific ALP, and hypothesised that tumour-derived ALPL may contribute to disease progression. METHODS Functional effects of ALPL inhibition were investigated in metastatic PCa cell lines. ALPL gene expression was analysed from published PCa data sets, and correlated with disease-free survival and metastasis. RESULTS ALPL expression was increased in PCa cells from metastatic sites. A reduction in tumour-derived ALPL expression or ALP activity increased cell death, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and reduced migration. Alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased by the EMT repressor Snail. In men with PCa, tumour-derived ALPL correlated with EMT markers, and high ALPL expression was associated with a significant reduction in disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our studies reveal the function of tumour-derived ALPL in regulating cell death and epithelial plasticity, and demonstrate a strong association between ALPL expression in PCa cells and metastasis or disease-free survival, thus identifying tumour-derived ALPL as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rao
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - A E Snaith
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - D Marino
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - X Cheng
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - S T Lwin
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - I R Orriss
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - F C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - C M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mary Lamo
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University
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Rao SR, Subbarayan R, Girija DM. CyclosporineA augments endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and expression of matrix protein mRNA. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2017; 31:77-80. [PMID: 28337873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine-A induces gingival overgrowth with disturbance in the homeostasis of cells and connective tissue proteins. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured with cyclosporine A, and the expression of two vital endoplasmic stress markers and two prime matrix proteins (connective tissue growth factor (CTGF and periostin) were assessed by RT-PCR. We found that expression of Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78/BIP) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were significantly increased, along with CTGF and periostin, suggesting a role for these factors in gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rao
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Faculty of Dental Sciences & Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - R Subbarayan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - D M Girija
- Centre for Indian Systems of Medicine Quality Assurance and Standardization, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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Rajkumari K, John KJ, Yadav SR, Bhat KV, Shamurailatpam A, Rao SR. CYTOGENETICAL TREATISE OF INDIAN REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES OF CUCUMIS. A KARYOTYPIC APPROACH. Tsitol Genet 2015; 49:50-60. [PMID: 26841494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Karyomorphological studies have been carried out in nine species and five varieties of the genus Cucumis representing Indian gene pool. The present investigations reveal the occurrence of two somatic chromosome numbers 2n = 14, 24 in the genus. C. ritchiei and C. indicus the two new species, were found to be having somatic chromosome numbers of 2n = 24 and 2n = 20 respectively. The wild species viz. C. hystrix, C. setosus, C. prophetarum, C. dipsaceus, C. indicus have very less number of median-centromeric chromosomes, high asymmetry indices, while melon groups have intermediate number of median -centromeric chromosomes. C. sativus, C. callosus, C. ritchiei show lesser number median-cen-tromeric chromosomes and very less asymmetry indices. The importance of karyotypic variation with respect to speciation within the genus Cucumis have been discussed.
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Devi SP, Kumaria S, Rao SR, Tandon P. Genetic fidelity assessment in micropropagated plants using cytogenetical analysis and heterochromatin distribution: a case study with Nepenthes khasiana Hook f. Protoplasma 2015; 252:1305-1312. [PMID: 25616932 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid clonal propagation of selected genotypes has been one of the most extensively exploited approaches of biotechnology. However, inclusion of somaclonal variations in tissue-culture-derived plants results in the production of undesirable plant off-types which limits its applications in tissue culture industry. Therefore, the most critical concern has been the maintenance of genetic uniformity of micropropagated plants. Assessment of genetic fidelity in tissue-culture-raised plants of three consecutive regenerations of Nepenthes khasiana has been successfully carried out using chromosome counts and heterochromatin distribution pattern wherein changes in the number of chromosomes and the distribution of AT and GC base pairs were recorded. The cells studied in the plantlets of the first regeneration (23.33 %) showed deviant number of chromosome which was increased to 33.33 % and 40 % in the plantlets of the second and the third regenerations, respectively. Also, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)(+) and chromomycin A3 (CMA)(+) binding sites, on an average of 5.74 ± 0.47 and 5.00 ± 0.30, were observed in the plantlets of the first regeneration. Subsequently, DAPI(+) binding sites were increased to 6.61 ± 0.39 and 6.74 ± 0.57 in the plantlets of the second and the third regenerations, respectively, with a corresponding decrease in the CMA(+) binding sites (4.63 ± 0.45 and 4.16 ± 0.47 CMA(+) sites in the plantlets of the second and the third regenerations, respectively). The study reveals an increase in cytological variations in the morphologically similar micropropagated plants of N. khasiana with the subsequent regenerations which further necessitate the determination of genetic integrity of micropropagated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soibam Purnima Devi
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
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Lamare A, Rao SR. Efficacy of RAPD, ISSR and DAMD markers in assessment of genetic variability and population structure of wild Musa acuminata colla. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2015; 21:349-358. [PMID: 26261399 PMCID: PMC4524864 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-015-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
North east India is considered as one of the major biodiversity hotspots worldwide and centre of origin of several plant species including Musa. Musa acuminata Colla is known to be one of the wild progenitors of cultivated bananas and plantains. Three single primer based DNA marker techniques viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and directed amplification of minisatellites DNA (DAMD) were used for diversity diagnostics among 25 genotypes of wild M. acuminata collected from Meghalaya province of north east India. A total of 58 primers (26-RAPD, 21-ISSR, and11-DAMD) yielded 451 DNA fragments, of which 395 (87.58 %) were found to be polymorphic in nature. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values were almost identical for each marker system. The resolving power of the marker system was found to be highest in RAPD (3.96) whereas ISSR resolved highest marker index (16.39) in the study. Selected amplicon data obtained through single primer amplification reactions were utilized for determination of diversity within and among the populations of M. acuminata. Nei's genetic differentiation (Gst) value (0.451) indicated higher proportion of the genetic variation within the populations which is supported by the AMOVA analysis (88 %). The study provides insight into the efficacy of RAPD, ISSR and DAMD to analyse the genetic variation existing in the wild Musa germplasm, which can further be exploited for quality trait improvement and domestication of such important horticultural crops. The genetic diversity based population structure may shed light on the genetic basis of speciation and evolution of various species within the genus Musa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animos Lamare
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 Meghalaya India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 Meghalaya India
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Shamurailatpam A, Madhavan L, Yadav SR, Bhat KV, Rao SR. Heterochromatin distribution and comparative karyo-morphological studies in Vignaumbellata Thunberg, 1969 and V.aconitifolia Jacquin, 1969 (Fabaceae) accessions. Comp Cytogenet 2015; 9:119-132. [PMID: 25893079 PMCID: PMC4387385 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i1.9012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome studies along with heterochromatin distribution pattern analysis have been carried out in two domesticated species of Vigna Savi, 1824 which grow in contrasting geo-climatic conditions of India: Vignaumbellata Thunberg, 1969, a legume well acclimatized to subtropical hilly regions of North-east India and Vignaaconitifolia Jacquin, 1969, a species of arid and semi-arid regions in desert plains of Western India. Karyo-morphological studies in both species reveal 2n = 22 chromosomes without any evidence of numerical variation and the overall karyotype symmetry in chromosome morphology suggest that the diversification at intraspecific level in genus Vigna has occurred through structural alteration of chromosomes, rather than numerical changes. Heterochromatin distribution as revealed by fluorochrome binding pattern using CMA3 and DAPI, confirms the occurrence of relatively more GC content in Vignaaconitifolia as compared to Vignaumbellata. However, AT content was found to be comparatively higher in Vignaumbellata which perhaps play a role in species interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Shamurailatpam
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Latha Madhavan
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Vellanikkara, Thrissur-680654, India
| | | | - Kangila Venkatraman Bhat
- National Research Centre on DNA Fingerprinting, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
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Shamurailatpam A, Madhavan L, Yadav SR, Bhat KV, Rao SR. Heterochromatin characterization through differential fluorophore binding pattern in some species of Vigna Savi. Protoplasma 2015; 252:629-635. [PMID: 25303854 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterochromatin regions are the most intensively studied and best known chromosome markers in plants. In Vigna species, blocks of constitutive heterochromatin were found either in the terminal or interstitial region of the chromosomes. The number and distribution of CMA(+) and DAPI(+) binding sites exhibit high chromosomal variability with characteristic unique banding patterns in all the eight taxa. A predominant feature was observed, i.e., most of the CMA(+) binding sites were in the terminal region of the short arm of some chromosomes while DAPI(+) binding sites were found mostly in the intercalary region of the chromosomes. The higher divergence in the heterochromatin blocks, as revealed by chromomycin A3 (CMA) binding pattern, in a few taxa, viz. Vigna glabrescens, Vigna khandalensis, and Vigna mungo, suggests that the processes of divergent evolution of repetitive sequences in genomic DNA involve a guanine-cytosine (GC)-rich region. On the contrary, Vigna dalzelliana had shown a prominent adenine-thymine (AT)-rich repetitive DNA sequence in terminal regions in the short arm of chromosomes while Vigna umbellata had shown in interstitial regions. The presence of prominent heterochromatic-rich regions, either GC- or AT-rich regions, does facilitate the rate of chromosomal rearrangements leading to restructuring of the karyotypes and thereby helping the species to attempt structural alterations as means of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Shamurailatpam
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
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Merita K, Kattukunnel JJ, Yadav SR, Bhat KV, Rao SR. Comparative analysis of heterochromatin distribution in wild and cultivated Abelmoschus species based on fluorescent staining methods. Protoplasma 2015; 252:657-664. [PMID: 25300590 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of fluorochrome-binding pattern in nine taxa of Abelmoschus had shown that the type, amount and distribution pattern of heterochromatin were characteristic for each taxa. The fluorescent chromosome-binding sites obtained by chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining in all the nine species showed constitutive heterochromatin CMA(+), DAPI(+) and CMA(+)/DAPI(+). Large amount of heterozygosity was observed with regard to heterochromatin distribution pattern in all the taxa studied. The CMA(+)-binding sites are comparatively less than DAPI(+)-binding sites which is clearly evident as AT-rich regions are more than GC-rich regions in all the nine taxa analysed in Abelmoschus. These CMA(+) and DAPI(+)-binding sites apparently rise with the increased in chromosome numbers of the different species. This pattern of heterochromatin heterogeneity seems to be a general characteristic feature. Therefore, the differential pattern of distribution of GC- and AT-rich sequences might have played an important role in diversification of the genus Abelmoschus. Polyploidy is an important factor in the evolution of Abelmoschus and the sole reason for range in chromosome numbers in this genus. It may be noted that, though often, but not always, the increase of DNA is caused by an increase in the amount of heterochromatin, i.e. increase of non-coding sections indicating restructuring of the heterochromatin. Thus, cumulative small and direct numerical changes might have played a role in the speciation of Abelmoschus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisham Merita
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Permanent Campus, Mawkynroh, Umnsing, Shillong, 793 022, Meghalaya, India
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Hynniewta M, Malik SK, Rao SR. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Citrus (L) from north-east India as revealed by meiosis, and molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Meta Gene 2014; 2:237-51. [PMID: 25606407 PMCID: PMC4287869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The north-eastern region of India is reported to be the center of origin and rich in diversity of Citrus (L.) species, where some wild and endangered species namely Citrus indica, Citrus macroptera, Citrus latipes, Citrus ichagensis and Citrus assamensis exist in their natural and undisturbed habitat. In order to have comprehensive information about the extent of genetic variability and the occurrence of cryptic genomic hybridity between and within various Citrus species, a combined approach involving morphological, cytogenetical and molecular approaches were adopted in the present study. Cytogenetic approaches are known to resolve taxonomic riddles in a more efficient manner, by clearly delineating taxa at species and sub species levels. Male meiotic studies revealed a gametic chromosome number of n = 9, without any evidence of numerical variations. Bivalents outnumbered all other types of associations in pollen mother cells (PMCs) analyzed at diplotene, diakinesis and metaphase I. Univalents were frequently encountered in nine species presently studied, though their presence appropriately did not influence the distributional pattern of the chromosomes at anaphases I and II. The molecular approaches for phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data related to ITS 1, ITS 2 and ITS 1 + 5.8 s + ITS 2 of rDNA using maximum parsimony method and Bayesian inference have thrown light on species inter-relationship and evolution of Citrus species confirming our cytogenetical interpretations. The three true basic species i.e. Citrus medica, Citrus maxima and Citrus reticulata with their unique status have been resolved into distinct clades with molecular approaches as well. C. indica which occupies a unique position in the phylogenetic ladder of the genus Citrus has been resolved as a distinct clade and almost behaving as an out-group. The presences of quadrivalents in C. indica also echo and support its unique position. From our study it is amply clear that C. reticulata also has close relation to C. ichagensis, as these species have clustered together, denoting their close genetic relationship. On the other hand, our studies did not demonstrate a clear differentiation between subgenera Citrus and Papeda at the rDNA level. The combined approach of cytogenetical and molecular analysis did complement our early karyological findings and helped in resolving many a taxonomic riddles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlykynti Hynniewta
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 Meghalaya, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Malik
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 Meghalaya, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 Meghalaya, India
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Devi SP, Kumaria S, Rao SR, Tandon P. Single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods reveal subsequent increase in genetic variations in micropropagated plants of Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f. maintained for three consecutive regenerations. Gene 2014; 538:23-9. [PMID: 24440289 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genetic fidelity of in vitro-raised plants of three successive regenerations of Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f. was assessed using three different single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods, viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and direct amplification of minisatellite DNA region (DAMD) markers. Out of 80 RAPD primers screened, 14 primers reflected a genetic variation of 4.1% in the first regeneration which was increased to 9.4% in the third regeneration. In the case of ISSR, out of 36 primers screened for assessment of genetic homogeneity of the regenerated plantlets, 12 primers showed an increase of genetic variation from 4.3% to 10% from the first to the third regenerations. In DAMD profiling, 15 primers were used for the evaluation of genetic fidelity where 8.47% of polymorphism was observed in the first regeneration which was increased to 13.33% in the third regeneration. The cumulative analysis reflected a genetic variation of 5.65% in the first regeneration which increased subsequently to 7.77% in the second regeneration and 10.87% in the third regeneration. The present study demonstrates SPAR technique to be an efficient tool for the assessment of clonal fidelity of in vitro-raised plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Kumaria
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Pramod Tandon
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Ram H, Sharma SK, Kumar A, Rao SR. Male Meiotic Studies in Some Accessions of Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) Ex. from the Aravali Region of Rajasthan, India. CYTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.79.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hardev Ram
- Division of Silviculture, Arid Forest Research Institute
| | | | - Arun Kumar
- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Indian Council of Agriculture Research
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University
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Gehlot HS, Tak N, Kaushik M, Mitra S, Chen WM, Poweleit N, Panwar D, Poonar N, Parihar R, Tak A, Sankhla IS, Ojha A, Rao SR, Simon MF, dos Reis Junior FB, Perigolo N, Tripathi AK, Sprent JI, Young JPW, James EK, Gyaneshwar P. An invasive Mimosa in India does not adopt the symbionts of its native relatives. Ann Bot 2013; 112:179-96. [PMID: 23712450 PMCID: PMC3690997 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The large monophyletic genus Mimosa comprises approx. 500 species, most of which are native to the New World, with Central Brazil being the main centre of radiation. All Brazilian Mimosa spp. so far examined are nodulated by rhizobia in the betaproteobacterial genus Burkholderia. Approximately 10 Mya, transoceanic dispersal resulted in the Indian subcontinent hosting up to six endemic Mimosa spp. The nodulation ability and rhizobial symbionts of two of these, M. hamata and M. himalayana, both from north-west India, are here examined, and compared with those of M. pudica, an invasive species. METHODS Nodules were collected from several locations, and examined by light and electron microscopy. Rhizobia isolated from them were characterized in terms of their abilities to nodulate the three Mimosa hosts. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of the rhizobia were determined by analysis of 16S rRNA, nifH and nodA gene sequences. KEY RESULTS Both native Indian Mimosa spp. nodulated effectively in their respective rhizosphere soils. Based on 16S rRNA, nifH and nodA sequences, their symbionts were identified as belonging to the alphaproteobacterial genus Ensifer, and were closest to the 'Old World' Ensifer saheli, E. kostiensis and E. arboris. In contrast, the invasive M. pudica was predominantly nodulated by Betaproteobacteria in the genera Cupriavidus and Burkholderia. All rhizobial strains tested effectively nodulated their original hosts, but the symbionts of the native species could not nodulate M. pudica. CONCLUSIONS The native Mimosa spp. in India are not nodulated by the Burkholderia symbionts of their South American relatives, but by a unique group of alpha-rhizobial microsymbionts that are closely related to the 'local' Old World Ensifer symbionts of other mimosoid legumes in north-west India. They appear not to share symbionts with the invasive M. pudica, symbionts of which are mostly beta-rhizobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hukam Singh Gehlot
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Nisha Tak
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Muskan Kaushik
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Shubhajit Mitra
- Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3209 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Dept. of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Poweleit
- Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3209 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Dheeren Panwar
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Neetu Poonar
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Rashmita Parihar
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Alkesh Tak
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Indu Singh Sankhla
- BNF and Stress Biology Lab., Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - Archana Ojha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Marcelo F. Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, 70770-901, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Natalia Perigolo
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Anil K. Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Janet I. Sprent
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at JHI, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - J. Peter W. Young
- Department of Biology 3, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Euan K. James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Prasad Gyaneshwar
- Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3209 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Agrawal R, Tsujimoto H, Tandon R, Rao SR, Raina SN. Species-genomic relationships among the tribasic diploid and polyploid Carthamus taxa based on physical mapping of active and inactive 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal RNA gene families, and the two tandemly repeated DNA sequences. Gene 2013; 521:136-44. [PMID: 23510781 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the genus Carthamus (2n=20, 22, 24, 44, 64; x=10, 11, 12), most of the homologues within and between the chromosome complements are difficult to be identified. In the present work, we used fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to determine the chromosome distribution of the two rRNA gene families, and the two isolated repeated DNA sequences in the 14 Carthamus taxa. The distinctive variability in the distribution, number and signal intensity of hybridisation sites for 18S-26S and 5S rDNA loci could generally distinguish the 14 Carthamus taxa. Active 18S-26S rDNA sites were generally associated with NOR loci on the nucleolar chromosomes. The two A genome taxa, C. glaucus ssp. anatolicus and C. boissieri with 2n=20, and the two botanical varieties of B genome C. tinctorius (2n=24) had diagnostic FISH patterns. The present results support the origin of C. tinctorius from C. palaestinus. FISH patterns of C. arborescens vis-à-vis the other taxa indicate a clear division of Carthamus taxa into two distinct lineages. Comparative distribution and intensity pattern of 18S-26S rDNA sites could distinguish each of the tetraploid and hexaploid taxa. The present results indicate that C. boissieri (2n=20) is one of the genome donors for C. lanatus and C. lanatus ssp. lanatus (2n=44), and C. lanatus is one of the progenitors for the hexaploid (2n=64) taxa. The association of pCtKpnI-2 repeated sequence with rRNA gene cluster (orphon) in 2-10 nucleolar and non-nucleolar chromosomes and the consistent occurrence of pCtKpnI-1 repeated sequence at the subtelomeric region in all the taxa analysed indicate some functional role of these sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Agrawal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rao SR, Tandon P. New insights into character evolution, hybridization and diversity of IndianNymphaea(Nymphaeaceae): evidence from molecular and morphological data. SYST BIODIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.773949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shamurailatpam A, Madhavan L, Yadav SR, Bhat KV, Rao SR. Chromosome diversity analysis in various species of Vigna Savi from India. Nucleus 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-012-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sharma SK, Kumaria S, Tandon P, Rama Rao S. Comparative karyo-morphology of the two endemic and critically-endangered species of Mantisia (Zingiberaceae). Nucleus 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-012-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sharma SK, Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Tandon P, Rao SR. Assessment of phylogenetic inter-relationships in the genus Cymbidium (Orchidaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Gene 2012; 495:10-5. [PMID: 22245612 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sequence data obtained from nrITS region were used to assess phylogenetic inter-relationships and infrageneric classification of ten Cymbidium species collected from north-east India. The final aligned data matrix of combined ITS 1, 5.8S and ITS 2 yielded 684 characters. The ITS 1 and ITS 2 regions showed variable sequence lengths and G+C content (%). The 5.8S region was found to be more conserved (98.71%) followed by ITS 1 (86.12%) and ITS 2 (69.40%). ITS 2 recorded highest percentage of parsimony informative sites (7.46%), high sequence divergence with indels (24.63%), high number of transitions and transversions. ITS sequence data determined the phylogeny of Asiatic Cymbidiums with high bootstrap values. All three proposed subgenera could be distinguished clearly by all four (MP, ML, NJ, and BI) phylogenetic methods. This study validates the utility of ITS rDNA region as a reliable indicator of phylogenetic relationships, especially ITS 2 as probable DNA barcode at higher levels and can serve as an additional approach for identification of broader range of plant taxa especially orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong (Meghalaya), India
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Sharma SK, Kumaria S, Tandon P, Rao SR. Spectrum of Chromosome Associations in Synaptic Variants of Mantisia wengeri (Zingiberaceae)—An Endemic, Critically-Endangered and Probable Inter-Specific Hybrid. CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Kumaria
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University
| | - Pramod Tandon
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University
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Ram H, Kumar A, Sharma SK, Ojha A, Rao SR. Meiotic Studies in <i>Withania somnifera</i> (L.) Dunal.: A Threatened Medicinal Herb of Indian Thar Desert. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.32022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University
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Hynniewta M, Malik SK, Rao SR. Karyological studies in ten species of Citrus(Linnaeus, 1753) (Rutaceae) of North-East India. Comp Cytogenet 2011; 5:277-287. [PMID: 24260635 PMCID: PMC3833788 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v5i4.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ten Citrus (Linnaeus, 1753) species of North-East India have been karyo-morphologically analysed. All studied species had 2n=18 chromosomes without any evidence of numerical variation. All the chromosomes were found to be of metacentric and sub-metacentric in all the species; the morphology of the chromosomes showing size difference only. Symmetrical karyotype which does not have much difference in the ratio of longest to shortest chromosome in all the species was observed. Three species, Citrus grandis (Osbeck, 1757), Citrus reticulata (Blanco, 1837) and Citrus medica (Linnaeus, 1753) are identified as true basic species from asymmetry studies of karyotypes as they reflect on the primitive nature of their genomes. Citrus indica (Tanaka, 1937)occupies a special taxonomic position within the genus Citrus as a progenitor for other cultivated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlykynti Hynniewta
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong (Meghalaya) India
| | - Surendra Kumar Malik
- Tissue Culture & cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource, New Delhi
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong (Meghalaya) India
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Kaur P, Rao SR, Radhakrishnan E, Ramachandran R, Venkatachalam R, Gupte MD. High prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol use and overweight in a rural population in Tamil Nadu, India. J Postgrad Med 2011; 57:9-15. [PMID: 21206128 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.74284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in India. There is high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in urban Tamil Nadu. There are limited data on the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and overweight in rural Tamil Nadu. AIM We estimated prevalence of behavioral risk factors, overweight and central obesity in a rural population in Tamil Nadu, India. SETTING AND DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 11 villages in Kancheepuram/Thiruvallur districts, Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population included 10,500 subjects aged 25-64 years. We collected data on behavioral risk factors and anthropometric measurements. Body mass index (BMI) was categorized using the classification recommended for Asians. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women. We computed proportions for all risk factors and used trend chi-square to examine trend. RESULTS Among the 10,500 subjects, 4927 (47%) were males. Among males, 1852 (37.6%) were current smokers and 3073 (62.4%) were current alcohol users. Among females, 840 (15.1%) were smokeless tobacco users. BMI was ≥23.0 kg/m 2 for 1618 (32.8%) males and 2126 (38.2%) females. 867 (17.6%) males and 1323 (23.7%) females were centrally obese. Most commonly used edible oil was palm oil followed by sunflower oil and groundnut oil. CONCLUSION We observed high prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol use and central obesity in the rural population in Tamil Nadu. There is need for health promotion programs to encourage adoption of healthy lifestyle and policy interventions to create enabling environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaur
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ayapakkam, Chennai, India.
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Sharma SK, Kumaria S, Tandon P, Rao SR. Single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) reveals inter- and intra-specific natural genetic variation in five species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae). Gene 2011; 483:54-62. [PMID: 21641975 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 53 primers belonging to three SPAR methods, viz. RAPD, ISSR and DAMD, collectively produced 456 polymorphic amplicons with 96.6% polymorphism at inter-specific level in five species of Cymbidium, viz. C. aloifolium, C. mastersii, C. elegans, C. eburneum and C. tigrinum, whereas at intra-specific level, the observed polymorphism ranged from 51.2% to 77.1% among them. Three SPARs collectively revealed 25 unique species-specific amplicons; most of them were amplified with RAPD and DAMD primers besides few bands which were either missed (absent) or lost (heterozygosity). UPGMA clustering evidently distinguished the representatives of C. aloifolium and C. tigrinum, with distinct genetic distance, which may be due to their entirely different habitats as well as discrete morphological characteristics. Upon analysis of the data generated, all the three SPAR methods, either independently and/or in combination, revealed wide range of genetic variation between and within five species of Cymbidium. Comparison of matrix of individual SPAR method revealed that analysis of natural genetic variation using combination of SPAR methods, rather than an isolated approach, is highly effective. The critical analyses of the amplicon data are indicative of DAMD as the most powerful SPAR method by showing highest resolving power (Rp) followed by ISSR and RAPD. Alternatively, the total polymorphic information content was highest in case of RAPD followed by other two SPAR methods. Thus, the present investigation for the first time provides a valuable baseline data for genetic variation at inter- and intra-specific levels in horticultural Cymbidiums and also addresses conservation concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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Sharma SK, Kumar S, Rawat D, Kumaria S, Kumar A, Rao SR. Genetic diversity and gene flow estimation in Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce: A key stone tree species of Indian Thar Desert. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bhowmik SSD, Kumaria S, Rao SR, Tandon P. High frequency plantlet regeneration from rhizomatous buds in Mantisia spathulata Schult. and Mantisia wengeri Fischer and analysis of genetic uniformity using RAPD markers. Indian J Exp Biol 2009; 47:140-146. [PMID: 19374170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A protocol has been devised for enhanced in vitro regeneration of critically endangered Mantisia spathulata Schult. and Mantisia wengeri Fischer. Highest Bud Forming Capacity (BFC) of 6.10 +/- 0.55 with an average of 19.93 +/- 3.19 roots was obtained for M. spathulata within 5-6 weeks in Murashige and Skoogs (MS) medium supplemented with a combination of 10.0 microM of N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.5 microM of alpha-naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). For M. wengeri, BFC of 7.82 +/- 0.73 and 20.86 +/- 1.65 roots was achieved in MS media supplemented with a combination of 5.0 microM BA and 2.5 microM of NAA RAPD markers were used to evaluate the genetic stability of in vitro raised hardened plantlets. Similarity coefficient among the regenerated plants ranged between 0.85-0.98 for M. spathulata and 0.83-0.98 for M. wengeri. Maximum of 88 and 90% genetic similarity were obtained between in vitro raised hardened plantlets and mother stock of M. spathulata and M. wengeri, respectively through RAPD analysis. The hardened plantlets after RAPD analysis on being transferred to soil of experimental garden showed no marked phenotypic variations in vegetative or floral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Shekhar D Bhowmik
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre for Advanced Studies, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793 022, India
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Bewal S, Sharma SK, Rao SR. Analysis of Intra-specific Genetic Variation in Calligonum polygonoides L. (Polygonaceae)-A Keystone Species of Indian Desert. CYTOLOGIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.73.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Bio-technology and Bio-informatics, North Eastern Hill University
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Trivedi S, Gehlot HS, Rao SR. Protein thermostability in Archaea and Eubacteria. Genet Mol Res 2006; 5:816-27. [PMID: 17183489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to survive at high temperatures, thermophilic prokaryotes (Archaea and Eubacteria) adopt different strategies. Among several important contributing factors for stability of proteins are CG-rich codons, the ratio of charged amino acids compared to uncharged amino acids, ionic interactions, amino acid preferences and their distribution, post-translational modifications, and solute accumulation. However, these factors may differ from taxon to taxon, both within and between species depending upon the composition of proteins found in these organisms. This is exemplified in the case of differences in strategies adopted by soluble proteins and membrane proteins. Therefore, it appears that no single factor or combination of factors together can be universally attributed to the provision of thermal stability in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trivedi
- Department of Zoology, JN Vyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.), India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Rawat
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, J. N. Vyas University
| | - Arun Kumar
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, J. N. Vyas University
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, J. N. Vyas University
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Joshi N, Kumar A, Rao SR, Purohit SD. Cytological Characterization of a Rare Medicinal Herb 'Safed Musli' (Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand.). CYTOLOGIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.71.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Joshi
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Botany, J N Vyas University
| | | | - Sunil Dutta Purohit
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University
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Rao SR, Finch JA. Processing of metallurgical residues by flotation - bench-scale studies on two industrial products. Waste Manag 2006; 26:504-8. [PMID: 15975784 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Resource recovery from two metallurgical residues by flotation was investigated applying an electrostatic model to select initial conditions. The first, a sulphation roast/water leach residue, was processed to float lead sulphate, comparing dodecylamine and xanthate collectors. From the second, a neutralization residue, gypsum, was recovered by reverse flotation of ferric hydroxide, comparing oleate and sulphonate collectors. In both cases, further upgrading by acid leaching was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rao
- Department of Mining, Metals and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada.
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Abbott B, Abbott R, Adhikari R, Ageev A, Allen B, Amin R, Anderson SB, Anderson WG, Araya M, Armandula H, Ashley M, Asiri F, Aufmuth P, Aulbert C, Babak S, Balasubramanian R, Ballmer S, Barish BC, Barker C, Barker D, Barnes M, Barr B, Barton MA, Bayer K, Beausoleil R, Belczynski K, Bennett R, Berukoff SJ, Betzwieser J, Bhawal B, Bilenko IA, Billingsley G, Black E, Blackburn K, Blackburn L, Bland B, Bochner B, Bogue L, Bork R, Bose S, Brady PR, Braginsky VB, Brau JE, Brown DA, Bullington A, Bunkowski A, Buonanno A, Burgess R, Busby D, Butler WE, Byer RL, Cadonati L, Cagnoli G, Camp JB, Cantley CA, Cardenas L, Carter K, Casey MM, Castiglione J, Chandler A, Chapsky J, Charlton P, Chatterji S, Chelkowski S, Chen Y, Chickarmane V, Chin D, Christensen N, Churches D, Cokelaer T, Colacino C, Coldwell R, Coles M, Cook D, Corbitt T, Coyne D, Creighton JDE, Creighton TD, Crooks DRM, Csatorday P, Cusack BJ, Cutler C, D'Ambrosio E, Danzmann K, Daw E, DeBra D, Delker T, Dergachev V, DeSalvo R, Dhurandhar S, Di Credico A, Díaz M, Ding H, Drever RWP, Dupuis RJ, Edlund JA, Ehrens P, Elliffe EJ, Etzel T, Evans M, Evans T, Fairhurst S, Fallnich C, Farnham D, Fejer MM, Findley T, Fine M, Finn LS, Franzen KY, Freise A, Frey R, Fritschel P, Frolov VV, Fyffe M, Ganezer KS, Garofoli J, Giaime JA, Gillespie A, Goda K, González G, Gossler S, Grandclément P, Grant A, Gray C, Gretarsson AM, Grimmett D, Grote H, Grunewald S, Guenther M, Gustafson E, Gustafson R, Hamilton WO, Hammond M, Hanson J, Hardham C, Harms J, Harry G, Hartunian A, Heefner J, Hefetz Y, Heinzel G, Heng IS, Hennessy M, Hepler N, Heptonstall A, Heurs M, Hewitson M, Hild S, Hindman N, Hoang P, Hough J, Hrynevych M, Hua W, Ito M, Itoh Y, Ivanov A, Jennrich O, Johnson B, Johnson WW, Johnston WR, Jones DI, Jones L, Jungwirth D, Kalogera V, Katsavounidis E, Kawabe K, Kawamura S, Kells W, Kern J, Khan A, Killbourn S, Killow CJ, Kim C, King C, King P, Klimenko S, Koranda S, Kötter K, Kovalik J, Kozak D, Krishnan B, Landry M, Langdale J, Lantz B, Lawrence R, Lazzarini A, Lei M, Leonor I, Libbrecht K, Libson A, Lindquist P, Liu S, Logan J, Lormand M, Lubinski M, Lück H, Lyons TT, Machenschalk B, MacInnis M, Mageswaran M, Mailand K, Majid W, Malec M, Mann F, Marin A, Márka S, Maros E, Mason J, Mason K, Matherny O, Matone L, Mavalvala N, McCarthy R, McClelland DE, McHugh M, McNabb JWC, Mendell G, Mercer RA, Meshkov S, Messaritaki E, Messenger C, Mitrofanov VP, Mitselmakher G, Mittleman R, Miyakawa O, Miyoki S, Mohanty S, Moreno G, Mossavi K, Mueller G, Mukherjee S, Murray P, Myers J, Nagano S, Nash T, Nayak R, Newton G, Nocera F, Noel JS, Nutzman P, Olson T, O'Reilly B, Ottaway DJ, Ottewill A, Ouimette D, Overmier H, Owen BJ, Pan Y, Papa MA, Parameshwaraiah V, Parameswariah C, Pedraza M, Penn S, Pitkin M, Plissi M, Prix R, Quetschke V, Raab F, Radkins H, Rahkola R, Rakhmanov M, Rao SR, Rawlins K, Ray-Majumder S, Re V, Redding D, Regehr MW, Regimbau T, Reid S, Reilly KT, Reithmaier K, Reitze DH, Richman S, Riesen R, Riles K, Rivera B, Rizzi A, Robertson DI, Robertson NA, Robison L, Roddy S, Rollins J, Romano JD, Romie J, Rong H, Rose D, Rotthoff E, Rowan S, Rüdiger A, Russell P, Ryan K, Salzman I, Sandberg V, Sanders GH, Sannibale V, Sathyaprakash B, Saulson PR, Savage R, Sazonov A, Schilling R, Schlaufman K, Schmidt V, Schnabel R, Schofield R, Schutz BF, Schwinberg P, Scott SM, Seader SE, Searle AC, Sears B, Seel S, Seifert F, Sengupta AS, Shapiro CA, Shawhan P, Shoemaker DH, Shu QZ, Sibley A, Siemens X, Sievers L, Sigg D, Sintes AM, Smith JR, Smith M, Smith MR, Sneddon PH, Spero R, Stapfer G, Steussy D, Strain KA, Strom D, Stuver A, Summerscales T, Sumner MC, Sutton PJ, Sylvestre J, Takamori A, Tanner DB, Tariq H, Taylor I, Taylor R, Taylor R, Thorne KA, Thorne KS, Tibbits M, Tilav S, Tinto M, Tokmakov KV, Torres C, Torrie C, Traylor G, Tyler W, Ugolini D, Ungarelli C, Vallisneri M, van Putten M, Vass S, Vecchio A, Veitch J, Vorvick C, Vyachanin SP, Wallace L, Walther H, Ward H, Ware B, Watts K, Webber D, Weidner A, Weiland U, Weinstein A, Weiss R, Welling H, Wen L, Wen S, Whelan JT, Whitcomb SE, Whiting BF, Wiley S, Wilkinson C, Willems PA, Williams PR, Williams R, Willke B, Wilson A, Winjum BJ, Winkler W, Wise S, Wiseman AG, Woan G, Wooley R, Worden J, Wu W, Yakushin I, Yamamoto H, Yoshida S, Zaleski KD, Zanolin M, Zawischa I, Zhang L, Zhu R, Zotov N, Zucker M, Zweizig J, Kramer M, Lyne AG. Limits on gravitational-wave emission from selected pulsars using LIGO data. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:181103. [PMID: 15904354 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.181103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We place direct upper limits on the amplitude of gravitational waves from 28 isolated radio pulsars by a coherent multidetector analysis of the data collected during the second science run of the LIGO interferometric detectors. These are the first direct upper limits for 26 of the 28 pulsars. We use coordinated radio observations for the first time to build radio-guided phase templates for the expected gravitational-wave signals. The unprecedented sensitivity of the detectors allows us to set strain upper limits as low as a few times 10(-24). These strain limits translate into limits on the equatorial ellipticities of the pulsars, which are smaller than 10(-5) for the four closest pulsars.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abbott
- LIGO-California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Devarumath RM, Hiremath SC, Rao SR, Kumar A, Bewal S. Genome Analysis of Finger Millet E. coracana by Interspecific Hybridization among Diploid Wild Species of Eleusine (Poaceae). CYTOLOGIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.70.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, J. N. V. University
| | - Arun Kumar
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, J. N. V. University
| | - Sangeeta Bewal
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, J. N. V. University
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Abstract
This review deals with the production of high-value secondary metabolites including pharmaceuticals and food additives through plant cell cultures, shoot cultures, root cultures and transgenic roots obtained through biotechnological means. Plant cell and transgenic hairy root cultures are promising potential alternative sources for the production of high-value secondary metabolites of industrial importance. Recent developments in transgenic research have opened up the possibility of the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways to produce high-value secondary metabolites. The production of the pungent food additive capsaicin, the natural colour anthocyanin and the natural flavour vanillin is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rao
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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Pinto S, Rao SR, Bhagwat AS. Limited proteolysis of maize NADP-malic enzyme. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2002; 39:382-389. [PMID: 22905395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The incubation of maize malic enzyme at 37 degrees C with trypsin at a ratio of 150:1 of malic enzyme to trypsin caused rapid and complete inactivation of enzyme activity. The inactivation was caused by fairly specific cleavage of the enzyme monomer (62 kDa) into 40 kDa and 20 kDa fragments. The intensity of 40 kDa band increased with the time of treatment of enzyme with trypsin from 2 to 30 min. Substrates, especially NADP (25 microM) provided almost total protection against trypsin inactivation of the enzyme activity. The studies carried out with various other endoproteases indicated that endoprotease Lys-C was most effective in inactivating malic enzyme activity. The kinetic properties of the truncated enzyme have been studied. The Km value for malate in case of native and modified enzyme was found to be identical. Km NADP for the modified enzyme was slightly higher indicating that after proteolysis the enzyme affinity for NADP had decreased. Limited proteolysis with trypsin did not show any appreciable change in fluorescence properties of the modified enzyme. Binding of NADPH to the enzyme was not affected after modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pinto
- Molecular Biology and Agricultural Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Thapa S, Prasad CV, Rao PH, Severy LJ, Rao SR. Social marketing of condoms in India. Adv Popul 2002; 2:171-204. [PMID: 12159235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, well-differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid have been stratified into low-risk and high-risk groups. The pattern of thyroid cancer in India is different from that seen in the West. Moreover, patients present with more advanced stages of the disease. Our aim was to develop protocols for the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer, based on the analysis of our data and our experience. METHODS Cases of thyroid carcinoma, which were surgically treated at the Tata Memorial Hospital during 1970-5, were studied. The survival curves were plotted according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis was done using the log rank test. The prognostic factors analyzed were age, sex, tumour size, extra-thyroid extension, distant metastases and lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model was performed. Analyses were separate for follicular and papillary carcinomas. RESULTS Four hundred and seventeen cases were entered in the study, of which 198 were follicular and 219 were papillary. Based on the evidence derived from this study, we stratified our cases into low- and high-risk groups. The low-risk group consisted of patients below 40 years of age, nodules smaller than 5 cm, absence of extra-thyroidal spread and absence of distant metastases. For follicular carcinoma, the low-risk group had 100% survival at 15 years, compared with 40% for the high-risk group. (p < 0.001). For papillary carcinomas, the survival at 15 years was 95% for the low-risk group and 40% for the high-risk group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We recommend lobectomy for the low-risk group, and total thyroidectomy for the high-risk group and for cases with lymph node metastases. In the latter, total thyroidectomy facilitates the use of 131I.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Rao
- Department of Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, E.J. Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, India.
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Pinto SE, Rao SR, Bhagwat AS. Inactivation of maize NADP-malic enzyme by Cu2+-ascorbate. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2002; 39:55-59. [PMID: 22896889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Maize malic enzyme was rapidly inactivated by micromolar concentrations of cupric nitrate in the presence of ascorbate at pH, 5.0. Ascorbate or Cu2+ alone had no effect on enzyme activity. The substrate L-malate or NADP individually provided almost total protection against Cu2+-ascorbate inactivation. The loss of enzyme activity was accompanied by cleavage of the enzyme. The cleaved peptides showed molecular mass of 55 kDa, 48 kDa, 38 kDa, and 14 kDa. Addition of EDTA, histidine and imidazole provided protection. The results of protection experiments with sodium azide, DABCO and catalase suggested that reactive oxygen species were generated resulting in loss of enzyme activity. This was further supported by experiments showing that the rate of enzyme inactivation was higher in D2O than in water. It is suggested that maize malic enzyme is modified by reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen and H2O2 generated by Cu2+-ascorbate system and the modified amino acid residue(s) may be located at or near the substrate-binding site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Pinto
- Molecular Biology and Agriculture Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Vanka A, Tandon S, Rao SR, Udupa N, Ramkumar P. The effect of indigenous Neem Azadirachta indica [correction of (Adirachta indica)] mouth wash on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth. Indian J Dent Res 2001; 12:133-44. [PMID: 11808064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neem is one of the most widely researched tropical tree, with almost all it's parts being put for a variety of uses. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of Neem mouthwash against salivary levels of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus has been tested over a period of 2 months. Also it's effect in reversing incipient carious lesions was assessed. While streptococcus mutans was inhibited by Neem mouthwashes, with or without alcohol as well as chlorhexidine, lactobacillus growth was inhibited by chlorhexidine alone. The initial data appears to prove it's effect in inhibiting S. mutans and reversing incipient carious lesions, longer term clinical trials are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanka
- Dept. of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Surgery, Manipal 570 119, India
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Rao SR, Rao RS. Pituitary metastases in carcinoma breast. J Postgrad Med 2001; 47:135-6. [PMID: 11832608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S R Rao
- Shushrusha Hospital, Shivaji Park, Mumbai - 400 028, India.
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