A critical review of machine-learning for "multi-omics" marine metabolite datasets

During the last decade, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and other omics datasets have been generated for a wide range of marine organisms, and even more are still on the way. Marine organisms possess unique and diverse biosynthetic pathways contributing to the synthesis of novel secondary metabolites with significant bioactivities. As marine organisms have a greater tendency to adapt to stressed environmental conditions, the chance to identify novel bioactive metabolites with potential biotechnological application is very high. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the available "-omics" and "multi-omics" approaches employed for characterizing marine metabolites along with novel data integration tools. The need for the development of machine-learning algorithms for "multi-omics" approaches is briefly discussed. In addition, the challenges involved in the analysis of "multi-omics" data and recommendations for conducting "multi-omics" study were discussed.

Machine learning in photosynthesis: Prospects on sustainable crop development

Improving photosynthesis is a promising avenue to increase food security. Studying photosynthetic traits with the aim to improve efficiency has been one of many strategies to increase crop yield but analyzing large data sets presents an ongoing challenge. Machine learning (ML) represents a ubiquitous tool that can provide a more elaborate data analysis. Here we review the application of ML in various domains of photosynthetic research, as well as in photosynthetic pigment studies. We highlight how correlating hyperspectral data with photosynthetic parameters to improve crop yield could be achieved through various ML algorithms. We also propose strategies to employ ML in promoting photosynthetic pigment research for furthering crop yield.

The apocarotenoid production in microbial biofactories: An overview

Carotenoids are a vast group of natural pigments that come in a variety of colors ranging from red to orange. Apocarotenoids are derived from these carotenoids, which are hormones, pigments, retinoids, and volatiles employed in the textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Due to the high commercial value and poor natural host abundance, they are significantly undersupplied. Microbes like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli act as heterologous hosts for apocarotenoid production. This article briefly reviews categories of apocarotenoids, their biosynthetic pathway commencing from the MVA and MEP, its significance, the tool enzymes for apocarotenoid biosynthesis like CCDs, their biotechnological production in microbial factories, and future perspectives.

Carotenoids for lung cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Promises and controversies

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of malignancy in the world. Several therapeutical and chemopreventive approaches have been practised to mitigate the disease. The use of phytopigments including carotenoids is a well-known approach. However, some of the prominent clinical trials interrogated the efficacy of carotenoids in lung cancer prevention.

METHODS

A elaborate literature survey have been performed investigating in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reported on the administration of carotenoids for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

RESULTS

Tobacco consumption, genetic factors, dietary patterns, occupational carcinogens, lung diseases, infection, and sex disparities are some of the prominent factors leading to lung cancer. Significant evidence has been found underlining the efficiency of carotenoids in alleviating cancer. In vitro studies have proven that carotenoids act through PI3K/ AKT/mTOR, ERK-MAPK pathways and induce apoptosis through PPAR, IFNs, RAR, which are p53 intermediators in lung cancer signaling. Animal models and cell lines studies showed promising results, while the outcomes of clinical trials are contradictory and require further verification.

CONCLUSION

The carotenoids exert chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects on lung tumors which has been evidenced in numerous investigations. However, further analyses are necessary to the answer the uncertainties raised by several clinical trials.

Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective offerings by rosmarinic acid against neurodegenerative and other CNS pathologies

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenolic compound present in culinary herbs of the Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae/Labiatae, and Nepetoideae families. While the medicinal applications of these plants have been known for ages, RA has only been relatively recently established as an effective ameliorative agent against various disorders including cardiac diseases, cancer, and neuropathologies. In particular, several studies have confirmed the neuroprotective potential of RA in multiple cellular and animal models, as well as in clinical studies. The neuroprotective effects mediated by RA stem from its multimodal actions on a plethora of cellular and molecular pathways; including oxidative, bioenergetic, neuroinflammatory, and synaptic signaling. In recent years, RA has garnered tremendous interest as an ideal therapeutic candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases. This review first briefly discusses the pharmacokinetics of RA and then proceeds to detail the neuroprotective mechanisms of RA at the molecular levels. Finally, the authors focus on the ameliorative potential of RA against several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, ranging from neuropsychological stress and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Status of food colorants in India: conflicts and prospects

Food colorants are imperative ingredients for attracting consumers and in deciding their preferences. Here we discuss the current status of natural colorants and synthetic food colorants on the Indian market by appraising the growth of the food colorant market both globally and nationally, based on published case studies on synthetic food colorants (SFCs), rules, and regulations implemented by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India on natural food colorants and SFCs. The substantial lacunae in the research on the impacts of SFCs in the Indian population identified through our literature survey signify the scope and need for appraisal of the issues prevailing in the Indian food colorant market as well as the necessity of renewing the food colorant policies. The illegal use of banned food colorants, the adulteration of natural food colorants, mislabelling of SFCs as natural colorants, and the permitted use of internationally banned food colorants, as well as the unawareness among consumers are serious issues recognized. Appropriate labelling to denote natural food colorants' presence, renewed standards of policy to determine the permitted use of food colorants, comprehensive regulations for the production and use of natural food colorants, stringent rules to constrain the production of toxic SFCs are obligatory to breakdown the dilemma on the Indian food market. Most importantly, awareness and responsiveness should be generated among consumers regarding the illegal use and adulteration of colorants and the need to use natural colorants. We also recommend a logo to designate the presence of natural colorants which will aid the consumers to make the right choice.

Multispectroscopic, virtual and in vivo insights into the photoaging defense mediated by the natural food colorant bixin

An upsurge in early onset of photoaging due to repeated skin exposure to environmental stressors such as UV radiation is a challenge for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical divisions. Current reports indicate severe side effects because of chemical or synthetic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in anti-skin aging cosmeceuticals. We evaluated the adequacy of bixin, a well-known FDA certified food additive, as a scavenger of free radicals and its inhibitory mechanism of action on MMP1, collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. The anti-skin aging potential of bixin was evaluated by several biotechnological tools in silico, in vitro and in vivo. Molecular docking and simulation dynamics studies gave a virtual insight into the robust binding interaction between bixin and skin aging-related enzymes. Absorbance and fluorescence studies, enzyme inhibition assays, enzyme kinetics and in vitro bioassays of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells highlighted bixin's role as a potent antioxidant and inhibitor of skin aging-related enzymes. Furthermore, in vivo protocols were carried out to study the impact of bixin administration on UVA induced photoaging in C57BL/6 mice skin. Here, we uncover the UVA shielding effect of bixin and its efficacy as a novel anti-photoaging agent. Furthermore, the findings of this study provide a strong foundation to explore the pharmaceutical applications of bixin in several other biochemical pathways linked to MMP1, collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase.

Elucidation of the interaction of apocarotenoids with calf thymus DNA by biophysical techniques and in vitro study in MCF-7 cells to explore their potential in cancer therapy

Objectives

DNA is one of the targets of cancer-therapeutic small molecules. Cisplatin, a DNA intercalator, is one of the first-line drugs in the cancer chemo regimen which comes with health-compromising side effects during chemotherapy. The synergistic effect of natural molecules with cisplatin can help to potentiate its anti-cancer efficacy and decrease its negative effect on health. Here, we report the interaction of cisplatin with calf thymus-DNA (ct-DNA) in combination with natural molecules like apocarotenoids which are reported for their therapeutic properties.

Materials and Methods

The combinatorial effect of apocarotenoids on ct-DNA was explored through various biophysical techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism studies, DNA melt curve analysis, viscosity measurements, and an in vitro study in MCF-7 cells by cell cycle analysis.

Results

UV-Visible spectroscopy studies suggest apocarotenoids and their combination shows a non-intercalative mode of binding. Circular dichroism analysis showed no major changes in DNA form during the interaction of DNA with apocarotenoids and their respective combinations with cisplatin, which is suggestive of the groove-binding mode of apocarotenoids. DNA melt curve analysis showed a decrease in the intensity of the fluorescence for apocarotenoids with cisplatin which indicates the possibility of DNA interaction through groove binding. Viscosity studies suggested a groove binding mode of interaction of ct-DNA with apocarotenoids and their combination as there was minimal change in the viscosity measurements. The in vitro analysis exhibits that the apocarotenoids and their combination have a considerable effect on DNA synthesis.

Conclusion

This study provides a better perspective on the possible mode of interaction between ct-DNA and natural molecules along with cisplatin.

Smart Nanoformulations for Brain Cancer Theranostics: Challenges and Promises

Simple Summary

Brain metastases are amongst the most invasive and lethal cancers. Yet, effective methods for their diagnosis and therapy have remained elusive. While several factors are responsible for this, the primary hurdle has been the absence of an appropriate delivery strategy for the diagnostic/therapeutic agents to the brain. Fortunately, the advent of nanobiotechnology and the advances in bioengineering techniques have provided some hope to circumvent this hurdle. The aim of this review is to evaluate the suitability of novel smart nanobiotechnological approaches in brain cancer therapy. We discuss several state-of-the-art strategies for specific delivery of drugs to brain cancer sites with minimal side effects. We further delineate several classes of nanoplatforms that have generated tremendous interest among contemporary scientists as potential agents for brain cancer therapy. In doing so, the authors hope that the review will serve as a platform for further studies for the discovery of brain cancer strategies.

Abstract

Despite their low prevalence, brain tumors are among the most lethal cancers. They are extremely difficult to diagnose, monitor and treat. Conventional anti-cancer strategies such as radio- and chemotherapy have largely failed, and to date, the development of even a single effective therapeutic strategy against central nervous system (CNS) tumors has remained elusive. There are several factors responsible for this. Brain cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable origins, biochemical properties and degrees of invasiveness. High-grade gliomas are amongst the most metastatic and invasive cancers, which is another reason for therapeutic failure in their case. Moreover, crossing the blood brain and the blood brain tumor barriers has been a significant hindrance in the development of efficient CNS therapeutics. Cancer nanomedicine, which encompasses the application of nanotechnology for diagnosis, monitoring and therapy of cancers, is a rapidly evolving field of translational medicine. Nanoformulations, because of their extreme versatility and manipulative potential, are emerging candidates for tumor targeting, penetration and treatment in the brain. Moreover, suitable nanocarriers can be commissioned for theranostics, a combinatorial personalized approach for simultaneous imaging and therapy. This review first details the recent advances in novel bioengineering techniques that provide promising avenues for circumventing the hurdles of delivering the diagnostic/therapeutic agent to the CNS. The authors then describe in detail the tremendous potential of utilizing nanotechnology, particularly nano-theranostics for brain cancer imaging and therapy, and outline the different categories of recently developed next-generation smart nanoformulations that have exceptional potential for making a breakthrough in clinical neuro-oncology therapeutics.

High-sensitivity troponin is a biomarker of medium term mortality in 20,000 consecutive hospital patients undergoing a blood test for any reason

Introduction

High sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn) concentrations above the manufacturer recommended upper limit of normal (ULN) are frequently seen in patients without a clinical presentation consistent with type 1 myocardial infarction. There is increasing evidence that these concentrations may act as a marker of prognosis in a range of conditions. However, previous studies have been limited because they have only included patients in whom the clinician has requested the test. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between medium term mortality and hs-cTn concentration in a large consecutive hospital population undergoing a blood test, regardless of whether there was a clinical indication for performing the hs-cTn.

Method

This single centre study included 20,000 consecutive patients undergoing a blood test for any reason, in whom hs-cTnI was added, regardless of the clinical indication (CHARIOT population). Mortality data up to 2.25 years was obtained via NHS Digital. The association between hs-cTnI concentration and one year mortality was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier plots (with log-rank test) and Cox proportional hazards analyses. After the cohort was considered as a whole, each of the clinical areas (inpatient (IPD), outpatient (OPD), emergency department (ED)) were considered separately. Furthermore, in the IPD and ED populations, a landmark analysis was performed excluding those patients who died within 30 days to assess whether any longer term relationship was driven by short term mortality.

Results

Overall, 2825 (14.1%) patients had died at 2.25 years. The mortality at 2.25 years was significantly higher if the hs-cTnI concentration was above the ULN (45.3% versus 12.3%, p<0.001 (log rank) in the entire cohort (Figure 1). Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the log10hs-cTnI concentration was independently associated with 2.25 year mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.59–1.80)). This relationship was demonstrated for patients in each of the clinical areas (IPD HR 1.46 (95% CI: 1.33–1.60), OPD HR 2.19 (95% CI: 1.84–2.60), ED HR 1.87 (95% CI: 1.68–2.07)). Further analysis by excluding those patients that died within 30 days demonstrated that the relationship between hs-cTnI concentration and mortality persisted and it was not driven by short term mortality.

Conclusion

In a large, unselected hospital population of both in- and out-patients, the majority of whom there was no clinical indication for testing, hs-cTnI concentration was independently associated with medium term mortality. These data suggest that hs-cTnI may have a role as a biomarker of future risk.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Beckman Coulter

Untapping the protective role of carotenoids against respiratory diseases

BACKGROUND

Recent studies revealed a substantial role of carotenoids to treat respiratory diseases. This review aimed to give an updated overview of the investigational evidence on the preventive properties of carotenoids against respiratory diseases both in vitro and in vivo along with their pathophysiology and mechanisms of action.

HYPOTHESIS

Carotenoids as a potential therapeutic class of bioactive compounds to treat respiratory diseases.

RESULTS

Carotenoids such as β-carotene, lycopene, crocin, bixin, lutein, and astaxanthin show beneficial effects against chronic lung diseases (e.g., asthma, emphysema, fibrosis, COPD, acute lung injury, and lung cancer). Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies also supported the preventive role of carotenoids. These carotenoids showed a beneficial role by activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and inhibition of the NF-кB, MAPK, JAK/STAT-3, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Additionally, epidemiological studies also showed that dietary intake of carotenoids lowers the risk of lung diseases.

CONCLUSION

Carotenoids may be used as drugs or can be given in combination with other drugs to prevent and treat respiratory diseases. Although in vitro and in vivo results are encouraging, further well-conducted randomized clinical trials are required to approve carotenoids as drug candidates.

O-261 In-vitro supplementation of vitamin B12 to improve post-thaw viability and DNA integrity

Study question

Does the supplementation of vitamin B12 protect the spermatozoa against damage caused by the freeze-thaw process further improving the overall post-thaw survival and DNA integrity?

Summary answer

The antioxidant property of vitamin B12 protects the spermatozoa and improves the post thaw motility, vitality, and reduces DNA damage caused by freeze-thaw process.

What is known already

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is an effective way of fertility preservation in humans, often used in Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART). Despite the refinement in cryopreservation, the salvage of post-thaw sperms remains poor. The reactive oxygen species(ROS), that is formed as a result of freeze-thaw process is known to decrease the motility, plasma membrane integrity and increase the DNA fragmentation. Most vitamins have antioxidant properties, that protect the mammalian cells from oxidative stress one such vitamin is cyanocobalamin(vitamin B12). Vitamin B12 modulates oxidative stress through methionine synthase activity and also acts as a scavenger of ROS. Thus protecting the DNA against free radicals.

Study design, size, duration

This prospective observational study was performed for a period of 6 months in 111 men, who attended the fertility clinic. The study population included all semen samples except men with azoospermia, surgically retrieved samples and men on vitamin supplements. The study population contained men ageing between 21-40 years.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Semen samples were analysed according to WHO 5th edition and were assessed for DNA fragmentation index (DFI) using sperm chromatin dispersion assay (SCD). The ejaculates were split into two as group A: semen samples with equal amount of cryoprotectant and group B: semen samples with equal amount of cryoprotectant supplemented with Vitamin B12 (2mg/ml). They were frozen for a minimum of 24 hrs. Post-thaw motility, vitality and DFI were assessed and compared.

Main results and the role of chance

The mean age of patients in our study was 34.26±4.7yrs. 58.5% of the study population had primary infertility. 37.8% of the study population had male factor infertility, 32.4% had oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT), 31.1% had normozoospermia 16.2% had asthenoteratozoospermia, 13.5% had teratozoospermia, 3.6% had oligozoospermia and rest 2.7% had asthenozoospermia.

There was an overall increase in post thaw motility (41.59±18.09 vs 32.3±18.8,p=0.0005), progressive motility (21.54±13.02 vs 15.91±11.80,p=0.0005), vitality (57.14±15.09 vs 46.76±16.45,p=0.0005) and a significant decrease in DFI (26.69±10.03 vs 32.09±10.00,p=0.0005) in group B compared to group A.

Our study also demonstrated that, Normozoospermia patients had a significant increase in vitality (67.17±13.8 vs 58.51±12.0, p = 0.007) and lower DFI (22.68±9.3 vs 27.6±8.9, p = 0.02) in group B than in group A.

OAT patients had a significant increase in total motility (26.25±12.15 vs 15.7±11.4,p=0.0003), progressive motility (11.69±8.8 vs 6.14±5.8,p=0.0028), vitality (46.06±11.34 vs 34.31±12.99,p=0.0001) and significantly lower DFI (30.22±9.87 vs 36.08±9.7,p=0.012) in group B.

Teratozoospermia patients showed significant increase in progressive motility in group B (27.87±8.81 vs 19.33±10.69,p=0.02) and

Asthenoteratozoospermia patients showed significant increase in total motility (40.72± 13.14 vs 30.89±13.06,p=0.02) and vitality (54.39±12.28 vs 43.78±14.14,p=0.02) in group B.

However, in asthenozoospermic patients the parameters were comparable in both the groups.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Due to ethical reasons the samples were not used for in vitro procedures such as intrauterine insemination(IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI). Hence, no inference was obtained regarding the fertilization rates/ pregnancy rates.

Wider implications of the findings

Our study demonstrated that with supplementation of vitamin B12 the recovery rate significantly increased and also preserved the DNA content. Among the various categories, supplementation of vitamin B12 to OAT samples was more beneficial as it improved the overall viability of the sperms.

Trial registration number

CSP/21/JUL/96/389

The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta

Photosynthetic pigments are an integral and vital part of all photosynthetic machinery and are present in different types and abundances throughout the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins are the prime photosynthetic pigments which facilitate efficient light absorption in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The chlorophyll family plays a vital role in light harvesting by absorbing light at different wavelengths and allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to different environments, either in the long-term or during transient changes in light. Carotenoids play diverse roles in photosynthesis, including light capture and as crucial antioxidants to reduce photodamage and photoinhibition. In the marine habitat, phycobilins capture a wide spectrum of light and have allowed cyanobacteria and red algae to colonise deep waters where other frequencies of light are attenuated by the water column. In this review, we discuss the potential strategies that photosynthetic pigments provide, coupled with development of molecular biological techniques, to improve crop yields through enhanced light harvesting, increased photoprotection and improved photosynthetic efficiency.

Cardioprotective effects of phytopigments via multiple signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the deadliest non-communicable diseases, and millions of dollars are spent every year to combat CVDs. Unfortunately, the multifactorial etiology of CVDs complicates the development of efficient therapeutics. Interestingly, phytopigments show significant pleiotropic cardioprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo.

PURPOSE

This review gives an overview of the cardioprotective effects of phytopigments based on in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials.

METHODS

A literature-based survey was performed to collect the available data on cardioprotective activities of phytopigments via electronic search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus.

RESULTS

Different classes of phytopigments such as carotenoids, xanthophylls, flavonoids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones alleviate major CVDs (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiotoxicities) via acting on signaling pathways related to AMPK, NF-κB, NRF2, PPARs, AKT, TLRs, MAPK, JAK/STAT, NLRP3, TNF-α, and RA.

CONCLUSION

Phytopigments represent promising candidates to develop novel and effective CVD therapeutics. More randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies are recommended to establish the clinical efficacy of phytopigments.

The neuroprotective potential of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Despite advances in research on neurodegenerative diseases, the pathogenesis and treatment response of neurodegenerative diseases remain unclear. Recent studies revealed a significant role of carotenoids to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroprotective potential of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro and the molecular mechanisms and pathological factors contributing to major neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke).

HYPOTHESIS

Carotenoids as therapeutic molecules to target neurodegenerative diseases.

RESULTS

Aggregation of toxic proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, the excitotoxic pathway, and neuroinflammation were the major pathological factors contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies supported the beneficiary role of carotenoids, namely lycopene, β-carotene, crocin, crocetin, lutein, fucoxanthin and astaxanthin in alleviating disease progression. These carotenoids provide neuroprotection by inhibition of neuro-inflammation, microglial activation, excitotoxic pathway, modulation of autophagy, attenuation of oxidative damage and activation of defensive antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, studies conducted on humans also demonstrated that dietary intake of carotenoids lowers the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

CONCLUSION

Carotenoids may be used as drugs to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases. Although, the in vitro and in vivo results are encouraging, further well conducted clinical studies on humans are required to conclude about the full potential of neurodegenerative diseases.

Unraveling the versatility of CCD4: Metabolic engineering, transcriptomic and computational approaches

Carotenoids are economically valuable isoprenoids synthesized by plants and microorganisms, which play a paramount role in their overall growth and development. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are a vast group of enzymes that specifically cleave thecarotenoids to produce apocarotenoids. Recently, CCDs are a subject of talk because of their contributions to different aspects of plant growth and due to their significance in the production of economically valuable apocarotenoids. Among them, CCD4 stands unique because of its versatility in performing metabolic roles. This review focuses on the multiple functionalities of CCD4 like pigmentation, volatile apocarotenoid production, stress responses, etc. Interestingly, through our literature survey we arrived at a conclusion that CCD4 could perform functions of other carotenoid cleaving enzymes.The metabolic engineering, transcriptomic, and computational approaches adopted to reveal the contributions of CCD4 were also considered here for the study.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to delve into the evolutionary relationships of CCD4 in different plant groups. A tree of 81CCD genes from 64 plant species was constructed, signifying the presence of well-conserved families. Gene structures were illustrated and the difference in the number and position of exons could be considered as a factor behind functional versatility and substrate tolerance of CCD4 in different plants.

Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 decontamination by dry heat and ultraviolet treatment with a swine coronavirus as a surrogate

The critical need for reliable methods to validate decontamination protocols for personal protective equipment (PPE) for re-use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is limited by the need for specialized containment facilities to handle the virus. Hence, we have herein validated the use of a swine coronavirus as a surrogate, and tested the effectiveness of dry heat and ultraviolet (UV) rays for PPE decontamination. Exposure of experimentally contaminated N95 masks and hospital gowns to 60°C for 20 min, and UVC at 1800 mJ/cm² resulted in a 4-log reduction and inactivation of the surrogate virus. This study provides a novel alternative to validate PPE reprocessing methods.

Effective Dose of Streptozotocin to Induce Diabetes Mellitus and Variation of Biophysical and Biochemical Parameters in Albino Wistar Rats

Introduction: There is a need to develop diabetic animal model, to have a better understanding of the complications of diabetes mellitus. The dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes mellitus in animals is important as it may lead to inadequate induction of diabetes or mortality. Intravenous injection of STZ in adult Wistar rats, leads to the degeneration in Langerhans islet β-cells and induces experimental diabetes mellitus in 3-5 days. Aim: To optimise the dose of STZ to create a diabetic animal model with sustained hyperglycaemia and to compare the changes in body weight, serum glucose and C-peptide levels between non diabetic and diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental animal study was conducted at animal house, Pal amur Bioscience Pvt., Ltd. The sample size included 30 albino Wistar rats divided into five groups T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 with six rats in each group (three males and three females). Group T0 was the control, while STZ at different concentrations were administered intraperitoneally in group T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Blood samples were drawn from retro-orbital plexus of animals and blood glucose, C-peptide levels along with the body weight was checked on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The F statistics, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the different groups. Denny’s test was used to compare the control group versus different test groups. Results: When compared with the control group T0 on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day, the test group T1 had no variation in the body weight. On the other hand groups T2, T3 and T4 had variations in the body weights. Initially there was increase in the weight, later here was a gradual decrease in the body weight when compared to the control group. Hyperglycaemic profile (blood glucose level >120 mg/dL) was achieved in group T1, T2, T3 and T4 after 7 days. High mortality rate was observed in group T4 followed by group T3. Group T2 had persistent hyperglycaemia while group T1 had reversible hyperglycaemic profile. The C-peptide levels were gradually decreased in the test groups and it was statistically significant (p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal dose of STZ of 55 mg/kg created diabetic animal model with persistent hyperglycaemia. However, dose above increased the mortality rate and below failed to create diabetic animal model.

Correction to: HTX-011 reduced pain intensity and opioid consumption versus bupivacaine HCl in herniorrhaphy: results from the phase 3 EPOCH 2 study

In Abstract, under the section "Results", the first and third p values are incorrect. The correct p values should be p = 0.0004 and p < 0.0001 respectively.

Photosynthesis in non-foliar tissues: implications for yield

Photosynthesis is currently a focus for crop improvement. The majority of this work has taken place and been assessed in leaves, and limited consideration has been given to the contribution that other green tissues make to whole-plant carbon assimilation. The major focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of non-foliar photosynthesis on carbon-use efficiency and total assimilation. Here we appraise and summarize past and current literature on the substantial contribution of different photosynthetically active organs and tissues to productivity in a variety of different plant types, with an emphasis on fruit and cereal crops. Previous studies provide evidence that non-leaf photosynthesis could be an unexploited potential target for crop improvement. We also briefly examine the role of stomata in non-foliar tissues, gas exchange, maintenance of optimal temperatures and thus photosynthesis. In the final section, we discuss possible opportunities to manipulate these processes and provide evidence that Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants genetically manipulated to increase leaf photosynthesis also displayed higher rates of ear assimilation, which translated to increased grain yield. By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insights into manipulating non-foliar photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour to identify novel targets for exploitation in continuing breeding programmes.

Early antibody responses map to non-protective, PCV2 capsid protein epitopes

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in weanling piglets. Current commercial vaccines against PCV2 are highly effective. Yet, a recurring emergence of new genotypes in vaccinated herds necessitates a better understanding of protective immunity. The study objectives were to identify previously unrecognized decoy epitopes in the PCV2 capsid and test the hypothesis that early antibody responses would map to decoy epitopes and vice versa. Using a peptide library spanning the PCV2a capsid and weekly sera collections from PCV2a infected animals, three major immunodominant regions mapping the early responses to decoy epitopes were identified. Regions with potential decoy activity were mapped using peptide blocking fluorescent focus inhibition assays to residues 55 YTVKATTVRTPSWAVDMM 72, 106 WPCSPITQGDRGVGSTAV 123 and 124 ILDDNFVTKATALTYDPY 141. Post-vaccination responses largely recognized these same three identified regions and dominated the antibody responses to PCV2 in both infection and vaccination.

HTX-011 reduced pain intensity and opioid consumption versus bupivacaine HCl in herniorrhaphy: results from the phase 3 EPOCH 2 study

Purpose

Currently available local anesthetics have not demonstrated sufficient analgesia beyond 12–24 h postoperatively. The purpose of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of HTX-011 (bupivacaine and meloxicam in Biochronomer^® polymer technology), a long-acting investigational anesthetic, in reducing both postoperative pain over 72 h and postoperative opioid use compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl).

Methods

A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled multi-center study (EPOCH 2; NCT03237481) in subjects undergoing unilateral open inguinal herniorrhaphy with mesh placement was performed. Subjects randomly received a single intraoperative dose of HTX-011, immediate-release bupivacaine HCl, or saline placebo prior to closure.

Results

The study evaluated 418 subjects, and the primary and all key secondary efficacy endpoints were in favor of HTX-011. HTX-011 reduced mean pain intensity by 23% versus placebo (primary endpoint; p < 0.001) and by 21% versus bupivacaine HCl (p < 0.001) with significant reductions in the number of patients experiencing severe pain. Opioid consumption over 72 h was reduced by 38% versus placebo (p < 0.001) and 25% versus bupivacaine HCl (p = 0.024). Overall, 51% of HTX-011 subjects were opioid-free through 72 h (versus 22% for placebo [p < 0.001] and 40% for bupivacaine HCl [p = 0.049]). HTX-011 was generally well-tolerated with fewer opioid-related adverse events reported compared to the bupivacaine HCl and placebo and no evidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity.

Conclusions

HTX-011 demonstrated significant improvement in postoperative pain control and a clinically meaningful reduction in opioid consumption when compared to the most widely used local anesthetic, bupivacaine HCl.

Glandular hair constituents of Mallotus philippinensis Muell. fruit act as tyrosinase inhibitors: Insights from enzyme kinetics and simulation study

The glandular hair extracts from the fruit rind of Mallotus philippinensis Muell. is employed to treat various skin infections, however the anti-tyrosinase activity remains unknown. Hence the present study inspected on the anti-melanogenic activity of M. philippinensis constituents. Lineweaver Burk plot revealed mixed inhibition for Rottlerin; non-competitive type of inhibition for mallotophilippen A and B respectively. Thermodynamic studies resulted in static quenching forming ground state complex with higher binding constant temperature dependently. Fluorescence and circular dichroism study implicated conformational change in secondary and tertiary structure of tyrosinase. Molecular docking suggests rottlerin has high binding affinity to the active site pocket of tyrosinase. Simulation study further proved that the compactness of inhibitor with tyrosinase by hydrogen bonding influenced the stability of the enzyme. Depigmentation efficacy is further proved in Aspergillus niger spores. Thus our findings delineate that rottlerin could be utilized as a depigmentation agent in food pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Biologically active recombinant human erythropoietin expressed in hairy root cultures and regenerated plantlets of Nicotiana tabacum L

Hairy root culture is a potential alternative to conventional mammalian cell culture to produce recombinant proteins due to its ease in protein recovery, low costs and absence of potentially human pathogenic contaminants. The current study focussed to develop a new platform of a hairy root culture system from Nicotiana tabacum for the production of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO), which is regularly produced in mammalian cells. The human EPO construct was amplified with C-terminal hexahistidine tag from a cDNA of Caco-2 cells. Two versions of rhEPO clones, with or without the N-terminal calreticulin (cal) fusion sequence, were produced by cloning the amplified construct into gateway binary vector pK7WG2D. Following Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation of tobacco explants; integration and expression of constructs in hairy roots were confirmed by several tests at DNA, RNA and protein levels. The amount of intracellular rhEPO from hairy root cultures with cal signal peptide was measured up to 66.75 ng g-1 of total soluble protein. The presence of the ER signal peptide (cal) was essential for the secretion of rhEPO into the spent medium; no protein was detected from hairy root cultures without ER signal peptide. The addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone enhanced the stabilization of secreted rhEPO leading to a 5.6 fold increase to a maximum concentration of 185.48 pg rhEPOHR g-1 FW hairy root cultures. The rhizo-secreted rhEPO was separated by HPLC and its biological activity was confirmed by testing distinct parameters for proliferation and survival in retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE). In addition, the rhEPO was detected to an amount 14.8 ng g-1 of total soluble leaf protein in transgenic T0 generation plantlets regenerated from hairy root cultures with cal signal peptide.

The Noradrenergic System of Aged GDNF Heterozygous Mice

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a trophic factor for noradrenergic (NE) neurons of the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). Decreased function of the LC-NE neurons has been found during normal aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously shown that GDNF participates in the differentiation of LC-NE neurons during development. However, the continued role of GDNF for LC-NE neurons during maturation and aging has not been addressed. We examined alterations in aged mice that were heterozygous for the GDNF gene (Gdnf+/–). Wild-type (Gdnf+/+) and Gdnf+/– mice (18 months old) were tested for locomotor activity and brain tissues were collected for measuring norepinephrine levels and uptake, as well as for morphological analysis. Spontaneous locomotion was reduced in Gdnf+/– mice in comparison with Gdnf+/+ mice. The reduced locomotor activity of Gdnf +/– mice was accompanied by reductions in NE transporter activity in the cerebellum and brain stem as well as decreased norepinephrine tissue levels in the LC. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining demonstrated morphological alterations of LC-NE cell bodies and abnormal TH-positive fibers in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and frontal cortex of Gdnf+/– mice. These findings suggest that the LC-NE system of Gdnf+/– mice is impaired and suggest that GDNF plays an important role in continued maintenance of this neuronal system throughout life.

Unraveling the inhibition mechanism of cyanidin-3-sophoroside on polyphenol oxidase and its effect on enzymatic browning of apples

The hunt for anti-browning agents in the food and agricultural industries aims to minimize nutritional loss and prolong post harvest storage. In the present study, the effect of cyanidin-3-sophoroside (CS) from Garcinia mangostana rind, on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was investigated. The non-competitive inhibition mode of CS was determined by Lineweaver Burk plot. CS forms a ground-state complex by quenching the intrinsic fluorescence of PPO. The static quenching was temperature-dependent with an activation energy of 4.654±0.1091kJmol^-1 to withstand the disruption of amino acid residues of the enzyme binding site. The enzyme conformational change was validated by 3D fluorescence and CD spectrum. Docking (binding energy -8.124kcal/mol) and simulation studies confirmed the binding pattern and stability. CS decreased PPO activity and browning index of fresh cut apples and prolonged the shelf life. Thus, CS appears to be a promising anti-browning agent to control enzymatic browning.

Differential Diagnosis of Malaria on Truelab Uno®, a Portable, Real-Time, MicroPCR Device for Point-Of-Care Applications

Background

Sensitive and specific detection of malarial parasites is crucial in controlling the significant malaria burden in the developing world. Also important is being able to identify life threatening Plasmodium falciparum malaria quickly and accurately to reduce malaria related mortality. Existing methods such as microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have major shortcomings. Here, we describe a new real-time PCR-based diagnostic test device at point-of-care service for resource-limited settings.

Methods

Truenat^® Malaria, a chip-based microPCR test, was developed by bigtec Labs, Bangalore, India, for differential identification of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites. The Truenat Malaria tests runs on bigtec’s Truelab Uno^® microPCR device, a handheld, battery operated, and easy-to-use real-time microPCR device. The performance of Truenat^® Malaria was evaluated versus the WHO nested PCR protocol. The Truenat^® Malaria was further evaluated in a triple-blinded study design using a sample panel of 281 specimens created from the clinical samples characterized by expert microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test kit by the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR). A comparative evaluation was done on the Truelab Uno^® and a commercial real-time PCR system.

Results

The limit of detection of the Truenat Malaria assay was found to be <5 parasites/μl for both P. falciparum and P. vivax. The Truenat^® Malaria test was found to have sensitivity and specificity of 100% each, compared to the WHO nested PCR protocol based on the evaluation of 100 samples. The sensitivity using expert microscopy as the reference standard was determined to be around 99.3% (95% CI: 95.5–99.9) at the species level. Mixed infections were identified more accurately by Truenat Malaria (32 samples identified as mixed) versus expert microscopy and RDTs which detected 4 and 5 mixed samples, respectively.

Conclusion

The Truenat^® Malaria microPCR test is a valuable diagnostic tool and implementation should be considered not only for malaria diagnosis but also for active surveillance and epidemiological intervention.

Shedding and infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after experimental infection

The objective of this study was to determine the amount and infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions following experimental infection. Fecal, oral and nasal swabs and blood were collected at regular intervals until 69 days post-inoculation (DPI) from five PCV2-experimentally inoculated pigs (Trial 1). To assess the infectivity of the PCV2 present in excretions, secretions, and on a hypodermic needle, 26 PCV2-naïve pigs (Trial 2) were inoculated with various samples obtained from Trial 1 pigs. In Trial 1, PCV2 DNA was detected in all sample types by 69 DPI. There were no differences in the amount of PCV2 DNA present in different sample types over time. In Trial 2, intraperitoneal inoculation with contaminated fecal, nasal and oral samples; intranasal inoculation of nasal secretions; and feces fed to naïve animals resulted in viremia and seroconversion. Viremia and microscopic lesions were noted in one animal injected using a contaminated needle. In conclusion, experimental PCV2 exposure results in a long term infection. PCV2 is shed in similar amounts by nasal, oral and fecal routes and is infectious to naïve pigs confirming that multiple routes of transmission are likely important in spread of PCV2 between pigs.

Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on dopaminergic function and motor behavior during aging

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critical in synaptic plasticity and in the survival and function of midbrain dopamine neurons. In this study, we assessed the effects of a partial genetic deletion of BDNF on motor function and dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter measures by comparing Bdnf(+/-) with wildtype mice (WT) at different ages. Bdnf(+/-) and WT mice had similar body weights until 12 months of age; however, at 21 months, Bdnf(+/-) mice were significantly heavier than WT mice. Horizontal and vertical motor activity was reduced for Bdnf(+/-) compared to WT mice, but was not influenced by age. Performance on an accelerating rotarod declined with age for both genotypes and was exacerbated for Bdnf(+/-) mice. Body weight did not correlate with any of the three behavioral measures studied. Dopamine neurotransmitter markers indicated no genotypic difference in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, DA transporter (DAT) or vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) immunoreactivity at any age. However, DA transport via DAT (starting at 12 months) and VMAT2 (starting at 3 months) as well as KCl-stimulated DA release were reduced in Bdnf(+/-) mice and declined with age suggesting an increasingly important role for BDNF in the release and uptake of DA with the aging process. These findings suggest that a BDNF expression deficit becomes more critical to dopaminergic dynamics and related behavioral activities with increasing age.

Performance measures of surgeon-performed colonoscopy in a Veterans Affairs medical center

BACKGROUND

Quality indicators are increasingly emphasized in the performance of colonoscopy. This study aimed to determine the standard of care rendered by surgeon-endoscopists in a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center by evaluating the indications for colonoscopy and outcome performance measures according to established quality indicators for colonoscopy.

METHODS

A prospective standardized computer endoscopic reporting database (ProVation MD) was retrospectively reviewed. All colonoscopies performed by attending surgeons at the San Diego VA medical center between 1 January 2004 and 31 July 2007 were included in the study. Patients with charts that had incomplete reporting were excluded. The quality indicators used included the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) criteria for colorectal cancer screening, the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines for postcancer resection surveillance, and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopists (ASGE) quality indicators for colonoscopy.

RESULTS

The data for 558 patients (96% men) were analyzed. The average patient age was 63 years (range, 25-93 years). Almost all the colonoscopies (99%) were performed in accordance with established criteria. The most common indications for colonoscopy were screening (n = 143, 26%), non-acute gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 127, 23%), polyp surveillance (n = 100, 18%), postcancer resection surveillance (n = 91, 17%), abdominal pain (n = 19, 4%), and anemia (n = 14, 3%). Postcancer resection surveillance colonoscopies were performed according to recommended criteria in 98% of the cases. The cecal intubation rate was 97%, and the overall adenoma detection rate was 26%. Two patients (<1%) experienced complications requiring intervention.

CONCLUSION

The study data indicate that surgeon-performed colonoscopies meet standard quality criteria for indications and performance measures. The authors therefore conclude that surgeon-endoscopists demonstrate proficiency in the standard of care for colonoscopy examinations.

Effect of natural or vaccine-induced porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) immunity on fetal infection after artificial insemination with PCV2 spiked semen

The objectives of this study were to determine if vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) or previous PCV2 infection of the dam are sufficient to prevent fetal infection when dams are artificially inseminated with PCV2-spiked semen. Nine sows (Sus domestica) were allocated into three groups of three dams each: The PCV2 naïve negative control Group 1 was artificially inseminated with extended PCV2 DNA negative semen during estrus, whereas the extended semen used in the vaccinated Group 2 (PCV2 vaccine was given 8 wk before insemination) and PCV2-exposed Group 3 (infected with PCV2 12 wk before insemination) was spiked with 5 mL of PCV2 inoculum with a titer of 10(4.2) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) per milliliter at each breeding. The dams in the vaccinated and PCV2-exposed groups were positive for PCV2 antibody but negative for PCV2 DNA in serum at the time of insemination. Three negative control dams, two vaccinated dams, and three dams with previous PCV2 exposure became pregnant and maintained pregnancy to term. After artificial insemination, viremia was detected in one of three vaccinated dams and in two of three dams with previous PCV2 exposure. At farrowing, PCV2 infection was not detected in any piglets or fetuses expelled from the negative control dams or from dams with previous PCV2 exposure. In litters of the vaccinated dams, 15 of 24 live-born piglets were PCV2 viremic at birth, with 6 of 26 fetuses having detectable PCV2 antigen in tissues. In conclusion, vaccine-induced immunity did not prevent fetal infection in this sow model using semen spiked with PCV2.

Reproductive failure experimentally induced in sows via artificial insemination with semen spiked with porcine circovirus type 2

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with reproductive failure in female pigs. However, the association of PCV2-positive semen in the pathogenesis has not been elucidated. The objectives of this study were to determine whether semen spiked with PCV2 causes infection in PCV2-naïve, mature female pigs and whether delivery of PCV2 via artificial insemination causes reproductive failure or fetal infection. Nine sows were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 3 sows each and artificially inseminated with PCV2 DNA-negative semen (group 1), PCV2 DNA-negative semen spiked with PCV2a (group 2), or PCV2b (group 3). All sows in groups 2 and 3 developed PCV2 viremia 7 to 14 days after insemination. None of the group 2 sows became pregnant, whereas all group 3 sows (3/3) farrowed at the expected date. At parturition, presuckle serum samples were collected, and live-born piglets, stillborn fetuses, and mummified fetuses were necropsied. All live-born piglets (n = 8) in group 3 were PCV2 viremic at birth. Stillborn fetuses (n = 2) had gross lesions of congestive heart failure. Mummified fetuses (n = 25) varied in crown-rump length from 7 to 27 cm, indicating fetal death between 42 and 105 days of gestation. PCV2 antigen was detected in the myocardium by immunohistochemistry of 7/8 (88%) live-born piglets, 2/2 (100%) of the stillborn fetuses, and 25/25 (100%) of the mummified fetuses. In addition, 4/25 mummified fetuses had PCV2 antigen associated with smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The results of this study indicate that intrauterine administration of PCV2 causes reproductive failure in naïve sows.

The psychostimulant d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate binds as an agonist to the 5HT(1A) receptor

The present study was undertaken to determine whether d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate (MPH) was exerting binding activity as an agonist or antagonist of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors. [35S]guanosine5'[gamma-thio]triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding assay and field-stimulated Guinea pig ileum assay were used to determine 5-HT(1A) receptor agonism and antagonism activity of d-threo-(R,R)-MPH. The results suggested d-threo-(R,R)-MPH induced 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist activity at 100 microM. The Guinea pig ileum functional assay showed that d-threo-(R,R)-MPH produced agonist-like reduction of neurogenic twitch with an EC50 5.65 +/- 0.36 microM. At 30 microM concentrations, d-threo-(R,R)-MPH produced 171 +/- 4.24% of the relaxation relative to that caused by 0.12 microM 8-OH-DPAT. However, d-threo-(R,R)-MPH exhibited no significant pharmacological activity in rat stomach fundus 5-HT(2B) receptor functional assay. Thus, d-threo-(R,R)-MPH appears to act as a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist in vitro. It is speculated that the activation of 5-HT(1A) receptor might play a partial role in d-threo-(R,R)-MPH mediated dopamine (DA) release in the brain.

Differences in virulence among porcine circovirus type 2 isolates are unrelated to cluster type 2a or 2b and prior infection provides heterologous protection

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is divided into two genetic clusters designated PCV2a and PCV2b. The objectives of this study were to determine whether isolates from different clusters vary in virulence and to determine whether infection with PCV2a isolates induces protective immunity against subsequent infection with a recent PCV2b isolate. One-hundred and thirteen conventional specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups and rooms: pigs inoculated with PCV2a cluster isolates (ISU-40895 or ISU-4838), pigs inoculated with PCV2b cluster isolates (NC-16845 or Can-17639) and uninoculated pigs. Necropsies were performed at 16 or 51 days post-inoculation (p.i.). There were no significant differences in PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions between PCV2a and PCV2b clusters; however, within the same cluster, significant differences were found between isolates: ISU-4838- and Can-17639-inoculated pigs had significantly (P<0.05) less severe lesions compared with ISU-40895- and NC-16845-inoculated pigs. To evaluate cross-protection, six pigs within each group were challenged at 35 days p.i. with an isolate from the heterologous cluster and were necropsied 51 days p.i. The severity of PCV2-associated lesions was reduced in pigs with prior exposure to an isolate from the heterologous cluster in comparison with singly inoculated pigs. Results indicate that the virulence of PCV2a and PCV2b isolates is not different in the conventional SPF pig model; however, the virulence of isolates within the same cluster differs. Increased virulence as reported to be associated with PCV2b isolates in the field was not observed under the conditions of this study. Moreover, cross-protection between PCV2a and PCV2b exists.

Optimization of the use of C57BL/6 mice as a laboratory animal model for Neospora caninum vaccine studies

The development and testing of vaccines for Neospora caninum in mice require challenge studies to demonstrate a reduction in clinical signs or prevention of vertical transmission of the parasite after vaccination. Genetic susceptibility to N. caninum varies with the strain of mice. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were evaluated as a model for Neospora vaccine studies. A lethal challenge model was developed and the LD(50) was determined to be 1.5 x 10(7)N. caninum tachyzoites/mouse, delivered intraperitoneally. Brain lesions encountered in sections from sub-lethally challenged mice were scored on the basis of severity and total number of lesions to develop a histopathological scoring system for vaccine efficacy. A vertical transmission model for N. caninum vaccine studies was developed by studying mice that were infected either 2 weeks prior to mating or between days 12 and 14 of pregnancy. It was found that infection prior to mating reduced the average number of pups per litter. DNA extracted from fetal tissue was examined by a N. caninum specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The rate of vertical transmission was 0, 100 and 90.5% for the uninfected controls, mice infected during pregnancy and mice infected before mating, respectively. This study demonstrates that the C57BL/6 strain of mice is a good model for N. caninum vaccine studies because it is possible to establish a clear-cut lethal challenge model in C57BL/6 mice and they transmit the disease to their offspring efficiently.

Desulfosporosinus lacus sp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from pristine freshwater lake sediments

A novel sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from pristine sediments of Lake Stechlin, Germany. This strain, STP12T, was found to contain predominantlyc-type cytochromes and to reduce sulfate, sulfite and thiosulfate using lactate as an electron donor. Although STP12Tcould not utilize elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor, it could support growth by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. In a comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences, STP12Twas 96.7 % similar toDesulfosporosinus auripigmentiDSM 13351T, 96.5 % similar toDesulfosporosinus meridieiDSM 13257Tand 96.4 % similar toDesulfosporosinus orientisDSM 765T. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed that strain STP12Tshows only 32 % reassociation with the type strain of the type species of the genus,D. orientisDSM 765T. These data, considered in conjunction with strain-specific differences in heavy metal tolerance, cell-wall chemotaxonomy and riboprint patterns, support recognition of strain STP12T(=DSM 15449T=JCM 12239T) as the type strain of a distinct and novel species within the genusDesulfosporosinus,Desulfosporosinus lacussp. nov.

Vaccination with gamma-irradiated Neospora caninum tachyzoites protects mice against acute challenge with N. caninum

Neospora caninum, an apicomplexan parasite, is a leading cause of bovine abortions worldwide. The efficacy of gamma-irradiated N. caninum strain NC-1 tachyzoites as a vaccine for neosporosis was assessed in C57BL6 mice. A dose of 528 Gy of gamma irradiation was sufficient to arrest replication but not host cell penetration by tachyzoites. Female C57BL6 mice were vaccinated with two intraperitoneal inoculations of 1 x 10(6) irradiated tachyzoites at 4-wk intervals. When stimulated with N. caninum tachyzoite lysates, splenocytes of vaccinated mice, cultured 5 and 10 wk after vaccination, secreted significant (P<0.05) levels of interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, and small amounts of IL-4. Antibody isotype-specific ELISA of sera from vaccinated mice exhibited both IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes of antibodies. Vaccinated mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(7)N. caninum tachyzoites. All vaccinated mice remained healthy and showed no obvious signs of neosporosis up to the 25th day post-challenge when the study was terminated. All unvaccinated control mice died within 1 wk of infection. Gamma-irradiated N. caninum tachyzoites can serve as an effective, attenuated vaccine for N. caninum.

The noradrenergic system of aged GDNF heterozygous mice

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a trophic factor for noradrenergic (NE) neurons of the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). Decreased function of the LC-NE neurons has been found during normal aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously shown that GDNF participates in the differentiation of LC-NE neurons during development. However, the continued role of GDNF for LC-NE neurons during maturation and aging has not been addressed. We examined alterations in aged mice that were heterozygous for the GDNF gene (Gdnf+/-). Wild-type (Gdnf+/+) and Gdnf+/- mice (18 months old) were tested for locomotor activity and brain tissues were collected for measuring norepinephrine levels and uptake, as well as for morphological analysis. Spontaneous locomotion was reduced in Gdnf+/- mice in comparison with Gdnf+/+ mice. The reduced locomotor activity of Gdnf+/- mice was accompanied by reductions in NE transporter activity in the cerebellum and brain stem as well as decreased norepinephrine tissue levels in the LC. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining demonstrated morphological alterations of LC-NE cell bodies and abnormal TH-positive fibers in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and frontal cortex of Gdnf+/- mice. These findings suggest that the LC-NE system of Gdnf+/- mice is impaired and suggest that GDNF plays an important role in continued maintenance of this neuronal system throughout life.

Functional role of protein kinase B/Akt in gastric acid secretion

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates gastric acid secretion and H(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression. Because EGF activates the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt, we explored the role of Akt in gastric acid secretion. Akt phosphorylation and activation were measured by kinase assays and by Western blots with an anti-phospho-Akt antibody, using lysates of purified (>95%) canine gastric parietal cells in primary culture. EGF induced Akt phosphorylation and activation, whereas carbachol had no effect. LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, completely blocked EGF induction of Akt phosphorylation, whereas the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 and the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X had no effect. We examined the role of Akt in H(+)/K(+)-ATPase gene expression by Northern blotting using a canine H(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit cDNA probe. The parietal cells were transduced with a multiplicity of infection of 100 of the adenoviral vector Ad.Myr-Akt, which overexpresses a constitutively active Akt gene, or with the control vector Ad.CMV-beta-gal, which expresses beta-galactosidase. Ad.Myr-Akt induced H(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression 3-fold, whereas it failed to stimulate the gene cyclooxygenase-2, which was potently induced by carbachol in the same parietal cells. Ad.Myr-Akt induced aminopyrine uptake 4-fold, and it potentiated the stimulatory action of carbachol 3-fold. In contrast, Ad.Myr-Akt failed to induce changes in either parietal cell actin content, measured by Western blots with an anti-actin antibody or in the organization of the actin cellular cytoskeleton, visualized by fluorescein phalloidin staining and confocal microscopy. Transduction of the parietal cells with a multiplicity of infection of 100 of the adenoviral vector Ad.dom.neg.Akt, which overexpresses an inhibitor of Akt, blocked the stimulatory effect of EGF on both aminopyrine uptake and H(+)/K(+)-ATPase production, measured by Western blots with an anti-H(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit antibody. Thus, EGF induces a cascade of events in the parietal cells that results in the activation of Akt. The functional role of Akt appears to be stimulation of gastric acid secretion through induction of H(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression.

The state of the serotonin transporter protein in the platelets of patients with somatoform [correction of somatiform] disorders

The role of the serotonin transporter protein (STP) in the development of somatoform [corrected] disorders was addressed in a correlational study of the levels of immunoreactive STP (IR-STP) using site-specific antibodies against the least conserved (among a group of other cotransporters) epitope at the C-terminal of STP and the level of anxiety symptoms in patients with somatoform [corrected] disorders. A total of 22 patients were studied, with DSM-IV diagnoses of somatoform [corrected] disorders, along with 32 mentally healthy subjects of comparable age and sex. Immunoblotting of IR-STP from patients from healthy donors produced a diffuse band between 68 and 105 kDal and a clear narrow band at 43 kDal. The 43-kDal IR-STP protein was almost completely absent from most patients, as compared with the levels of this protein in healthy donors. This result suggests an abnormality of STP processing or, perhaps, alternative splicing of the gene encoding STP in patients with somatoform [corrected] disorders, and this appears to reflect the dysfunction in serotoninergic transmission in the CNS in these patients.