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Chauhan S, Woods AD, Bharathy N, Lian X, Ricker CA, Mantz A, Zuercher WJ, Price LH, Morton MJ, Durrant E, Corbel SY, Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Joslin J, Keller C. Structure-activity relationship of dihydropyridines for rhabdomyosarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 667:138-145. [PMID: 37224633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Childhood muscle-related cancer rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare disease with a 50-year unmet clinical need for the patients presented with advanced disease. The rarity of ∼350 cases per year in North America generally diminishes the viability of large-scale, pharmaceutical industry driven drug development efforts for rhabdomyosarcoma. In this study, we performed a large-scale screen of 640,000 compounds to identify the dihydropyridine (DHP) class of anti-hypertensives as a priority compound hit. A structure-activity relationship was uncovered with increasing cell growth inhibition as side chain length increases at the ortho and para positions of the parent DHP molecule. Growth inhibition was consistent across n = 21 rhabdomyosarcoma cell line models. Anti-tumor activity in vitro was paralleled by studies in vivo. The unexpected finding was that the action of DHPs appears to be other than on the DHP receptor (i.e., L-type voltage-gated calcium channel). These findings provide the basis of a medicinal chemistry program to develop dihydropyridine derivatives that retain anti-rhabdomyosarcoma activity without anti-hypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chauhan
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.
| | - Andrew D Woods
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Narendra Bharathy
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Xiaolei Lian
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Cora A Ricker
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Amy Mantz
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - William J Zuercher
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Lisa H Price
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Michael J Morton
- ApconiX Ltd, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Eric Durrant
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John Joslin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.
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2
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Ho ATV, Corbel SY, Millstone JD, Lamb J, Walker J, Kinzel B, Schmedt C, Blau HM. Induction of muscle stem cell quiescence by the secreted niche factor Oncostatin M. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1531. [PMID: 29670077 PMCID: PMC5906564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between stem cell quiescence and proliferation in skeletal muscle is tightly controlled, but perturbed in a variety of disease states. Despite progress in identifying activators of stem cell proliferation, the niche factor(s) responsible for quiescence induction remain unclear. Here we report an in vivo imaging-based screen which identifies Oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines, as a potent inducer of muscle stem cell (MuSC, satellite cell) quiescence. OSM is produced by muscle fibers, induces reversible MuSC cell cycle exit, and maintains stem cell regenerative capacity as judged by serial transplantation. Conditional OSM receptor deletion in satellite cells leads to stem cell depletion and impaired regeneration following injury. These results identify Oncostatin M as a secreted niche factor responsible for quiescence induction, and for the first time establish a direct connection between induction of quiescence, stemness, and transplantation potential in solid organ stem cells. The factors that mediate quiescence of muscle stem cells are unknown. The authors show that Oncostatin M is produced by skeletal muscle, suppresses stem cell proliferation, and that its deletion in muscle results in stem cell depletion and impaired muscle regeneration following injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath C Sampath
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Srihari C Sampath
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Andrew T V Ho
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joshua D Millstone
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John Lamb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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3
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Zhang Q, Vashisht AA, O'Rourke J, Corbel SY, Moran R, Romero A, Miraglia L, Zhang J, Durrant E, Schmedt C, Sampath SC, Sampath SC. The microprotein Minion controls cell fusion and muscle formation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15664. [PMID: 28569745 PMCID: PMC5461507 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence has pointed to the existence of small open reading frame (smORF)-encoded microproteins in mammals, their function remains to be determined. Skeletal muscle development requires fusion of mononuclear progenitors to form multinucleated myotubes, a critical but poorly understood process. Here we report the identification of Minion (microprotein inducer of fusion), a smORF encoding an essential skeletal muscle specific microprotein. Myogenic progenitors lacking Minion differentiate normally but fail to form syncytial myotubes, and Minion-deficient mice die perinatally and demonstrate a marked reduction in fused muscle fibres. The fusogenic activity of Minion is conserved in the human orthologue, and co-expression of Minion and the transmembrane protein Myomaker is sufficient to induce cellular fusion accompanied by rapid cytoskeletal rearrangement, even in non-muscle cells. These findings establish Minion as a novel microprotein required for muscle development, and define a two-component programme for the induction of mammalian cell fusion. Moreover, these data also significantly expand the known functions of smORF-encoded microproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ajay A Vashisht
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jason O'Rourke
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rita Moran
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Angelica Romero
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Loren Miraglia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Eric Durrant
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103, USA
| | - Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103, USA
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4
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Ramunas J, Yakubov E, Brady JJ, Corbel SY, Holbrook C, Brandt M, Stein J, Santiago JG, Cooke JP, Blau HM. Transient delivery of modified mRNA encoding TERT rapidly extends telomeres in human cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:1930-9. [PMID: 25614443 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomere extension has been proposed as a means to improve cell culture and tissue engineering and to treat disease. However, telomere extension by nonviral, nonintegrating methods remains inefficient. Here we report that delivery of modified mRNA encoding TERT to human fibroblasts and myoblasts increases telomerase activity transiently (24-48 h) and rapidly extends telomeres, after which telomeres resume shortening. Three successive transfections over a 4 d period extended telomeres up to 0.9 kb in a cell type-specific manner in fibroblasts and myoblasts and conferred an additional 28 ± 1.5 and 3.4 ± 0.4 population doublings (PDs), respectively. Proliferative capacity increased in a dose-dependent manner. The second and third transfections had less effect on proliferative capacity than the first, revealing a refractory period. However, the refractory period was transient as a later fourth transfection increased fibroblast proliferative capacity by an additional 15.2 ± 1.1 PDs, similar to the first transfection. Overall, these treatments led to an increase in absolute cell number of more than 10(12)-fold. Notably, unlike immortalized cells, all treated cell populations eventually stopped increasing in number and expressed senescence markers to the same extent as untreated cells. This rapid method of extending telomeres and increasing cell proliferative capacity without risk of insertional mutagenesis should have broad utility in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ramunas
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eduard Yakubov
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Colin Holbrook
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Moritz Brandt
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Stein
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Juan G Santiago
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- *Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; SpectraCell Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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5
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Chu J, Haynes RD, Corbel SY, Li P, González-González E, Burg JS, Ataie NJ, Lam AJ, Cranfill PJ, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Ng HL, Garcia KC, Contag CH, Shen K, Blau HM, Lin MZ. Non-invasive intravital imaging of cellular differentiation with a bright red-excitable fluorescent protein. Nat Methods 2014; 11:572-8. [PMID: 24633408 PMCID: PMC4008650 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for non-invasive visualization of genetically labeled cells in animal disease models with micrometer-level resolution would greatly facilitate development of cell-based therapies. Imaging of fluorescent proteins (FPs) using red excitation light in the 'optical window' above 600 nm is one potential method for visualizing implanted cells. However, previous efforts to engineer FPs with peak excitation beyond 600 nm have resulted in undesirable reductions in brightness. Here we report three new red-excitable monomeric FPs obtained by structure-guided mutagenesis of mNeptune. Two of these, mNeptune2 and mNeptune2.5, demonstrate improved maturation and brighter fluorescence than mNeptune, whereas the third, mCardinal, has a red-shifted excitation spectrum without reduction in brightness. We show that mCardinal can be used to non-invasively and longitudinally visualize the differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes in living mice with high anatomical detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chu
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Russell D Haynes
- 1] Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- 1] Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emilio González-González
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John S Burg
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Niloufar J Ataie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Amy J Lam
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paula J Cranfill
- 1] Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle A Baird
- 1] Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- 1] Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ho-Leung Ng
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. [2] University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christopher H Contag
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- 1] Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [3] Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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6
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Larrivée B, Niessen K, Pollet I, Corbel SY, Long M, Rossi FM, Olive PL, Karsan A. Minimal contribution of marrow-derived endothelial precursors to tumor vasculature. J Immunol 2005; 175:2890-9. [PMID: 16116175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, vascular and hemopoietic cells originate from a common precursor, the hemangioblast. Recent evidence suggests the existence of endothelial precursors in adult bone marrow cells, but it is unclear whether those precursors have a role in tumor neovascularization. In this report, we demonstrate that murine bone marrow contains endothelial progenitors, which arise from a cell with self-renewing capacity, and can integrate into tumor microvasculature, albeit at a very low frequency. A transgenic double-reporter strategy allowed us to demonstrate definitively that tumor bone marrow-derived endothelial cells arise by transdifferentiation of marrow progenitors rather than by cell fusion. Single cell transplants showed that a common precursor contributes to both the hemopoietic and endothelial lineages, thus demonstrating the presence of an adult hemangioblast. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A secretion by tumor cells, as well as activation of VEGF receptor-2 in bone marrow cells does not alter the mobilization and incorporation of marrow-derived endothelial progenitors into tumor vasculature. Finally, in human umbilical cord blood cells, we show that endothelial precursors make up only approximately 1 in 10(7) mononuclear cells but are highly enriched in the CD133+ cell population. By ruling out cell fusion, we clearly demonstrate the existence of an adult hemangioblast, but the differentiation of marrow stem cells toward the endothelial lineage is an extremely rare event. Furthermore, we show that VEGF-A stimulation of hemopoietic cells does not significantly alter this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Larrivée
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Abstract
The capability of bone marrow derived cells to contribute to numerous peripheral tissues may hold tremendous promise for the field of regenerative medicine. In the context of skeletal muscle disease in particular, the ability of these cells to reach sites of damage through the circulation would overcome some key limitations of current cell therapy approaches. In muscle however, this non-classical repair process takes place at an exceedingly low frequency and fails to yield any measurable functional improvement. Recent advances regarding the cell types or mechanisms involved in this phenomenon may now provide direction for strategies aimed at increasing its efficiency to therapeutic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Long
- The Biomedical Research Center, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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8
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Merzaban JS, Zuccolo J, Corbel SY, Williams MJ, Ziltener HJ. An Alternate Core 2 β1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Selectively Contributes to P-Selectin Ligand Formation in Activated CD8 T Cells. J Immunol 2005; 174:4051-9. [PMID: 15778363 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Core 2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GlcNAcT) synthesizes essential core 2 O-glycans on selectin ligands, which mediate cell-cell adhesion required for lymphocyte trafficking. Although gene-deletion studies have implicated C2GlcNAcT-I in controlling selectin ligand-mediated cell trafficking, little is known about the role of the two other core 2 isoenzymes, C2GlcNAcT-II and C2GlcNAcT-III. We show that C2GlcNAcT-I-independent P-selectin ligand formation occurs in activated C2GlcNAcT-I(null) CD8 T cells. These CD8 T cells were capable of rolling under shear flow on immobilized P-selectin in a P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis identified significant levels of C2GlcNAcT-III RNA, identifying this enzyme as a possible source of core 2 enzyme activity. Up-regulation of P-selectin ligand correlated with altered cell surface binding of the core 2-sensitive mAb 1B11, indicating that CD43 and CD45 are also physiological targets for this alternate C2GlcNAcT enzyme. Furthermore, C2GlcNAcT-I-independent P-selectin ligand induction was observed in an in vivo model. HY(tg) CD8 T cells from C2GlcNAcT-I(null) donors transferred into male recipients expressed P-selectin ligand in response to male Ag, although at reduced levels compared with wild-type HY(tg) CD8 T cells. Our data demonstrate that multiple C2GlcNAcT enzymes can contribute to P-selectin ligand formation and may cooperate with C2GlcNAcT-I in the control of CD8 T cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeen S Merzaban
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Corbel SY, Lee A, Yi L, Duenas J, Brazelton TR, Blau HM, Rossi FMV. Contribution of hematopoietic stem cells to skeletal muscle. Nat Med 2003; 9:1528-32. [PMID: 14625543 DOI: 10.1038/nm959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells from adult bone marrow participate in the regeneration of damaged skeletal myofibers. However, the relationship of these cells with the various hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types found in bone marrow is still unclear. Here we show that the progeny of a single cell can both reconstitute the hematopoietic system and contribute to muscle regeneration. Integration of bone marrow cells into myofibers occurs spontaneously at low frequency and increases with muscle damage. Thus, classically defined single hematopoietic stem cells can give rise to both blood and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Y Corbel
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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10
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Abstract
In June this year, the tetracycline-regulated gene expression system (tet system) celebrated its tenth "birthday". In the past ten years a continuous stream of changes made to the tet system's basic components has led to a remarkable improvement in its overall performance. It was not until this year, however, that the full benefits of these improvements became apparent. In particular, usage of the tet system is no longer limited to immortalized cell lines and transgenic animals. In this review, we will describe the obstacles encountered in delivering the tet system's components to primary cells and tissues as well as the methods now used to overcome them. We will also focus on a novel system that is conceptually similar but based on different antibiotic/transcription factor pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Y Corbel
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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11
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Carlow DA, Corbel SY, Williams MJ, Ziltener HJ. IL-2, -4, and -15 differentially regulate O-glycan branching and P-selectin ligand formation in activated CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2001; 167:6841-8. [PMID: 11739501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The glycosyltransferase core 2 beta1-6 N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (C2GnT1 or C2GlcNAcT1) is responsible for formation of branched structures on O-glycans present on cell surface glycoproteins. The O-glycan branch created by C2GnT1 is physiologically important insofar as only this structure can be extended and modified to yield P-selectin ligands that promote initial interactions between extravasating lymphocytes and endothelia. In mature T cells, C2GnT1 activity is thought to be induced as an intrinsic consequence of T cell activation. Through analysis of C2GnT1-dependent epitopes on CD43 and CD45RB we have found that in activated CD8(+) T cells expression of C2GnT1 was dependent upon exposure to specific cytokines rather than being induced as a direct consequence of activation. Activated CD8(+) cells became receptive to strong induction of C2GnT1 expression and P-selectin ligand expression in response to IL-2, moderate induction by IL-15, and minimal induction in response to IL-4. Our observations clarify the relationship between T cell activation and C2GnT1 expression, demonstrate the differential impact of distinct cytokines on expression of C2GnT1 activity and P-selectin ligand, and reinforce the concept that the cytokine milieu subsequent to activation can influence adhesion systems that dictate lymphocyte homing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Carlow
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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12
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Abstract
Genetic elimination of CD43 has been associated with increased T cell adhesiveness and T cell hyperresponsiveness to mitogens and alloantigens. Therefore, we investigated whether T cell development was perturbed in CD43-deficient mice by breeding CD43(null) mice with male Ag (Hy)-specific TCR-transgenic mice. Neither positive nor negative thymic selection of male Ag-specific T cells were affected by CD43 status. Furthermore, we did not observe a substantial or consistent hyperresponsive pattern in HY-CD43(null) lymph node cells compared with littermate HY-CD43(+/-) lymph node cells upon analysis of in vitro T cell stimulation with male Ag or mitogen. These observations challenged original conclusions associating absence of CD43 with T cell hyperresponsiveness and led us to re-examine this association. Reported phenotypes of CD43(null) mice have been based on mice with a mixed 129xC57BL/6 genetic background. To exclude a possible influence of genetic background differences among individual mice we analyzed CD43(null) littermates that had been back-bred onto the C57BL/6 background for seven to eight generations. We found that CD43(+) and CD43(null) littermates with the C57BL/6 background exhibited no differences in response to mitogen or alloantigen, thereby establishing that T cell hyperresponsiveness is not a general correlate of CD43 absence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Female
- H-Y Antigen/biosynthesis
- H-Y Antigen/genetics
- Leukosialin
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Sex Factors
- Sialoglycoproteins/deficiency
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Carlow
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Fellinger WJ, Barran P, Merkens H, Corbel SY, Ziltener HJ. In vivo overexpression of Core2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase prevents repopulation of the bone marrow with colony forming cells but fails to affect normal T cell development. J Cell Physiol 1998; 176:350-8. [PMID: 9648922 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199808)176:2<350::aid-jcp13>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc:Galbet1 --> 3GalNAc-R beta1 --> 6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Core2 N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase, C2GnT; EC 2.4.1.102) forms beta1 --> 6N-acetyl-glucosaminyl linkages in O-glycoproteins and creates branches for the addition of N-acetyl-lactosamine antennae. Changes in C2GnT activity have been associated with immune disorders, malignancies, and T-cell ontogeny. In this study, we used SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) mice to determine the effects of C2GnT overexpression on hemopoiesis, and in particular, on thymocyte development. BALB/c bone marrow cells transfected with C2GnT using the retroviral murine stem cell vector were used to repopulate SCID mice. Mice were analysed 3 weeks to 3 months after bone marrow transfer. Elevated levels of C2GnT activity in bone marrow, spleen, and thymus from mice repopulated with C2GnT transfected bone marrow cells indicated that C2GnT was overexpressed in recipient mice. In C2GnT repopulated mice, up to 50% of T cells showed an increase in CD43 130-kDa expression, compared with T cells from control animals, indicative of an elevated C2GnT activity in these cells. Furthermore, T-cell subset numbers appeared to be normal, suggesting that C2GnT overexpression did not alter T-cell ontogeny. Interestingly, C2GnT overexpression negatively affected the repopulation of myeloid cells. Only insignificant numbers of interleukin-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (IL-3/GM-CSF) responsive bone marrow cells were found to be retrovirally transfected in C2GnT repopulated mice, whereas up to 50% of IL-3/GM-CSF responsive bone marrow cells were found to be retrovirally transfected in corresponding controls. These data indicate that in vivo overexpression of C2GnT negatively interferes with the myeloid differentiation pathway but does not affect T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fellinger
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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