1
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Barrow AD, Cella M, Edeling MA, Khan MAAK, Cervantes-Barragan L, Bugatti M, Schmedt C, Vermi W, Colonna M. Cutting Edge: PDGF-DD Binding to NKp44 Costimulates TLR9 Signaling and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2024; 212:369-374. [PMID: 38117750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
NKp44 is a human receptor originally found on activated NK cells, group 1 and group 3 innate lymphoid cells that binds dimers of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-DD). NKp44 is also expressed on tissue plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), but NKp44-PDGF-DD interaction on PDCs remains unstudied. Engagement of NKp44 with PDGF-DD in vitro enhanced PDC secretion of IFN-α, TNF, and IL-6 in response to the TLR9 ligand CpG-ODN, but not TLR7/8 ligands. In tissues, PDCs were found in close contact with PDGF-DD-expressing cells in the high endothelial venules and epithelium of tonsils, melanomas, and skin lesions infected with Molluscum contagiosum. Recombinant PDGF-DD enhanced the serum IFN-α response to systemic HSV-1 infection in a humanized mouse model. We conclude that NKp44 integrates with TLR9 signaling to enhance PDC cytokine production. These findings may have bearings for immune responses to TLR9-based adjuvants, therapy for tumors expressing PDGF-DD, and infections with DNA viruses that induce PDGF-DD expression to enhance viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Barrow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melissa Anne Edeling
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Md Abdullah-Al-Kamran Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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2
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Liu X, Wang H, Jiang Y, Zheng Q, Petrus M, Zhang M, Zheng S, Schmedt C, Dong X, Xiao B. STIM1 Thermosensitivity Defines the Optimal Preference Temperature for Warm Sensation in Mice. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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3
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Ting PY, Parker AE, Lee JS, Trussell C, Sharif O, Luna F, Federe G, Barnes SW, Walker JR, Vance J, Gao MY, Klock HE, Clarkson S, Russ C, Miraglia LJ, Cooke MP, Boitano AE, McNamara P, Lamb J, Schmedt C, Snead JL. Guide Swap enables genome-scale pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screening in human primary cells. Nat Methods 2018; 15:941-946. [PMID: 30297964 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 screening allows genome-wide interrogation of gene function. Currently, to achieve the high and uniform Cas9 expression desirable for screening, one needs to engineer stable and clonal Cas9-expressing cells-an approach that is not applicable in human primary cells. Guide Swap permits genome-scale pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screening in human primary cells by exploiting the unexpected finding that editing by lentivirally delivered, targeted guide RNAs (gRNAs) occurs efficiently when Cas9 is introduced in complex with nontargeting gRNA. We validated Guide Swap in depletion and enrichment screens in CD4+ T cells. Next, we implemented Guide Swap in a model of ex vivo hematopoiesis, and identified known and previously unknown regulators of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion. We anticipate that this platform will be broadly applicable to other challenging cell types, and thus will enable discovery in previously inaccessible but biologically relevant human primary cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y Ting
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Albert E Parker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Celgene, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Scott Lee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chris Trussell
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Orzala Sharif
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Luna
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Federe
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - S Whitney Barnes
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John R Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julie Vance
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mu-Yun Gao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heath E Klock
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Merck, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Clarkson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carsten Russ
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loren J Miraglia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Cooke
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Magenta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony E Boitano
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Magenta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John Lamb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Snead
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA.
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4
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Ho ATV, Corbel SY, Millstone JD, Lamb J, Walker J, Kinzel B, Schmedt C, Blau HM. Induction of muscle stem cell quiescence by the secreted niche factor Oncostatin M. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1531. [PMID: 29670077 PMCID: PMC5906564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between stem cell quiescence and proliferation in skeletal muscle is tightly controlled, but perturbed in a variety of disease states. Despite progress in identifying activators of stem cell proliferation, the niche factor(s) responsible for quiescence induction remain unclear. Here we report an in vivo imaging-based screen which identifies Oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines, as a potent inducer of muscle stem cell (MuSC, satellite cell) quiescence. OSM is produced by muscle fibers, induces reversible MuSC cell cycle exit, and maintains stem cell regenerative capacity as judged by serial transplantation. Conditional OSM receptor deletion in satellite cells leads to stem cell depletion and impaired regeneration following injury. These results identify Oncostatin M as a secreted niche factor responsible for quiescence induction, and for the first time establish a direct connection between induction of quiescence, stemness, and transplantation potential in solid organ stem cells. The factors that mediate quiescence of muscle stem cells are unknown. The authors show that Oncostatin M is produced by skeletal muscle, suppresses stem cell proliferation, and that its deletion in muscle results in stem cell depletion and impaired muscle regeneration following injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath C Sampath
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Srihari C Sampath
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Andrew T V Ho
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joshua D Millstone
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John Lamb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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5
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Ma S, Cahalan S, LaMonte G, Grubaugh ND, Zeng W, Murthy SE, Paytas E, Gamini R, Lukacs V, Whitwam T, Loud M, Lohia R, Berry L, Khan SM, Janse CJ, Bandell M, Schmedt C, Wengelnik K, Su AI, Honore E, Winzeler EA, Andersen KG, Patapoutian A. Common PIEZO1 Allele in African Populations Causes RBC Dehydration and Attenuates Plasmodium Infection. Cell 2018; 173:443-455.e12. [PMID: 29576450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary xerocytosis is thought to be a rare genetic condition characterized by red blood cell (RBC) dehydration with mild hemolysis. RBC dehydration is linked to reduced Plasmodium infection in vitro; however, the role of RBC dehydration in protection against malaria in vivo is unknown. Most cases of hereditary xerocytosis are associated with gain-of-function mutations in PIEZO1, a mechanically activated ion channel. We engineered a mouse model of hereditary xerocytosis and show that Plasmodium infection fails to cause experimental cerebral malaria in these mice due to the action of Piezo1 in RBCs and in T cells. Remarkably, we identified a novel human gain-of-function PIEZO1 allele, E756del, present in a third of the African population. RBCs from individuals carrying this allele are dehydrated and display reduced Plasmodium infection in vitro. The existence of a gain-of-function PIEZO1 at such high frequencies is surprising and suggests an association with malaria resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stuart Cahalan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory LaMonte
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weizheng Zeng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Swetha E Murthy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emma Paytas
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ramya Gamini
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Viktor Lukacs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tess Whitwam
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meaghan Loud
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rakhee Lohia
- DIMNP, CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Berry
- DIMNP, CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Bandell
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kai Wengelnik
- DIMNP, CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Honore
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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6
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Barrow AD, Edeling MA, Trifonov V, Luo J, Goyal P, Bohl B, Bando JK, Kim AH, Walker J, Andahazy M, Bugatti M, Melocchi L, Vermi W, Fremont DH, Cox S, Cella M, Schmedt C, Colonna M. Natural Killer Cells Control Tumor Growth by Sensing a Growth Factor. Cell 2017; 172:534-548.e19. [PMID: 29275861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many tumors produce platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-DD, which promotes cellular proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stromal reaction, and angiogenesis through autocrine and paracrine PDGFRβ signaling. By screening a secretome library, we found that the human immunoreceptor NKp44, encoded by NCR2 and expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells, recognizes PDGF-DD. PDGF-DD engagement of NKp44 triggered NK cell secretion of interferon gamma (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) that induced tumor cell growth arrest. A distinctive transcriptional signature of PDGF-DD-induced cytokines and the downregulation of tumor cell-cycle genes correlated with NCR2 expression and greater survival in glioblastoma. NKp44 expression in mouse NK cells controlled the dissemination of tumors expressing PDGF-DD more effectively than control mice, an effect enhanced by blockade of the inhibitory receptor CD96 or CpG-oligonucleotide treatment. Thus, while cancer cell production of PDGF-DD supports tumor growth and stromal reaction, it concomitantly activates innate immune responses to tumor expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Barrow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa A Edeling
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Piyush Goyal
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin Bohl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Albert H Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mary Andahazy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah Cox
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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7
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Zhang Q, Vashisht AA, O'Rourke J, Corbel SY, Moran R, Romero A, Miraglia L, Zhang J, Durrant E, Schmedt C, Sampath SC, Sampath SC. The microprotein Minion controls cell fusion and muscle formation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15664. [PMID: 28569745 PMCID: PMC5461507 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence has pointed to the existence of small open reading frame (smORF)-encoded microproteins in mammals, their function remains to be determined. Skeletal muscle development requires fusion of mononuclear progenitors to form multinucleated myotubes, a critical but poorly understood process. Here we report the identification of Minion (microprotein inducer of fusion), a smORF encoding an essential skeletal muscle specific microprotein. Myogenic progenitors lacking Minion differentiate normally but fail to form syncytial myotubes, and Minion-deficient mice die perinatally and demonstrate a marked reduction in fused muscle fibres. The fusogenic activity of Minion is conserved in the human orthologue, and co-expression of Minion and the transmembrane protein Myomaker is sufficient to induce cellular fusion accompanied by rapid cytoskeletal rearrangement, even in non-muscle cells. These findings establish Minion as a novel microprotein required for muscle development, and define a two-component programme for the induction of mammalian cell fusion. Moreover, these data also significantly expand the known functions of smORF-encoded microproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ajay A Vashisht
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jason O'Rourke
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Stéphane Y Corbel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rita Moran
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Angelica Romero
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Loren Miraglia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Eric Durrant
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103, USA
| | - Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103, USA
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8
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Miller AT, Dahlberg C, Sandberg ML, Wen BG, Beisner DR, Hoerter JAH, Parker A, Schmedt C, Stinson M, Avis J, Cienfuegos C, McPate M, Tranter P, Gosling M, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Dawson J, Pan S, Tian SS, Seidel HM, Cooke MP. Inhibition of the Inositol Kinase Itpkb Augments Calcium Signaling in Lymphocytes and Reveals a Novel Strategy to Treat Autoimmune Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131071. [PMID: 26121493 PMCID: PMC4488288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging approaches to treat immune disorders target positive regulatory kinases downstream of antigen receptors with small molecule inhibitors. Here we provide evidence for an alternative approach in which inhibition of the negative regulatory inositol kinase Itpkb in mature T lymphocytes results in enhanced intracellular calcium levels following antigen receptor activation leading to T cell death. Using Itpkb conditional knockout mice and LMW Itpkb inhibitors these studies reveal that Itpkb through its product IP4 inhibits the Orai1/Stim1 calcium channel on lymphocytes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of Itpkb results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ and induction of FasL and Bim resulting in T cell apoptosis. Deletion of Itpkb or treatment with Itpkb inhibitors blocks T-cell dependent antibody responses in vivo and prevents T cell driven arthritis in rats. These data identify Itpkb as an essential mediator of T cell activation and suggest Itpkb inhibition as a novel approach to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Miller
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Sandberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ben G. Wen
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Beisner
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John A. H. Hoerter
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Parker
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Schmedt
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Monique Stinson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Avis
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Cienfuegos
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark McPate
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Tranter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gosling
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Groot-Kormelink
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janet Dawson
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomed. Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shifeng Pan
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shin-Shay Tian
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
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9
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Bopp SER, Rodrigo E, González-Páez GE, Frazer M, Barnes SW, Valim C, Watson J, Walker JR, Schmedt C, Winzeler EA. Identification of the Plasmodium berghei resistance locus 9 linked to survival on chromosome 9. Malar J 2013; 12:316. [PMID: 24025732 PMCID: PMC3848760 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the main causes of mortality from severe malaria in Plasmodium falciparum infections is cerebral malaria (CM). An important host genetic component determines the susceptibility of an individual to develop CM or to clear the infection and become semi-immune. As such, the identification of genetic loci associated with susceptibility or resistance may serve to modulate disease severity. Methodology The Plasmodium berghei mouse model for experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) reproduces several disease symptoms seen in human CM, and two different phenotypes, a susceptible (FVB/NJ) and a resistant mouse strain (DBA/2J), were examined. Results FVB/NJ mice died from infection within ten days, whereas DBA/2J mice showed a gender bias: males survived on average nineteen days and females either died early with signs of ECM or survived for up to three weeks. A comparison of brain pathology between FVB/NJ and DBA/2J showed no major differences with regard to brain haemorrhages or the number of parasites and CD3+ cells in the microvasculature. However, significant differences were found in the peripheral blood of infected mice: For example resistant DBA/2J mice had significantly higher numbers of circulating basophils than did FVB/NJ mice on day seven. Analysis of the F2 offspring from a cross of DBA/2J and FVB/NJ mice mapped the genetic locus of the underlying survival trait to chromosome 9 with a Lod score of 4.9. This locus overlaps with two previously identified resistance loci (char1 and pymr) from a blood stage malaria model. Conclusions Survival best distinguishes malaria infections between FVB/NJ and DBA/2J mice. The importance of char1 and pymr on chromosome 9 in malaria resistance to P. berghei was confirmed. In addition there was an association of basophil numbers with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina E R Bopp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Miller A, Dahlberg C, Wen B, Sandberg M, Beisner D, Parker A, Schmedt C, Stinson M, McPate M, Tranter P, Groot-Kormelink P, Gosling M, Dawson-King J, Pan S, Tian SS, Seidel HM, Cooke M. Novel LMW inhibitors of ITPKb block autoimmune disease by promoting calcium-induced T lymphocyte death (P5165). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.68.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen receptor-mediated production of Ins(1,4,5)P3 induces the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, resulting in the opening of store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels. Mice deficient in inositol(1,4,5)P3-3 kinase B (ITPKb), which converts inositol(1,4,5)P3 (IP3) to inositol(1,3,4,5)P4 (IP4), exhibit a complete block in T cell positive selection. Previous studies demonstrated that IP4 is an inhibitor of SOC channels. To understand the role of ITPKb in mature peripheral lymphocytes, inducible ITPKb-/- mice were generated. Deletion of ITPKb in mature lymphocytes reveals that ITPKb is required for mature T cell function and T-dependent antibody responses. Following antigen receptor activation, the loss of ITPKb leads to enhanced Ca2+ levels and the induction of death effector gene expression resulting in apoptosis. We further demonstrate that IP4 is an inhibitor of open-state Orai1 channels. LMW ITPKb inhibitors were identified using a high-throughput compound screen. Application of ITPKb inhibitors to lymphocytes enhanced Ca2+ responses following antigen receptor stimulation, similar to ITPKb-/- cells. Treatment of mice with ITPKb inhibitors recapitulated the block in T cell development observed in ITPKb-/- mice and inhibited antigen-induced arthritis formation in rats. These data identify ITPKb and IP4 as crucial mediators of lymphocyte development and activation, and suggest that inhibition of ITPKb may provide a novel mechanism to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Miller
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Ben Wen
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark Sandberg
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Daniel Beisner
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Albert Parker
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Monique Stinson
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark McPate
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Tranter
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Gosling
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shifeng Pan
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Shin-Shay Tian
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael Cooke
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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11
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Miller A, Dahlberg C, Parker A, Schmedt C, Beisner D, Gosling M. IP4 regulates FasL-mediated T lymphocyte death via inhibition of Orai1 (115.1). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antigen receptor-mediated production of Ins(1,4,5)P3 induces the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, resulting in the opening of store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels. We previously reported a mouse line deficient in Inositol(1,4,5)P3-3 kinase B (ITPKb), which converts Ins(1,4,5)P3 (IP3) to Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (IP4). Mice lacking ITPKb exhibit a complete block in T cell positive selection and possess impaired B cell development and activation. Interestingly, ITPKb-/- cells exhibit enhanced Ag receptor-induced SOC signaling, which can be rescued by adding cell-permeable IP4 to ITPKb-/- cells, suggesting that IP4 serves to inhibit SOC channels. Due to developmental blocks, the role of ITPKb in mature lymphocyte function is unknown. Using the ER-Cre-loxP system, tamoxifen-induced deletion of ITPKb (ITPKbfl/fl) demonstrates a crucial role for ITPKb in mature T cell function. While ITPKbfl/fl mice have normal T-independent Ab responses, T-dependent Ab responses are completely abolished. In vitro, mature ITPKbfl/fl T cells exhibit enhanced SOC entry and reduced proliferative responses to TCR signals. Furthermore, we found that ITPKbfl/fl T cells die rapidly after activation, due in part to enhanced FasL upregulation. Using a HEK293 cell line stably expressing Stim1 and Orai1, we demonstrate that IP4 is an inhibitor of open-state Orai1 channels. These data identify ITPKb and IP4 as essential mediators of lymphocyte development and T cell activation by regulating SOC entry via Orai1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Miller
- 1Immunology Discovery, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- 1Immunology Discovery, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Albert Parker
- 1Immunology Discovery, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- 1Immunology Discovery, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Daniel Beisner
- 1Immunology Discovery, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Martin Gosling
- 2Respiratory Disease, Novartis Pharmaceuts. Corp, Horsham, United Kingdom
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12
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Hannedouche S, Zhang J, Yi T, Shen W, Nguyen D, Pereira JP, Guerini D, Baumgarten BU, Roggo S, Wen B, Knochenmuss R, Noël S, Gessier F, Kelly LM, Vanek M, Laurent S, Preuss I, Miault C, Christen I, Karuna R, Li W, Koo DI, Suply T, Schmedt C, Peters EC, Falchetto R, Katopodis A, Spanka C, Roy MO, Detheux M, Chen YA, Schultz PG, Cho CY, Seuwen K, Cyster JG, Sailer AW. Oxysterols direct immune cell migration via EBI2. Nature 2011; 475:524-7. [PMID: 21796212 PMCID: PMC4297623 DOI: 10.1038/nature10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2, also known as GPR183) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is required for humoral immune responses; polymorphisms in the receptor have been associated with inflammatory autoimmune diseases. The natural ligand for EBI2 has been unknown. Here we describe the identification of 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (also called 7α,25-OHC or 5-cholesten-3β,7α,25-triol) as a potent and selective agonist of EBI2. Functional activation of human EBI2 by 7α,25-OHC and closely related oxysterols was verified by monitoring second messenger readouts and saturable, high-affinity radioligand binding. Furthermore, we find that 7α,25-OHC and closely related oxysterols act as chemoattractants for immune cells expressing EBI2 by directing cell migration in vitro and in vivo. A critical enzyme required for the generation of 7α,25-OHC is cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Similar to EBI2 receptor knockout mice, mice deficient in CH25H fail to position activated B cells within the spleen to the outer follicle and mount a reduced plasma cell response after an immune challenge. This demonstrates that CH25H generates EBI2 biological activity in vivo and indicates that the EBI2-oxysterol signalling pathway has an important role in the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weijun Shen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Nguyen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - João P. Pereira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danilo Guerini
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit U. Baumgarten
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Roggo
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Wen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard Knochenmuss
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Francois Gessier
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa M. Kelly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mirka Vanek
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Laurent
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inga Preuss
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Miault
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Christen
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ratna Karuna
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dong-In Koo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Suply
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rocco Falchetto
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Katopodis
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Spanka
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yu Alice Chen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y. Cho
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Andreas W. Sailer, Ph. D. Developmental & Molecular Pathways Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Forum 1, Novartis Campus, WSJ-355.4.025.8 4056 Basel, Switzerland Phone: +41 79 5500941 Fax: +41 61 6968714
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13
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Villanueva CJ, Waki H, Godio C, Nielsen R, Chou WL, Vargas L, Wroblewski K, Schmedt C, Chao LC, Boyadjian R, Mandrup S, Hevener A, Saez E, Tontonoz P. TLE3 is a dual-function transcriptional coregulator of adipogenesis. Cell Metab 2011; 13:413-427. [PMID: 21459326 PMCID: PMC3089971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ and Wnt signaling are central positive and negative regulators of adipogenesis, respectively. Here we identify the groucho family member TLE3 as a transcriptional integrator of the PPARγ and Wnt pathways. TLE3 is a direct target of PPARγ that participates in a feed-forward loop during adipocyte differentiation. TLE3 enhances PPARγ activity and functions synergistically with PPARγ on its target promoters to stimulate adipogenesis. At the same time, induction of TLE3 during differentiation provides a mechanism for termination of Wnt signaling. TLE3 antagonizes TCF4 activation by β-catenin in preadipocytes, thereby inhibiting Wnt target gene expression and reversing β-catenin-dependent repression of adipocyte gene expression. Transgenic expression of TLE3 in adipose tissue in vivo mimics the effects of PPARγ agonist and ameliorates high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance. Our data suggest that TLE3 acts as a dual-function switch, driving the formation of both active and repressive transcriptional complexes that facilitate the adipogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio J Villanueva
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hironori Waki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cristina Godio
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronni Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Wen-Ling Chou
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leo Vargas
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kevin Wroblewski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lily C Chao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rima Boyadjian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrea Hevener
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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Zhang X, Bertaso F, Yoo JW, Baumgärtel K, Clancy SM, Lee V, Cienfuegos C, Wilmot C, Avis J, Hunyh T, Daguia C, Schmedt C, Noebels J, Jegla T. Deletion of the potassium channel Kv12.2 causes hippocampal hyperexcitability and epilepsy. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:1056-8. [PMID: 20676103 PMCID: PMC2928878 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We found the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv12.2 to be a potent regulator of excitability in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Genetic deletion and pharmacologic block of Kv12.2 substantially reduced the firing threshold of these neurons. Kv12.2-/- (also known as Kcnh3-/-) mice showed signs of persistent neuronal hyperexcitability including frequent interictal spiking, spontaneous seizures and increased sensitivity to the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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15
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Fiorillo E, Orrú V, Stanford SM, Liu Y, Salek M, Rapini N, Schenone AD, Saccucci P, Delogu LG, Angelini F, Manca Bitti ML, Schmedt C, Chan AC, Acuto O, Bottini N. Autoimmune-associated PTPN22 R620W variation reduces phosphorylation of lymphoid phosphatase on an inhibitory tyrosine residue. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26506-18. [PMID: 20538612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A missense C1858T single nucleotide polymorphism in the PTPN22 gene recently emerged as a major risk factor for human autoimmunity. PTPN22 encodes the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), which forms a complex with the kinase Csk and is a critical negative regulator of signaling through the T cell receptor. The C1858T single nucleotide polymorphism results in the LYP-R620W variation within the LYP-Csk interaction motif. LYP-W620 exhibits a greatly reduced interaction with Csk and is a gain-of-function inhibitor of signaling. Here we show that LYP constitutively interacts with its substrate Lck in a Csk-dependent manner. T cell receptor-induced phosphorylation of LYP by Lck on an inhibitory tyrosine residue releases tonic inhibition of signaling by LYP. The R620W variation disrupts the interaction between Lck and LYP, leading to reduced phosphorylation of LYP, which ultimately contributes to gain-of-function inhibition of T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Fiorillo
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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16
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O'Leary DA, Vargas L, Sharif O, Garcia ME, Sigal YJ, Chow SK, Schmedt C, Caldwell JS, Brinker A, Engels IH. HTS-Compatible Patient-Derived Cell-Based Assay to Identify Small Molecule Modulators of Aberrant Splicing in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Curr Chem Genomics 2010; 4:9-18. [PMID: 20502647 PMCID: PMC2874217 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301004010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a genetic disorder characterized by muscle wasting, myotonia, cataracts, cardiac arrhythmia, hyperinsulinism and intellectual deficits, and is caused by expansion of a CTG repeat in the 3’UTR of the Dystrophia Myotonica-Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene. The DMPK transcripts containing expanded CUG repeats accumulate in nuclear foci and ultimately cause mis-splicing of secondary genes through the dysregulation of RNA-binding proteins including Muscleblind 1 (MBNL1) and CUG binding protein 1 (CUGBP1). Correction of mis-splicing of genes such as the Skeletal muscle-specific chloride channel 1 (CLCN1), Cardiac troponin T (TNNT2), Insulin receptor (INSR) and Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase 1 (SERCA1) may alleviate some of the symptoms of DM1; hence identification of small molecule modulators is an important step towards a therapy for DM1 patients. Here we describe the generation of immortalized myoblast cell lines derived from healthy (DMPK CTG5) and DM1 patient (DMPK CTG1000) fibroblasts by constitutive overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and inducible overexpression of the Myoblast determination factor (MYOD). MBNL1-containing nuclear foci, mis-splicing events and defective myotube differentiation defects characteristic of DM1 were observed in these cells. A CLCN1 luciferase minigene construct (CLCN1-luc) was stably introduced to monitor intron 2 retention in the DM1 cellular context (a reported splicing defect in DM1). The assay was validated by performing a high-throughput screen (HTS) of ~13,000 low molecular weight compounds against the CLCN1-luc DM1 myoblast cell line, providing an ideal system for conducting HTS to better understand and treat DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A O'Leary
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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17
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Takatsuka A, Yagi R, Koike M, Oneyama C, Nada S, Schmedt C, Uchiyama Y, Okada M. Ablation of Csk in neural crest lineages causes corneal anomaly by deregulating collagen fibril organization and cell motility. Dev Biol 2008; 315:474-88. [PMID: 18262517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) have been implicated in the regulation of cell motility. To verify their in vivo roles during development, we generated mutant mice in which Csk, a negative regulator of SFKs, was inactivated in neural crest lineages using the Protein zero promoter in a Cre-loxP system. Inactivation of Csk caused deformities in various tissues of neural crest origins, including facial dysplasia and corneal opacity. In the cornea, the stromal collagen fibril was disorganized and there was an overproduction of collagen 1a1 and several metalloproteases. The corneal endothelium failed to overlie the central region of the eye and the peripheral endothelium displayed a disorganized cytoskeleton. Corneal mesenchymal cells cultured from mutant mice showed attenuated cell motility. In these cells, p130 Crk-associated substrate (Cas) was hyperphosphorylated and markedly downregulated. The expression of a dominant negative Cas (Cas Delta SD) could suppress the cell motility defects. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis revealed that activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 was depolarized in Csk-inactivated cells, which was restored by the expression of either Csk or Cas Delta SD. These results demonstrate that the SFKs/Csk circuit plays crucial roles in corneal development by controlling stromal organization and by ensuring cell motility via the Cas-Rac/Cdc42 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Takatsuka
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Honda K, Sakaguchi T, Sakai K, Schmedt C, Ramirez A, Jorcano JL, Tarakhovsky A, Kamisoyama H, Sakai T. Epidermal hyperplasia and papillomatosis in mice with a keratinocyte-restricted deletion of csk. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2074-81. [PMID: 17494055 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src family kinases (SFKs) are believed to play critical roles in malignant transformation, as well as in growth, invasion and dissemination of neoplastic tissue. Inhibition of SFK-mediated signal transduction and activation of downstream targets inhibits tumor progression. To determine whether constitutive activity of SFK per se is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in vivo, we have generated a mouse model with a keratinocyte-restricted deletion of the SFK-negative regulator csk (Csk-K5 mice). Even though expression levels of SFKs were lower in C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)-null keratinocytes, activity levels were higher than in control keratinocytes. At the age of 3 months, all Csk-K5 mice displayed signs of chronic inflammation in dermis and epidermal hyperplasia. About 19% of Csk-K5 mice (7 out of 36) developed papillomatous lesions. However, these lesions did not show any signs of neoplastic transformation over the next 8 months. Epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in Csk-K5 mice were associated with an increased number of stem cells in the interfollicular epidermis, an increased proliferation of basal keratinocytes and a delayed terminal differentiation of the suprabasal keratinocytes. Our results clearly demonstrate that even though SFK-mediated signaling promotes tumor progression, elevated activity of SFKs in vivo alone is not sufficient to induce neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Honda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Research Center/ND20, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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19
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Yagi R, Waguri S, Sumikawa Y, Nada S, Oneyama C, Itami S, Schmedt C, Uchiyama Y, Okada M. C-terminal Src kinase controls development and maintenance of mouse squamous epithelia. EMBO J 2007; 26:1234-44. [PMID: 17304209 PMCID: PMC1817640 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxy-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is a negative regulator of Src family kinases, which play pivotal roles in controlling cell adhesion, migration, and cancer progression. To elucidate the in vivo role of Csk in epithelial tissues, we conditionally inactivated Csk in squamous epithelia using the keratin-5 promoter/Cre-loxP system in mice. The mutant mice developed apparent defects in the skin, esophagus, and forestomach, with concomitant hyperplasia and chronic inflammation. Histology of the mutant epidermis revealed impaired cell-cell adhesion in basal cell layers. Analysis of primary keratinocytes showed that the defective cell-cell adhesion was caused by cytoskeletal remodeling via activation of the Rac1 pathway. Mutant keratinocytes also showed elevated expression of mesenchymal proteins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. Inhibition of the expression of TNF-alpha and MMP9 by the anti-inflammatory reagent FK506 could cure the epidermal hyperplasia, suggesting a causal link between inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. These observations demonstrate that the Src/Csk circuit plays crucial roles in development and maintenance of epithelia by controlling cytoskeletal organization as well as phenotypic conversion linked to inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yagi
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chitose Oneyama
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Itami
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Tel.: +81 6 6879 8297; Fax: +81 6 6879 8298; E-mail:
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20
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Dobenecker MW, Schmedt C, Okada M, Tarakhovsky A. The ubiquitously expressed Csk adaptor protein Cbp is dispensable for embryogenesis and T-cell development and function. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10533-42. [PMID: 16287865 PMCID: PMC1291250 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.23.10533-10542.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Src family kinase (SFK) activity is indispensable for a functional immune system and embryogenesis. The activity of SFKs is inhibited by the presence of the carboxy-terminal Src kinase (Csk) at the cell membrane. Thus, recruitment of cytosolic Csk to the membrane-associated SFKs is crucial for its regulatory function. Previous studies utilizing in vitro and transgenic models suggested that the Csk-binding protein (Cbp), also known as phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid microdomains (PAG), is the membrane adaptor for Csk. However, loss-of-function genetic evidence to support this notion was lacking. Herein, we demonstrate that the targeted disruption of the cbp gene in mice has no effect on embryogenesis, thymic development, or T-cell functions in vivo. Moreover, recruitment of Csk to the specialized membrane compartment of "lipid rafts" is not impaired by Cbp deficiency. Our results indicate that Cbp is dispensable for the recruitment of Csk to the membrane and that another Csk adaptor, yet to be discovered, compensates for the loss of Cbp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Werner Dobenecker
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 301, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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21
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Thomas RM, Schmedt C, Novelli M, Choi BK, Skok J, Tarakhovsky A, Roes J. C-terminal SRC kinase controls acute inflammation and granulocyte adhesion. Immunity 2004; 20:181-91. [PMID: 14975240 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To establish whether the widely expressed regulator of Src family kinases Csk contributes to the control of acute inflammation in vivo, we inactivated csk in granulocytes by conditional mutagenesis (Cre/loxP). Mutant mice (Csk-GEcre) developed acute multifocal inflammation in skin and lung. Animals were protected from the disease in a microbiologically controlled environment, but remained hypersensitive to LPS-induced shock. Csk-deficient granulocytes showed enhanced spontaneous and ligand-induced degranulation with hyperinduction of integrins. This hyperresponsiveness was associated with hyperadhesion and impaired migratory responses in vitro. Hyperphosphorylation of key signaling proteins such as Syk and Paxillin in mutant granulocytes further supported breakdown of the activation threshold set by Csk. By enforcing the need for ligand engagement Csk thus prevents premature granulocyte recruitment while supporting the motility of stimulated cells through negative regulation of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Thomas
- University College London, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, The Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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22
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Hafner C, Schweizer M, Schmedt C, Däubler P, Junginger W. Anästhesie bei der laparoskopischen Hernioplastik – gibt es eine Altersgrenze? Visc Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1159/000072119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases which mediate essential cellular signals required for activation, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Several PKC members are expressed in B lineage cells and activated by stimulation of the B cell receptor (BCR), thus suggesting a contribution of PKCs to the B cell-mediated immune response. To understand the individual roles of PKCs for B cell immunity, mice deficient for PKCbetaI/II (PKCbeta) or PKCdelta were analyzed. PKCbeta and PKCdelta play essential but distinctive roles in B cell immunity. In addition to its role in B cell activation and humoral immunity, PKCbeta was recently shown to control NF-kappaB activation and survival of mature B cells. PKCdelta on the other hand specifically regulates the induction of tolerance in self-reactive B cells. Thus, individual PCKs regulate B cell immunity specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Saijo
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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24
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Saijo K, Schmedt C, Su IH, Karasuyama H, Lowell CA, Reth M, Adachi T, Patke A, Santana A, Tarakhovsky A. Essential role of Src-family protein tyrosine kinases in NF-kappaB activation during B cell development. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:274-9. [PMID: 12563261 DOI: 10.1038/ni893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2002] [Accepted: 01/13/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nature of signals that govern the development of immunoglobulin heavy chain-dependent B cells is largely unknown. Using mice deficient for the B cell-expressed Src-family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) Blk, Fyn and Lyn, we show an essential role of these kinases in pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR)- mediated NF-kappaB activation and B cell development. This signaling defect is SFK specific, as a deficiency in Syk, which controls pre-B cell development, does not affect NF-kappaB induction. Impaired NF-kappaB induction was overcome by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-lambda, thus suggesting the involvement of PKC-lambda in pre-BCR-mediated SFK-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. Our data show the existence of a functionally distinct SFK signaling module responsible for pre-BCR-mediated NF-kappaB activation and B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Saijo
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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25
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Saijo K, Mecklenbräuker I, Santana A, Leitger M, Schmedt C, Tarakhovsky A. Protein kinase C beta controls nuclear factor kappaB activation in B cells through selective regulation of the IkappaB kinase alpha. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1647-52. [PMID: 12070292 PMCID: PMC2193563 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription complex by signals derived from the surface expressed B cell antigen receptor controls B cell development, survival, and antigenic responses. Activation of NF-kappaB is critically dependent on serine phosphorylation of the IkappaB protein by the multi-component IkappaB kinase (IKK) containing two catalytic subunits (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) and one regulatory subunit (IKKgamma). Using mice deficient for protein kinase C beta (PKCbeta) we show an essential role of PKCbeta in the phosphorylation of IKKalpha and the subsequent activation of NF-kappaB in B cells. Defective IKKalpha phosphorylation correlates with impaired B cell antigen receptor-mediated induction of the pro-survival protein Bcl-xL. Lack of IKKalpha phosphorylation and defective NF-kappaB induction in the absence of PKCbeta explains the similarity in immunodeficiencies caused by PKCbeta or IKKalpha ablation in B cells. Furthermore, the well established functional cooperation between the protein tyrosine kinase Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), which regulates the activity of NF-kappaB and PKCbeta, suggests PKCbeta as a likely serine/threonine kinase component of the Btk-dependent NF-kappaB activating signal transduction chain downstream of the BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Saijo
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The deletion of COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk), a negative regulator of Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), in immature thymocytes results in the development of alpha/beta T lineage cells in T cell receptor (TCR) beta-deficient or recombination activating gene (rag)-1-deficient mice. The function of Csk as a repressor of Lck and Fyn activity suggests activation of these PTKs is solely responsible for the phenotype observed in csk-deficient T lineage cells. We provide genetic evidence for this notion as alpha/beta T cell development is blocked in lck(-/)-fyn(-/)- csk-deficient mice. It remains unclear whether activation of Lck and Fyn in the absence of Csk uncouples alpha/beta T cell development entirely from engagement of surface-expressed receptors. We show that in mice expressing the alpha/beta TCR on csk-deficient thymocytes, positive selection is biased towards the CD4 lineage and does not require the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II. Furthermore, the introduction of an MHC class I-restricted transgenic TCR into a csk-deficient background results in the development of mainly CD4 T cells carrying the transgenic TCR both in selecting and nonselecting MHC background. Thus, TCR-MHC interactions have no impact on positive selection and commitment to the CD4 lineage in the absence of Csk. However, TCR-mediated negative selection of csk-deficient, TCR transgenic cells is normal. These data suggest a differential involvement of the Csk-mediated regulation of Src family PTKs in positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmedt
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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27
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Schmedt C, Saijo K, Niidome T, Kühn R, Aizawa S, Tarakhovsky A. Csk controls antigen receptor-mediated development and selection of T-lineage cells. Nature 1998; 394:901-4. [PMID: 9732874 DOI: 10.1038/29802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and function of alphabetaT lymphocytes depend on signals derived from pre-T and alphabetaT cell receptors (preTCR and alphabetaTCR) (reviewed in refs 1, 2). The engagement of these receptors leads to the activation of Lck and Fyn, which are protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) of the Src family. It remains unclear to what extent the activation of Src-family PTKs can direct the differentiation steps triggered by preTCR and alphabetaTCR. Here we show that the inactivation of the negative regulator of Src-family PTKs, carboxy-terminal Src kinase (Csk), in immature thymocytes abrogates the requirement for preTCR, alphabetaTCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II for the development of CD4+ 8+ double-positive and CD4+ single-positive thymocytes as well as peripheral CD4 alphabetaT-lineage cells. These data show that Csk and its substrates are required to establish preTCR/alphabetaTCR-mediated control over the development of alphabetaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmedt
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling, University of Cologne, Germany.
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28
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Schmedt C. Conditional inactivation of the Csk gene during T cell development. Immunol Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)88255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Schmedt C, Niidome T, Rajewsky K, Aizawa S, Tarakhovsky A. Conditional inactivation of the Csk gene during T cell development. Immunol Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)86417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Cross-linking of the antigen receptor on lymphocytes by antigens or antibodies to the receptor results in activation of enzymes of the protein kinase C (PKC) family. Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the gene encoding the PKC-betaI and PKC-betaII isoforms develop an immunodeficiency characterized by impaired humoral immune responses and reduced cellular responses of B cells, which is similar to X-linked immunodeficiency in mice. Thus PKC-betaI and PKC-betaII play an important role in B cell activation and may be functionally linked to Bruton's tyrosine kinase in antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leitges
- Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
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31
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Schmedt C, Green SR, Manche L, Taylor DR, Ma Y, Mathews MB. Functional characterization of the RNA-binding domain and motif of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase DAI (PKR). J Mol Biol 1995; 249:29-44. [PMID: 7776374 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase, DAI (also known as PKR), contains an RNA-binding domain comprising two tandem repeats of a motif, the dsRBM, which is shared with a number of other proteins that interact with structured RNAs. We have expressed the entire domain and the first copy of the motif in Escherichia coli and purified the two proteins, p20 and p10, to apparent homogeneity in order to study their interactions with RNA and with the intact kinase enzyme. Both p20 and p10 bound preferentially to structured RNA molecules. Competition assays showed that in both cases the order of affinity is dsRNA > VA RNA > tRNA, but the isolated motif bound much less tightly than the entire domain. Measurement of the dissociation constants for dsRNA by quantitative gel mobility shift analysis gave apparent Kd values of 4 x 10(-9) M and 3.8 x 10(-7) M for p20 and p10, respectively. The binding of p20 molecules to dsRNA appeared to be cooperative. Multiple complexes were formed between the intact domain and dsRNA, saturating at a density of about one p20 molecule/11.25 base-pairs (or one turn) of duplex, whereas p10 achieved only about half of this packing density. The apparent Kd for the p20-VA RNA interaction was estimated as 3.5 x 10(-7) M and at least three complexes were detected, but no distinct complexes were visualized for the interaction between p10 and VA RNA. Both p20 and p10 inhibited autophosphorylation of intact DAI, probably by binding the dsRNA activator. Once activated, DAI could phosphorylate both p10 and p20, suggesting that intermolecular phosphorylation can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmedt
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
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32
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Abstract
The interferon-induced protein kinase DAI, the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated inhibitor of translation, plays a key role in regulating protein synthesis in higher cells. Once activated, in a process that involves autophosphorylation, it phosphorylates the initiation factor eIF-2, leading to inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation. The activity of DAI is controlled by RNA regulators, including dsRNA activators and highly structured single-stranded RNAs which block activation by dsRNA. To elucidate the mechanism of activation, we studied the interaction of DAI with RNA duplexes of discrete sizes. Molecules shorter than 30 bp fail to bind stably and do not activate the enzyme, but at high concentrations they prevent activation by long dsRNA. Molecules longer than 30 bp bind and activate the enzyme, with an efficiency that increases with increasing chain length, reaching a maximum at about 85 bp. These dsRNAs fail to activate at high concentrations and also prevent activation by long dsRNA. Analysis of complexes between dsRNA and DAI suggests that at maximal packing the enzyme interacts with as little as a single helical turn of dsRNA (11 bp) but under conditions that allow activation the binding site protects about 80 bp of duplex. When the RNA-binding site is fully occupied with an RNA activator, the complex appears to undergo a conformational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manche
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724
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