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Tavoschi L, Cocco N, Alves da Costa F, Lloyd AR, Kinner SA. People living in prison must be included in country monitoring systems to accurately assess HCV elimination progress. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 9:500-501. [PMID: 38734003 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(24)00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tavoschi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Cocco
- Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Filipa Alves da Costa
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMED), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Special Initiative on NCDs and Innovation, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrey R Lloyd
- Kirby Institute, University New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Justice Health Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Borschmann R, Kinner SA. Rates and causes of death after release from incarceration among 1 471 526 people in eight high-income and middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet 2024; 403:1779-1788. [PMID: 38614112 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formerly incarcerated people have exceptionally poor health profiles and are at increased risk of preventable mortality when compared with their general population peers. However, not enough is known about the epidemiology of mortality in this population-specifically the rates, causes, and timing of death in specific subgroups and regions-to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses. We aimed to document the incidence, timing, causes, and risk factors for mortality after release from incarceration. METHODS We analysed linked administrative data from the multi-national Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC) study. We examined mortality outcomes for 1 471 526 people released from incarceration in eight countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, and the USA) from 1980 to 2018, across 10 534 441 person-years of follow-up (range 0-24 years per person). We combined data from 18 cohort studies using two-step individual participant data meta-analyses to estimate pooled all-cause and cause-specific crude mortality rates (CMRs) per 100 000 person-years, for specific time periods (first, daily from days 1-14; second, weekly from weeks 3-12; third, weeks 13-52 combined; fourth, weeks 53 and over combined; and fifth, total follow-up) after release, overall and stratified by age, sex, and region. FINDINGS 75 427 deaths were recorded. The all-cause CMR during the first week following release (1612 [95% CI 1048-2287]) was higher than during all other time periods (incidence rate ratio [IRR] compared with week 2: 1·5 [95% CI 1·2-1·8], I2=26·0%, weeks 3-4: 2·0 [1·5-2·6], I2=53·0%, and weeks 9-12: 2·2 [1·6-3·0], I2=70·5%). The highest cause-specific mortality rates during the first week were due to alcohol and other drug poisoning (CMR 657 [95% CI 332-1076]), suicide (135 [36-277]), and cardiovascular disease (71 [16-153]). We observed considerable variation in cause-specific CMRs over time since release and across regions. Pooled all-cause CMRs were similar between males (731 [95% CI 630-839]) and females (660 [560-767]) and were higher in older age groups. INTERPRETATION The markedly elevated rate of death in the first week post-release underscores an urgent need for investment in evidence-based, coordinated transitional healthcare, including treatment for mental illness and substance use disorders to prevent post-release deaths due to suicide and overdose. Temporal variations in rates and causes of death highlight the need for routine monitoring of post-release mortality. FUNDING Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Brandenburg C, Thomas SD, Lincoln C, Somerville A, Heffernan E, Kinner SA, Byrnes J, Gardiner P, Davidson P, Daley N, Green D, Crilly J. Supporting equitable care of patients transferred from police watch-houses to the emergency department: A qualitative study of the perspectives of emergency doctors. Emerg Med Australas 2024. [PMID: 38650377 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People detained in short-term police custody often have complex health conditions that may necessitate emergency care, yet little is known about their management in EDs. The present study aimed to understand ED doctors' experiences and perceptions regarding the appropriateness and management of detainee transfers from police watch-houses to the EDs. METHODS A qualitative descriptive study, using semi-structured interviews undertaken with ED doctors working in five purposively sampled EDs across Queensland, Australia. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS Fifteen ED specialists and trainees participated. Participants reported that their overarching approach was to provide equitable care for watch-house detainees, as they would for any patient. This equitable approach needed to be responsive to complicating factors common to this population, including presence of police guards; restraints; complexity (physical/mental/social) of presentation; reliance on police to transport; ED doctors' often limited understanding of the watch-house environment; justice processes and uncertain legal disposition; communication with the watch-house; and detainees misreporting symptoms. Thresholds for assessment and treatment of detainees were contextualised to the needs of the patient, ED environment, and imperatives of other relevant agencies (e.g. police). Participants often relied on existing strategies to deliver quality care despite challenges, but also identified a need for additional strategies, including education for ED staff; improved communication with watch-houses; standardised paperwork; extended models of watch-house healthcare; and integrated medical records. CONCLUSIONS Providing equitable healthcare to patients transported from watch-houses to the EDs is challenging but essential. Numerous opportunities exist to enhance the delivery of optimal care for this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Brandenburg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Dm Thomas
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathy Lincoln
- Forensic Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annabel Somerville
- Forensic Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Gardiner
- Cairns Watch-House, Far North District, Queensland Police Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Davidson
- Division of Infectious Disease & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nathan Daley
- Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Green
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Willoughby M, Janca E, Kwon S, Johnston B, Collins T, Kinner SA, Johns D, Gallant D, Glover-Wright C, Borschmann R. Interventions to Prevent and Respond to Violence Against Justice-Involved Young Women: A Scoping Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:1036-1052. [PMID: 37170786 PMCID: PMC10913338 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231171183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Young women who have had contact with the criminal justice system (justice-involved young women) have an increased risk of being a victim of violence. However, no reviews have synthesized the evidence on interventions to prevent or respond to violence against justice-involved young women. We conducted a scoping review to identify interventions designed to prevent or respond to violence against justice-involved young women. We searched Medline, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed and gray literature published in English from January 1, 2000 until March 23, 2021. Consistent with the public health approach to violence, we included primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions. Excluding duplicates, our search returned 5,603 records, 14 of which met our inclusion criteria. We narratively synthesized the included studies, all of which were conducted in the United States. Most included studies examined a tertiary intervention (n = 10), and few examined a primary (n = 2) or secondary (n = 2) intervention. Across the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools, the percentage of items met ranged from 0% to 78%. There was some limited evidence that tertiary interventions that included cognitive behavioral therapy reduced the mental health impacts of violence victimization among justice-involved young women. There was little evidence on primary and secondary interventions. Effective and evidence-based interventions to prevent violence victimization and revictimization against justice-involved young women remains a critical gap in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sohee Kwon
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tamlynn Collins
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Youth Support and Advocacy Service, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana Johns
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Gallant
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Oxford, UK
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Linnane D, Cumming C, Kinner SA. Challenges for Medicare and universal health care in Australia since 2000. Med J Aust 2024; 220:276. [PMID: 38366282 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Linnane
- Centre for Law and Social Justice, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
| | - Craig Cumming
- Centre for Health Services Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA
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Cumming C, Kinner SA, McKetin R, Young JT, Li I, Preen DB. Using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test to predict substance-related hospitalisation after release from prison: A cohort study. Addiction 2024; 119:236-247. [PMID: 37855049 PMCID: PMC10952305 DOI: 10.1111/add.16365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Poor substance use-related health outcomes after release from prison are common. Identifying people at greatest risk of substance use and related harms post-release would help to target support at those most in need. The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is a validated substance use screener, but its utility in predicting substance-related hospitalisation post-release is unestablished. We measured whether screening for moderate/high-risk substance use on the ASSIST was associated with increased risk of substance-related hospitalisation. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING Prisons in Queensland and Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS Participants were incarcerated and within 6 weeks of expected release when recruited. A total of 2585 participants were followed up for a median of 873 days. MEASUREMENTS Baseline survey data were combined with linked unit record administrative hospital data. We used the ASSIST to assess participants for moderate/high-risk cannabis, methamphetamine and heroin use in the 3 months prior to incarceration. We used International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes to identify substance-related hospitalisations during follow-up. We compared rates of substance-related hospitalisation between those classified as low/no-risk and moderate/high-risk on the ASSIST for each substance. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) by ASSIST risk group for each substance using Weibull regression survival analysis allowing for multiple failures. FINDINGS During follow-up, 158 (6%) participants had cannabis-related, 178 (7%) had opioid-related and 266 (10%) had methamphetamine-related hospitalisation. The hazard rates of substance-related hospitalisation after prison were significantly higher among those who screened moderate/high-risk compared with those screening low risk on the ASSIST for cannabis (aHR 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74, 3.24), methamphetamine (aHR 2.23, 95%CI 1.75, 2.84) and heroin (aHR 5.79, 95%CI 4.41, 7.60). CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated people with an Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) screening of moderate/high-risk substance use appear to have a significantly higher risk of post-release substance-related hospitalisation than those with low risk. Administering the ASSIST during incarceration may inform who has the greatest need for substance use treatment and harm reduction services in prison and after release from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Griffith Criminology InstituteGriffith UniversityMt GravattAustralia
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Jesse T. Young
- Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Institute for Mental Health Policy ResearchCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoCanada
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- National Drug Research InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
- School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | - Ian Li
- School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | - David B. Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
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Campbell AC, Young J, Calais Ferreira L, Pearce LA, Shuttleworth RR, Kinner SA. Response to: 'Small numbers, big impact: making a utilitarian case for the contribution of inclusion health to population health in England' by Zhang et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 78:jech-2023-221635. [PMID: 38053267 PMCID: PMC11045360 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-221635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Charles Campbell
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse Young
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Mental Health Policy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas Calais Ferreira
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lindsay A Pearce
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca R Shuttleworth
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Wardrop R, Ranse J, Chaboyer W, Young JT, Kinner SA, Crilly J. Profile and Outcomes of Emergency Department Mental Health Patient Presentations Based on Arrival Mode: A State-Wide Retrospective Cohort Study. J Emerg Nurs 2023; 49:951-961. [PMID: 37610408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People arriving to the emergency department with mental health problems experience varying and sometimes inferior outcomes compared with people without mental health problems, yet little is known about whether or how their arrival mode is associated with these outcomes. This study describes and compares demographics, clinical characteristics, and patient and health service outcomes of adult mental health emergency department patient presentations, based on arrival mode: brought in by ambulance, privately arranged transport, and brought in by police. METHODS Using a retrospective observational study design with state-wide administrative data from Queensland, Australia, mental health presentations from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses. RESULTS Of the 446,815 presentations, 51.8% were brought in by ambulance, 37.2% arrived via privately arranged transport, and 11.0% were brought in by police. Compared with other arrival modes, presentations brought in by ambulance were more likely to be older and female and have more urgent triage categories and a longer length of stay. Presentations arriving by privately arranged transport were more likely than other arrival modes to present during the day, be assigned a less urgent triage category, be seen within their recommended triage time, have a shorter length of stay in the emergency department, have higher rates of discharge, and have waited longer to be seen by a clinician. Presentations brought in by police were more likely than other arrival modes to be younger and male and experience a shorter time to be seen by a clinician. DISCUSSION Discrepancies between arrival modes indicates a need for further investigation to support inter- and intra-agency mental health care interventions.
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Kerr JA, Gillespie AN, O'Connor M, Deane C, Borschmann R, Dashti SG, Spry EA, Heerde JA, Möller H, Ivers R, Boden JM, Scott JG, Bucks RS, Glauert R, Kinner SA, Olsson CA, Patton GC. Intervention targets for reducing mortality between mid-adolescence and mid-adulthood: a protocol for a machine-learning facilitated systematic umbrella review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068733. [PMID: 37890970 PMCID: PMC10619087 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A rise in premature mortality-defined here as death during the most productive years of life, between adolescence and middle adulthood (15-60 years)-is contributing to stalling life expectancy in high-income countries. Causes of mortality vary, but often include substance misuse, suicide, unintentional injury and non-communicable disease. The development of evidence-informed policy frameworks to guide new approaches to prevention require knowledge of early targets for intervention, and interactions between higher level drivers. Here, we aim to: (1) identify systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses focused on intervention targets for premature mortality (in which intervention targets are causes of mortality that can, at least hypothetically, be modified to reduce risk); (2) evaluate the review quality and risk of bias; (3) compare and evaluate each review's, and their relevant primary studies, findings to identify existing evidence gaps. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In May 2023, we searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) for peer-reviewed papers published in the English language in the 12 years from 2012 to 2023 that examined intervention targets for mortality. Screening will narrow these papers to focus on systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses, and their primary papers. Our outcome is death between ages 15 and 60 years; with potential intervention targets measured prior to death. A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2) will be used to assess quality and risk of bias within included systematic reviews. Results will be synthesised narratively due to anticipated heterogeneity between reviews and between primary studies contained within included reviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This review will synthesise findings from published systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and their primary reviewed studies, meaning ethics committee approval is not required. Our findings will inform cross-cohort consortium development, be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and be presented at national and international conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022355861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kerr
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alanna N Gillespie
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Connor
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Camille Deane
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Equity, Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Ghazaleh Dashti
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Spry
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Heerde
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Möller
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - James G Scott
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Romola S Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Raine Study, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Glauert
- The Raine Study, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Equity, Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Campbell AC, Pearce LA, Willoughby M, Borschmann R, Young J, Bruun A, Sundbery J, Kinner SA. Adverse childhood experiences, morbidity, mortality and resilience in socially excluded populations: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074314. [PMID: 37848305 PMCID: PMC10582898 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Socially excluded populations, defined by homelessness, substance use disorder, sex work or criminal justice system contact, experience profound health inequity compared with the general population. Cumulative exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including neglect, abuse and household dysfunction before age 18, has been found to be independently associated with both an increased risk of social exclusion and adverse health and mortality outcomes in adulthood.Despite this, the impact of ACEs on health and mortality within socially excluded populations is poorly understood. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, Applied Social Science Index and Abstracts and Criminal Justice Database for peer-reviewed studies measuring ACEs and their impact on health and mortality in socially excluded populations.Three review questions will guide our data extraction and analysis. First, what is the prevalence of ACEs among people experiencing social exclusion in included studies? Second, what is the relationship between ACEs and health and mortality outcomes among people experiencing social exclusion? Does resilience modify the strength of association between ACEs and health outcomes among people experiencing social exclusion?We will meta-analyse the relationship between ACE exposure and health outcomes classified into six a prior categories: (1) substance use disorders; (2) sexual and reproductive health; (3) communicable diseases; (4) mental illness; (5) non-communicable diseases and (6) violence victimisation, perpetration and injury. If there are insufficient studies for meta-analysis, we will conduct a narrative synthesis. Study quality will be assessed using the MethodologicAl STandards for Epidemiological Research scale. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Our findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal, in presentations at academic conferences and in a brief report for policy makers and service providers. We do not require ethics approval as this review will use data that have been previously published. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022357565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Charles Campbell
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lindsay A Pearce
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Bruun
- Youth Support and Advocacy Service, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqui Sundbery
- Youth Support and Advocacy Service, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Bell MF, Segal L, Dennison S, Kinner SA, Dawe S, Spittal MJ, Preen DB. Numeracy and literacy attainment of children exposed to maternal incarceration and other adversities: A linked data study. J Sch Psychol 2023; 100:101241. [PMID: 37689438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2023.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Parental incarceration has been associated with educational disadvantages for children, such as lower educational attainment, increased grade retention, and truancy and suspensions. However, children exposed to parental incarceration often experience other adversities that are also associated with educational disadvantage; the contribution of these co-occurring adversities has not been considered in previous research. This study aimed to investigate the educational outcomes of children exposed to (a) maternal incarceration alone and (b) maternal incarceration plus other adversities (i.e., maternal mental illness and/or child protective services [CPS] contact). We used linked administrative data for a sample of children whose mothers were incarcerated during the children's childhood (i.e., from the time of mother's pregnancy through the child's 18th birthday; n = 3828) and a comparison group of children whose mothers had not been incarcerated (n = 9570). Multivariate multinomial logistic regressions examined the association between exposure to the three adversities (i.e., maternal incarceration, maternal mental illness, and child CPS contact) and above or below average reading and numeracy attainment in Grades 3, 5, 7 and 9. At all grade levels, children exposed to maternal incarceration alone and those exposed to maternal incarceration plus other adversities had increased odds of below average numeracy and reading attainment and decreased odds of above average numeracy and reading attainment compared to children without any of the recorded exposures. Children exposed to maternal incarceration and CPS contact and those exposed to all three adversities had increased odds of below average reading and numeracy attainment compared to children exposed to maternal incarceration alone. The findings highlight the complex needs of children of incarcerated mothers that must be considered when designing and delivering educational support programs. These children would benefit from the implementation of multi-tiered, trauma-informed educational and clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F Bell
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Leonie Segal
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Susan Dennison
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, New South Wales, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sharon Dawe
- School of Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Janca E, Keen C, Willoughby M, Young JT, Kinner SA. Sex differences in acute health service contact after release from prison in Australia: a data linkage study. Public Health 2023; 223:240-248. [PMID: 37688844 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women released from prison typically experience worse health outcomes than their male counterparts. We examined sex differences in the patterns, characteristics, and predictors of acute health service contact (AHSC) (i.e. ambulance and/or emergency department use) after release from prison. STUDY DESIGN Data linkage study. METHODS Baseline survey data from 1307 adults (21% women) within six weeks of expected release from prisons in Queensland, Australia (2008-2010) were linked prospectively with state-wide ambulance and emergency department, correctional, mental health, and death records. Crude and adjusted incidence rates and incidence rate ratios of AHSC were calculated overall and by sex. An Andersen-Gill model was fit to examine whether sex predicted AHSC. The interaction effect between sex and each model covariate was tested. RESULTS The crude incidence rates of AHSC after release from prison were 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-1.5) and 1·1 (95%CI: 1.1-1.2) per person-year for women and men, respectively. The relationship between perceived physical health-related functioning at the baseline and AHSC was modified by sex (P = 0·039). The relationship between perceived health-related functioning and AHSC also differed among women. Compared to women who perceived their physical health as fair or good at the baseline, women who perceived their physical health as poor were at greater risk of AHSC (hazard ratio = 2.4, 95%CI: 1.4-3·9, P = 0.001) after release from prison. CONCLUSIONS Among people released from prison, women's and men's AHSC differs depending on how they perceive their own physical health. The specific needs of women and men must be considered in transitional support policy and planning to improve their health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Janca
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - C Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S A Kinner
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Brandenburg C, Crilly J, Thomas S, Gardiner P, Kinner SA, Heffernan E, Lincoln C, Somerville A, Davidson P, Wilson D, Green D, Byrnes J. Police perspectives on the economic considerations of providing healthcare in short-term custodial settings in Australia. Med Sci Law 2023:258024231198915. [PMID: 37691343 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231198915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Providing appropriate healthcare to people in short-term police custody settings (i.e. watch-houses) is challenging due to the complexity of detainee health needs and the limitations of the custodial environment. However, little is known about how detainee healthcare is managed in Australia, including economic considerations. This study had two aims: (1) to understand police perspectives on the costs associated with the delivery of healthcare to watch-house detainees in Queensland, Australia and (2) to scope the applicability of the Prison Healthcare Expenditure Reporting Checklist (PHERC) tool for the Australian watch-house context. The study employed an exploratory qualitative descriptive approach. A purposive sample comprised 16 watch-house staff from six regions in Queensland, Australia, interviewed between April and November 2021. A key finding was that police viewed healthcare expenditure as a major, but largely unavoidable cost for Australian watch-houses. Participants reported that direct expenditure comprised mostly of in-house healthcare services (of which there were a variety of models), but also costs of medication and health-related consumables. Indirect costs included costs of escorting and guarding detainees requiring transfer to hospital for health assessment and treatment. Participants reported that the PHERC was not applicable to the Australian watch-house context. Future research should explore the cost-effectiveness of different watch-house healthcare delivery models and how best to measure this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Brandenburg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Thomas
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Gardiner
- Cairns Watch-house, Far North District, Queensland Police Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cathy Lincoln
- Forensic Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annabel Somerville
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Division Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Wilson
- Office of the Medical Director, Queensland Ambulance Service, Kedron, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Green
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Calais-Ferreira L, Young JT, Francis K, Willoughby M, Pearce L, Clough A, Spittal MJ, Brown A, Borschmann R, Sawyer SM, Patton GC, Kinner SA. Non-communicable disease mortality in young people with a history of contact with the youth justice system in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e600-e609. [PMID: 37516476 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people who have had contact with the criminal justice system are at increased risk of early death, especially from injuries. However, deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in this population remain poorly described. We aimed to estimate mortality due to NCDs in people with a history of involvement with the youth justice system, compare NCD mortality rates in this population with those in the general population, and characterise demographic and justice-related factors associated with deaths caused by NCDs in people with a history of contact with the youth justice system. METHODS In this retrospective, population-based cohort study (the Youth Justice Mortality [YJ-Mort] study), we included all people aged 10-18 years (at baseline) charged with a criminal offence in Queensland, Australia, between June 30, 1993, and July 1, 2014. We probabilistically linked youth justice records with adult correctional records and national death records up to Jan 31, 2017. Indigenous status was ascertained from youth justice and adult correctional records, with individuals identified as Indigenous in either source classified as Indigenous in the final dataset. We estimated crude mortality rates and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for comparisons with data from the Australian general population. We identified risk factors for NCD deaths using competing-risks regression. FINDINGS Of 48 670 individuals aged 10-18 years (at baseline) charged with a criminal offence in Queensland, Australia, between June 30, 1993, and July 1, 2014, 11 897 (24·4%) individuals were female, 36 773 (75·6%) were male, and 13 250 (27·2%) were identified as identified as Indigenous. The median age at first contact with the youth justice system was 15 years (IQR 14-16), the median follow-up time was 13·4 years (8·4-18·4), and the median age at the end of the study was 28·6 years (23·6-33·6). Of 1431 deaths, 932 (65·1%) had a known and attributed cause, and 121 (13·0%) of these were caused by an NCD. The crude mortality rate from NCDs was 18·5 (95% CI 15·5-22·1) per 100 000 person-years among individuals with a history of involvement with the youth justice system, which was higher than among the age-matched and sex-matched Australian general population (SMR 1·67 [1·39-1·99]). Two or more admissions to adult custody (compared with none; adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio 2·09 [1·36-3·22]), and up to 52 weeks in adult custody (compared with none; 1·98 [1·18-3·32]) was associated with NCD death. INTERPRETATION Young people with a history of contact with the justice system are at increased risk of death from NCDs compared with age-matched and sex-matched peers in the general Australian population. Reducing youth incarceration and providing young people's rights to access clinical, preventive, and restorative services should be a priority. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kate Francis
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lindsay Pearce
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan Clough
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Wardrop R, Ranse J, Chaboyer W, Young JT, Kinner SA, Crilly J. Corrigendum to: Factors associated with emergency department service outcomes for people with a mental health problem brought in by police: a retrospective cohort study. AUST HEALTH REV 2023; 47:519. [PMID: 37535459 DOI: 10.1071/ah22229_co] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify factors associated with an emergency department (ED) length of stay ≥4 hours (h) and hospital admission for people with a mental health problem brought in by police. Methods We undertook a retrospective, observational cohort study of state-wide adult ED mental health presentations brought in by police from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with an ED length of stay ≥4 h and hospital admission. Results In total, 9325 ED presentations with a mental health problem brought in by police to Queensland EDs were included. Factors most strongly associated with an ED length of stay ≥4 h included an Australasian Triage Score (ATS) of 1, an age of 85 years or older, night shift arrival and subsequent hospital admission. For hospital admission, an ATS of 1, an age of 85 years or older and an ED length of stay ≥4 h were the strongest factors. Conclusion Findings indicate opportunities for targeted mental health models of care to better support people brought in by police to an ED. Such models should involve ED, pre-hospital providers (police and ambulance) and mental health services to support early intervention and potentially reduce the likelihood of a long ED length of stay and subsequent hospital admission.
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Glover‐Wright C, Coupe K, Campbell AC, Keen C, Lawrence P, Kinner SA, Young JT. Health outcomes and service use patterns associated with co-located outpatient mental health care and alcohol and other drug specialist treatment: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:1195-1219. [PMID: 37015828 PMCID: PMC10946517 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES Despite long-standing recommendations to integrate mental health care and alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment, no prior study has synthesised evidence on the impact of physically co-locating these specialist services on health outcomes. APPROACH We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL for studies examining health outcomes associated with co-located outpatient mental health care and AOD specialist treatment for adults with a dual diagnosis of substance use disorder and mental illness. Due to diversity in study designs, patient populations and outcome measures among the included studies, we conducted a narrative synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed using the MASTER scale. KEY FINDINGS Twenty-eight studies met our inclusion criteria. We found provisional evidence that integrated care that includes co-located mental health care and AOD specialist treatment is associated with reductions in substance use and related harms and mental health symptom severity, improved quality of life, decreased emergency department presentations/hospital admissions and reduced health system expenditure. Many studies had a relatively high risk of bias and it was not possible to disaggregate the independent effect of physical co-location from other common aspects of integrated care models such as care coordination and the integration of service processes. IMPLICATIONS There are few high-quality, peer-reviewed studies establishing the impact of co-located mental health care and AOD specialist treatment on health outcomes. Further research is required to inform policy, guide implementation and optimise practice. CONCLUSION Integrated care that includes the co-location of mental health care and AOD specialist treatment may yield health and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Glover‐Wright
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Kym Coupe
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Alexander Charles Campbell
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Claire Keen
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
- Griffith Criminology InstituteGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Jesse T. Young
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
- School of Population and Global HealthThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
- National Drug Research InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
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Pearce LA, Borschmann R, Young JT, Kinner SA. Advancing cross-sectoral data linkage to understand and address the health impacts of social exclusion: Challenges and potential solutions. Int J Popul Data Sci 2023; 8:2116. [PMID: 37670956 PMCID: PMC10476462 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v8i1.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of administrative health data for research, monitoring, and quality improvement has proliferated in recent decades, leading to improvements in health across many disease areas and across the life course. However, not all populations are equally visible in administrative health data, and those that are less visible may be excluded from the benefits of associated research. Socially excluded populations - including the homeless, people with substance dependence, people involved in sex work, migrants or asylum seekers, and people with a history of incarceration - are typically characterised by health inequity. Yet people who experience social exclusion are often invisible within routinely collected administrative health data because information on their markers of social exclusion are not routinely recorded by healthcare providers. These circumstances make it difficult to understand the often complex health needs of socially excluded populations, evaluate and improve the quality of health services that they interact with, provide more accessible and appropriate health services, and develop effective and integrated responses to reduce health inequity. In this commentary we discuss how linking data from multiple sectors with administrative health data, often called cross-sectoral data linkage, is a key method for systematically identifying socially excluded populations in administrative health data and addressing other issues related to data quality and representativeness. We discuss how cross-sectoral data linkage can improve the representation of socially excluded populations in research, monitoring, and quality improvement initiatives, which can in turn inform coordinated responses across multiple sectors of service delivery. Finally, we articulate key challenges and potential solutions for advancing the use of cross-sectoral data linkage to improve the health of socially excluded populations, using international examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Pearce
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse T. Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Cumming C, Kinner SA, McKetin R, Young JT, Li I, Preen DB. The predictive validity of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) for moderate- to high-risk cannabis, methamphetamine and opioid use after release from prison. Addiction 2023; 118:1107-1115. [PMID: 36680769 PMCID: PMC10952147 DOI: 10.1111/add.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Illicit substance use is common among people entering prisons, as is returning to substance use after release from prison. We aimed to assess the predictive validity of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) for returning to substance use after release from prison. DESIGN A longitudinal design with baseline survey conducted between 2008 and 2010 in the 6 weeks before expected prison release and up to three follow-up surveys in the 6 months after release. SETTING Prisons in Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1054 adults within 6 weeks of expected release from prison. MEASUREMENTS The ASSIST was used to assess problematic use of cannabis, methamphetamine, heroin and other non-prescribed opioids in the 3 months before incarceration. Post-incarceration substance use was measured at 1, 3 and 6 months after release. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the optimal ASSIST cut-off score for each substance, using Youden's index (J). FINDINGS Forty-one per cent (n = 434) of the cohort reported any substance use during follow-up: 33% (n = 344) used cannabis, 20% (n = 209) methamphetamine, 10% (n = 109) heroin and 9% (n = 97) illicit other opioids. The optimal ASSIST cut-off score was ≥ 4 for heroin, methamphetamine and cannabis and ≥ 1 for other opioids. Using these cut-offs, the AUROC was highest for heroin in predicting both any use (AUROC = 0.82) and weekly use (AUROC = 0.88) in the past 4 weeks. AUROCs for other drugs ranged from 0.73 to 0.79. CONCLUSIONS The ASSIST shows promise as an accurate and potentially scalable tool that may be useful for predicting a return to substance use after release from prison and could inform service delivery. The substantial rates of returning to substance use after release from prison suggest that prison serves to interrupt rather than cease substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children’s Research InstituteParkvilleVICAustralia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
- Griffith Criminology InstituteGriffith UniversityMt GravattQLDAustralia
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Jesse T. Young
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
- Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVICAustralia
- National Drug Research InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
- School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Ian Li
- School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - David B. Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
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Wardrop R, Ranse J, Chaboyer W, Young JT, Kinner SA, Crilly Oam J. Factors associated with emergency department service outcomes for people with a mental health problem brought in by police: a retrospective cohort study. AUST HEALTH REV 2023:AH22229. [PMID: 37183005 DOI: 10.1071/ah22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify factors associated with an emergency department (ED) length of stay ≥4 hours (h) and hospital admission for people with a mental health problem brought in by police.MethodsWe undertook a retrospective, observational cohort study of state-wide adult ED mental health presentations brought in by police from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with an ED length of stay ≥4 h and hospital admission.ResultsIn total, 9325 ED presentations with a mental health problem brought in by police to Queensland EDs were included. Factors most strongly associated with an ED length of stay ≥4 h included an Australasian Triage Score (ATS) of 1, an age of 85 years or older, night shift arrival and subsequent hospital admission. For hospital admission, an ATS of 1, an age of 85 years or older and an ED length of stay ≥4 h were the strongest factors.ConclusionFindings indicate opportunities for targeted mental health models of care to better support people brought in by police to an ED. Such models should involve ED, pre-hospital providers (police and ambulance) and mental health services to support early intervention and potentially reduce the likelihood of a long ED length of stay and subsequent hospital admission.
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Cumming C, Bell MF, Segal L, Spittal MJ, Kinner SA, Dennison S, Dawe S, Preen DB. Maternal incarceration increases the risk of self-harm but not suicide: a matched cohort study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2023; 32:e33. [PMID: 37161898 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796023000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Children of incarcerated mothers are at increased risk of experiencing multiple adversity such as poverty, mental illness and contact with child protection services (CPS), including being taken into out of home care (OOHC). However, little is known about whether these children are at increased risk of suicide or self-harm compared to children not exposed to maternal incarceration or about the factors that may contribute to this. We aimed to investigate differences in the risk of suicide and self-harm between children exposed to maternal incarceration and those not exposed and examine how socio-demographic factors, maternal mental illness and CPS contact (with or without OOHC) may affect these outcomes. METHODS We used a retrospective matched cohort study design, comparing 7674 children exposed to maternal incarceration with 7674 non-exposed children. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the risk of suicide and self-harm between exposed and non-exposed groups, controlling for geographical remoteness, CPS contact and maternal mental illness. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the rate of suicide (rate ratio [RR] = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78, 2.87) or risk of suicide (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.96) between the two groups. However, the exposed group had a significantly higher rate of self-harm (RR = 2.83; 95% CI: 2.50, 3.21) and a significantly higher risk of self-harm (aHR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.09) compared to those non-exposed. CPS contact with or without OOHC was independently associated with an increased risk of self-harm for both groups. CONCLUSION Children exposed to maternal incarceration are at an increased risk of self-harm and should be prioritized to receive targeted, multimodal support that continues after the mother's release from prison. The association between CPS contact and self-harm warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Megan F Bell
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Leonie Segal
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Susan Dennison
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sharon Dawe
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Borschmann R, Spittal MJ, Keen C, Hail-Jares K, Patton G, Sawyer SM, Kinner SA. Violence-Related Death in Young Australians After Contact With the Youth Justice System: A Data Linkage Study. J Interpers Violence 2023:8862605231169490. [PMID: 37148272 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231169490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known outside of the United States about the risk of violence-related death among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system (justice-involved young people). We examined violence-related deaths among justice-involved young people in Queensland, Australia. In this study, youth justice records for 48,647 young people (10-18 years at baseline) who were charged, or experienced a community-based order or youth detention in Queensland, Australia (1993-2014) were probabilistically linked with death, coroner, and adult correctional records (1993-2016). We calculated violence-related crude mortality rates (CMRs) and age- and sex-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). We constructed a cause-specific Cox regression model to identify predictors of violence-related deaths. Of 1,328 deaths in the cohort, 57 (4%) were from violence. The violence-related CMR was 9.5 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] [7.4, 12.4]) and the SMR was 6.8 [5.3, 8.9]. Young Indigenous people had a greater risk of violence-related death than non-Indigenous people (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR] 2.5; [1.5, 4.4]). Young people who experienced detention had more than twice the risk of violence-related death than those who were charged only (csHR 2.5; [1.2, 5.3]). We found that justice-involved young people have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that of the general population. The rate of violence-related death found in this study is lower than that in U.S.-based studies, which most likely reflects lower population level firearm violence in Australia. In Australia, young Indigenous people and those released from detention appear key groups to target for violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Claire Keen
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - George Patton
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Cumming C, Kinner SA, McKetin R, Li I, Preen DB. The health needs of people leaving prison with a history of methamphetamine and/or opioid use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:778-784. [PMID: 36917515 PMCID: PMC10947398 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use is more common than opioid use among prison entrants in some countries, including Australia, yet most research and policy focuses on opioid use. This suggests that traditional opioid-focused interventions are no longer appropriate for the majority of this group in countries such as Australia. To inform policy and practice, we compared socio-demographic characteristics and health needs of people leaving prison with a history of methamphetamine use and/or opioid use. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of incarcerated adults administered the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test was used to identify moderate-/high-risk methamphetamine use (n = 909), opioid use (n = 115) or combined methamphetamine/opioid use (n = 356) before incarceration. We compared groups using modified log-linked Poisson regression with robust error variance. RESULTS Compared to the opioid-only group, the methamphetamine-only group were: significantly more often aged <25 years; significantly more likely to identify as Indigenous; significantly less likely to have a history of prior incarceration, drug injection or overdose. A significantly lower proportion of methamphetamine-only and methamphetamine-and-opioid participants self-reported current hepatitis C infection compared to opioid-only participants. A majority of participants in all groups screened positive for current psychological distress according to the K10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS People leaving prison with a history of methamphetamine use differ from opioid users with respect to demographics, patterns of substance use and related health concerns. Treatment and harm reduction efforts for people who experience incarceration must respond to patterns of drug use in this population, and invest at scale in coordinated, continuous services for co-occurring substance use and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Griffith Criminology InstituteGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Ian Li
- School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - David B. Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
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Hail-Jares K, Cumming C, Young JT, Borschmann R, Lennox N, Kinner SA. Self-harm and suicide attempts among incarcerated lesbian, gay and bisexual people in Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:562-571. [PMID: 35735169 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guided by minority stress theory, we explored the association between sexual identity, justice system involvement, self-harm and suicide attempts, among a cohort of incarcerated adults in Australia. METHODS A sample of 2698 adults incarcerated in Queensland and Western Australia were surveyed between 1 August 2008 and 12 August 2016 about their current psychological distress, mental health diagnoses, contact with mental health services, and lifetime and recent self-harm and suicide attempts. We used multivariable logistic regression to explore the relationship between sexual orientation, prior criminal justice system involvement, mental health and demographic factors. RESULTS Five percent of the sample identified as gay, lesbian or bisexual, with 37% of lesbian, gay, bisexual and other same-sex attracted individuals reporting that they had self-harmed (vs 14% of heterosexual peers; χ2 = 52.4; p < 0.001) and 49% reporting a history of at least one suicide attempt (vs 23%; χ2 = 49.2; p < 0.001). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and other same-sex attracted people were 2.1 times (95% confidence interval: [1.4, 3.3]) and 1.8 times (95% confidence interval: [1.2, 2.8]) more likely to report a history of self-harm and suicide attempt, respectively, than non-lesbian, gay, bisexual and other same-sex attracted respondents. CONCLUSION Intersectionality theory suggests that people who are navigating two or more marginalised identities often experience a compounding of internal and external stressors. Consistent with that theory, lesbian, gay, bisexual and other same-sex attracted people who experience incarceration may be at particularly high risk of self-harm and suicidal behaviour. Custodial settings should both improve cultural competency for frontline staff working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and other same-sex attracted individuals and improve access to mental health services during incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hail-Jares
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Craig Cumming
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nick Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual & Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Curtis M, Wilkinson AL, Dietze P, Stewart AC, Kinner SA, Winter RJ, Aitken C, Walker SJ, Cossar RD, Butler T, Stoové M. Is use of opioid agonist treatment associated with broader primary healthcare use among men with recent injecting drug use histories following release from prison? A prospective cohort study. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:42. [PMID: 36978089 PMCID: PMC10044112 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A precipitous decline in health status among people recently released from prison is common. In Victoria, Australia, opioid agonist treatment (OAT) in the community involves frequent contact with primary care, potentially facilitating broader use of primary healthcare services. Among a cohort of men who injected drugs regularly pre-imprisonment, we estimated differences in rates of primary healthcare use and medication dispensation between people who did and did not receive OAT post-release. METHODS Data came from the Prison and Transition Health Cohort Study. Three-month post-release follow-up interviews were linked with primary care and medication dispensation records. Generalised linear models were fit with one exposure (OAT: none/partial/complete) for 13 outcomes relating to primary healthcare use, pathology testing, and medication dispensation, adjusted for other covariates. Coefficients were reported as adjusted incidence rate ratios (AIRR). RESULTS Analyses included 255 participants. Compared to no OAT use, both partial and complete OAT use were associated with increased rates of standard (AIRR: 3.02, 95%CI: 1.88-4.86; AIRR: 3.66, 95%CI: 2.57-5.23), extended (AIRR: 2.56, 95%CI: 1.41-4.67; AIRR: 2.55, 95%CI: 1.60-4.07) and mental health-related (AIRR: 2.71, 95%CI: 1.42-5.20; AIRR: 2.27, 95%CI: 1.33-3.87) general practitioner (GP) consultations, total medication (AIRR: 1.88, 95%CI: 1.19-2.98; AIRR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.71-3.37), benzodiazepine (AIRR: 4.99, 95%CI: 2.81-8.85; AIRR: 8.30, 95%CI: 5.28-13.04) and gabapentinoid (AIRR: 6.78, 95%CI: 3.34-13.77; AIRR: 4.34, 95%CI: 2.37-7.94) dispensations, respectively. Partial OAT use was also associated with increased after-hours GP consultations (AIRR: 4.61, 95%CI: 2.24-9.48) and complete OAT use? with increased pathology utilisation (e.g. haematological, chemical, microbiological or immunological tissue/sample testing; AIRR: 2.30, 95%CI: 1.52-3.48). CONCLUSION We observed higher rates of primary healthcare use and medication dispensation among people who reported partial and complete OAT use post-release. Findings suggest that access to OAT post-release may have a collateral benefit in supporting broader health service utilisation, underscoring the importance of retention in OAT after release from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curtis
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Monash Addition Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anna L Wilkinson
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashleigh C Stewart
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Winter
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley J Walker
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Reece D Cossar
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Disease Elimination Program, Public Health Discipline, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Homelessness is a major contributor to health inequalities. People who experience homelessness are at markedly increased risk of multiple and complex health morbidities which likely increase their susceptibility to early, preventable death. Despite this, the mortality burden in this group remains poorly understood, limited in part by insufficient synthesis of data at a global level. This systematic review will synthesise international literature examining rates of risk and protective factors for mortality among people who have experienced homelessness. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and PubMed for peer-reviewed cohort studies examining mortality among people who have experienced homelessness. No study eligibility restrictions will be placed on the date, country of origin, or language of publications, or age of the sample. We will assess the quality of included studies using the Methodological Standards for Epidemiological Research scale. Our measures of mortality will include: (A) incidence-all cause and cause specific, expressed as a crude mortality rate (CMR) per 1000 person-years, with 95% CI and (B) all cause and cause specific, indirectly standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95%CI. Associations between risk and protective factors and all-cause and cause-specific mortality will be reported using pooled relative risk ratios with 95% CI. Where there are sufficient data, the influence of subgroup and methodological factors on CMRs, SMRs and predictive factors will be examined using meta-regression. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study does not require institutional ethics review or approval as it will synthesise findings from published studies that have previously been granted relevant ethics approvals. Study findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal article, conference and seminar presentations. A plain language summary will be distributed through the authors' academic and professional networks. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021272937.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Heerde
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesse Young
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Curtis M, Wilkinson AL, Dietze P, Stewart AC, Kinner SA, Cossar RD, Nehme E, Aitken C, Walker S, Butler T, Winter RJ, Smith K, Stoove M. Prospective study of retention in opioid agonist treatment and contact with emergency healthcare following release from prisons in Victoria, Australia. Emerg Med J 2023; 40:347-354. [PMID: 36759173 PMCID: PMC10176422 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2022-212755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People recently released from prison engage with emergency healthcare at greater rates than the general population. While retention in opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is associated with substantial reductions in the risk of opioid-related mortality postrelease, it is unknown how OAT affects contact with emergency healthcare. In a cohort of men who injected drugs regularly prior to imprisonment, we described rates of contact with ambulance services and EDs, and their associations with use of OAT, in the 3 months after release from prison. METHODS Self-report data from a prospective observational cohort of men who regularly injected drugs before a period of sentenced imprisonment, recruited between September 2014 and May 2016, were linked to state-wide ambulance and ED records over a 3-month postrelease period in Victoria, Australia. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between OAT use (none/interrupted/retained) and contact with ambulance and EDs postrelease, adjusted for other covariates. RESULTS Among 265 participants, we observed 77 ambulance contacts and 123 ED contacts over a median of 98 days of observation (IQR 87-125 days). Participants who were retained in OAT between prison release and scheduled 3-month postrelease follow-up interviews had lower rates of contact with ambulance (adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.76) and ED (AIRR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.83), compared with participants with no OAT use postrelease. Participants with interrupted OAT use did not differ from those with no OAT use in rates of contact with ambulance or ED. CONCLUSION We found lower rates of contact with emergency healthcare after release among people retained in OAT, but not among people reporting interrupted OAT use, underscoring the benefits of postrelease OAT retention. Strategies to improve accessibility and support OAT retention after leaving prison are important for men who inject drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curtis
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna L Wilkinson
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Cara Stewart
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Emily Nehme
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research & Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shelley Walker
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Justice Health Research Program, School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Winter
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Smith
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research & Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Stoove
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Forsyth S, Alati R, Kinner SA. Asthma-related mortality after release from prison: a retrospective data linkage study. J Asthma 2023; 60:167-173. [PMID: 35175870 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2039936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience incarceration are at increased risk of asthma and have a higher prevalence of risk factors associated with asthma-related mortality. However, there has been little research on the relationship between asthma and mortality in people released from prison. OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between asthma and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and estimated the increased risk of asthma-related mortality among adults released from prison compared to the age- and sex-matched general population. DESIGN We used data from a nested case-control sample (N = 1658) within a retrospective cohort study of all adults released from prisons in Queensland, Australia, from 1994 to 2007 (N = 42015). Deaths were identified using linkage to national mortality records. Nested study cases were sampled from deaths, with a matched control from the cohort. We examined medical and case management records to identify risk factors potentially associated with mortality. Asthma-related mortality in the cohort was compared to that of the matched general population of Queensland. RESULTS People released from prison were more likely than their age and sex matched general population counterparts to have an asthma-related death (HR = 3.32 95%CI:2.14-5.16). Those who had been identified as having asthma in prison had increased odds of mortality from all-cause (OR = 1.86 95%CI:1.40-2.47), drug-related (OR = 2.5 95%CI:1.40-4.46), cardiovascular-related (OR = 3.2 95%CI:1.57-6.51), and respiratory-related (OR = 3.30 95%CI:1.63-6.70). CONCLUSION Among people exposed to incarceration, those with asthma are at elevated risk of death after release from custody. Improved management of respiratory disease in this population may contribute to reducing their high rate of preventable mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Forsyth
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Janca E, Keen C, Willoughby M, Borschmann R, Sutherland G, Kwon S, Kinner SA. Sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:355-371. [PMID: 36462041 PMCID: PMC9971066 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People released from incarceration are at increased risk of suicide compared to the general population. We aimed to synthesise evidence on the incidence of and sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and PubMed between 1 January 1970 and 14 October 2021 for suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020208885). We calculated pooled crude mortality rates (CMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for suicide, overall and by sex, using random-effects models. We calculated a pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing rates of suicide by sex. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included. The pooled suicide CMR per 100,000 person years was 114.5 (95%CI 97.0, 132.0, I2 = 99.2%) for non-sex stratified samples, 139.5 (95% CI 91.3, 187.8, I2 = 88.6%) for women, and 121.8 (95% CI 82.4, 161.2, I2 = 99.1%) for men. The suicide SMR was 7.4 (95% CI 5.4, 9.4, I2 = 98.3%) for non-sex stratified samples, 14.9 for women (95% CI 6.7, 23.1, I2 = 88.3%), and 4.6 for men (95% CI 1.3, 7.8, I2 = 98.8%). The pooled suicide IRR comparing women to men was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9, 1.4, I2 = 82.2%). No studies reporting self-harm or suicidal ideation after incarceration reported sex differences. CONCLUSION People released from incarceration are greater than seven times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. The rate of suicide is higher after release than during incarceration, with the elevation in suicide risk (compared with the general population) three times higher for women than for men. Greater effort to prevent suicide after incarceration, particularly among women, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Janca
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, 410 Koorliny Way, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.
| | - Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Georgina Sutherland
- Disability and Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, 410 Koorliny Way, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia ,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia ,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4122 Australia ,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
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Thomas EG, Spittal MJ, Taxman FS, Puljević C, Heffernan EB, Kinner SA. Association between contact with mental health and substance use services and reincarceration after release from prison. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272870. [PMID: 36070251 PMCID: PMC9451082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective People released from prison who experience mental health and substance use problems are at high risk of reincarceration. This study aimed to examine the association between contact with mental health and substance use treatment services, and reincarceration, among adults released from prison. Methods Pre-release survey data from 1,115 adults released from prisons in Queensland, Australia were linked with administrative health and correctional records covering a median of 787 days post-release. We constructed marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for pre-release variables and time-varying indicators of emergent mental health and substance use problems, to examine the association between contact with mental health and substance use treatment services, and reincarceration. Results The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for reincarceration associated with mental health service contact was 1.76 (95%CI 1.23,2.51). Among those not on parole following release, the AHR for reincarceration associated with substance use treatment service contact was 3.16 (95%CI 2.09,4.77); we found no evidence for an association among those who were released on parole (AHR = 1.07; 95%CI 0.80,1.43). Conclusions Although we cannot eliminate the possibility of residual confounding, our findings suggest that infrequent or unsustained contact with community-based mental health and substance use treatment services is not protective against reincarceration, and may even be iatrogenic. Increased investment in high-quality and timely behavioural health services for people released from prison may simultaneously improve health outcomes, and reduce reincarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G. Thomas
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Faye S. Taxman
- Criminology, Law & Society, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edward B. Heffernan
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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30
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Crilly JL, Brandenburg C, Kinner SA, Heffernan E, Byrnes J, Lincoln C, Gardiner P, Davidson P, Somerville A, Wilson D, Green D, Thomas S. Health care in police watch-houses: a challenge and an opportunity. Med J Aust 2022; 217:287-289. [PMID: 36030509 PMCID: PMC9804427 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Crilly
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health ServiceGold CoastQLD
- Griffith UniversityGold CoastQLD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Green
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health ServiceGold CoastQLD
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Stewart AC, Cossar R, Lee Wilkinson A, Scott N, Dietze P, Quinn B, Kinner SA, Aitken C, Walker S, Curtis M, Butler T, Ogloff JRP, Stoové M. Psychiatric well-being among men leaving prison reporting a history of injecting drug use: A longitudinal analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:1034-1043. [PMID: 34558314 DOI: 10.1177/00048674211048143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community reintegration from prison is typically stressful, with several health and social outcomes impacting psychiatric well-being during this time, often exacerbated among individuals with histories of drug use. Longitudinal data was used to assess change in psychiatric well-being over 2 years following release from prison among men who reported a recent history of injecting drug use. METHODS Data for this study come from the Prison and Transition Health cohort study of 400 men recruited in prison prior to release and followed up over three time points. Psychiatric well-being was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. We calculated change in individual General Health Questionnaire scores between interviews and identified covariates associated with General Health Questionnaire score using linear mixed-effects regression. RESULTS Data from 690 follow-up interviews among 326 participants were included in analyses. There was considerable variation in individuals' General Health Questionnaire scores. Moving accommodation frequently and frequent illicit drug injections were associated with an increase in General Health Questionnaire score (i.e. decline in psychiatric well-being). Two or more prior adult imprisonment episodes, social supports and past month primary healthcare attendance were associated with a decrease in General Health Questionnaire score. CONCLUSION Our findings identify health, social and structural influences on psychiatric well-being after release from prison that can inform re-entry programmes to support community reintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh C Stewart
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Reece Cossar
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Lee Wilkinson
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nick Scott
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan Quinn
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley Walker
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Curtis
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Justice Health Research Program, School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Calais-Ferreira L, Butler A, Dent S, Preen DB, Young JT, Kinner SA. Multimorbidity and quality of primary care after release from prison: a prospective data-linkage cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:876. [PMID: 35799190 PMCID: PMC9264593 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The period after release from prison can be challenging, especially due to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality despite commonly increased use of healthcare services. However, little is known about the quality of the healthcare offered to this population, which limits the possibility of addressing this important health inequity. This study characterised multimorbidity and investigated the relationship between multimorbidity and quality of primary healthcare in adults within 2 years after release from prison. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 1046 participants of a service brokerage intervention after release from prison between August 2008 and July 2010 in Queensland, Australia. Participants had their baseline survey and clinical data linked prospectively with their medical, correctional and death records. Multimorbidity was ascertained using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale and classified into three categories: none, moderate (morbidity in 2–3 domains) and complex (morbidity in 4 or more domains). Outcomes were Usual Provider Continuity Index (UPCI), Continuity of Care (COC) Index, and having at least one extended primary care consultation (> 20 minutes). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used in the analyses. Results Multimorbidity was present for 761 (73%) participants, being more prevalent among females (85%) than males (69%), p < 0.001. Moderate multimorbidity was not associated with UPCI or COC, but was associated with having at least one long consultation (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI:1.14–2.39), after adjusting for covariates. Complex multimorbidity was positively associated with all outcomes in the adjusted models. Indigenous status was negatively associated with UPCI (AOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.37–0.80) and COC (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.36–0.77), and people younger than 25 years were at 36% lower odds (AOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44–0.93) of having a long consultation than the middle-aged group (25–44 years) in the adjusted models. Conclusion Moderate multimorbidity was associated with having at least one extended primary care consultation, but not with adequate continuity of care, for adults within 2 years of being released from prison. Nearly half of those with complex multimorbidity did not receive adequate continuity of care. The quality of primary care is inadequate for a large proportion of adults released from prison, constituting an important and actionable health inequity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08209-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia. .,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.
| | - Amanda Butler
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Dent
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Winkelman TNA, Dasrath KC, Young JT, Kinner SA. Universal health coverage and incarceration. The Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e569-e572. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Snow KJ, Petrie D, Young JT, Preen DB, Heffernan E, Kinner SA. Impact of dual diagnosis on healthcare and criminal justice costs after release from Queensland prisons: a prospective cohort study. Aust J Prim Health 2022; 28:264-270. [PMID: 35512815 DOI: 10.1071/py21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People released from prison have poorer health than the general public, with a particularly high prevalence of mental illness and harmful substance use. High-frequency use of hospital-based services is costly, and greater investment in transitional support and primary care services to improve the health of people leaving prison may therefore be cost-effective. METHODS A prospective cohort study of 1303 men and women released from prisons in Queensland, Australia, between 2008 and 2010, using linked data was performed. We calculated healthcare costs and the cost of re-incarceration. We compared healthcare costs to the general public, and assessed the impact of past mental illness, substance use disorder, and dual diagnosis on both healthcare and criminal justice costs. RESULTS Healthcare costs among the cohort were 2.1-fold higher than expected based on costs among the public. Dual diagnosis was associated with 3.5-fold higher healthcare costs (95% CI 2.6-4.6) and 2.8-fold higher re-incarceration costs (95% CI 1.6-5.0), compared with no past diagnosis of either mental illness or substance use disorder. CONCLUSIONS People released from prison incur high healthcare costs, primarily due to high rates of engagement with emergency health services and hospital admissions. Comorbid mental illness and substance use disorders are associated with high health and criminal justice costs among people recently released from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Snow
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - D Petrie
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J T Young
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia; and School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; and National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D B Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - E Heffernan
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - S A Kinner
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia; and Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Carlton, Vic., Australia; and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-UQ, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Borschmann R, Kinner SA. Commentary on Victor et al. : Preventing overdose deaths following release from incarceration-context is crucial. Addiction 2022; 117:442-443. [PMID: 34549471 PMCID: PMC9290913 DOI: 10.1111/add.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health EquityUniversity of MelbourneVICAustralia,Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health EquityUniversity of MelbourneVICAustralia,Centre for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
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Carter A, Butler A, Willoughby M, Janca E, Kinner SA, Southalan L, Fazel S, Borschmann R. Interventions to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system: A global systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101266. [PMID: 35072018 PMCID: PMC8763634 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience incarceration die by suicide at a higher rate than those who have no prior criminal justice system contact, but little is known about the effectiveness of interventions in other criminal justice settings. We aimed to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to reduce suicide and suicide-related behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system. METHODS We searched Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and grey literature databases for articles published between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2021. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020185989). FINDINGS Thirty-eight studies (36 primary research articles, two grey literature reports) met our inclusion criteria, 23 of which were conducted in adult custodial settings in high-income, Western countries. Four studies were randomised controlled trials. Two-thirds of studies (n=26, 68%) were assessed as medium quality, 11 (29%) were assessed as high quality, and one (3%) was assessed as low quality. Most had considerable methodological limitations and very few interventions had been rigorously evaluated; as such, drawing robust conclusions about the efficacy of interventions was difficult. INTERPRETATION More high-quality evidence from criminal justice settings other than adult prisons, particularly from low- and middle-income countries, should be considered a priority for future research. FUNDING This work was funded by the Australian government's National Suicide Prevention Taskforce. RB is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leader Investigator Grant (EL2; GNT2008073). MW is supported by a NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (GNT1151103). SF was funded by the NIHR HTA Programme (HTA Project:16/159/09).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Butler
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding Author: A/Prof. Rohan Borschmann, PhD DClinPsych BBSc PG-Dip (Psych) MAPS, Dame Kate Campbell Senior Research Fellow / Psychologist, Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton, 3010, VIC Australia. Tel: +61 3 8344 0093; Fax: +61 3 8341 6212.
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Keen C, Kinner SA, Young JT, Jang K, Gan W, Samji H, Zhao B, Krausz M, Slaunwhite A. Prevalence of co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorder and association with overdose: a linked data cohort study among residents of British Columbia, Canada. Addiction 2022; 117:129-140. [PMID: 34033179 DOI: 10.1111/add.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the treated prevalence of mental illness, substance use disorder (SUD) and dual diagnosis and the association between dual diagnosis and fatal and non-fatal overdose among residents of British Columbia (BC), Canada. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study using linked health, income assistance, corrections and death records. SETTING British Columbia (BC), Canada. PARTICIPANTS A total of 921 346 BC residents (455 549 males and 465 797 females) aged 10 years and older. MEASUREMENTS Hospital and primary-care administrative data were used to identify a history of mental illness only, SUD only, dual diagnosis or no history of SUD or mental illness (2010-14) and overdoses resulting in medical care (2015-17). We calculated crude incidence rates of non-fatal and fatal overdose by dual diagnosis history. Andersen-Gill and competing risks regression were used to examine the association between dual diagnosis and non-fatal and fatal overdose, respectively, adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, incarceration history, social assistance, history of prescription opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and region of residence. FINDINGS Of the 921 346 people in the cohort, 176 780 (19.2%), 6147 (0.7%) and 15 269 (1.7%) had a history of mental illness only, SUD only and dual diagnosis, respectively; 4696 (0.5%) people experienced 688 fatal and 6938 non-fatal overdoses. In multivariable analyses, mental illness only, SUD only and dual diagnosis were associated with increased rate of non-fatal [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-2.1; HR = 9.0, 95% CI = 7.0-11.5, HR = 8.7, 95% CI = 6.9-10.9, respectively] and fatal overdose (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0, HR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.8-6.5, HR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.8-6.0, respectively) compared with no history. CONCLUSIONS In a large sample of residents of British Columbia (Canada), approximately one in five people had sought care for a substance use disorder or mental illness in the past 5 years. The rate of overdose was elevated in people with a mental illness alone, higher again in people with a substance use disorder alone and highest in people with a dual diagnosis. The adjusted hazard rates were similar for people with substance use disorder only and people with a dual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.,Justice Health Group, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kerry Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenqi Gan
- Data and Analytic Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hasina Samji
- Clinical Prevention Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bin Zhao
- Data and Analytic Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Krausz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda Slaunwhite
- Clinical Prevention Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Hail-Jares K, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Patton G, Sawyer SM, Janca E, Teplin L, Heffernan E, Kinner SA. Circumstances and toxicology of violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system: a data linkage study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2207. [PMID: 34861851 PMCID: PMC8642952 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young people who have had contact with the youth justice system have an increased risk of dying from violence. Examining the context of violence-related deaths is essential in informing prevention strategies. We examined the circumstances and toxicology of violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system in Queensland, Australia. Methods This data linkage study linked youth justice records from Queensland, Australia (30 June 1993-1 July 2014) on 48,670 young people to national death and coroner records (1 July 2000-1 January 2017). Circumstances and toxicology of deaths were coded from coroner’s records. We calculated the incidence of violence-related deaths that were reported to a coroner. Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine crude differences in the circumstances and toxicology of violence-related death, according to sex and Indigenous status. Results There were 982 deaths reported to a coroner in the cohort. Of which, 36 (4%) were from violence-related causes (incidence: 6 per 100,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval: 4-8). People who died from violence were most frequently male (n = 28/36; 78%), and almost half were Indigenous (n = 16/36; 44%). The majority of violence-related deaths involved a weapon (n = 24/36; 67%), most commonly a knife (n = 17/36; 47%). Compared to men where the violent incident was most frequently preceded by an altercation (n = 12/28; 43%), for women it was frequently preceded by a relationship breakdown or argument (n < 5; p = 0.004). Substances most commonly present in toxicology reports were cannabis (n = 16/23; 70%) and alcohol (n = 15/23; 65%). Conclusions Therapeutic alcohol and other drug programs, both in the community and detention, are likely important for reducing violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system. The majority of violence-related deaths among women were in the context of intimate partner violence, indicating the urgent need for interventions that prevent intimate partner violence in this population. Diversion programs and increased investment in health and social services may reduce the overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the youth justice system and in violence-related deaths. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12244-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Hail-Jares
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Linda Teplin
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cossar RD, Stewart AC, Wilkinson AL, Dietze P, Ogloff JRP, Aitken C, Butler T, Kinner SA, Curtis M, Walker S, Kirwan A, Stoové M. Emergency department presentations in the first weeks following release from prison among men with a history of injecting drug use in Victoria, Australia: A prospective cohort study. Int J Drug Policy 2021; 101:103532. [PMID: 34871944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of emergency department (ED) use are higher among people released from prison than in the general population. However, little is known about ED presentations specifically among people with a history of injecting drug use (IDU) leaving prison. We measured the incidence of ED presentation in the three months following release from prison, among a cohort of men with histories of IDU, and determined pre-release characteristics associated with presenting to an ED during this period. METHODS We analysed linked survey and administrative data from the Prison and Transition Health (PATH) study (N = 400) using multiple-failure survival analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one percent (n = 81/393) of the cohort presented to an ED at least once within the three months after release from prison. The incidence of ED presentation was highest in the first six days after release. Cox proportional hazards modelling showed that a history of in-patient psychiatric admission and housing instability were associated with increased hazard of an ED presentation, and identifying as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander was associated with decreased hazard. CONCLUSIONS In our study, ED presentations following release from prison among people with a history of IDU was linked to acute health risks related to known mental health and social vulnerabilities in this population. Greater collaboration and systems integration between prison and community health and support services is needed to reduce presentations to ED and associated morbidities among people with a history of IDU after release from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece David Cossar
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ashleigh Cara Stewart
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Lee Wilkinson
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Curtis
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley Walker
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Kirwan
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Willoughby M, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Tibble H, Kinner SA. Violence-Related Deaths Among People Released From Prison: A Data Linkage Study. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP13229-NP13253. [PMID: 32054375 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520905546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
People released from prison are a socially marginalized group and are at high risk of death from preventable causes, including violence. Despite this, little is known about the epidemiology of violence-related death (VRD) after release from prison. This knowledge is essential for developing targeted, evidence-informed violence prevention strategies. We examined VRDs among a representative sample of people released from prisons in Queensland, Australia, by sex and Indigenous status. Correctional records for all people (aged ≥17 years) released from prisons from January 1994 until December 2007 (N = 41,970) were linked probabilistically with the National Death Index. The primary outcome was VRD following release from prison. We calculated crude mortality rates (CMRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) standardized by age and sex to the Australian population. We used Cox regression to identify predictors of VRD. Of 2,158 deaths after release from prison, 3% (n = 68) were violence-related. The SMR for VRD was 10.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): [7.9, 12.7]) and was greatest for women (SMR = 16.3, 95% CI: [8.2, 32.7]). The rate of VRD was 2.5 deaths per 10,000 person-years (95% CI: [2.0, 3.2]) and was highest between 2 and 6 months after release from prison (CMR = 6.3, 95% CI: [3.4, 11.6]). Risk factors for VRD included short sentences (<90 days; for males and non-Indigenous people) and experiencing two or more imprisonments (for non-Indigenous people). No significant risk factors for VRD were identified for women or Indigenous people. People released from prison die from violence at a rate that is greatly elevated compared with the general population, with women experiencing the greatest elevation in risk. Reducing the number of VRDs in this population could improve the health and wellbeing of some of our most marginalized community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- King's College London, UK
| | - Holly Tibble
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Pearce LA, Vaisey A, Keen C, Calais-Ferreira L, Foulds JA, Young JT, Southalan L, Borschmann R, Gray R, Stürup-Toft S, Kinner SA. Correction to: A rapid review of early guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 in custodial settings. Health Justice 2021; 9:33. [PMID: 38624933 PMCID: PMC8608357 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00150-w.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Pearce
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Alaina Vaisey
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
| | - Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
| | - Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - James A. Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jesse T. Young
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
- Law School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Ruth Gray
- Healthcare in Prison, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, North, Ireland, UK
| | | | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
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Marynowski-Traczyk D, Wallis M, Broadbent M, Scuffham P, Young JT, Johnston ANB, FitzGerald G, Heffernan E, Kinner SA, Zhang P, Keijzers G, Bosley E, Martin-Khan M, Shevlin L, Crilly J. Optimising emergency department and acute care for people experiencing mental health problems: a nominal group study. AUST HEALTH REV 2021; 46:519-528. [PMID: 34793296 DOI: 10.1071/ah21092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify potential model of care approaches and systems processes for people presenting to acute healthcare settings with mental health problems, including mental illnesses.MethodsFive (consensus) nominal group technique sessions were conducted in 2019 with a purposive sample of stakeholders from health, police, ambulance and consumer agencies (n = 21). Sessions were recorded, transcribed and analysed for thematic content.ResultsPotential model of care approaches and systems processes for people with mental health problems in the emergency department include: a skilled collaborative approach to care; consumer-focused service; knowledge improvement; early assessment; the development of models, systems and processes; and the built environment. In the broader acute care setting, the themes of formal care, linking of services, enhancing informal and innovative care options, improving information sharing and enhancing training and education were identified.ConclusionsCoherent and multifaceted approaches to the provision of care to people with mental health problems and diagnosed mental illnesses who are requiring emergency care include the linking and sharing of systems and information, changing the built environment and exploring new models of service delivery.What is known about the topic?There is considerable evidence of interventions used in the emergency department and acute healthcare settings for this vulnerable group of people with mental health problems and diagnosed mental illnesses; however, the evidence for appropriate model of care approaches and systems processes is limited.What does this paper add?For people with mental health problems in emergency departments and for people with diagnosed mental illnesses in acute care settings, targeted directions to further support treatment include the linking and sharing of systems and information, changing the built environment and exploring new models of service delivery.What are the implications for practitioners?Planning changes to services for mental health clients with acute problems needs to incorporate clinicians, health service planners, architects and a range of emergency services personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Wallis
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, NSW, Australia; and School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Marc Broadbent
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Paul Scuffham
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Qld, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Amy N B Johnston
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Gerard FitzGerald
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Qld, Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Qld, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Qld, Australia
| | - Gerben Keijzers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Qld, Australia
| | - Emma Bosley
- Information Support, Research and Evaluation, Queensland Ambulance Service, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | - Julia Crilly
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Qld, Australia
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Willoughby M, Kinner SA. The absence of women involved in the criminal justice system from Australia's national discussion on preventing family and domestic violence. Med J Aust 2021; 215:487. [PMID: 34676556 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
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Pearce LA, Vaisey A, Keen C, Calais-Ferreira L, Foulds JA, Young JT, Southalan L, Borschmann R, Gray R, Stürup-Toft S, Kinner SA. A rapid review of early guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 in custodial settings. Health Justice 2021; 9:27. [PMID: 34652519 PMCID: PMC8518275 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With over 11 million people incarcerated globally, prevention and control of COVID-19 in custodial settings is a critical component of the public health response. Given the risk of rapid transmission in these settings, it is important to know what guidance existed for responding to COVID-19 in the early stages of the pandemic. We sought to identify, collate, and summarise guidance for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in custodial settings in the first six months of 2020. We conducted a systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature, and manually searched relevant websites to identify publications up to 30 June 2020 outlining recommendations to prevent and/or control COVID-19 in custodial settings. We inductively developed a coding framework and assessed recommendations using conventional content analysis. RESULTS We identified 201 eligible publications containing 374 unique recommendations across 19 domains including: preparedness; physical environments; case identification, screening, and management; communication; external access and visitation; psychological and emotional support; recreation, legal, and health service adaptation; decarceration; release and community reintegration; workforce logistics; surveillance and information sharing; independent monitoring; compensatory measures; lifting control measures; evaluation; and key populations/settings. We identified few conflicting recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The breadth of recommendations identified in this review reflects the complexity of COVID-19 response in custodial settings. Despite the availability of comprehensive guidance early in the pandemic, important gaps remain in the implementation of recommended prevention and control measures globally, and in the availability of evidence assessing their effectiveness on reducing COVID-19 disease, impact on people in custody and staff, and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Pearce
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alaina Vaisey
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Law School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth Gray
- Healthcare in Prison, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, North Ireland, UK
| | | | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Willoughby M, Keen C, Young JT, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Janca E, Kinner SA. Violence-related morbidity among people released from prison in Australia: A data linkage study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 41:457-466. [PMID: 34510627 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People released from prison have an increased risk of morbidity, including from nonfatal violence. We examined the incidence and predictors of violence-related morbidity after release from prison and investigated whether there are differences according to sex and Indigenous status. METHODS Baseline data were collected from 1325 people within 6 weeks of release from prisons in Queensland, Australia, between 1 August 2008 and 31 July 2010. Data were linked to state-wide health (ambulance, emergency department and hospital) and prison records, and national death records until 31 July 2012. Predictors were identified using a multivariable Andersen-Gill model. Differences according to sex and Indigenous status were investigated using effect modification. RESULTS A total of 225 (18.2%) people experienced 410 violence-related events that were recorded in health records. The incidence was 12.8 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.7, 14.1]. Risk factors for violence-related morbidity included diagnosed mental illness [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% CI 1.1, 3.8], substance use disorder (HR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1, 2.3) or dual diagnosis (HR = 3.2, 95% CI 2.2, 4.8); high-risk alcohol use (HR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.5, 2.8); being Indigenous (HR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2, 2.5); and two or more prison releases (HR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2, 2.6). Indigenous status modified the risk of violence-related morbidity, with Indigenous men having twice the risk of non-Indigenous men (HR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.3, 2.8). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in five people released from prisons in Queensland experienced violence-related morbidity. Coordinated and continuous mental health and substance use treatment from prison to the community may reduce the risk of violence-related morbidity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Keen
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND People recently released from prison are at increased risk of preventable death; however, the impact of the current overdose epidemic on this population is unknown. We aimed to document the incidence and identify risk factors for fatal overdose after release from provincial prisons in British Columbia. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, population-based, open cohort study of adults released from prisons in BC, using linked administrative data. Within a random 20% sample of the BC population, we linked provincial health and correctional records from 2010 to 2017 for people aged 23 years or older as of Jan. 1, 2015, who were released from provincial prisons at least once from 2015 to 2017. We identified exposures that occurred from 2010 to 2017 and deaths from 2015 to 2017. We calculated the piecewise incidence of overdose-related and all-cause deaths after release from prison. We used multivariable, mixed-effects Cox regression to identify predictors of all-cause death and death from overdose. RESULTS Among 6106 adults released from prison from 2015 to 2017 and followed in the community for a median of 1.6 (interquartile range 0.9-2.3) years, 154 (2.5%) died, 108 (1.8%) from overdose. The incidence of all-cause death was 16.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.7-18.8) per 1000 person-years. The incidence of overdose deaths was 11.2 (95% CI 9.2-13.5) per 1000 person-years, but 38.8 (95% CI 3.2-22.6) in the first 2 weeks after release from prison. After adjustment for covariates, the hazard of overdose death was 4 times higher among those who had been dispensed opioids for pain. INTERPRETATION People released from prisons in BC are at markedly increased risk of overdose death. Overdose prevention must go beyond provision of opioid agonist treatment and naloxone on release to address systemic social and health inequities that increase the risk of premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health (Kinner), Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Kinner), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Gan, Slaunwhite); School of Population and Public Health (Slaunwhite), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Wenqi Gan
- Centre for Adolescent Health (Kinner), Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Kinner), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Gan, Slaunwhite); School of Population and Public Health (Slaunwhite), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Amanda Slaunwhite
- Centre for Adolescent Health (Kinner), Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Kinner), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Gan, Slaunwhite); School of Population and Public Health (Slaunwhite), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Gan WQ, Kinner SA, Nicholls TL, Xavier CG, Urbanoski K, Greiner L, Buxton JA, Martin RE, McLeod KE, Samji H, Nolan S, Meilleur L, Desai R, Sabeti S, Slaunwhite AK. Risk of overdose-related death for people with a history of incarceration. Addiction 2021; 116:1460-1471. [PMID: 33047844 DOI: 10.1111/add.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reported associations between previous incarceration and the risk of overdose-related death are substantially heterogeneous, and previous studies are limited by an inability to control for confounding factors in risk assessment. This study investigated the associations of overdose-related death with previous incarceration and the number or cumulative duration of previous incarcerations, and individual or neighborhood characteristics that may potentially modify the associations. DESIGN AND SETTING A cohort study using a 20% random sample of residents in British Columbia, Canada. PARTICIPANTS A total of 765 690 people aged 23 years or older at baseline as of 1 January 2015. Mean age was 50 years; 49% were males. MEASUREMENTS Previous incarcerations that occurred during the 5-year exposure period (January 2010 to December 2014) were identified using provincial incarceration records. Overdose-related deaths that occurred during the 3-year follow-up period (January 2015 to December 2017) were identified using linked administrative health data. Baseline individual and neighborhood characteristics were retrieved from the provincial health insurance data. FINDINGS In the cohort, 5743 people had an incarceration history during the exposure period, and 634 people died from drug overdose during the follow-up period. The mortality rate was 897 and 22 per 100 000 person-years for people who did and did not have an incarceration history, respectively. After adjusting for baseline individual and neighborhood characteristics (without any interaction term), people who had an incarceration history were 4.04 times (95% confidence interval 3.23-5.06) more likely to die from drug overdose compared with people without an incarceration history. The association was stronger for females, people without diagnoses of substance use disorder and people without dispensation of opioids for pain or benzodiazepines (P < 0.001 for each interaction term). There was no discernible linear trend between the number or cumulative duration of previous incarcerations and the risk of overdose-related death. CONCLUSIONS Previous incarceration appears to be a major risk factor for overdose-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qi Gan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tonia L Nicholls
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chloé G Xavier
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Urbanoski
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leigh Greiner
- British Columbia Corrections, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jane A Buxton
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruth E Martin
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine E McLeod
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hasina Samji
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Roshni Desai
- First Nations Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soha Sabeti
- First Nations Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda K Slaunwhite
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Keen C, Kinner SA, Young JT, Snow K, Zhao B, Gan W, Slaunwhite AK. Periods of altered risk for non-fatal drug overdose: a self-controlled case series. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e249-e259. [PMID: 33773635 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being recently released from prison or discharged from hospital, or being dispensed opioids, benzodiazepines, or antipsychotics have been associated with an increased risk of fatal drug overdose. This study aimed to examine the association between these periods and non-fatal drug overdose using a within-person design. METHODS In this self-controlled case series, we used data from the provincial health insurance client roster to identify a 20% random sample of residents (aged ≥10 years) in British Columbia, Canada between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2017 (n=921 346). Individuals aged younger than 10 years as of Jan 1, 2015, or who did not have their sex recorded in the client roster were excluded. We used linked provincial health and correctional records to identify a cohort of individuals who had a non-fatal overdose resulting in medical care during this time period, and key exposures, including periods of incarceration, admission to hospital, emergency department care, and supply of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), opioids for pain (unrelated to MOUD), benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics. Using a self-controlled case series, we examined the association between the time periods during and after each of these exposures and the incidence of non-fatal overdose with case-only, conditional Poisson regression analysis. Sensitivity analyses included recurrent overdoses and pre-exposure risk periods. FINDINGS We identified 4149 individuals who had a non-fatal overdose in 2015-17. Compared with unexposed periods (ie, all follow-up time that was not part of a designated risk period for each exposure), the incidence of non-fatal overdose was higher on the day of admission to prison (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 2·76 [95% CI 1·51-5·04]), at 1-2 weeks (2·92 [2·37-3·61]), and 3-4 weeks (1·34 [1·01-1·78]) after release from prison, 1-2 weeks after discharge from hospital (1·35 [1·11-1·63]), when being dispensed opioids for pain (after ≥4 weeks) or benzodiazepines (entire use period), and from 3 weeks after discontinuing antipsychotics. The incidence of non-fatal overdose was reduced during use of MOUD (aIRRs ranging from 0·33 [0·26-0·42] to 0·41 [0·25-0·67]) and when in prison (0·12 [0·08-0·19]). INTERPRETATION Expanding access to and increasing support for stable and long-term medication for the management of opioid use disorder, improving continuity of care when transitioning between service systems, and ensuring safe prescribing and medication monitoring processes for medications that reduce respiratory function (eg, benzodiazepines) could decrease the incidence of non-fatal overdose. FUNDING Murdoch Children's Research Institute and National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Snow
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bin Zhao
- Data and Analytic Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wenqi Gan
- Data and Analytic Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda K Slaunwhite
- Clinical Prevention Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young people and adults released from incarceration have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that in the general population. Despite this, evidence regarding the incidence, elevated risk and predictive factors for violence-related deaths after release have not yet been synthesised. This information is important to inform the development of evidence-based approaches to effectively prevent deaths from violence in this population. This systematic review will synthesise the literature examining the crude mortality rates (CMRs), standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and predictive factors for violence-related deaths among people released from incarceration. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We searched key electronic health, social science and criminology databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, CINCH, Criminal Justice Abstracts) for peer-reviewed cohort studies published in English on 14th September 2020. Our primary outcome of interest is violence-related deaths occurring in the community following release from incarceration. We will not restrict study eligibility by year of publication or age of participants. The Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research (MASTER) scale will be used to assess the quality of included studies. If there are sufficient studies and homogeneity between studies, we will conduct meta-analyses to calculate pooled estimates of CMRs, SMRs or predictive factors for violence-related deaths. If there is a sufficient number of included studies, meta-regression will be conducted to examine the influence of subgroups and methodological factors on the CMRs, SMRs or predictive factors. If the studies do not report sufficient data, or if there is substantial heterogeneity, findings will be presented in a narrative form. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This review is exempt from ethics approval as it will synthesise findings from published studies that have already obtained ethics approval. Our findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal article, and national and international conference and seminar presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020209422).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia K Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Keen C, Foulds JA, Willoughby M, Newton-Howes G, Knight J, Fazel S, Borschmann R, Kinner SA, Young JT. Antidepressant use and interpersonal violence perpetration: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043306. [PMID: 33441364 PMCID: PMC7812107 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are conflicting perspectives as to whether antidepressant medication increases, decreases or has no effect on violence perpetration, impulsivity and aggressive behaviour. This is an important question given the widespread use of antidepressant medication and the significant medical, social, legal and health consequences of violence. We aim to: (1) systematically identify observational studies and randomised controlled trials that quantify the relationship between antidepressant use and interpersonal violence; (2) assess the quality of studies that quantify the relationship between antidepressant use and interpersonal violence and (3) estimate the pooled prevalence and measure of effect for the relationship between antidepressant use and interpersonal violence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and the Cochrane Library for relevant peer-reviewed literature. Our primary outcome is the perpetration of violent acts directed at others. Our secondary outcome is physical, interpersonal aggression measured through validated surveys. We will include randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies that examine the association between the use of antidepressants and violence perpetration and/or physical aggression. No restrictions will be placed on the population. We will use the Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research scale to assess the quality of included studies. We will provide an overview of the included studies and assess heterogeneity and publication bias. If there are sufficient studies, we will conduct meta-analyses to examine the possible association between antidepressants and violence, and undertake meta-regression to examine the effect of antidepressant class, length of follow-up, age of participants and population subgroups on the association between antidepressants and violence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethics approval is required. Our findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal article and conference presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION DETAILS CRD42020175474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giles Newton-Howes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Josh Knight
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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