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Dyson S, Bondi A, Routh J, Pollard D, Preston T, McConnell C, Kydd J. Do owners recognise abnormal equine behaviour when tacking‐up and mounting? A comparison between responses to a questionnaire and real‐time observations. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, SuffolkUK
| | - A. Bondi
- The Old Barns Firbeck House Steetley, DerbyshireUK
| | - J. Routh
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, SuffolkUK
| | | | - T. Preston
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - C. McConnell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - J. Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
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Dyson S, Bondi A, Routh J, Pollard D, Preston T, McConnell C, Kydd JH. An investigation of behaviour during tacking‐up and mounting in ridden sports and leisure horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket UK
| | | | - J. Routh
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket UK
| | | | - T. Preston
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - C. McConnell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | - J. H. Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
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Pearce B, Yadav R, Hegwood E, Ghafoor A, Mundell J, Preston T. VAPING: "A SAFE ALTERNATIVE TO SMOKING". Chest 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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MacDonald AJ, Miller J, Ramage MI, Greig C, Stephens NA, Jacobi C, Preston T, Fearon KCH, Skipworth RJE. Cross sectional imaging of truncal and quadriceps muscles relates to different functional outcomes in cancer. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2875-2880. [PMID: 30612853 PMCID: PMC6876543 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Following the consensus definition of cancer cachexia, more studies are using CT scan analysis of truncal muscles as a marker of muscle wasting. However, how CT-derived body composition relates to function, strength and power in patients with cancer is largely unknown. Aims We aimed to describe the relationship between CT truncal (L3) skeletal muscle index (SMI) and MRI quadriceps cross sectional area with lower limb strength, power and measures of complex function. Methods Patients undergoing assessment for potentially curative surgery for oesophagogastric or pancreatic cancer were recruited from the regional upper gastrointestinal (UGI) or hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) multi-disciplinary team meetings. Maximum Isometric Knee Extensor Strength (IKES) and Maximum Leg Extensor Power (Nottingham Power Rig) (LEP) were used as measures of lower limb performance. Both Sit to Stand (STS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) were used as measures of global complex muscle function. Muscle SMI was measured from routine CT scans at the level of the third lumbar vertebrae (L3) and MRI scan was used for the assessment of quadriceps muscles. Linear regression analysis was performed for CT SMI or MRI quadriceps as a predictor of each measure of performance. Results Forty-four patients underwent assessment. Height and weight were significantly related to function in terms of quadriceps power, while only weight was associated with strength (P < 0.001). CT SMI was not related to measures of quadriceps strength or power but had significant association with more complex functional measures (P = 0.006, R2 = 0.234 and 0.0019, R2 = 0.175 for STS and TUG respectively). In comparison, both gross and fat-subtracted measures of quadriceps muscle mass from MRI were significantly correlated with quadriceps strength and power (P < 0.001), but did not show any significant association with complex functional measures. Conclusion CT SMI and MRI quadriceps have been shown to reflect different aspects of functional ability with CT SMI being a marker of global muscle function and MRI quadriceps being specific to quadriceps power and strength. This should therefore be considered when choosing outcome measures for trials or definitions of muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - J Miller
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom.
| | - M I Ramage
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - C Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, NIHR Birmingham BRC, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - N A Stephens
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - C Jacobi
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Area, Muscle Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, WSJ- 152.2.72.04, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, The University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, United Kingdom
| | - K C H Fearon
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - R J E Skipworth
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
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Preston T, Wills A. A single hydrotherapy session increases range of motion and stride length in Labrador retrievers diagnosed with elbow dysplasia. Vet J 2018; 234:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Smith DR, King RFGJ, Duckworth LC, Sutton L, Preston T, O'Hara JP, Jones B. Energy expenditure of rugby players during a 14-day in-season period, measured using doubly labelled water. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:647-656. [PMID: 29353321 PMCID: PMC5805815 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Criterion data for total energy expenditure (TEE) in elite rugby are lacking, which prediction equations may not reflect accurately. This study quantified TEE of 27 elite male rugby league (RL) and rugby union (RU) players (U16, U20, U24 age groups) during a 14-day in-season period using doubly labelled water (DLW). Measured TEE was also compared to estimated, using prediction equations. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry, and physical activity level (PAL) estimated (TEE:RMR). Differences in measured TEE were unclear by code and age (RL 4369 ± 979; RU 4365 ± 1122; U16, 4010 ± 744; U20, 4414 ± 688; U24, 4761 ± 1523 Kcal day- 1). Differences in PAL (overall mean 2.0 ± 0.4) were unclear. Very likely differences were observed in RMR by code (RL 2366 ± 296; RU 2123 ± 269 Kcal day- 1). Differences in relative RMR between U20 and U24 were very likely (U16, 27 ± 4; U20, 23 ± 3; U24, 26 ± 5 Kcal kg- 1 day- 1). Differences were observed between measured and estimated TEE, using Schofield, Cunningham and Harris-Benedict equations for U16 (187 ± 614, unclear; - 489 ± 564, likely and - 90 ± 579, unclear Kcal day- 1), U20 (- 449 ± 698, likely; - 785 ± 650, very likely and - 452 ± 684, likely Kcal day- 1) and U24 players (- 428 ± 1292; - 605 ± 1493 and - 461 ± 1314 Kcal day- 1, all unclear). Rugby players have high TEE, which should be acknowledged. Large inter-player variability in TEE was observed demonstrating heterogeneity within groups, thus published equations may not appropriately estimate TEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Smith
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, G19 Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QN, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.
- Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - R F G J King
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, G19 Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QN, UK
| | - L C Duckworth
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, G19 Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QN, UK
| | - L Sutton
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, G19 Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QN, UK
| | - T Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK
| | - J P O'Hara
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, G19 Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QN, UK
| | - B Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, G19 Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QN, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
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Edwards CA, Havlik J, Cong W, Mullen W, Preston T, Morrison DJ, Combet E. Polyphenols and health: Interactions between fibre, plant polyphenols and the gut microbiota. NUTR BULL 2017; 42:356-360. [PMID: 29200959 PMCID: PMC5698720 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A high‐fibre diet and one rich in fruit and vegetables have long been associated with lower risk of chronic disease. There are several possible mechanisms underpinning these associations, but one likely important factor is the production of bioactive molecules from plant‐based foods by the bacteria in the colon. This links to our growing understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in promoting health. Polyphenolic‐rich plant foods have been associated with potential health effects in many studies, but the bioavailability of polyphenol compounds, as eaten, is often very low. Most of the ingested molecules enter the large intestine where they are catabolised to smaller phenolic acids that may be the key bioactive effectors. Dietary fibres, present in plant foods, are also fermented by the bacteria to short‐chain fatty acids, compounds associated with several beneficial effects on cell turnover, metabolism and eating behaviour. Polyphenols and fibre are often eaten together, but there is a lack of research investigating the interaction between these two groups of key substrates for the colonic bacteria. In a project funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Diet and Health Research Industry Club, we are investigating whether combining different fibres and polyphenol sources can enhance the production of bioactive phenolic acids to promote health. This could lead to improved dietary recommendations and to new products with enhanced potential health‐promoting actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Havlik
- University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - W Cong
- University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - W Mullen
- University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | | | - E Combet
- University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Petropoulou K, Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Godsland IF, Wilde P, Narbad A, Parker R, Salt L, Morris VJ, Domoney C, Persaud SJ, Holmes E, Penson S, Watson J, Stocks M, Buurman M, Luterbacher M, Frost G. Identifying crop variants with high resistant starch content to maintain healthy glucose homeostasis. NUTR BULL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Petropoulou
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group; Section of Investigative Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - E. S. Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group; Section of Investigative Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - D. J. Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory; Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - T. Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory; Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - I. F. Godsland
- Section of Metabolic Medicine; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - P. Wilde
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - A. Narbad
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - R. Parker
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - L. Salt
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - V. J. Morris
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - C. Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology; John Innes Centre; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - S. J. Persaud
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - E. Holmes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Computational and Systems Medicine; Imperial College London; London UK
| | | | | | - M. Stocks
- Plant Bioscience Limited; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | | | - M. Luterbacher
- The Norwich BioScience Institutes; Norwich Research Park Norwich UK
| | - G. Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group; Section of Investigative Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London UK
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Polyviou T, MacDougall K, Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A, Jawaid S, Harris HC, Edwards CA, Simpson L, Murphy KG, Zac‐Varghese SEK, Blundell JE, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR, Frost GS, Preston T, Tedford MC, Morrison DJ. Randomised clinical study: inulin short-chain fatty acid esters for targeted delivery of short-chain fatty acids to the human colon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:662-72. [PMID: 27464984 PMCID: PMC5026196 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced through fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates by the gut microbiota are associated with positive metabolic effects. However, well-controlled trials are limited in humans. AIMS To develop a methodology to deliver SCFA directly to the colon, and to optimise colonic propionate delivery in humans, to determine its role in appetite regulation and food intake. METHODS Inulin SCFA esters were developed and tested as site-specific delivery vehicles for SCFA to the proximal colon. Inulin propionate esters containing 0-61 wt% (IPE-0-IPE-61) propionate were assessed in vitro using batch faecal fermentations. In a randomised, controlled, crossover study, with inulin as control, ad libitum food intake (kcal) was compared after 7 days on IPE-27 or IPE-54 (10 g/day all treatments). Propionate release was determined using (13) C-labelled IPE variants. RESULTS In vitro, IPE-27-IPE-54 wt% propionate resulted in a sevenfold increase in propionate production compared with inulin (P < 0.05). In vivo, IPE-27 led to greater (13) C recovery in breath CO2 than IPE-54 (64.9 vs. 24.9%, P = 0.001). IPE-27 also led to a reduction in energy intake during the ad libitum test meal compared with both inulin (439.5 vs. 703.9 kcal, P = 0.025) and IPE-54 (439.5 vs. 659.3 kcal, P = 0.025), whereas IPE-54 was not significantly different from inulin control. CONCLUSIONS IPE-27 significantly reduced food intake suggesting colonic propionate plays a role in appetite regulation. Inulin short-chain fatty acid esters provide a novel tool for probing the diet-gut microbiome-host metabolism axis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Polyviou
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry LaboratoryScottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)East KilbrideUK
| | - K. MacDougall
- School of ScienceUniversity of the West of ScotlandHamiltonUK
| | - E. S. Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Viardot
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Psichas
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. Jawaid
- School of ScienceUniversity of the West of ScotlandHamiltonUK
| | - H. C. Harris
- School of MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - C. A. Edwards
- School of MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - L. Simpson
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry LaboratoryScottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)East KilbrideUK,School of ScienceUniversity of the West of ScotlandHamiltonUK
| | - K. G. Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative MedicineHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. E. K. Zac‐Varghese
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - J. E. Blundell
- Institute of Psychological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - W. S. Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative MedicineHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. R. Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative MedicineHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. S. Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupHammersmith CampusFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - T. Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry LaboratoryScottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)East KilbrideUK
| | - M. C. Tedford
- School of ScienceUniversity of the West of ScotlandHamiltonUK
| | - D. J. Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry LaboratoryScottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)East KilbrideUK
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Macfarlane DP, Raubenheimer PJ, Preston T, Gray CD, Bastin ME, Marshall I, Iredale JP, Andrew R, Walker BR. Effects of acute glucocorticoid blockade on metabolic dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes with and without fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G760-8. [PMID: 25104497 PMCID: PMC4187063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00030.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential of therapies which reduce glucocorticoid action in patients with Type 2 diabetes we performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study of acute glucocorticoid blockade, using the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 (mifepristone) and cortisol biosynthesis inhibitor (metyrapone), in 14 men with Type 2 diabetes. Stable isotope dilution methodologies were used to measure the rates of appearance of glucose, glycerol, and free fatty acids (FFAs), including during a low-dose (10 mU·m⁻² ·min⁻¹) hyperinsulinemic clamp, and subgroup analysis was conducted in patients with high or low liver fat content measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n = 7/group). Glucocorticoid blockade lowered fasting glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity of FFA and glycerol turnover and hepatic glucose production. Among this population with Type 2 diabetes high liver fat was associated with hyperinsulinemia, higher fasting glucose levels, peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, and impaired suppression of FFA oxidation and FFA and glycerol turnover during hyperinsulinemia. Glucocorticoid blockade had similar effects in those with and without high liver fat. Longer term treatments targeting glucocorticoid action may be useful in Type 2 diabetes with and without fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Macfarlane
- 1University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - P. J. Raubenheimer
- 1University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - T. Preston
- 2Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - C. D. Gray
- 3SFC Brain Imaging Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; and
| | - M. E. Bastin
- 3SFC Brain Imaging Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; and
| | - I. Marshall
- 3SFC Brain Imaging Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; and
| | - J. P. Iredale
- 4University/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - R. Andrew
- 1University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - B. R. Walker
- 1University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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Jones MC, Ampleford DJ, Cuneo ME, Hohlfelder R, Jennings CA, Johnson DW, Jones B, Lopez MR, MacArthur J, Mills JA, Preston T, Rochau GA, Savage M, Spencer D, Sinars DB, Porter JL. X-ray power and yield measurements at the refurbished Z machine. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:083501. [PMID: 25173263 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advancements have been made in the diagnostic techniques to measure accurately the total radiated x-ray yield and power from z-pinch implosion experiments at the Z machine with high accuracy. The Z machine is capable of outputting 2 MJ and 330 TW of x-ray yield and power, and accurately measuring these quantities is imperative. We will describe work over the past several years which include the development of new diagnostics, improvements to existing diagnostics, and implementation of automated data analysis routines. A set of experiments on the Z machine were conducted in which the load and machine configuration were held constant. During this shot series, it was observed that the total z-pinch x-ray emission power determined from the two common techniques for inferring the x-ray power, a Kimfol filtered x-ray diode diagnostic and the total power and energy diagnostic, gave 449 TW and 323 TW, respectively. Our analysis shows the latter to be the more accurate interpretation. More broadly, the comparison demonstrates the necessity to consider spectral response and field of view when inferring x-ray powers from z-pinch sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R Hohlfelder
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D W Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Lopez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J MacArthur
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J A Mills
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Preston
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D Spencer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Macdonald A, Johns N, Small A, Greig C, Husi H, Ross J, Fearon K, Preston T. OP026 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE PROTEIN FRACTIONAL SYNTHETIC RATE IN PATIENTS WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER. Clin Nutr 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(13)60028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MacDonald AJ, Small AC, Greig CA, Husi H, Ross JA, Stephens NA, Fearon KCH, Preston T. A novel oral tracer procedure for measurement of habitual myofibrillar protein synthesis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:1769-1777. [PMID: 23821570 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Conventionally, myofibrillar protein synthesis is measured over time periods of hours. In clinical studies, interventions occur over weeks. Functional measures over such periods may be more representative. We aimed to develop a novel method to determine myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) to estimate habitual rates, while avoiding intravenous tracer infusions. METHODS Four healthy males were given 100 g water enriched to 70 Atom % with (2)H2O as a single oral bolus. Vastus-lateralis needle biopsies were performed and plasma samples collected, 3-13 days post-dose. (2)H enrichment in body water was measured in plasma using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Myofibrillar protein was isolated from muscle biopsies and acid hydrolysed. (2)H enrichment of protein-bound and plasma-free alanine was measured by gas chromatography (GC)/pyrolysis/IRMS. Myofibrillar protein FSR was calculated (% day(-1)). RESULTS The tracer bolus raised the initial enrichment of body water to 1514 ppm (2)H excess. Water elimination followed a simple exponential. The average elimination half-time was 8.3 days. Plasma alanine, labelled during de novo synthesis, followed the same elimination kinetics as water. The weighted average myofibrillar protein FSR from the four subjects was 1.38 % day(-1) (range, 1.0-1.9 % day(-1) ). CONCLUSIONS Myofibrillar protein FSR was measured in free-living healthy individuals over 3-13 days. Using a single oral (2)H2O bolus, endogenous labelling of alanine occurred in a predictable manner giving estimates of synthesis comparable with published values. Furthermore, the protocol does not compromise the ability to measure other important metabolic processes such as total energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Kutscha J, Sutton DGM, Preston T, Guthrie AJ. Equine piroplasmosis treatment protocols: specific effect on orocaecal transit time as measured by the lactose 13C-ureide breath test. Equine Vet J 2013:62-7. [PMID: 23447880 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for equine piroplasmosis but its administration causes severe colic and diarrhoea. An imidocarb protocol that reduces these effects is needed. OBJECTIVES 1) Quantification of the effects of imidocarb dipropionate on equine orocaecal transit time (OCTT), with and without atropine or glycopyrrolate premedication and 2) investigation of an improved pretreatment regimen for imidocarb administration. HYPOTHESIS Treatment with imidocarb dipropionate will result in colic and reduced OCTT as demonstrated by the lactose 13C-ureide breath test which will be ameliorated by premedication with either atropine or glycopyrrolate. METHODS The effects of 3 drug therapies on OCTT were compared in 6 healthy horses in a randomised double-blind study vs. a saline control: 1) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4 mg/kg bwt administered intramuscularly (i.m.) with saline administered intravenously (i.v.; imidocarb/saline); 2) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4 mg/kg bwt administered i.m. with atropine 0.035 mg/kg bwt administered i.v. (imidocarb/atropine) and 3) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4 mg/kg bwt administered i.m. with glycopyrrolate 0.0025 mg/kg bwt administered i.v. (imidocarb/glycopyrrolate). The lactose 13C-ureide breath test was used to measure OCTT in each case and significance of treatment effect determined by a linear model analysis of variance. RESULTS Imidocarb/atropine treatment caused an increase in OCTT (P < 0.05) whereas imidocarb/saline produced a nonsignificant decrease in OCTT. Imidocarb/saline caused colic and diarrhoea in 4 of 6 horses, which were not seen in any of the horses treated with imidocarb/atropine or imidocarb/glycopyrrolate or administered the saline control. Intestinal borborygmi were increased in imidocarb/saline and decreased in imidocarb/atropine treated horses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Imidocarb/saline treatment induced colic signs and a potential reduction in OCTT while imidocarb/atropine treatment increased OCTT significantly when compared with imidocarb/saline. Both atropine and glycopyrrolate premedication ameliorated the clinical gastrointestinal effects of imidocarb but atropine produced significant inhibition of gastric and/or small intestinal motility not detected with glycopyrrolate. Premedication with glycopyrrolate is recommended when using imidocarb for treatment of equine piroplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kutscha
- Ardene House Veterinary Practice, Aberdeen, UK.
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Guo F, Preston T, Giesbrecht B, Eckstein MP. Automatic neural coding of open and closed scenes in RSC and PPA during visual search. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Guo F, Preston T, Giesbrecht B, Eckstein M. fMRI evidence for the neural representation of target detection in natural scenes. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Preston T, Guo F, Giesbrecht B, Eckstein M. Contextual location information relevant to visual search in natural scenes is encoded in extrastriate visual cortex and the anterior intraparietal sulcus. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Validation of a reliable, noninvasive clinical test for quantification of equine orocaecal transit time (OCTT) is required. This would facilitate an evidence-based approach to investigation and treatment of equine small intestinal disorders. OBJECTIVES 1) Comparison of the lactose (13) C-ureide breath test (LUBT) with the hydrogen breath test (H(2) BT) for OCTT measurement. 2) Identification of the characteristics of gastrointestinal microbial glycosylureide hydrolase activity in vitro. 3) Production of an optimised protocol for the LUBT for in vivo measurement of equine OCTT. HYPOTHESIS Significant lactose (13) C-ureide ((13) C-LU) hydrolase activity is restricted to the large bowel. The rate of expiratory (13) CO(2) production after ingestion of the isotope will provide an indirect quantifiable measure of orocaecal transit rate. Requisite bacterial activity may be enhanced by a primer dose of unlabelled substrate as shown in Man. METHODS Combined LUBT and H(2) BT were performed in 8 healthy individuals. Analysis of sequential end expiratory breath samples was used to calculate OCTT and results compared. Digestion of (13) C-LU was investigated in vitro using fresh faecal material or intestinal aliquots collected post mortem. Isotopic fermentation rate was measured by rate of appearance of (13) CO(2) . RESULTS Peaks in expiratory (13) CO(2) occurred in all individuals after ingestion of the labelled test meal, whereas H(2) expiration was variable. Both faecal and intestinal microbial digestion of (13) C-LU were maximised by prior exposure to (12) C-LU. Induced bacterial glucoseureide hydrolase activity was significantly greater in the caecum than in the small intestine (n = 10, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Significant (13) C-LU digestion is restricted to the equine large intestine under normal conditions, and is enhanced by prior exposure to (12) C-LU, making (13) C-LU a suitable noninvasive marker of equine OCTT. The LUBT is more reliable than the H(2) BT for measurement of equine OCTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G M Sutton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Application of the lactose (13) C-ureide breath test (LUBT) for measurement of equine orocaecal transit time (OCTT) has not been reported previously. The ability to assess OCTT noninvasively, and to investigate its relationship to gastric emptying rate and small intestinal transit, would be of both clinical and research value. OBJECTIVES 1) Assessment of the LUBT in healthy horses, with comparison of induced versus noninduced test protocols. 2) Application of a new dual stable isotope breath test (lactose (13) C-ureide and (13) C-octanoic acid) for gastrointestinal transit measurement. HYPOTHESIS The LUBT will allow quantification of equine OCTT, and test efficacy will be enhanced by prior administration of lactose (12) C-ureide as shown in vitro. The dual tracer breath test will permit simultaneous measurement of gastric emptying, OCTT and small bowel transit times. METHODS Induced and noninduced LUBTs were performed in 3 healthy mature horses in randomised order using a standard test meal and protocol. Combined LUBT and (13) C-octanoic acid breath tests ((13) C-OABT) were performed in 4 individuals on 4 occasions at weekly intervals. Expiratory isotopic recovery was modelled to allow generation of gastric emptying data, small bowel transit times and caecal transit parameters. RESULTS The induction protocol for the LUBT increased the rate and magnitude of expiratory (13) CO(2) significantly. Mean ± s.d. values for OCTT, caecal lag phase (t(lag) ) and caecal t(1/2) using the induced LUBT were 3.24 ± 0.65 h, 5.62 ± 1.22 h and 6.31 ± 1.21 h, respectively. Dual stable isotope tests resulted in the production of 2 discrete peaks in expiratory (13) CO(2) in 15/16 tests from which gastric t(1/2), OCTT and small bowel transit (SBT) parameters could be calculated. CONCLUSIONS The induced LUBT provides a reliable noninvasive measure of equine OCTT and can be paired with the (13) C-OABT to provide further information about small intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G M Sutton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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McConnell P, Del Rio C, Preston T, Schmidt B, Darner R, Anstadt M. 126 Short-Term Support Via Direct Mechanical Ventricular Actuation Improves Cardiac Function in Chronically Failing Hearts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hendry PO, van Dam RM, Bukkems SFFW, McKeown DW, Parks RW, Preston T, Dejong CHC, Garden OJ, Fearon KCH. Randomized clinical trial of laxatives and oral nutritional supplements within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol following liver resection. Br J Surg 2010; 97:1198-206. [PMID: 20602497 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine laxatives may expedite gastrointestinal recovery and early tolerance of food within an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme. Combined with carbohydrate loading and oral nutritional supplements (ONS), it may further enhance recovery of gastrointestinal function and promote earlier overall recovery. METHODS Seventy-four patients undergoing liver resection were randomized in a two-by-two factorial design to receive either postoperative magnesium hydroxide as a laxative, preoperative carbohydrate loading and postoperative ONS, their combination or a control group. Patients were managed within an ERAS programme of care. The primary outcome measure was time to first passage of stool. Secondary outcome measures were gastric emptying, postoperative oral calorie intake, time to functional recovery and length of hospital stay. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients completed the trial. The laxative group had a significantly reduced time to passage of stool: median (interquartile range) 4 (3-5) versus 5 (4-6) days (P = 0.034). The ONS group showed a trend towards a shorter time to passage of stool (P = 0.076) but there was no evidence of interaction in patients randomized to the combination regimen. Median length of hospital stay was 6 (4-7) days. There were no differences in secondary outcomes between groups. CONCLUSION Within an ERAS protocol for patients undergoing liver resection, routine postoperative laxatives result in an earlier first passage of stool but the overall rate of recovery is unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Hendry
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK.
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Silva S, Wyse C, Goodfellow M, Yam P, Preston T, Papasouliotis K, Hall E. Assessment of liver function in dogs using the 13C-galactose breath test. Vet J 2010; 185:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Verbeke K, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Preston T, Small AC, Henckaerts L, Krempf M, Wang H, Vonk RJ, Priebe MG. Influence of the type of indigestible carbohydrate on plasma and urine short-chain fatty acid profiles in healthy human volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:678-84. [PMID: 20502475 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Health effects of whole grain foods are becoming more evident. In this study, we analysed the short-chain fatty acid profiles in urine and serum derived from the colonic fermentation process of (13)C-barley meals, prepared from barley grown under (13)CO(2) atmosphere. SUBJECTS/METHODS In a crossover study, five volunteers ingested intact barley kernels (high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and resistant starch (RS)) and barley porridge (high content of NSP only). Using a newly developed stable isotope technology, we monitored 14 and 24 h postprandially (13)C-acetate, (13)C-propionate and (13)C-butyrate in plasma and urine, respectively. The oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) of the meals was measured with the hydrogen breath test. RESULTS The OCTT was 6 h and did not differ between the two test meals. An increase of (13)C-acetate was observed already early after ingestion of the meals (<6 h) and was attributed to early fermentation of the test meal. A rise in plasma (13)C-propionate in the fermentation phase could only be detected after the porridge and not after the kernel meal. An increase in (13)C-butyrate was only found in the fermentation phase and was higher after the barley kernels. Urine (13)C-short-chain fatty acids data were consistent with these observations. CONCLUSIONS The difference in the profiles of (13)C-acetate, (13)C-propionate and (13)C-butyrate indicates that NSP combined with RS results in an altered fermentation profile than dietary fibre alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verbeke
- Department of Gastrointestinal Research and Leuven Food and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Preston T, Kourtzi Z, Welchman A. Context shapes estimation of 3D structure in human visual cortex. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Welchman A, Preston T, Li S. Functional specialisation for the perception of disparity-defined depth in the human visual cortex. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Preston T, Klohe E. 265-P: Allele mismatch in a 0 antigen mismatched kidney: Donor specific antibody to DQB1 causes rejection. Hum Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.09.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang H, Weening D, Jonkers E, Boer T, Stellaard F, Small AC, Preston T, Vonk RJ, Priebe MG. A curve fitting approach to estimate the extent of fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:863-8. [PMID: 19021705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about the extent of carbohydrate digestion and fermentation is critical to our ability to explore the metabolic effects of carbohydrate fermentation in vivo. We used cooked (13)C-labelled barley kernels, which are rich in indigestible carbohydrates, to develop a method which makes it possible to distinguish between and to assess carbohydrate digestion and fermentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen volunteers ingested 86 g (dry weight) of cooked naturally (13)C enriched barley kernels after an overnight fast. (13)CO(2) and H(2) in breath samples were measured every half hour for 12 h. The data of (13)CO(2) in breath before the start of the fermentation were used to fit the curve representing the digestion phase. The difference between the area under curve (AUC) of the fitted digestion curve and the AUC of the observed curve was regarded to represent the fermentation part. Different approaches were applied to determine the proportion of the (13)C-dose available for digestion and fermentation. RESULTS Four hours after intake of barley, H(2)-excretion in breath started to rise. Within 12 h, 24-48% of the (13)C-dose was recovered as (13)CO(2), of which 18-19% was derived from colonic fermentation and the rest from digestion. By extrapolating the curve to baseline, it was estimated that eventually 24-25% of the total available (13)C in barley would be derived from colon fermentation. CONCLUSION Curve fitting, using (13)CO(2)- and H(2)-breath data, is a feasible and non-invasive method to assess carbohydrate digestion and fermentation after consumption of (13)C enriched starchy food.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
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Selberg O, McMillan DC, Preston T, Carse H, Shenkin A, Burns HJ. Palmitate turnover and its response to glucose infusion in weight-losing cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2008; 9:150-6. [PMID: 16837347 DOI: 10.1016/0261-5614(90)90047-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1989] [Accepted: 08/24/1989] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Palmitate turnover in weight-stable control subjects (n = 4) and weight-losing patients with progressive malignant disease (n = 4) has been determined. Measurements were made after an overnight fast and during glucose infusion (3.5 mg/kg/min). Turnover rates were calculated from plateau isotopic enrichment of palmitate in plasma during a continuous infusion of 1-13C palmitate. Palmitate turnover was higher in the cancer group before (180%) and during glucose loading (170%) compared with the control group. Palmitate turnover was reduced during glucose administration by approximately 34% in both groups. Plasma concentration of insulin was decreased and of cortisol was increased in the cancer group compared with the control group before and during glucose infusion. We conclude that cancer patients with weight loss have increased rates of fatty acid turnover indicative of enhanced mobilisation of body fat stores. Altered plasma concentrations of insulin and cortisol may mediate this effect. Nonetheless, even at more advanced stages of cachexia cancer patients have normal control mechanisms for inhibiting fatty acid turnover following administration of carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Selberg
- University Department of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The major potential site of acid nitrosation is the proximal stomach, an anatomical site prone to a rising incidence of metaplasia and adenocarcinoma. Nitrite, a pre-carcinogen present in saliva, can be converted to nitrosating species and N-nitroso compounds by acidification at low gastric pH in the presence of thiocyanate. AIMS To assess the effect of lipid and ascorbic acid on the nitrosative chemistry under conditions simulating the human proximal stomach. METHODS The nitrosative chemistry was modelled in vitro by measuring the nitrosation of four secondary amines under conditions simulating the proximal stomach. The N-nitrosamines formed were measured by gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry, while nitric oxide and oxygen levels were measured amperometrically. RESULTS In absence of lipid, nitrosative stress was inhibited by ascorbic acid through conversion of nitrosating species to nitric oxide. Addition of ascorbic acid reduced the amount of N-nitrosodimethylamine formed by fivefold, N-nitrosomorpholine by >1000-fold, and totally prevented the formation of N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine. In contrast, when 10% lipid was present, ascorbic acid increased the amount of N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine formed by approximately 8-, 60- and 140-fold, respectively, compared with absence of ascorbic acid. CONCLUSION The presence of lipid converts ascorbic acid from inhibiting to promoting acid nitrosation. This may be explained by nitric oxide, formed by ascorbic acid in the aqueous phase, being able to regenerate nitrosating species by reacting with oxygen in the lipid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Combet
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Nilsson A, Ostman E, Preston T, Björck I. Effects of GI vs content of cereal fibre of the evening meal on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardized breakfast. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:712-20. [PMID: 17522615 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if the improved glucose tolerance previously observed at breakfast following an evening meal with boiled barley kernels derives from colonic events related to the fermentation of the elevated amounts of indigestible carbohydrates present and/or from the low-GI features. SUBJECTS/METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers aged 19-30 years. DESIGN High-GI white wheat bread (WWB), WWB+barley dietary fibre (DF) corresponding to the DF content of barley kernels, low-GI spaghetti+ barley DF, spaghetti+double amounts of barley DF (2(*)DF), spaghetti+oat DF, or whole grain barley flour porridge, were provided as late evening meals. At a subsequent standardised WWB breakfast, B-glucose, s-insulin, p-SCFA, p-FFA, and breath hydrogen (H(2)) were measured. RESULTS The B-glucose response (incremental areas under the curves (IAUC) 0-120 min and total areas under the curves 0-180 min) to the standardized breakfast was significantly lower after consuming spaghetti+2*DF in the evening compared with barley porridge (P=0.012). The spaghetti+2*DF meal also resulted in the highest breath H(2) excretion (P<0.02). The glucose IAUC (0-120 min) after the standardized breakfast was positively correlated to fasting p-FFA (r=0.29, P<0.02), and the total glucose area (0-180 min) was negatively correlated to the p-propionate level (0-30 min) (r=-0.24, P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS The prolonged digestive and absorptive phase per se, like with a low-glycaemic index (GI) spaghetti evening meal, did not induce overnight benefits on glucose tolerance. Addition of barley DF in high amounts (2*DF) was required to improve overnight glucose tolerance. The correlations observed between glycaemia and p-propionate implicate colonic fermentation as a modulator of glucose tolerance through a mechanism leading to suppressed free fatty acids levels. It is proposed that the overnight benefits on glucose tolerance previously reported for boiled barley kernels is mediated through colonic fermentation of the prebiotic carbohydrates present in this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nilsson
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden.
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Slater C, Preston T, Weaver LT. Improving the specificity of the [13C]mixed triacylglycerol breath test by estimating carbon dioxide production from heart rate. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1245-52. [PMID: 16736067 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The [13C]mixed triacylglycerol (MTG) breath test is a non-invasive measure of fat digestion and can be used to assess the need for enzyme replacement therapy in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, it lacks specificity. Quantitation of cumulative percent dose recovered (cPDR) requires knowledge of carbon dioxide production rate (VCO2). A resting value is assumed, but children are unlikely to remain at rest during the test. OBJECTIVE To improve the specificity and therefore the positive predictive value (PPV) of the MTG breath test using calibrated heart rate monitors to estimate non-resting VCO2. DESIGN Proof of concept study. SUBJECTS Six children with CF, 10 healthy children and eight healthy adults performed [13C]MTG breath tests. METHODS Heart rate monitors were worn throughout the test. Non-resting VCO2 was estimated continuously from heart rate. Percentage dose recovered was calculated using predicted resting VCO2, measured resting VCO2 and non-resting VCO2 estimated from heart rate. Physical activity level (PAL) was taken as cPDR calculated using non-resting VCO2 divided by cPDR calculated using measured resting VCO2. The cutoff point was determined using two graph-receiver operator characteristics. RESULTS Use of calibrated heart rate monitors to estimate non-resting VCO2 improved the specificity of the test. The PPV increased from 0.67 to 0.99. PAL was 1.3 in adults and children who performed the test in hospital, and 1.7 in children who performed the test at home. CONCLUSION Individually calibrated heart rate monitors are useful tools to estimate non-resting VCO2 during the [13C]MTG breath test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Slater
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, UK.
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Brown DJF, Milroy R, Preston T, McMillan DC. The relationship between an inflammation-based prognostic score (Glasgow Prognostic Score) and changes in serum biochemical variables in patients with advanced lung and gastrointestinal cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:705-8. [PMID: 16644880 PMCID: PMC1955069 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.033217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), an inflammation-based prognostic score formed from standard thresholds of C reactive protein (CRP) and albumin, has prognostic value in patients with advanced cancer. Little is known about the general biochemical disturbance associated with the systemic inflammatory response in cancer. AIM To examine the relationship between the GPS and blood biochemistry in patients with advanced lung and gastrointestinal cancer. METHODS The GPS (albumin <35 g/l = 1 and CRP >10 mg/l = 1 combined to form a prognostic score of 0 (normal) and 1 or 2 (abnormal)) and a variety of biochemical variables were examined in patients (n = 50) with advanced lung or gastrointestinal cancer and in a healthy control group (n = 13). RESULTS The GPS was normal in all the controls, but abnormal in 78% of the cancer group. Serum levels of sodium, chloride, creatine kinase, zinc and vitamin D were lower in the cancer group (all p<0.01), whereas levels of calcium, copper (both p<0.05), alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (both p<0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (p<0.10) were raised. In the patient group, with increasing GPS, there was a median reduction in Karnofsky Performance Status (25%), haemoglobin (22%), sodium (3%), zinc (15%) and survival (93%, all p<0.05) and a median increase in white cell count (129%), alkaline phosphatase (217%), gamma-glutamyl transferase (371%) and lactate dehydrogenase (130%, all p<0.05). CRP levels were strongly and similarly correlated with alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, accounting for more than 25% of the variation in their activities. CONCLUSION Several correlations were seen between biochemical variables and increasing GPS. In particular, chronic activation of the systemic inflammatory response in cancer was associated with increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with advanced lung and gastrointestinal cancer.
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Nilsson A, Granfeldt Y, Ostman E, Preston T, Björck I. Effects of GI and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based evening meals on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1092-9. [PMID: 16523203 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of four low-glycaemic index (GI) and one high-GI cereal-based evening meals on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast. DESIGN Wheat kernels, barley kernels, spaghetti, spaghetti with added wheat bran and white wheat bread (WWB) were consumed in the evening in a random order at five different occasions. At the subsequent breakfast, blood glucose, serum insulin, plasma short chain fatty acid, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and breath hydrogen were measured. SETTING The study was performed at Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited. One subject was later excluded owing to abnormal blood glucose values. RESULTS The blood glucose response (0-120 min) to the standardised breakfast was significantly lower after consuming barley kernels in the evening compared with evening meals with WWB (P=0.019) or spaghetti+wheat bran (P=0.046). There were no significant differences in insulin concentrations at breakfast. Breath hydrogen excretion at breakfast was significantly higher after an evening meal with barley kernels compared with WWB, wheat kernels or spaghetti (P=0.026, 0.026 and 0.015, respectively), and the concentration of plasma propionate at breakfast was significantly higher following an evening meal with barley kernels compared with an evening meal with WWB (P=0.041). In parallel, FFA concentrations were significantly lower after barley kernels compared with WWB (P=0.042) or spaghetti evening meals (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS The improved glucose tolerance at breakfast, following an evening meal with barley kernels appeared to emanate from suppression of FFA levels, mediated by colonic fermentation of the specific indigestible carbohydrates present in this product, or, to the combination of the low-GI features and colonic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nilsson
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Chalmers AF, Kirton R, Wyse CA, Dickie A, Cumming D, Cooper JM, Preston T, Yam PS. Ultrasonographic assessment of the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying in dogs. Vet Rec 2005; 157:649-52. [PMID: 16299365 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.21.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Twelve healthy dogs were used in an ultrasonographic assessment of the effect of the composition of a solid meal on the rate of gastric emptying. The dogs were fasted for nine hours before they were fed either a standard or a high energy density test meal, in a cross-over study design. The gastric antrum was visualised with a 6.5 MHz microconvex transducer, and the area inside the elliptical shape defined by the craniocaudal and ventrodorsal diameters of the stomach was measured. Antral images were acquired at regular intervals for six hours after the ingestion of the test meal. Three indices to describe the rate of gastric emptying were computed: the gastric half-emptying time (t1/2), the time to 50 per cent maximal antral area (t50%), and the time of maximal antral area (tmax). The values of t50% and t1/2 calculated for the high energy density meals were significantly longer than for the standard meals, but there was no significant difference between the tmax values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Chalmers
- Department of Companion Animal Studies, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow
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Wyse CA, Skeldon K, Hotchkiss JW, Gibson G, Yam PS, Christley RM, Preston T, Cumming DRS, Padgett M, Cooper JC, Love S. Effects of changes to the stable environment on the exhalation of ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen peroxide by horses with respiratory inflammation. Vet Rec 2005; 157:408-12. [PMID: 16199775 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.14.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of changes to the stable environment on exhaled markers of respiratory inflammation in six horses with clinical histories of recurrent airway obstruction. The horses were maintained for two weeks under conventional stable management (straw bedding and hay) and for two weeks on a reduced-dust regimen (paper bedding and ensiled grass), in a crossover study design. Exhaled ethane and carbon monoxide (CO) and exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were measured every three days under each regimen. The presence of clinical signs of airway inflammation (nasal discharge and cough) was monitored daily. The reduced-dust regimen was associated with fewer clinical signs of airway inflammation than the conventional regimen. Exhaled ethane and CO were significantly lower on the reduced-dust regimen and these markers were correlated with clinical signs of respiratory inflammation, but exhaled H(2)O(2) was not affected by the management regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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Slater C, Preston T, Weaver LT. Comparison of accuracy and precision of heart rate calibration methods to estimate total carbon dioxide production during 13C-breath tests. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 60:69-76. [PMID: 16151459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 13C-breath tests are noninvasive tools to measure gastrointestinal function and nutritional interventions. Calculation of percentage dose recovered of 13C in exhaled breath requires knowledge of CO2 production rate (VC02). A resting value is usually assumed, but this can underestimate VC02 because subjects are unlikely to remain at rest during tests that last for many hours. There is a need for a method to estimate nonresting VC02 during 13C-breath tests. OBJECTIVE To calibrate a heart rate monitor to continually estimate VC02 during 13C-breath tests. DESIGN Proof of concept study. SUBJECTS Eight healthy adults, 10 healthy children and six children with cystic fibrosis. METHODS Heart rate and VC02 were measured simultaneously at resting and nonresting levels. A new calibration method (smoothing heart rate and fitting a sigmoid function) was compared with published methods. A [ 3C]acetate breath test was used to demonstrate the range of physical activity during breath tests. RESULTS The new calibration method was more accurate than existing methods (mean bias -0.0002%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.0007, 0.0003% of the mean measured VC02). Smoothing heart rate gave a more precise estimate of VC02 and a more accurate estimate of resting energy expenditure (mean bias -0.09, 95% Cl -0.22, 0.05 mmol CO2 min-' m-2 body surface area) than using raw data (mean bias -0.21, 95% Cl -0.38, -0.04 mmol CO2 min' m-2 body surface area). Physical activity level ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 in children, and 1.0 to 1.5 in adults. CONCLUSION Use of smoothed HR with a sigmoid function provides an accurate method of estimating nonresting VC02 during 13C-breath tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Slater
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, UK.
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Barrado A, Preston T, Slater C, Zubillaga M, Miranda-da-cruz B, Mokhtar N, Zednik M, Valencia ME, Boccio J. The usefulness of stable isotopes in nutrition and human health: the application of mass spectrometry and 13C-breath tests to detect helicobacter pylori infection. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2004; 54:27-43, 5-23. [PMID: 16119720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interest in Helicobacter pylori has escalated in recent years. H. pylori may produce a chronic gastric infection which is usually life-long and many epidemiological studies have shown that this is the most common bacterial infection throughout the world involving 50% of the world population. Thus, it is clear that the diagnosis of H. pylori infection represents at least a key step in the management of many of the patients referred to the gastroenterologist. Additionally, due to the wide range and relevance of pathologies possibly related to this infection, from micronutrient malnutrition and co-infections to malignancies, there is the potential for H. pylori to be a major health problem. Improved methods for the diagnosis and follow up treatment of the infection have been developed. Use of stable isotopes as non-invasive and safe diagnostic methods, namely (13C) breath tests, has been the key to a new era of research in H. pylori epidemiology and diagnosis as well as the establishment of eradication therapies. This non-invasive nuclear technique, that is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of this bacterial infection, has successfully been standardized and implemented along Latin America. Taking into account the high prevalence of this bacterial infection, the impact of this technique in the whole region is very high. In this article we discuss several aspects of this methodology in order to harmonize the application of this method in developing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barrado
- Physics Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
The 13C-octanoic acid breath test (OABT) may be a useful non-invasive method for assessing the rate of gastric emptying in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine whether an association exists between body size and rate of gastric emptying in dogs. Fifty-five dogs ranging from 6 to 39 kg were recruited and rate of gastric emptying was assessed using the OABT. The time to peak 13CO2 excretion (tmax) and half-dose recovery time (t1/2) were calculated. The OABT was simple to perform and well tolerated by the dogs. Mean (sd) tmax was 2.67 hours (0.6) and mean t1/2 was 3.38 hours (0.79). Inter-individual variation in the rate of gastric emptying was 23.3 per cent for t1/2 and 22.5 per cent for tmax. No association was detected between the rate of gastric emptying and body surface area, mass, age, sex or test operator. The OABT may be a useful non-invasive and non-radioactive test for assessment of the rate of gastric emptying in dogs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Yam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Moses AWG, Slater C, Preston T, Barber MD, Fearon KCH. Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:996-1002. [PMID: 14997196 PMCID: PMC2409623 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL) in home-living cachectic patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The influence of an energy and protein dense oral supplement either enriched with or without the n-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and administered over an 8-week period was also determined. In total, 24 patients were studied at baseline. The total energy expenditure was measured using doubly labelled water and REE determined by indirect calorimetry. Patients were studied at baseline and then randomised to either oral nutritional supplement. Measurements were repeated at 8 weeks. At baseline, REE was increased compared with predicted values for healthy individuals (1387(42) vs 1268(32) kcal day−1, P=0.001), but TEE (1732(82) vs 1903(48) kcal day−1, P=0.023) and PAL (1.24(0.04) vs 1.50) were reduced. After 8 weeks, the REE, TEE and PAL of patients who received the control supplement did not change significantly. In contrast, although REE did not change, TEE and PAL increased significantly in those who received the n-3 (EPA) enriched supplement. In summary, patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were hypermetabolic. However, TEE was reduced and this was secondary to a reduction in physical activity. The control energy and protein dense oral supplement did not influence the physical activity component of TEE. In contrast, administration of the supplement enriched with EPA was associated with an increase in physical activity, which may reflect improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W G Moses
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - C Slater
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
| | - T Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK
| | - M D Barber
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - K C H Fearon
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK. E-mail:
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Barber MD, McMillan DC, Wallace AM, Ross JA, Preston T, Fearon KCH. The response of leptin, interleukin-6 and fat oxidation to feeding in weight-losing patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1129-32. [PMID: 15026790 PMCID: PMC2409662 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At baseline, weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients (n=7) had lower leptin (P<0.05) but higher cortisol, interleukin-6, resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation than healthy subjects (n=6, P<0.05). Over a 4 h feeding period, the areas under the curve for glucose, cortisol and interleukin-6 were greater (P<0.05), but less for leptin in the cancer group (P<0.05). Therefore, it would appear that low leptin concentrations, increased fat oxidation and insulin resistance are associated with increased concentrations of cortisol and interleukin-6 in weight-losing patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Barber
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
| | - D C McMillan
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK. E-mail:
| | - A M Wallace
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - J A Ross
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
| | - T Preston
- Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 OQF, UK
| | - K C H Fearon
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
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Wyse CA, Love S, Christley RM, Yam PS, Cooper JM, Cumming DRS, Preston T. Validation of a method for collection and assay of pentane in the exhaled breath of the horse. Res Vet Sci 2004; 76:109-12. [PMID: 14672852 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of oxidising free radicals and the antioxidant defenses of the cell, and is associated with many pathogenic processes. Oxidative damage to cellular lipids results in the evolution of pentane and ethane gas, and detection of these hydrocarbons in the exhaled breath can be used to monitor in vivo oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to validate a gas chromatography (GC) method for measurement of breath pentane in the horse. The GC-system developed showed good specificity for discrimination of pentane from other breath hydrocarbons, and was sensitive to 0.5 ppb pentane. Pentane was detected in the exhaled breath of five horses investigated on two occasions. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate that breath pentane can be measured in the horse, and further work is now justified to investigate the feasibility of applying this method for monitoring in vivo oxidative stress in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK.
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Wyse CA, Preston T, Yam PS, Sutton DGM, Christley RM, Hotchkiss JW, Mills CA, Glidle A, Cumming DRS, Cooper JM, Love S. Current and future uses of breath analysis as a diagnostic tool. Vet Rec 2004; 154:353-60. [PMID: 15074325 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.12.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of exhaled breath is a potentially useful method for application in veterinary diagnostics. Breath samples can be easily collected from animals by means of a face mask or collection chamber with minimal disturbance to the animal. After the administration of a 13C-labelled compound the recovery of 13C in breath can be used to investigate gastrointestinal and digestive functions. Exhaled hydrogen can be used to assess orocaecal transit time and malabsorption, and exhaled nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and pentane can be used to assess oxidative stress and inflammation. The analysis of compounds dissolved in the aqueous phase of breath (the exhaled breath condensate) can be used to assess airway inflammation. This review summarises the current status of breath analysis in veterinary medicine, and analyses its potential for assessing animal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Christian MT, Edwards CA, Preston T, Johnston L, Varley R, Weaver LT. Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 57:1486-91. [PMID: 14576763 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known of the degree to which the colon salvages energy through starch fermentation in young children. Using a simulated colonic environment, we aimed to account for the fate of fermented raw and cooked starch in two groups of young children and in adults. DESIGN A slurry was prepared from faecal samples from six infants (7-10 months), six toddlers (16-21 months) and seven adults (24-56 y). Each slurry was anaerobically incubated with raw or cooked maize starch in MacCartney bottles in a shaking water bath. Parallel incubations were stopped at 4 and 24 h. The headspace gas volume was analysed for CO(2) and methane. The culture supernatant was analysed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), lactate and residual starch. RESULTS Different patterns of fermentation were seen at 4 and 24 h. For raw starch, the production of SCFA decreased with subject age at 4 h but not at 24 h. With both substrates at 4 h, toddler stools produced significantly more CO(2) than infants or adults, but there were no statistical differences at 24 h. Methane was detected in three adults only. Lactate was detected mainly at 4 h in children. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that fermentation, particularly of raw starch, is a more rapid process in young children than in adults. A highly efficient energy salvage process may occur in the colon of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Christian
- Department of Child Health, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
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Wyse CA, McLellan J, Dickie AM, Sutton DGM, Preston T, Yam PS. A review of methods for assessment of the rate of gastric emptying in the dog and cat: 1898-2002. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17:609-21. [PMID: 14529126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying is the process by which food is delivered to the small intestine at a rate and in a form that optimizes intestinal absorption of nutrients. The rate of gastric emptying is subject to alteration by physiological, pharmacological, and pathological conditions. Gastric emptying of solids is of greater clinical significance because disordered gastric emptying rarely is detectable in the liquid phase. Imaging techniques have the disadvantage of requiring restraint of the animal and access to expensive equipment. Radiographic methods require administration of test meals that are not similar to food. Scintigraphy is the gold standard method for assessment of gastric emptying but requires administration of a radioisotope. Magnetic resonance imaging has not yet been applied for assessment of gastric emptying in small animals. Ultrasonography is a potentially useful, but subjective, method for assessment of gastric emptying in dogs. Gastric tracer methods require insertion of gastric or intestinal cannulae and are rarely applied outside of the research laboratory. The paracetamol absorption test has been applied for assessment of liquid phase gastric emptying in the dog, but requires IV cannulation. The gastric emptying breath test is a noninvasive method for assessment of gastric emptying that has been applied in dogs and cats. This method can be carried out away from the veterinary hospital, but the effects of physiological and pathological abnormalities on the test are not known. Advances in technology will facilitate the development of reliable methods for assessment of gastric emptying in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow VeterinarySchool, Bearsden, Scotland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lactose [(13)C]ureide has been proposed as a noninvasive marker for oro-caecal transit time in adults and children. The present study investigates the handling of lactose [(13)C]ureide ((13)C LU) and glucose [(13)C]ureide ((13)C GU) by the gastrointestinal tract and describes the metabolic fates of these substrates and describes the extent of tracer excretion by different routes. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Four subjects underwent five studies in which they ingested a test meal plus (1) no substrate, (2) (13)C LU, (3) (13)C GU, (4) (13)C LU after predosing with unlabelled lactose ureide and (5) (13)C LU after predosing with glucose ureide. Subjects were studied at home with at least 1 week between tests and they all completed the study. Breath was analysed for (13)CO(2) recovery and urine was analysed for total (13)C recovery, (13)C urea recovery and (13)C GU recovery. RESULTS The profiles and extent of tracer recovery in breath and urine were similar when either (13)C GU or (13)C LU was used, suggesting similar handling of these substrates by the gut. (13)C GU was the major (13)C-enriched species recovered in the urine even when (13)C LU was consumed. Predosing with either lactose ureide or glucose ureide increased the rate of appearance of tracer, but did not alter transit times. CONCLUSIONS (13)C LU is hydrolysed to (13)C GU in the small intestine with the fraction of (13)C GU appearing in the urine probably limited by small intestinal permeability. Either (13)C LU or (13)C GU can be used to measure oro-caecal transit time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morrison
- Department of Child Health, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, G3 8SJ UK.
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Wyse CA, Yam PS, Slater C, Cooper JM, Preston T. A comparison of the rate of recovery of 13CO2 in exhaled breath with 2H in body water following ingestion of [2H/13C]octanoic acid in a dog. Res Vet Sci 2003; 74:123-7. [PMID: 12589736 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess post-gastric processing of octanoic acid (OA) by comparing the rate of recovery of 13C in breath with the rate of recovery of 2H in saliva following ingestion of [2H/13C]OA. A test meal with 100mg [13C]OA and 750 mg [2H]OA was ingested on two separate occasions by one dog. Exhaled breath and saliva samples were collected at set time points for 6h following ingestion of the test meal. Two indices were computed, half recovery time (t(1/2)) and the time of peak excretion (t(max)). Recovery of 2H in saliva was quicker than recovery of 13C in breath as determined by the difference in the indices for each isotope; 1.33 and 1.59 h for t(1/2) and t(max), respectively. These findings suggest that the post-gastric processing of OA imposes a delay on the recovery of 13C in breath in the dog, as occurs in man and in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, UK.
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Sutton DGM, Bahr A, Preston T, Christley RM, Love S, Roussel AJ. Validation of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for measurement of equine gastric emptying rate of solids using radioscintigraphy. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:27-33. [PMID: 12553459 DOI: 10.2746/042516403775467423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Disordered gastric motility may be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of many equine conditions. Although tests for liquid phase emptying rate have been validated in the horse, there are no effective tests for solid phase emptying measurement that can be performed routinely in the field. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was the assessment of a novel stable isotope technique, the 13C-octane acid breath test (13C-OABT), for the measurement of gastric emptying of solid ingesta, by direct comparison with the optimum method of gastric scintigraphy. METHODS To facilitate dual measurement of gastric emptying, a test meal was used containing baked egg yolk labelled with both 13C-octanoic acid and 99mtechnetium sulphur colloid. Simultaneous, serial lateral gastric scintigraphs and expiratory breath samples were obtained in 12 healthy horses after voluntary ingestion of the test meal. Analysis of breath 13CO2:12CO2 ratio was performed by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Power regression was used to determine the gastric emptying coefficient, the gastric half-emptying time (t 1/2) and duration of the lag phase (tlag). RESULTS Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between the 2 techniques for measurement of both t 1/2 and tlag. In addition, scintigraphic left t 1/2 was correlated significantly to breath test gastric emptying coefficient (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the 13C-octanoic acid breath test is a reliable diagnostic procedure to measure gastric emptying rate of solids in the horse. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Being safe, noninvasive and easy to perform, this test has potential value as both sensitive diagnostic modality and humane research tool for motility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G M Sutton
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Wyse C, McLellan J, Dickie A, Sutton D, Preston T, Yam P. A Review of Methods for Assessment of the Rate of Gastric Emptying in the Dog and Cat: 1898–2002. J Vet Intern Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0609:aromfa>2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Edwards CA, Zavoshy R, Khanna S, Slater C, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Weaver LT. Production of 13C labelled pea flour for use in human digestion and fermentation studies. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2002; 38:139-47. [PMID: 12546409 DOI: 10.1080/10256010208033321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope breath tests offer a new approach to the study of digestion and fermentation of carbohydrates in man. In this study, 13C labelled peas were grown by pulsing 250 ml 13CO2 into a sealed growth chamber. A second pulse was added to a portion of the peas to increase the 13C enrichment. This generated pea flour with an enrichment of 2.36 at.% excess (range 2.09-2.71 n = 3) and 8.64 atom % excess (range 7.37-9.78 n = 3) respectively. This represented incorporation of an absolute yield of 3.8% of the 13CO2 into peas in the 'once-labelled' treatment and 7.5% in the 'twice-labelled' treatment. Ingestion of a mixture of the labelled pea flour (300 mg) by two volunteers generated measurable 13CO2 excretion for breath test analysis. The profile of breath 13CO2 enrichment increased to a maximum within three hours after consuming the pea flour followed by a decrease almost back to baseline by 13 hours. Breath 13CO2 appeared to rise again after this apparent nadir at 13 hours until the end of the sampling period. Mathematical analysis of the data suggested that two peaks best described the profile of breath 13CO2 up to 13 hours. A third peak was necessary to describe the late rise in breath 13CO2 enrichment. This use of 13C enriched pea flour may provide a useful non invasive method for measurement of digestion and fermentation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Edwards
- Department of Human Nutrition, Yorkhill Hospitals, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G3 8SJ.
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Sutton DGM, Preston T, Christley RM, Cohen ND, Love S, Roussel AJ. The effects of xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine and butorphanol on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:486-92. [PMID: 12358052 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776117818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the effects of specific commonly used sedative protocols on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate, using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test (13C-OABT). The gastric emptying of a standard 13C-labelled test meal was measured once weekly in 8 mature horses over two 4 week treatment periods. Each horse acted as its own control. In treatment Period 1, saline (2 ml i.v.), xylazine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), detomidine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) or detomidine/butorphanol combination (0.01/0.02 mg/kg i.v.) was administered in randomised order after ingestion of the test meal. During treatment Period 2, test meal consumption was followed by saline, xylazine (1.0 mg/kg i.v.), or detomidine (0.03 mg/kg i.v.) administration, or preceded by acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg i.m.) in randomised order. The 13C:12C ratio of sequential expiratory breath samples was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and used to measure the gastric half-emptying time, t 1/2, and duration of the lag phase, t lag, for each of the 64 tests. In treatment Period 1, detomidine/butorphanol prolonged both t 1/2 and t lag with respect to xylazine 0.5 mg/kg and the saline control (P < 0.05). In Period 2, detomidine 0.03 mg/kg delayed each parameter with respect to saline, acepromazine and xylazine 1.0 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Xylazine 1.0 mg/kg also lengthened t lag relative to the saline control (P = 0.0004), but did not cause a significant change in t 1/2. Comparison of treatment periods showed that the inhibitory effect of detomidine on gastric emptying rate was dose related (P<0.05). These findings may have clinical significance for case selection when these agents are used for purposes of sedation and/or analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G M Sutton
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, UK
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