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Cybulski P, Woźniak A, Larska M, Jabłoński A, Stadejek T. Gastric ulcers in finishing pigs: the evaluation of selected non-dietary risk factors and impact on production performance. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:11. [PMID: 38409105 PMCID: PMC10898001 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex aetiology of gastric lesions in pigs remains largely unknown and effective preventive measures and pharmaceutical treatment of the disease have not been developed yet. Regardless of the fact that the overwhelming majority of previous research works dealing with gastric ulceration in pigs focused on the role of the nutritional determinants, including chemical composition of feeds, cereal type, finely ground pelleted diets, and feed additives, conclusions presented therein remain highly ambiguous. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the disease on production performance, and investigate the influence of selected non-dietary risk factors on the prevalence of gastric alterations in finishing pigs reared under conditions of 11 modern farms located in Poland. RESULTS A total number of 26,043 finishing pigs was examined. 15,228 (58.47%) had gastric ulcers. Intact stomachs were detected in 6176 animals (23.71%). Parakeratosis and erosion were observed in 2551 (9.80%) and 2088 (8.02%), respectively. Among eight continuous variables two were found to be significantly associated with prevalence of the gastric ulcer: the growing number of animals in the herd, which was negatively correlated (P = 0.002; ρ = -0.37), and the growing average entry weight of animals transported to the finisher farm (P = 0.047; ρ = 0.24), which increased the risk of gastric ulcers prevalence. Among 12 nominal variables, problems with the quality of farm management (P = 0.041), and usage of straw as a bedding material (P = 0.002) were identified as determinants significantly associated with occurrence of the analysed health problem. CONCLUSIONS Among 20 non-nutritional variables analysed in our study only few factors were found to be associated with the prevalence of the disease. The impact of broadly understood management issues on gastric health in finishing pigs deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A, Dworcowa 25, 77-320, Przechlewo, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Rabalski L, Kosinski M, Cybulski P, Stadejek T, Lepek K. Genetic Diversity of Type A Influenza Viruses Found in Swine Herds in Northwestern Poland from 2017 to 2019: The One Health Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:1893. [PMID: 37766299 PMCID: PMC10536349 DOI: 10.3390/v15091893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are still a cause of concern for public health and veterinary services worldwide. With (-) RNA-segmented genome architecture, influenza viruses are prone to reassortment and can generate a great variety of strains, some capable of crossing interspecies barriers. Seasonal IAV strains continuously spread from humans to pigs, leading to multiple reassortation events with strains endemic to swine. Due to its high adaptability to humans, a reassortant strain based on "human-like" genes could potentially be a carrier of avian origin segments responsible for high virulence, and hence become the next pandemic strain with unseen pathogenicity. The rapid evolution of sequencing methods has provided a fast and cost-efficient way to assess the genetic diversity of IAV. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses (swIAVs) collected from Polish farms. A total of 376 samples were collected from 11 farms. The infection was confirmed in 112 cases. The isolates were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS), resulting in 93 full genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis classified 59 isolates as genotype T (H1avN2g) and 34 isolates as genotype P (H1pdmN1pdm), all of which had an internal gene cassette (IGC) derived from the H1N1pdm09-like strain. These data are consistent with evolutionary trends in European swIAVs. The applied methodology proved to be useful in monitoring the genetic diversity of IAV at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Rabalski
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4 St, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kosinski
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., Dworcowa 25, 77-320 Przechlewo, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lepek
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Romeo C, Parisio G, Scali F, Tonni M, Santucci G, Maisano AM, Barbieri I, Boniotti MB, Stadejek T, Alborali GL. Complex interplay between PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use influences performance parameters in post-weaning pigs. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109830. [PMID: 37481996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the main diseases of pigs, leading to large economic losses in swine production worldwide. PRRSV high mutation rate and low cross-protection between strains make PRRS control challenging. Through a semi-longitudinal approach, we analysed the relationships among performance parameters, PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig nurseries. We collected data over the course of five years in five PRRS-positive nurseries belonging to an Italian multisite operation, for a total of 86 batches and over 200,000 weaners involved. The farm experienced a severe PRRS outbreak in the farrowing unit at the onset of the study, but despite adopting vaccination of all sows, batch-level losses in nurseries in the following years remained constantly high (mean±SE: 11.3 ± 0.5 %). Consistently with previous studies, our phylogenetic analysis of ORF 7 sequences highlighted the peculiarity of strains circulating in Italy. Greater genetic distances between the strain circulating in a weaners' batch and strains from the farrowing unit and the previous batch were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.0001). All the respiratory and enteric coinfections contributed to an increase in losses (all p < 0.026), with secondary infections by Streptococcus suis and enteric bacteria also inducing an increase in AMU (both p < 0.041). Our findings highlight that relying solely on sows' vaccination is insufficient to contain PRRS losses, and the implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures is pivotal to limit PRRSV circulation among pig flows and consequently minimise the risk of exposure to genetically diverse strains that would increase production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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4
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Vereecke N, Woźniak A, Pauwels M, Coppens S, Nauwynck H, Cybulski P, Theuns S, Stadejek T. Successful Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing of Swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV) Directly from Oral Fluids Collected in Polish Pig Herds. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020435. [PMID: 36851649 PMCID: PMC9962634 DOI: 10.3390/v15020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus and a common cause of seasonal flu in humans. Its genome comprises eight RNA segments that facilitate reassortment, resulting in a great variety of IAV strains. To study these processes, the genetic code of each segment should be unraveled. Fortunately, new third-generation sequencing approaches allow for cost-efficient sequencing of IAV segments. Sequencing success depends on various factors, including proper sample storage and processing. Hence, this work focused on the effect of storage of oral fluids and swIAV sequencing. Oral fluids (n = 13) from 2017 were stored at -22 °C and later transferred to -80 °C. Other samples (n = 21) were immediately stored at -80 °C. A reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) pre- and post-storage was conducted to assess IAV viral loads. Next, samples were subjected to two IAV long-read nanopore sequencing methods to evaluate success in this complex matrix. A significant storage-associated loss of swIAV loads was observed. Still, a total of 17 complete and 6 near-complete Polish swIAV genomes were obtained. Genotype T, (H1avN2, seven herds), P (H1N1pdm09, two herds), U (H1avN1, three herds), and A (H1avN1, 1 herd) were circulated on Polish farms. In conclusion, oral fluids can be used for long-read swIAV sequencing when considering appropriate storage and segment amplification protocols, which allows us to monitor swIAV in an animal-friendly and cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (A.W.); (T.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (A.W.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., Dworcowa 25, 77-320 Przechlewo, Poland
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (A.W.); (T.S.)
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5
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Stadejek T, Cybulski P, Gauger PC, Woźniak A. European and American Strains of Porcine Parainfluenza Virus 1 (PPIV-1) Belong to Two Distinct Genetic Lineages. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030375. [PMID: 35335699 PMCID: PMC8948755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1) is a recently emerged respirovirus closely related to human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1) and Sendai virus (SenV). PPIV-1 has been detected in Asia, the Americas and Europe, but knowledge on its epidemiology and genetic diversity is very limited. In the present study, the complete nucleotide sequences of the fusion (F)-protein gene obtained from samples from 12 Polish and 11 US herds were analysed and compared to previously available genetic data from the Americas, Asia and Europe. The existence of two distinct clades was observed, grouping European sequences and one Hong Kong sequence (clade 1), or one American sequence and three Asian sequences (clade 2). The mean genetic distances measured with the p-distance were 0.04 (S.E., 0.000) within both clades, and 0.095 (S.E., 0.006) between the clades. Moreover, two distinct clusters of highly similar sequences were identified, which corresponded to the geographically distant nurseries and finishing units, from three pig flows within one Polish pig-production company. The obtained data indicate that the two PPIV-1 lineages may have evolved independently in Europe and America. More studies, particularly involving Asian viruses, are necessary to understand the virus’ emergence and epidemiology and the role of carriers in the spread of PPIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., Dworcowa 25, 77-320 Przechlewo, Poland;
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Christensen Drive Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA;
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.W.)
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6
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Brinton MA, Gulyaeva AA, Balasuriya UBR, Dunowska M, Faaberg KS, Goldberg T, Leung FCC, Nauwynck HJ, Snijder EJ, Stadejek T, Gorbalenya AE. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Arteriviridae 2021. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34356005 PMCID: PMC8513641 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arteriviridae comprises enveloped RNA viruses with a linear, positive-sense genome of approximately 12.7 to 15.7 kb. The spherical, pleomorphic virions have a median diameter of 50–74 nm and include eight to eleven viral proteins. Arteriviruses infect non-human mammals in a vector-independent manner. Infections are often persistent and can either be asymptomatic or produce overt disease. Some arteriviruses are important veterinary pathogens while others infect particular species of wild rodents or African non-human primates. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Arteriviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/arteriviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magda Dunowska
- Massey University, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Palmerton North, New Zealand
| | | | - Tony Goldberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frederick C C Leung
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,The Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | | - Eric J Snijder
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexander E Gorbalenya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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7
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Kvisgaard LK, Kristensen CS, Ryt‐Hansen P, Pedersen K, Stadejek T, Trebbien R, Andresen LO, Larsen LE. A recombination between two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) vaccine strains has caused severe outbreaks in Danish pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1786-1796. [PMID: 32219985 PMCID: PMC7540543 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent in Danish swine herds. In July 2019, PRRSV-1 was detected in a PRRSV-negative boar station and subsequently spread to more than 38 herds that had received semen from the boar station. Full genome sequencing revealed a sequence of 15.098 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the strain was a recombination between the Amervac strain (Unistrain PRRS vaccine; Hipra) and the 96V198 strain (Suvaxyn PRRS; Zoetis AH). The major parent was the 96V198 strain that spanned ORFs 1-2 and part of ORF 3 and the minor parent was the Amervac strain, which constituted the remaining part of the genome. The virus seems to be highly transmissible and has caused severe disease in infected herds despite a high level of genetic identity to the attenuated parent strains. The source of infection was presumable a neighbouring farm situated 5.8 km from the boar station.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pia Ryt‐Hansen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Lars Ole Andresen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
- Department of Health and Medical SciencesInstitute for Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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8
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Chantziaras I, Dewulf J, Van Limbergen T, Stadejek T, Niemi J, Kyriazakis I, Maes D. Biosecurity levels of pig fattening farms from four EU countries and links with the farm characteristics. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Bengtsson RJ, Wee BA, Yebra G, Bacigalupe R, Watson E, Guedes RMC, Jacobson M, Stadejek T, Archibald AL, Fitzgerald JR, Ait-Ali T. Metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples reveals a single widespread clone of Lawsonia intracellularis responsible for porcine proliferative enteropathy. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000358. [PMID: 32238228 PMCID: PMC7276710 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is the aetiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), a common intestinal disease of major economic importance in pigs and other animal species. To date, progress in understanding the biology of L. intracellularis for improved disease control has been hampered by the inability to culture the organism in vitro. In particular, our understanding of the genomic diversity and population structure of clinical L. intercellularis is very limited. Here, we utilized a metagenomic shotgun approach to directly sequence and assemble 21 L. intracellularis genomes from faecal and ileum samples of infected pigs and horses across three continents. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a genetically monomorphic clonal lineage responsible for infections in pigs, with distinct subtypes associated with infections in horses. The genome was highly conserved, with 94 % of genes shared by all isolates and a very small accessory genome made up of only 84 genes across all sequenced strains. In part, the accessory genome was represented by regions with a high density of SNPs, indicative of recombination events importing novel gene alleles. In summary, our analysis provides the first view of the population structure for L. intracellularis, revealing a single major lineage associated with disease of pigs. The limited diversity and broad geographical distribution suggest the recent emergence and clonal expansion of an important livestock pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Bengtsson
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bryan A. Wee
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gonzalo Yebra
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodrigo Bacigalupe
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Roberto M. C. Guedes
- Veterinary School, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- ANSES Fougères Laboratory, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené CS 40608, BP 90203, 35306 FOUGÈRES, France
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. Ross Fitzgerald
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Miłek D, Woźniak A, Podgórska K, Stadejek T. Do porcine parvoviruses 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) have an impact on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia in pigs? Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108613. [PMID: 32122579 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections with porcine parvoviruses 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are widespread in pig population. PCV2 is involved in a number of disease syndromes collectively called PCV2-associated diseases (PCVD). It is well elucidated, that PPV1 may act as a triggering factor of PCVD through supporting PCV2 replication. Less is known about the PPV2-PPV7 impact on PCV2 viremia, but several authors suggested an association between these viruses. In order to provide a better understanding of PCV2 and PPVs co-infections, 519 serum samples from eight Polish swine farms were tested by real-time PCR to assess the possible impact of PPV1-PPV7 on PCV2 viremia. Among all 519 serum samples, 30.6 % were positive for PCV2 and PPVs detection rates ranged from 2.9 % (PPV1) to 26.6 % (PPV2). Within 159 serum samples categorized as PCV2-positive, the prevalence rates of PPVs ranged from 7.5 % (PPV1) to 37.1 % (PPV6). The level of PCV2 viremia was significantly higher only in serum samples positive for PPV1 and PPV7 compared to samples negative for these PPVs. Moreover, the correlation between Ct values for PPV7 and PCV2 was observed. Thus, our results suggested that apart from PPV1, also PPV7 stimulate the replication of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Miłek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Miłek D, Woźniak A, Guzowska M, Stadejek T. Detection Patterns of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Novel Porcine Parvoviruses 2 through 6 (PPV2-PPV6) in Polish Swine Farms. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050474. [PMID: 31137628 PMCID: PMC6563502 DOI: 10.3390/v11050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major causative agent in reproductive failure, but in the last two decades many novel porcine parvoviruses were described and designated as porcine parvovirus 2 through 6 (PPV2–PPV6). However, their role for pig health is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to better understand the on-farm prevalence of PPVs in different age groups of pigs, and to assess the diagnostic applicability of testing different diagnostic materials. In total, 271 oral fluids, 1244 serum samples, and 1238 fecal samples were collected from 3–21-week-old pigs from 19 farms, and after pooling by 4–6, tested by real-time PCR. The results showed that PPVs are widely spread in Poland and that the highest detection rates were obtained for oral fluids (ranging from 10.7% (PPV1) to 48.7% (PPV2)). Fattening pigs were the age group with the most frequent detection of PPVs (ranging from 8.6% (PPV1) to 49.1% (PPV2)). Porcine parvoviruses were detected mostly in growing-finishing pigs and the infection persisted until the late fattening period, which may suggest the chronic character of the infection (especially for PPV2, which was found to commonly infect animals of all ages). Particularly low Ct values detected for PPV2, PPV3, PPV5, and PPV6 in serum pools from some farms suggested that these viruses may cause high levels of viremia in one or more individuals included in these pools. Further studies are needed to quantify the levels of PPVs viremia and to assess the impact in co-infections with other, often endemic pig viruses, such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Miłek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Guzowska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Woźniak A, Miłek D, Bąska P, Stadejek T. Does porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) interfere with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine efficacy? Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1454-1461. [PMID: 31059197 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PCV2 is globally spread pathogen involved in a number of diseases (PCVD). Commonly used vaccines against PCV2 are proved to be highly efficacious. The role of recently discovered PCV3 for pig health and interference with PCV2 remains unknown. The study performed on serum samples from seven farms vaccinated against PCV2 and four non-vaccinated showed very low prevalence of PCV2 viremia in the former (3 out of 106 positive serum pools) and high prevalence of PCV2 viremia in the latter (35 out of 60 positive pools). Mean log10 PCV2 genome equivalents were lower in vaccinated farms (4.8 ± 0.6 log10 copies/ml) than in non-vaccinated farms (6.3 ± 1.3 log10 copies/ml). PCV3 was detected in 31 out of 106 and 12 out of 60 serum pools from vaccinated and non-vaccinated farms, respectively. Mean log10 PCV3 genome equivalents were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in vaccinated farms (3.9 ± 0.8 log10 copies/ml) than in non-vaccinated farms (4.4 ± 0.6 log10 copies/ml). Concurrent PCV2 and PCV3 infection was rare and found only in 1 out of 529 and 4 out of 292 individual serum samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated farms, respectively. Our results showed lack of impact of PCV3 circulation on PCV2 vaccine efficacy. On the other hand, intensive PCV2 circulation and high viremia detected in non-vaccinated farms did not seem to increase the level of PCV3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Miłek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Ogno G, Sautter CA, Canelli E, García-Nicolás O, Stadejek T, Martelli P, Borghetti P, Summerfield A. In vitro characterization of PRRSV isolates with different in vivo virulence using monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:139-146. [PMID: 30955801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) strains has caused severe economic losses. The biological elements defining virulence and pathogenicity are still unclear. In vitro characteristics using natural target cells of PRRSV provide important information to understand the basis of virulence at the cellular level, and provide a mean to reduce animal experimentations to achieve this goal. Here, we compared PRRSV strains from two geographically different regions, with varying in vivo characteristics, in terms of their interactions with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The strains included Lena and BOR59 from Belarus, and ILI6 from Russia, as well as PR11 and PR40, both from Italy. As a reference, we used a cell culture-adapted version of Lelystad, LVP. MDMs were pre-treated with IFNγ, IL-4 or IFNβ, in order to understand responses in polarized and antiviral MDMs. In general, independent of the geographical origin, the strains with high virulence infected a higher percentage of MDMs and replicated to higher titers. These virulence-dependent differences were most pronounced when the MDMs had been treated with IFNβ. Differentiation between intermediate and low virulent PRRSV was difficult, due to variations between different experiments, but LVP differed clearly from all field strains. IFNα and IL-10 were not detected in any experiment, but PR40 induced TNF and IL-1β. Taken together, these results validate the MDM model to understand pathogenicity factors of PRRSV and confirm the importance of the escape from type I and II IFN-mediated effects for PRRSV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Fabisiak M, Sałamaszyńska A, Stadejek T. Detection of seroconversion to bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virusin Polish free-living deer. Pol J Vet Sci 2018; 21:437-440. [PMID: 30468331 DOI: 10.24425/122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several infectious agents of domestic cattle that can also be present in free-living ruminant populations. These include bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) which are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea, respectively. The study was conducted on serum samples from 59 red deer, 24 roe deer, and 3 fallow deer (86 in total), originating from two geographically separate areas of Poland. The samples were tested with commercially available ELISA tests for BoHV-1 and BVDV. The overall seroprevalence was 5.8% and 3.5%, respectively. All positive samples originated exclusively from red deer. Because of BoHV-1 ELISA cross reactivity with cervid herpesvirus 1 and 2 (CvHV-1 and -2) the nature of alphaherpesviruses infecting the sampled animals could not be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabisiak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Sałamaszyńska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Biernacka K, Podgórska K, Tyszka A, Stadejek T. Comparison of six commercial ELISAs for the detection of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in field serum samples. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:40-45. [PMID: 30316015 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most common infectious diseases of swine globally. Since the course of PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection is subclinical, laboratory diagnosis is necessary to detect the virus or specific antibodies. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of IDEXX PRRS X3 Ab Test (IDEXX, USA), Civtest Suis E/S (Hipra, Spain), INgezim PRRS 2.0 (Ingenasa, Spain), VetExpert PRRS Ab ELISA 4.0 (BioNote, Korea), Pigtype PRRSV Ab (Qiagen, Germany) and PrioCHECK PRRSV Antibody ELISA (ThermoFisher, USA), using serum samples obtained from 5 conventional PRRSV-positive and 5 PRRSV-negative Polish pig farms. Specificity of ELISAs ranged from 94.2% (ThermoFisher) to 100% (IDEXX and Hipra). ThermoFisher ELISA had the highest detection rate and detected 67.2% samples from PRRSV-positive farms as positive but considering its low specificity some of the positive results may be incorrect. IDEXX ELISA considered as a reference detected 64.8% positive sera in PRRSV-positive farms. On the other hand Hipra Elisa identified only 51.8% of samples as positive. The diagnostic sensitivity of five ELISAs relative to IDEXX ranged from 80.3% (Hipra) to 96.3% (ThermoFisher). Our study showed significant differences in specificity and diagnostic sensitivity between the compared kits. The differences in the performance appeared to be practically negligible on farms where early infection with PRRSV occurred. However, on PRRSV-negative farms, or farms with PRRSV stable sow herds, some ELISAs can give results not reflecting the infection status in specific age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Biernacka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Tyszka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Vet Lab Group, Ostrodzka 46, 11-036 Gietrzwald, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Miłek D, Woźniak A, Stadejek T. The detection and genetic diversity of novel porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7) on Polish pig farms. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:28-32. [PMID: 30170185 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last years several novel parvoviruses (PPVs) were discovered in pigs worldwide. The most recently discovered porcine parvovirus species is PPV7, which was detected in USA and China to date. This study reports the first evidence of PPV7 in Europe. Overall, 902 serum samples and 896 fecal samples were collected between 2014 and 2017 from 3 to 20 weeks old pigs from 14 conventional swine farms in Poland. PPV7 DNA was detected in samples from all examined farms. Overall, PPV7 was detected in 39,0% fecal pools and in 19,6% serum pools. No positive results were obtained from 3 to 6-week-old pigs. In growing pigs and fatteners the virus was detected in 26,1% serum pools and 51,4% fecal pools. PPV7 infection dynamics was similar in all tested farms. Five complete REP gene sequences of PPV7 from Poland were obtained. The identity of Polish sequences ranged from 94.3 to 96.7% and from 93.5 to 96.7% at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Their identity to previously discovered sequences from USA and China ranged from 93.9 to 95.0% and from 91.8 to 95.4% at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Miłek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Novosel D, Cadar D, Tuboly T, Jungic A, Stadejek T, Ait-Ali T, Cságola A. Investigating porcine parvoviruses genogroup 2 infection using in situ polymerase chain reaction. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:163. [PMID: 29783968 PMCID: PMC5963090 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) was detected in swine serum without showing any relationship with disease. The emergence of the virus seemed to be a unique event until other genetically highly similar parvoviruses were identified in China and, later in 2012, the presence of the virus was also described in Europe. PPV2 is widely distributed in pig populations where it is suspected to be involved in respiratory conditions, based on its frequent detection in lung samples. In order to investigate the potential pathogenic involvement of PPV2, 60 dead pigs were examined from two farms. They were necropsied and tested for PPV2 and PCV2 (Porcine circovirus type 2) by PCR; by Brown and Brenn (B&B) staining for bacteria; by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect CD3, Swine leukocyte antigen class II DQ (SLAIIDQ), lysozyme, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza (SIV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo); and by in situ hybridization (ISH) to detect ssDNA and dsDNA of PCV2. PPV2 positive samples were subjected to in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) including double staining method to detect PPV2 and host cell markers. To calculate statistical difference we used GENMOD or LOGISTIC procedures in Statistical Analysis System (SAS®). Results We found that the PPV2 was localized mostly in lymphocytes in lungs, lymph nodes and liver. Neither CD3 antigen nor lysozyme was expressed by these infected cells. In contrast, low levels of SLAIIDQ were expressed by infected cells, suggesting that PPV2 may have a specific tropism for immature B lymphocytes and/or NK lymphocytes though possibly not T lymphocytes. Conclusion The overall conclusion of this study indicates that PPV2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1487-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinko Novosel
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department for Animal science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Daniel Cadar
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Immunology, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tuboly
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Immunology, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Andreja Jungic
- Department for Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edingburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Cságola
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Immunology, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
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Kristensen CS, Kvisgaard LK, Pawlowski M, Holmgaard Carlsen S, Hjulsager CK, Heegaard PMH, Bøtner A, Stadejek T, Haugegaard S, Larsen LE. Efficacy and safety of simultaneous vaccination with two modified live virus vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus types 1 and 2 in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 36:227-236. [PMID: 29191738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare responses of pigs vaccinated with a PRRS MLV vaccine against PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 with the responses of pigs vaccinated simultaneously with both vaccines. Furthermore, the efficacy of the two PRRSV MLV vaccination strategies was assessed following challenge. The experimental design included four groups of 4-weeks old SPF-pigs. On day 0 (DPV0), groups 1-3 (N=18 per group) were vaccinated with modified live virus vaccines (MLV) containing PRRSV-1 virus (VAC-T1), PRRSV-2 virus (VAC-T2) or both (VAC-T1T2). One group was left unvaccinated (N=12). On DPV 62, the pigs from groups 1-4 were mingled in new groups and challenged (DPC 0) with PRRSV-1, subtype 1, PRRSV-1, subtype 2 or PRRSV-2. On DPC 13/14 all pigs were necropsied. Samples were collected after vaccination and challenge. PRRSV was detected in all vaccinated pigs and the majority of the pigs were positive until DPV 28, but few of the pigs were still viremic 62 days after vaccination. Virus was detected in nasal swabs until DPV 7-14. No overt clinical signs were observed after challenge. PRRSV-2 vaccination resulted in a clear reduction in viral load in serum after PRRSV-2 challenge, whereas there was limited effect on the viral load in serum following challenge with the PRRSV-1 strains. Vaccination against PRRSV-1 had less impact on viremia following challenge. The protective effects of simultaneous vaccination with PRRSV Type 1 and 2 MLV vaccines and single PRRS MLV vaccination were comparable. None of the vaccines decreased the viral load in the lungs at necropsy. In conclusion, simultaneous vaccination with MLV vaccines containing PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 elicited responses comparable to single vaccination and the commercial PRRSV vaccines protected only partially against challenge with heterologous strains. Thus, simultaneous administration of the two vaccines is an option in herds with both PRRSV types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L K Kvisgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M Pawlowski
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Holmgaard Carlsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C K Hjulsager
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - P M H Heegaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Bøtner
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lindholm, Denmark.
| | - T Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - S Haugegaard
- Danish Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Kjellerup, Denmark.
| | - L E Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Woźniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - D. Miłek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - K. Biernacka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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20
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Stadejek T, Larsen LE, Podgórska K, Bøtner A, Botti S, Dolka I, Fabisiak M, Heegaard PMH, Hjulsager CK, Huć T, Kvisgaard LK, Sapierzyński R, Nielsen J. Pathogenicity of three genetically diverse strains of PRRSV Type 1 in specific pathogen free pigs. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:13-19. [PMID: 28554869 PMCID: PMC7127113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of two PRRSV-1 strains BOR59, ILI6 and 18794 was compared specific pathogen free pigs. The most pronounced clinical signs, the highest viremia and the earliest acute phase proteins response were in pigs infected with BOR59 strain. BOR59 strain can be considered a highly virulent strain, while the virulence of strain ILI6 was intermediate between BOR59 and 18794.
Studies from Eastern European countries proved that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Type 1 (PRRSV-1) harbours high genetic diversity and that genetically divergent subtypes 2–4 circulate in this area. In the present study, we compared the pathogenicity of two different PRRSV-1 subtype 2 strains and a strain representing PRRSV-1 subtype 1. Four groups of 8-week-old specific pathogen free pigs were either infected with subtype 2 strain ILI6, subtype 2 strain or BOR59, subtype 1 strain 18794, or mock inoculated. The most pronounced clinical signs were observed in pigs infected with BOR59. Pigs from both subtype 2 strain infected groups exhibited significantly elevated mean body temperatures on DPI 2 compared to the other two groups, the difference remaining significant up to DPI 13 for the BOR59 group, only. The pigs in the latter group also displayed significantly highest levels of early viremia together with the most rapid APP response. Overall, the results indicated that BOR59 strain can be considered a highly pathogenic strain, similarly to subtype 3 strains Lena and SU1-bel, while the virulence of the other subtype 2 strain ILI6 was intermediate between BOR59 and subtype 1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Swine Diseases Department, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anette Bøtner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Polo Universitario, Via Einstein 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Izabella Dolka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Fabisiak
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Huć
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lise K Kvisgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jens Nielsen
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Swine Diseases Department, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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21
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Cui J, Biernacka K, Fan J, Gerber PF, Stadejek T, Opriessnig T. Circulation of Porcine Parvovirus Types 1 through 6 in Serum Samples Obtained from Six Commercial Polish Pig Farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1945-1952. [PMID: 27882679 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses are small non-enveloped DNA viruses, very resistant to inactivation, and ubiquitous in the global pig population. Porcine parvovirus type 1 (PPV1) has been known since the 1960s and is a major causative agent of reproductive failure in breeding herds. During the last decade, several new parvoviruses have been identified in pigs by molecular methods and have been consecutively designated as PPV2 through PPV6. Epidemiology data for these viruses are limited, and the impact of these newly recognized parvoviruses on pigs is largely unknown. To further generate knowledge on the distribution of PPVs in pigs, a total of 247 serum samples were collected from six commercial Polish pig farms during 2013-2015 and tested by PCR assays and ELISAs. The pigs ranged from two to 18 weeks of age at sample collection. Breeding herds supplying the investigated farms were routinely vaccinated against PPV1. While all growing pig samples were negative for PPV1 DNA, young pigs were frequently negative for PPV1 antibodies and seroconversion to PPV1 was commonly seen at 9-10 weeks of age. The PPV2 antibody detection was highest in young pigs (2-6-week-old) and decreased in older pigs indicating passively acquired antibodies. The DNA prevalence rates in the serum samples analysed were 19% for PPV2, 7.7% for PPV3, 2.4% for PPV4, 4.0% for PPV5 and 6.1% for PPV6. Most PPV DNA-positive samples were identified in 9- to 18-week-old pigs with no obvious association with disease on the farm. All recently emerging PPV genotypes were detected in Polish farms. Similar to previous reports in other pig populations, PPV2 was the most frequent PPV genotype circulating in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cui
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - K Biernacka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Fan
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - P F Gerber
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - T Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Biernacka K, Karbowiak P, Wróbel P, Charęza T, Czopowicz M, Balka G, Goodell C, Rauh R, Stadejek T. Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) in oral fluid of pigs. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:74-80. [PMID: 27892877 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently oral fluid has become a novel sample type for pathogen nucleic acid and antibody detection, as it is easy to obtain with non-invasive procedures. The objective of the study was to analyze porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) circulation in growing pigs from three Polish production farms, using Real Time PCR and ELISA testing of oral fluid and serum. Oral fluids were collected every 2weeks, in the same 3-4 pens of pigs aged between 5 and 17weeks. Additionally, blood samples were collected every 4weeks from 4 pigs corresponding to the same pens as oral fluid and tested for the presence of PRRSV nucleic acid (pooled by 4) and antibodies. In farm A no PRRSV circulation was detected and only maternal antibodies were present. In farm B and farm C antibodies to PRRSV in serum and oral fluid were detected in most samples. In farm B PRRSV Type 1 was detected in 80.9% of oral fluid samples and in 58.3% of serum pools, and in farm C in 92.8% of oral fluid samples and 75% serum pools. Striking differences were observed between different pens in PRRSV detection patterns. In farms B and C ORF5 sequence analysis showed the presence of wild type strains which were about 84-85% identical to the modified live vaccine used. In all three farms two waves of IAV shedding with oral fluid were detected, in weaners and fatteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Biernacka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Wróbel
- Swine Vet Consulting L.L.C., Bolewskiego 40, 63-700 Krotoszyn, Poland
| | | | - Michał Czopowicz
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gyula Balka
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Rolf Rauh
- Tetracore Inc, 9901 Belward Campus Drive Suite 300, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Cui J, Fan J, Gerber PF, Biernacka K, Stadejek T, Xiao CT, Opriessnig T. First identification of porcine parvovirus 6 in Poland. Virus Genes 2016; 53:100-104. [PMID: 27590228 PMCID: PMC5306181 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus type 1 is a major causative agent of swine reproductive failure. During the past decade, several new parvoviruses have been discovered in pigs. Porcine parvovirus type 6 (PPV6), recently identified, has been reported in pigs in China and in the USA while the PPV6 status in the European pig population remains undetermined. In the present study, PPV6 DNA was identified in serum samples collected from domestic pigs in Poland. In investigated herds, the prevalence of PPV6 was 14.9 % (15/101 samples). Sequencing was conducted, and 11 nearly complete PPV6 genomes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PPV6 sequences cluster into four distinct groups, and the Polish PPV6 strains from three individual farms were present in three of these four groups. In addition, the Polish PPV6 strain P15-1 was identified as a putative recombination of an ORF1 from US stains and an ORF2 from Chinese strains. This is the first identification of PPV6 in Europe, and this finding will encourage future epidemiological studies on parvoviruses in European pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cui
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jinghui Fan
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kinga Biernacka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK. .,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Zhou W, Gao S, Podgórska K, Stadejek T, Qiu HJ, Yin H, Drew T, Liu L. Rovac is the possible ancestor of the Russian lapinized vaccines LK-VNIVViM and CS strains but not the Chinese strain (C-strain) vaccine against classical swine fever. Vaccine 2015; 32:6639-42. [PMID: 25306909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), or hog cholera, is a highly contagious disease that emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century. To fight against the disease and protect pigs, different vaccines were developed, including early generation of lapinized Rovac strain and the later development of the “Chinese” strain (C-strain). However, details of the development of these vaccines are lost in history. In order to investigate the phylogenetic relationship between the Rovac and other lapinized vaccines, this study determined the genome sequence of the Rovac, which comprised 12,304 nucleotides, notably with the 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) containing a 13-nucleotide insertion. The near-complete genome of Russian vaccine strain LK-VNIVViM was determined by next-generation sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. Whole genome phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer relationship of the Rovac strain with the Russian LK-VNIVViM, CS strain and its derivative RUCSFPLUM (genotype 1.2), rather than with the C-strain (genotype 1.1). In addition, it demonstrated an ancestry role of the LK-VNIVViM in relation to the CS strain and RUCSFPLUM. The study suggested that the Rovac vaccine is the possible ancestor of the Russian vaccine strains but not the C-strain vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zhou
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Salguero FJ, Frossard JP, Rebel JMJ, Stadejek T, Morgan SB, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Host-pathogen interactions during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 infection of piglets. Virus Res 2015; 202:135-43. [PMID: 25559070 PMCID: PMC7172408 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a major disease affecting pigs worldwide and resulting in considerable economic losses. While PRRS is a global phenomenon, the causative viruses PRRSV-1 (first detected in Europe) and PRRSV-2 (isolated in North America) are genetically and biologically distinct. In addition, the disease outcome is directly linked to co-infections associated with the porcine respiratory disease complex and the host response is variable between different breeds of pigs. It is therefore warranted when studying the pathogenesis of PRRS to consider each viral genotype separately and apply careful consideration to the disease model studied. We here review the respiratory pig model for PRRSV-1, with a focus on a recent set of studies conducted with carefully selected virus strains and pigs, which may serve as both a baseline and benchmark for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Salguero
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Frossard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom.
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Department of Infection Biology, Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life, Poland
| | - Sophie B Morgan
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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26
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Balka G, Wang X, Olasz F, Bálint Á, Kiss I, Bányai K, Rusvai M, Stadejek T, Marthaler D, Murtaugh MP, Zádori Z. Full genome sequence analysis of a wild, non-MLV-related type 2 Hungarian PRRSV variant isolated in Europe. Virus Res 2015; 200:1-8. [PMID: 25616050 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a widespread pathogen of pigs causing significant economic losses to the swine industry. The expanding diversity of PRRSV strains makes the diagnosis, control and eradication of the disease more and more difficult. In the present study, the authors report the full genome sequencing of a type 2 PRRSV strain isolated from piglet carcasses in Hungary. Next generation sequencing was used to determine the complete genome sequence of the isolate (PRRSV-2/Hungary/102/2012). Recombination analysis performed with the available full-length genome sequences showed no evidence of such event with other known PRRSV. Unique deletions and an insertion were found in the nsp2 region of PRRSV-2/Hungary/102/2012 when it was compared to the highly virulent VR2332 and JXA-1 prototype strains. The majority of amino acid alterations in GP4 and GP5 of the virus were in the known antigenic regions suggesting an important role for immunological pressure in PRRSV-2/Hungary/102/2012 evolution. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it belongs to lineage 1 or 2 of type 2 PRRSV. Considering the lack of related PRRSV in Europe, except for a partial sequence from Slovakia, the ancestor of PRRSV-2/Hungary/102/2012 was most probably transported from North-America. It is the first documented type 2 PRRSV isolated in Europe that is not related to the Ingelvac MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- National Food Chain Safety Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Rusvai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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27
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Morgan SB, Frossard JP, Pallares FJ, Gough J, Stadejek T, Graham SP, Steinbach F, Drew TW, Salguero FJ. Pathology and Virus Distribution in the Lung and Lymphoid Tissues of Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with Three Distinct Type 1 PRRS Virus Isolates of Varying Pathogenicity. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:285-95. [PMID: 25382098 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) continues to be the most economically important disease of swine worldwide. The appearance of highly pathogenic PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains in Europe and Asia has raised concerns about this disease and initiated increased efforts to understand the pathogenesis. In this study, we have compared the pathology and the virus distribution in tissues of pigs experimentally inoculated with three different genotype 1 PRRSV isolates. Sixty 5-week-old pigs were inoculated intranasally with a) the Lelystad virus (LV), b) a field strain from the UK causing respiratory clinical signs (UK) or c) a highly pathogenic strain from Belarus (BE). Sixteen animals were mock-infected and used as controls. The animals were euthanized at 3, 7 and 35 days post-infection (dpi), and lung and lymphoid tissues collected for histopathological examination and PRRSV detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histopathological lesions consisted of interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltrates in the lungs, lymphoid depletion, apoptosis and follicular hyperplasia in the spleen, lymph nodes and tonsil and lymphoid depletion in the thymus. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was detected mainly in monocytes-macrophages. BE-infected animals showed the highest pathological scores and the highest presence of virus at 3 and 7 dpi, followed by the UK field strain and then LV. Moderate lesions were observed at 35 dpi with lesser detection of PRRSV by IHC in each infected group. The highly pathogenic BE strain induced more severe pathology in both lungs and lymphoid organs of pigs compared with the classic field isolate and the prototype LV. The increased severity of pathology was in correlation with the presence of a higher number of PRRSV-infected cells in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Morgan
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK.,Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - J P Frossard
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - F J Pallares
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - J Gough
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - T Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - F Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - T W Drew
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - F J Salguero
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Fabisiak M, Podgórska K, Skrzypiec E, Szczotka A, Stadejek T. Detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in meat juice samples from Polish wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:529-36. [PMID: 23974935 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PCV2 and PRRSV are two important pathogens of domestic swine. There is considerable evidence that the infection is also present in wild boars. Meat juice provides an alternative to serum for antibody testing, and it has been used in testing for many important porcine infectious diseases. Samples of brachial muscle were collected from 142 wild boars shot in different regions of Poland during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 hunting seasons. Meat juice harvested from muscle samples was tested using an ELISA test specific for PCV2 and PRRSV antibodies. Additionally, IgG and IgM antibodies specific for PCV2 were detected in order to estimate the status of the PCV2 infection. Only one of the tested meat juice samples was positive for PRRSV (0.7%), and 68 out of 142 (47.9%) samples were positive for PCV2. Of the positive animals, 4 (2.8%) had an antibody profile suggesting active infection, 2 (1.4%) early active infection, and 62 (43.7%) late infection. Also, a lack of association between the age of the animals and the presence of antibodies related to the infection was noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Fabisiak
- 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- 2 National Veterinary Research Institute Department of Swine Diseases Puławy Poland
| | - Ewelina Skrzypiec
- 3 National Veterinary Research Institute Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin Puławy Poland
| | - Anna Szczotka
- 2 National Veterinary Research Institute Department of Swine Diseases Puławy Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
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Stadejek T, Stankevicius A, Murtaugh MP, Oleksiewicz MB. Molecular evolution of PRRSV in Europe: current state of play. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:21-8. [PMID: 23528651 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major threat to European swine production. The existence of extensive genetic variation in endemic strains and the presence of highly virulent strains in other geographic regions pose the threat of devastating epidemic outbreaks. Here we describe the current knowledge of genetic variation in European PRRSV isolates, the implications for PRRSV evolution, and the presence of multiple genetic lineages of Type 2 (North American genotype) isolates in Europe. In Type 1 (European genotype) PRRSV, three genetic subtypes are recognized and a fourth subtype appears to be present. Type 2 PRRSV was considered to be genetically homogenous in Europe due to a unique presence of an introduced vaccine strain, but independent introductions of virulent Type 2 field viruses are now evident. In Type 1 PRRSV, only subtype 1 (Lelystad virus-like) circulates in Central and Western Europe and globally. In Eastern Europe, all subtypes are present. The subtypes of Type 1 PRRSV also exhibit length differences in the nucleocapsid protein, ranging in size from 124 to 132 amino acids depending on subtype. This size heterogeneity is unparalleled in the nucleocapsid proteins of Type 2 PRRSV or other viruses. Surprisingly, it affects the C-terminus, otherwise thought to be under strong structural constraints. Finally, divergent subtypes of Type 1 PRRSV have produced high rates of false-negative RT-PCR results in diagnostic tests, and may also degrade the reliability of serodiagnostic assays using the nucleocapsid protein antigen. In summary, the extensive genetic diversity of Type 1 PRRSV is of relevance for understanding nucleocapsid protein structure/function relationships. Further, the extensive genetic diversity of Type 1 PRRSV in Europe, and the presence of diverse Type 2 PRRSV strains, together emphasize the importance of relevant validation of PRRSV diagnostics. More extensive and systematic molecular phylogeny studies are needed to fully understand PRRSV diversity in Europe, to provide swine producers with reliable diagnostics, and to better assess the potential consequences of endemic spread and exotic introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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30
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Wernike K, Bonilauri P, Dauber M, Errington J, LeBlanc N, Revilla-Fernández S, Hjulsager C, Isaksson M, Stadejek T, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: interlaboratory ring trial to evaluate real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection methods. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:855-66. [PMID: 22807507 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712452724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays used for the diagnosis of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a Europe-wide interlaboratory ring trial was conducted. A variety of PRRSV strains including North American (NA) and European (EU) genotype isolates were analyzed by the participants. Great differences regarding qualitative diagnostics as well as analytical sensitivity were observed between the individual RT-qPCR systems, especially when investigating strains from the EU genotype. None of the assays or commercial kits used in the ring trial could identify all different PRRSV strains with an optimal analytical and diagnostic sensitivity. The genetic variability of the PRRSV strains, which is supposed to hinder the diagnostic of the RT-PCR because of mutations at the primer binding sites, was also confirmed by sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. In summary, a major problem in PRRSV diagnostics by RT-qPCR is false-negative results. To achieve maximum safety in the molecular diagnosis of PRRSV, the combined usage of different assays or kits is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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31
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Podgórska K, Stadejek T. Profiles of seroconversion to porcine circovirus type 2 in herds affected and not affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:511-20. [PMID: 22079711 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2011.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of serological methods in the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The study was carried out in 4 PMWS-affected and 6 control farms. Based on the serological profiles, infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was determined to take place at 3-7 weeks of age in the PMWS-affected and at 3-11 weeks of age in the control farms. To compare the dynamics of seroconversion to PCV2 among farms, cross-sectional serological profiles were normalised in relation to the inferred age of infection. The results indicated that the proportion of seropositive pigs increased significantly slower in the affected herds. The most pronounced difference was observed about 4 weeks after infection, when the proportion of seropositive pigs ranged from 0 to 53.3% and from 70 to 100% in PMWS-affected and control herds, respectively. Mean antibody titres at that age were also significantly lower in the affected farms. These observations suggest a delay in the production of PCV2-specific antibodies and indicate that serological methods may be helpful in identifying herds with a high risk of PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Podgórska
- 1 National Veterinary Research Institute Partyzantów 57 24-100 Puławy Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- 1 National Veterinary Research Institute Partyzantów 57 24-100 Puławy Poland
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Hoffmann B, Blome S, Bonilauri P, Fernández-Piñero J, Greiser-Wilke I, Haegeman A, Isaksson M, Koenen F, LeBlanc N, Leifer I, Le Potier MF, Loeffen W, Rasmussen TB, Stadejek T, Ståhl K, Tignon M, Uttenthal Å, van der Poel W, Beer M. Classical swine fever virus detection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:999-1004. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study reports on a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) ring trial for the detection of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genomic RNA undertaken by 10 European laboratories. All laboratories were asked to use their routine in-house real-time RT-PCR protocols and a standardized protocol commonly used by the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI) on a panel of well-characterized samples. In general, all participants produced results within the acceptable range. The FLI assay, several in-house assays, and the commercial kits had high analytical sensitivity and specificity values. Nevertheless, some in-house systems had unspecific reactions or suboptimal sensitivity with only a single CSFV genotype. Follow-up actions involved either improvement of suboptimal assays or replacement of specific laboratory assays with the FLI protocol, with or without modifications. In conclusion, the ring trial showed reliability of classical swine fever diagnosis on an international level and helped to optimize CSFV-specific RT-PCR diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Jovita Fernández-Piñero
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Irene Greiser-Wilke
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Mats Isaksson
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Frank Koenen
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Neil LeBlanc
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Immanuel Leifer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Marie-Frederique Le Potier
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Willie Loeffen
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Karl Ståhl
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Åse Uttenthal
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Wim van der Poel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems Island, Germany (Hoffmann, Blome, Beer)
- Diagnostic Section of Reggio Emilia, Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Bonilauri)
- Animal Health Research Center, Madrid, Spain (Fernández-Piñero)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Greiser-Wilke)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium (Haegeman, Koenen, Tignon)
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Stadejek T, Podgorska K, Porowski M, Jabłoński A, Pejsak Z. Linked outbreaks and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in a pig farm in Poland. Vet Rec 2011; 169:441. [PMID: 21891787 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a newly established farrow-to-finish farm (porcine reproductive and respiratory virus [PRRSV]-free, porcine circovirus type 2 [PCV-2]-infected), reproductive failure was seen seven months after population. The conception rate dropped from 89 to 51 per cent, and the abortion rate increased from 0.5 to 11 per cent. The following month, characteristic lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and elevated mortality were observed in weaned pigs. Laboratory examinations confirmed reproductive failure due to PRRSV and PMWS associated with apparent activation of the PCV-2 circulating in the farm. The herd was closed for replacement and a number of measures to improve hygiene, environmental conditions and feeding were applied. The abortion rate returned to preoutbreak levels four months after the beginning of the PRRS outbreak and the conception rate returned to normal four months later. Slower improvement was observed regarding the PMWS outbreak, with PMWS-related losses disappearing nine months after the detection of PMWS. Analysis of seroconversion profiles to PCV-2 and PRRSV during the outbreak and after its control indicated that while PRRSV was eliminated from sows and weaners by the control measures, the time of PCV-2 infection was unchanged and occurred at seven weeks of age during the PMWS outbreak as well as after its elimination. However, the elimination of PMWS from the herd coincided with increased levels of maternally derived antibodies to PCV-2 in one- to five-week-old pigs and faster serological responses to infection with PCV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stadejek
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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Szczotka A, Zmudzki J, Pejsak Z, Stadejek T. Ocurrence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2) in Cases of Antibiotic Non-responsive Diarrhoea in Pigs. J Comp Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Murtaugh MP, Stadejek T, Abrahante JE, Lam TTY, Leung FCC. The ever-expanding diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2010; 154:18-30. [PMID: 20801173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus appeared 20 years ago as the cause of a new disease in swine. Today PRRS is the most significant swine disease worldwide in spite of intensive immunological interventions. The virus showed remarkable genetic variation with two geographically distinct genotypes at the time of its discovery, indicating the possibility of prolonged evolutionary divergence prior to its appearance as a swine pathogen. Since then, both type 1 and type 2 have spread geographically, radiated genetically, and acquired new phenotypic characteristics, especially increased virulence. Here, we explore various hypotheses that might account for rapid expansion and diversification of PRRSV, including mechanisms specific to PRRSV and other arteriviruses, cellular modification processes, and immunological selection. Phylogenetic analysis of PRRSV has provided a broadly applicable means to relate diverse isolates, but it does not explain biological variation in virulence or immunological cross-protection. We present other methods of classification and review their limitations. Major questions about PRRSV remain unanswered despite intensive investigation, suggesting that the interaction of PRRSV with pigs involves novel biological processes that may be relevant to other RNA virus and host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Podgórska K, Stadejek T. Optimisation of reverse transcription can improve the sensitivity of RT-PCR for detection of classical swine fever virus. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:257-64. [PMID: 20460224 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever is a highly contagious, notifiable disease of pigs and wild boars listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Therefore, methods employed in the diagnosis of CSF should be fast, sensitive and specific. The aim of this study was optimisation of the reverse transcription reaction to increase the sensitivity of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of classical swine fever virus, the aetiological agent of the disease. The efficiency of reverse transcription reaction was compared including a range of reverse transcriptases, thermal conditions and priming methods based on results obtained in the following realtime PCR. Depending on catalysis and the priming method used in the study a significant diversity of results was observed. The best efficacy of reverse transcription was obtained using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase and priming with random nonamers and reverse, gene-specific primer. This combination improved the sensitivity of RT-PCR nearly 1000 times as compared to the method with AMV reverse transcriptase coupled with random hexamers. In summary, this study has demonstrated that the optimisation of reverse transcription can contribute to a higher sensitivity of RT-PCR diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Podgórska
- 1 National Veterinary Research Institute Swine Diseases Department Al. Partyzantów 57 24-100 Puławy Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- 1 National Veterinary Research Institute Swine Diseases Department Al. Partyzantów 57 24-100 Puławy Poland
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Stadejek T, Oleksiewicz MB, Scherbakov AV, Timina AM, Krabbe JS, Chabros K, Potapchuk D. Definition of subtypes in the European genotype of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: nucleocapsid characteristics and geographical distribution in Europe. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1479-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Blitek A, Waclawik A, Kaczmarek MM, Stadejek T, Pejsak Z, Ziecik AJ. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in the porcine endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Reprod Domest Anim 2006; 41:251-7. [PMID: 16689891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyses the initial step in prostaglandins (PGs) production. In the present studies, endometrial COX-1 and COX-2 expression throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy was analysed in pigs using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry. There were no changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression for COX-1 in cyclic pigs. In pregnant animals, mRNA levels of this enzyme increased on days 22-25 (p < 0.001). However, no upregulation of COX-1 protein was detected. Quantification of COX-2 mRNA expression during the oestrous cycle revealed significant increases on days 10-12 and 14 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 vs days 2-4, respectively). Protein levels were also increased on day 14 when compared with days 2-12 and 18-20 after oestrus. In pregnant animals, the patterns of both COX-2 mRNA and protein expression were similar. Messenger RNA levels were higher on days 16 and 22-25 (p < 0.01 vs day 10). Moreover, the protein content tended to increase on days 16 and 22-25. COX-1 and COX-2 were localized in the luminal and glandular epithelium as well as in the uterine stroma. In contrast to COX-1, a positive immunostaining reaction for COX-2 was detected only on days 12-16 after ovulation and on days 14-16 of pregnancy. In conclusion, these results indicate specific patterns of COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the porcine endometrium throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. COX-2 rather than COX-1 seems to be the primary enzyme responsible for modulated PGs production at the time of luteolysis in cyclic and during implantation in pregnant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blitek
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
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Stadejek T, Oleksiewicz MB, Potapchuk D, Podgórska K. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of exceptional diversity in eastern Europe support the definition of new genetic subtypes. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1835-1841. [PMID: 16760385 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) ORF5 and ORF7 sequences from Belarus were found to be of the European (EU) genotype, but grouped separately from all other EU genotype sequences described so far, including live-attenuated EU genotype PRRSV vaccines and Italian EU genotype sequences, some of which have been associated with reduced vaccine efficacy. Also, the Belarusian EU-PRRSV exhibited extreme ORF7 size polymorphism, ranging from 375 nt (the smallest EU genotype ORF7 yet described) to 393 nt (the largest ORF7 yet described for any arterivirus). With the Belarusian sequences, the diversity of EU genotype PRRSV now exceeds that of the North American (US) genotype PRRSV, suggesting a European origin of PRRSV. Finally, a very sharp geographical demarcation of highly diverse EU genotype PRRSV was observed along the eastern Polish border. The new Belarusian sequences have relevance for vaccine and diagnostic-antigen design and show that sequence analysis of PRRSV from more eastern parts of Europe may offer further insights into the emergence and evolution of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stadejek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - M B Oleksiewicz
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Virology and Molecular Toxicology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - D Potapchuk
- S. N. Vyshelesskij Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 2 Vyshelesskij Street, Minsk 223020, Belarus
| | - K Podgórska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Stadejek T, Mittelholzer C, Oleksiewicz MB, Paweska J, Belák S. Highly diverse type of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from the semen of a South African donkey: short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2006; 54:263-70. [PMID: 16841763 DOI: 10.1556/avet.54.2006.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) was detected by RT-nested PCR in semen samples from a naturally infected South African donkey. Sequence analysis of the amplified ORF5 fragment revealed only 60 to 70% nucleotide identity to a panel of EAV reference sequences. The unique donkey EAV sequence was also found to be stable during passage in horses. The sequence data reported in this study indicate that the South African donkey variant might represent a new genotype of EAV. The distinct genetic properties of the South African asinine strain of EAV suggest a divergent evolution of this arterivirus in various host species or, alternatively, a possible role for African donkeys in the emergence of EAV in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stadejek
- Department of Swine Diseases, The National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Partyzantów 57, Poland.
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Mittelholzer C, Stadejek T, Johansson I, Baule C, Ciabatti I, Hannant D, Paton D, Autorino GL, Nowotny N, Belák S. Extended Phylogeny of Equine Arteritis Virus: Division into New Subgroups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:55-8. [PMID: 16626399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To determine a conclusive phylogeny, equine arteritis viruses from Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, South Africa and other parts of the world were analysed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing. The nucleotide sequences corresponding to the variable part of the large glycoprotein GP5, specified by open reading frame 5, were compared and added to a previously published phylogenetic tree in which a clear division between 'European' and 'American' type viruses had been established. Adding the sequences determined in this study and new sequences retrieved from GenBank revealed additional diversity and new subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mittelholzer
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Oleksiewicz MB, Stadejek T, Maćkiewicz Z, Porowski M, Pejsak Z. Discriminating between serological responses to European-genotype live vaccine and European-genotype field strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by peptide ELISA. J Virol Methods 2005; 129:134-44. [PMID: 15992937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A peptide ELISA was developed based on an immunodominant and hypervariable epitope in the ORF4 envelope glycoprotein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The peptide sequence was derived from the Porcilis live-attenuated PRRSV vaccine strain (genotype 1, European). Antibodies induced by the field PRRSVs currently circulating in Poland were not detected by the Porcilis ORF4 peptide ELISA. In contrast, Porcilis-vaccinated animals seroconverted in the ORF4 peptide ELISA at 21 days post-vaccination. Maximal titers were seen 30-92 days post-vaccination; most sera had endpoint titers between 1:1000 and 1:100,000. In a paired format, where sera were assayed in two separate ELISAs using ORF4 peptides derived from the genetically very closely related Porcilis and Lelystad PRRSV strains, it was possible to differentiate between antibodies induced by these two viruses. The Porcilis and Lelystad ORF4 peptide ELISAs had sensitivities of 89 and 100%, respectively. Thus, ORF4 peptide ELISA afforded specific detection of antibodies induced by an European-genotype live-attenuated vaccine PRRSV strain (Porcilis). The results suggest that specific ORF4 peptide ELISAs can be custom-made for European-genotype PRRSV strains, using general peptide design criteria described in this work. Thus, ORF4 ELISAs may be generally useful, to monitor safety and operational aspects of European-genotype live-attenuated PRRSV vaccine virus use in populations with circulating field European-genotype PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Oleksiewicz
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Virology and Molecular Toxicology, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
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Abstract
A 243 base-pair fragment of the 5'- untranslated region (5'-UTR) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was RT-PCR amplified from tissue samples (after one passage) or from plasma collected from Danish cattle in 1962 (1), 1993 (7), or in 2002-03 (28) when BVD was almost extinct as a result of a 6-year eradication programme. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. All 36 samples were BVDV species 1 (BVDV-1), 29 sequences belonged to the BVDV 1d subtype, 6 to the BVDV 1b subtype, and one sequence to the BVDV 1e subtype. While all samples from 1993 and 1962 were of 1d subtype, the samples collected in 2002-2003 belonged to 1d (22 samples), 1b (5 samples) and 1e (1 sample) subtypes. In five herds, materials from two animals were obtained for PCR analysis. In four of five herds the sequences of the two viruses were identical, but in one herd the obtained sequences belonged to two different subtypes. Routine analysis detected 11 PI calves older than 2 months of age. For early detection of infected calves it is recommended that antigen ELISA be replaced by PCR detection. Here we present the first sequence analysis of Danish BVDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uttenthal
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research (DFVF), Department of Virology, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen AS, Nielsen J, Stadejek T, Storgaard T, Krakowka S, Ellis J, McNeilly F, Allan G, Bøtner A. Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Vet Microbiol 2002; 89:97-114. [PMID: 12243888 PMCID: PMC7117141 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine is causally associated with the newly recognised pathogen, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). In this study, 3-week-old SPF PCV2-seronegative piglets were inoculated intranasally with PCV2. The effect of immunostimulation on the induction of PMWS was investigated by immunisation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in incomplete Freunds adjuvant. The study was terminated 5 weeks after inoculation. While disease was not observed in the age-matched controls, two out of five non-immunised PCV2-infected piglets died on postinoculation day (PID) 21, and one was euthanized on PID 25 in moribund condition. These animals had appeared lethargic with persistent fever from PID 12 onwards. The euthanized pig appeared smaller than littermates and suffered from jaundice. At postmortem examination, gastric ulceration, icterus, and liver and thymus atrophy were observed. Furthermore, histological lesions of degenerating hepatocytes and hepatitis in combination with lymphoid depletion and syncytial cells in lymph nodes were consistent with the diagnosis of PMWS. One out of five immunostimulated PCV2-infected piglets was euthanized on PID 22 with convulsions after a period with wasting. This pig was lethargic from PID 14 onwards with persistent fever from PID 8 and transient dyspnoea. No differences in clinical signs, gross pathologic or histological findings were observed for the remaining non-immunostimulated and immunostimulated PCV2-infected piglets. All 10 PCV2-inoculated piglets seroconverted to PCV2 within 14 days after inoculation. By virus isolation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), and immunostaining of cryostat sections, it was demonstrated that lymphoid tissue contained abundant PCV2 antigen. Viral DNA load in serum samples was assessed by Q-PCR. All four PMWS-affected piglets had high levels of PCV2 DNA in serum, suggesting that there was a correlation between high levels of viral DNA in serum and the development of PMWS. In conclusion, infection with PCV2 caused PMWS in SPF piglets, however, the immunostimulation did not seem to play a critical role.
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Stadejek T, Stankevicius A, Storgaard T, Oleksiewicz MB, Belák S, Drew TW, Pejsak Z. Identification of radically different variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Eastern Europe: towards a common ancestor for European and American viruses. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1861-1873. [PMID: 12124450 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-8-1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined 22 partial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) ORF5 sequences, representing pathogenic field strains mainly from Poland and Lithuania, and two currently available European-type live PRRSV vaccines. Also, the complete ORF7 of two Lithuanian and two Polish strains was sequenced. We found that Polish, and in particular Lithuanian, PRRSV sequences were exceptionally different from the European prototype, the Lelystad virus, and in addition showed a very high national diversity. The most diverse present-day European-type PRRSV sequences were from Poland (2000) and Lithuania (2000), and exhibited only 72.2% nucleotide identity in the investigated ORF5 sequence. While all sequences determined in the present study were clearly of European type, inclusion of the new Lithuanian sequences in the genealogy resulted in a common ancestor for the European type virus significantly closer to the American-type PRRSV than previously seen. In addition, the length of the ORF7 of the Lithuanian strains was 378 nucleotides, and thus intermediate between the sizes of the prototypical EU-type (387 nucleotides) and US-type (372 nucleotides) ORF7 lengths. These findings for the Lithuanian PRRSV sequences provide support for the hypothesis that the EU and US genotypes of PRRSV evolved from a common ancestor. Also, this is the first report of ORF7 protein size polymorphism in field isolates of EU-type PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stadejek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland1
| | - A Stankevicius
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland1
| | - T Storgaard
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark2
| | - M B Oleksiewicz
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark2
| | - S Belák
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Biomedical Center, Box 585, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden3
| | - T W Drew
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK4
| | - Z Pejsak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland1
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Nielsen HS, Oleksiewicz MB, Forsberg R, Stadejek T, Bøtner A, Storgaard T. Reversion of a live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine investigated by parallel mutations. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:1263-1272. [PMID: 11369869 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-6-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A live attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) vaccine virus has been shown to revert to virulence under field conditions. In order to identify genetic virulence determinants, ORF1 from the attenuated vaccine virus and three Danish vaccine-derived field isolates was sequenced and compared with the parental strain of the vaccine virus (VR2332). This revealed five mutations that had occurred independently in all three vaccine-derived field isolates, indicating strong parallel selective pressure on these positions in the vaccine virus when used in swine herds. Two of these parallel mutations were direct reversions to the parental VR2332 sequence and were situated in a papain-like cysteine protease domain and in the helicase domain. The remaining parallel mutations might be seen as second-site compensatory mutations for one or more of the mutations that accumulated in the vaccine virus sequence during cell-culture adaptation. Evaluation of the remaining mutations in the ORF1 sequence revealed stronger selective pressure for amino acid conservation during spread in pigs than during vaccine production. Furthermore, it was found that the selective pressure did not change during the time period studied. The implications of these findings for PRRS vaccine attenuation and reversion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette S Nielsen
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark1
| | - Martin B Oleksiewicz
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark1
| | - Roald Forsberg
- Institute of Biological Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark2
| | | | - Anette Bøtner
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark1
| | - Torben Storgaard
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark1
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47
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Paton DJ, McGoldrick A, Bensaude E, Belak S, Mittelholzer C, Koenen F, Vanderhallen H, Greiser-Wilke I, Scheibner H, Stadejek T, Hofmann M, Thuer B. Classical swine fever virus: a second ring test to evaluate RT-PCR detection methods. Vet Microbiol 2000; 77:71-81. [PMID: 11042401 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Six laboratories participated in a study to compare the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR tests for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Sets of coded samples were prepared by serial dilution of positive samples and then distributed to each of the laboratories. One set comprised 25 samples of random primed cDNA, synthesised from viral RNA representative of different pestiviruses. The other set comprised samples of blood and serum obtained from virus-free or CSFV-infected pigs. Each laboratory tested the samples using PCR/RT-PCR according to a set of standardised protocols that specified the exact conditions and requirements for inclusion of control samples. Two types of test were evaluated. One amplified a part of the 5'-non coding region of the pestivirus genome by means of a closed, one-tube RT-nested PCR. The other amplified a part of the NS5B gene using non-nested RT-PCR. The results of the laboratories were compared with one another, and with those obtained earlier when similar samples were tested by the same laboratories using non-standardised methods [Paton et al., Classical swine fever virus: a ring test to evaluate RT-PCR detection methods, Vet. Microbiol., in press]. Standardisation of the protocols resulted in a more consistent test sensitivity. Three laboratories avoided significant false positive results. Others that did not, could nevertheless recognise that test specificity was inadequate from the results obtained with the control samples. Minimum requirements for the inclusion of adequate controls and periodic proficiency testing are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Central Veterinary Laboratory - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, Addlestone, UK.
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48
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Paton DJ, McGoldrick A, Belak S, Mittelholzer C, Koenen F, Vanderhallen H, Biagetti M, De Mia GM, Stadejek T, Hofmann MA, Thuer B. Classical swine fever virus: a ring test to evaluate RT-PCR detection methods. Vet Microbiol 2000; 73:159-74. [PMID: 10785325 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Six laboratories participated in an exercise to compare the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR tests for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Two sets of coded samples were prepared by serial dilution of positive samples and then distributed to each of the laboratories. One set comprised 34 samples of random primed cDNA. These had been synthesised from viral RNA representative of seven different genetic subtypes of CSFV. The other set comprised 40 clinical samples containing tonsil, spleen, whole blood or serum from a pig that had been experimentally infected with CSFV. Each laboratory tested the samples using one or more PCR/RT-PCR tests that they were accustomed to using. The methods and results of the laboratories were compared with one another. The RT-PCR results obtained from testing the clinical samples were also compared with those obtained by virus isolation and antigen ELISA.ELISA. Both RT-PCR and RT-nested PCR appeared to give some false positive results. Several of the PCR tests appear suitable in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Further trials are necessary to compare results when the same test is performed by different laboratories, and to show that improved control procedures can eliminate problems due to false positive reactions.A limited comparison of extraction and reverse transcription procedures showed similar results in each of three participating laboratories, even though the methods were not standardised.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, UK.
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Paton DJ, McGoldrick A, Greiser-Wilke I, Parchariyanon S, Song JY, Liou PP, Stadejek T, Lowings JP, Björklund H, Belák S. Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2000; 73:137-57. [PMID: 10785324 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Three regions of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genome that have been widely sequenced were compared with respect to their ability to discriminate between isolates and to segregate viruses into genetic groups. Sequence data-sets were assembled for 55 CSFVs comprising 150 nucleotides of the 5' non-translated region, 190 nucleotides of the E2 envelope glycoprotein gene and 409 nucleotides of the NS5B polymerase gene. Phylogenetic analysis of each data-set revealed similar groups and subgroups. For closely related viruses, the more variable or larger data-sets gave better discrimination, and the most reliable classification was obtained with sequence data from the NS5B region. No evidence was found for intertypic recombination between CSFVs. A larger data-set was also analysed comprising 190 nucleotides of E2 sequence from 100 CSFVs from different parts of the world, in order to assess the extent and global distribution of CSFV diversity. Additional groups of CSFV are evident from Asia and the nomenclature of Lowings et al. (1996) [Lowings, P., Ibata, G., Needham, J., Paton, D., 1996. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1311-1321] needs to be updated to accommodate these. A tentative assignment, adapting rather than overturning the previous nomenclature divides CSF viruses into three groups with three or four subgroups: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4. The expanding data-base of CSFV sequences should improve the prospects of disease tracing in the future, and provide a basis for a standardised approach to ensure that results from different laboratories are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
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50
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Björklund H, Lowings P, Stadejek T, Vilcek S, Greiser-Wilke I, Paton D, Belák S. Phylogenetic comparison and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus. Virus Genes 1999; 19:189-95. [PMID: 10595410 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008132613228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was studied by RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of a 409 bp fragment of the NS5B polymerase region. A total of 106 viruses isolated from 20 countries over a period of 52 years (1945-1997) were included in the phylogenetic study. The results showed that the viruses could be divided into two main groups. Group 1 consisted of Asian and South American isolates from the 1980s, as well as of old European and American isolates. Group 2 consisted mostly of recent European viruses from the 1980s and 1990s, and was further divided into three subgroups largely according to geographic origin and/or year of isolation. Five 1997 CSFV isolates from Germany, Netherlands and Italy clustered together indicating a common origin for these outbreaks, but two other 1997 isolations in different regions of Germany are likely due to different epidemiological events. The results show that the NSSB region of the genome gives a good resolution for phylogenetic studies of CSFV. Molecular epidemiology based on nucleotide sequence diversity is a useful tool for tracing virus spread and for developing disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Björklund
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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