Prediction of state anxiety by machine learning applied to photoplethysmography data

Background

As the human behavior is influenced by both cognition and emotion, affective computing plays a central role in human-machine interaction. Algorithms for emotions recognition are usually based on behavioral analysis or on physiological measurements (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure). Among these physiological signals, pulse wave propagation in the circulatory tree can be assessed through photoplethysmography (PPG), a non-invasive optical technique. Since pulse wave characteristics are influenced by the cardiovascular status, which is affected by the autonomic nervous activity and hence by the psychophysiological state, PPG might encode information about emotional conditions. The capability of a multivariate data-driven approach to estimate state anxiety (SA) of healthy participants from PPG features acquired on the brachial and radial artery was investigated.

Methods

The machine learning method was based on General Linear Model and supervised learning. PPG was measured employing a custom-made system and SA of the participants was assessed through the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) test.

Results

A leave-one-out cross-validation framework showed a good correlation between STAI-Y score and the SA predicted by the machine learning algorithm (r = 0.81; p = 1.87∙10⁻⁹). The preliminary results suggested that PPG can be a promising tool for emotions recognition, convenient for human-machine interaction applications.

Fiberless, Multi-Channel fNIRS-EEG System Based on Silicon Photomultipliers: Towards Sensitive and Ecological Mapping of Brain Activity and Neurovascular Coupling

Portable neuroimaging technologies can be employed for long-term monitoring of neurophysiological and neuropathological states. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Electroencephalography (EEG) are highly suited for such a purpose. Their multimodal integration allows the evaluation of hemodynamic and electrical brain activity together with neurovascular coupling. An innovative fNIRS-EEG system is here presented. The system integrated a novel continuous-wave fNIRS component and a modified commercial EEG device. fNIRS probing relied on fiberless technology based on light emitting diodes and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). SiPMs are sensitive semiconductor detectors, whose large detection area maximizes photon harvesting from the scalp and overcomes limitations of fiberless technology. To optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and avoid fNIRS-EEG interference, a digital lock-in was implemented for fNIRS signal acquisition. A benchtop characterization of the fNIRS component showed its high performances with a noise equivalent power below 1 pW. Moreover, the fNIRS-EEG device was tested in vivo during tasks stimulating visual, motor and pre-frontal cortices. Finally, the capabilities to perform ecological recordings were assessed in clinical settings on one Alzheimer's Disease patient during long-lasting cognitive tests. The system can pave the way to portable technologies for accurate evaluation of multimodal brain activity, allowing their extensive employment in ecological environments and clinical practice.

Wearable, Fiber-less, Multi-Channel System for Continuous Wave Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Based on Silicon Photomultipliers Detectors and Lock-In Amplification

Development and in-vivo validation of a Continuous Wave (CW) functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system is presented. The system is wearable, fiber-less, multi-channel (16×16, 256 channels) and expandable and it relies on silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for light detection. SiPMs are inexpensive, low voltage and resilient semiconductor light detectors, whose performances are analogous to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The advantage of SiPMs with respect to PMTs is that they allow direct contact with the scalp and avoidance of optical fibers. In fact, the coupling of SiPMs and light emitting diodes (LEDs) allows the transfer of the analog signals to and from the scalp through thin electric cables that greatly increase the system flexibility. Moreover, the optical probes, mechanically resembling electroencephalographic electrodes, are robust against motion artifacts. In order to increase the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the fNIRS acquisition and to decrease ambient noise contamination, a digital lock-in technique was implemented through LEDs modulation and SiPMs signal processing chain. In-vivo validation proved the system capabilities of detecting functional brain activity in the sensorimotor cortices. When compared to other state-of-the-art wearable fNIRS systems, the single photon sensitivity and dynamic range of SiPMs can exploit the long and variable interoptode distances needed for estimation of brain functional hemodynamics using CW-fNIRS.

Multi-Site Photoplethysmographic and Electrocardiographic System for Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Status Assessment

The development and validation of a system for multi-site photoplethysmography (PPG) and electrocardiography (ECG) is presented. The system could acquire signals from 8 PPG probes and 10 ECG leads. Each PPG probe was constituted of a light-emitting diode (LED) source at a wavelength of 940 nm and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detector, located in a back-reflection recording configuration. In order to ensure proper optode-to-skin coupling, the probe was equipped with insufflating cuffs. The high number of PPG probes allowed us to simultaneously acquire signals from multiple body locations. The ECG provided a reference for single-pulse PPG evaluation and averaging, allowing the extraction of indices of cardiovascular status with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Firstly, the system was characterized on optical phantoms. Furthermore, in vivo validation was performed by estimating the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a metric associated with cardiovascular status. The validation was performed on healthy volunteers to assess the baPWV intra- and extra-operator repeatability and its association with age. Finally, the baPWV, evaluated via the developed instrumentation, was compared to that estimated with a commercial system used in clinical practice (Enverdis Vascular Explorer). The validation demonstrated the system's reliability and its effectiveness in assessing the cardiovascular status in arterial ageing.

Nanowire FET Based Neural Element for Robotic Tactile Sensing Skin

This paper presents novel Neural Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (υ-NWFETs) based hardware-implementable neural network (HNN) approach for tactile data processing in electronic skin (e-skin). The viability of Si nanowires (NWs) as the active material for υ-NWFETs in HNN is explored through modeling and demonstrated by fabricating the first device. Using υ-NWFETs to realize HNNs is an interesting approach as by printing NWs on large area flexible substrates it will be possible to develop a bendable tactile skin with distributed neural elements (for local data processing, as in biological skin) in the backplane. The modeling and simulation of υ-NWFET based devices show that the overlapping areas between individual gates and the floating gate determines the initial synaptic weights of the neural network - thus validating the working of υ-NWFETs as the building block for HNN. The simulation has been further extended to υ-NWFET based circuits and neuronal computation system and this has been validated by interfacing it with a transparent tactile skin prototype (comprising of 6 × 6 ITO based capacitive tactile sensors array) integrated on the palm of a 3D printed robotic hand. In this regard, a tactile data coding system is presented to detect touch gesture and the direction of touch. Following these simulation studies, a four-gated υ-NWFET is fabricated with Pt/Ti metal stack for gates, source and drain, Ni floating gate, and Al2O3 high-k dielectric layer. The current-voltage characteristics of fabricated υ-NWFET devices confirm the dependence of turn-off voltages on the (synaptic) weight of each gate. The presented υ-NWFET approach is promising for a neuro-robotic tactile sensory system with distributed computing as well as numerous futuristic applications such as prosthetics, and electroceuticals.

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

Graphene is an ideal candidate for next generation applications as a transparent electrode for electronics on plastic due to its flexibility and the conservation of electrical properties upon deformation. More importantly, its field-effect tunable carrier density, high mobility and saturation velocity make it an appealing choice as a channel material for field-effect transistors (FETs) for several potential applications. As an example, properly designed and scaled graphene FETs (Gr-FETs) can be used for flexible high frequency (RF) electronics or for high sensitivity chemical sensors. Miniaturized and flexible Gr-FET sensors would be highly advantageous for current sensors technology for in vivo and in situ applications. In this paper, we report a wafer-scale processing strategy to fabricate arrays of back-gated Gr-FETs on poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) substrates. These devices present a large-area graphene channel fully exposed to the external environment, in order to be suitable for sensing applications, and the channel conductivity is efficiently modulated by a buried gate contact under a thin Al₂O₃ insulating film. In order to be compatible with the use of the PEN substrate, optimized deposition conditions of the Al₂O₃ film by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) at a low temperature (100 °C) have been developed without any relevant degradation of the final dielectric performance.

P2-13-02: Parent of Origin of BRCA Mutation May Determine Age at Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Background: Genetic diseases may display parent-of-origin effects. In such cases, the risk depends on the specific parent or origin allele. Imprinting effect is evident in autosomal dominant hereditary paraganglioma leads to tumors only if inherited from paternal germline. Cancer penetrance in mutations carriers may be determined by the parent origin of BRCA mutation.

Methods: From 2007–2010 we analyzed 1889 consecutive (136 ovarian + 1753 breast) breast (BrCa) or ovarian cancer (OvCa) patients presenting for treatment at our outpatient facility. In 130 patients with BRCA 1 or 2 mutations the parent of origin for the mutation was known. Of the 130 patients 2 had both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutated paternally inherited and were excluded from this analysis. Of the breast cancer patients: 28 patients had paternal and 29 had maternal BRCA1 mutations, 24 had paternal and 21 had maternal BRCA 2 mutations. Of the ovarian cancer patients 6 had paternal and 10 had maternal BRCA1 mutations, 7 had paternal and 3 had maternal BRCA2 mutations. In carriers of BRCA mutations the mean age at diagnosis for ovarian cancer was 51 (range 21–70) and for breast cancer was 43 (range 24–78).

Two-sample t-test was used to compare the mean age at diagnosis in patients with BRCA 1 or 2 mutations of paternal or maternal inheritance.

For breast cancer maternal allele versus paternal allele 2-sample t-test and p-value were compared for the age at first diagnosis. For breast cancer patients BRCA1 maternal inheritance (mean+SD yrs) 45.73+11.22 versus paternal inheritance 38.04+7.14 2-sample t-test p-value p<0.0020. For breast cancer BRCA2 maternal inheritance (mean+SD yrs) 50.65+10.44 versus paternal inheritance 41.68+6.16, 2-sample t-test p-value p<0.0008.

Results: Significantly younger age at breast cancer diagnosis was observed in paternal vs. maternal inheritance of BRCA1 mutation (38 vs 46, respectively, p<0.0020) and BRCA2 mutation (42 vs 51 respectively, p<0.0008). There was no significant difference between paternal and maternal age of ovarian cancer diagnosis of BRCA1 (p<0.1415) or BRCA2 mutation (p<0.3470).

Conclusion: The restrospective nature of the study may introduce ascertainment bias. However, the breast and ovarian cancers cases in BRCA1 & 2 carriers with maternal or paternal inheritance mirror the Mendelian autosomal dominant pattern in our unselected consecutive cohort of patients. Maternal and paternal inherited BRCA alleles may not be exchangeable. Women with paternally inherited mutations in BRCA gene mutations develop breast cancer at younger age compared with women who inherit the gene mutations from their mothers. In this small sample, clear differences at age of cancer diagnosis are apparent in paternal inheritance of BRCA gene mutation. If this observation duplicates in larger cohorts results will have important implications for recommendation of surgical risk reduction in BRCA mutation carriers.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-02.

Abstract P2-10-05: Referral to Genetic Services (GS) and Mutation Yield in 1132 Individuals at Risk for Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer Syndromes (HBOC)

Background: Family history directs referral of unaffected individuals to GS and is the main strategy to identify hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome. In unaffected individuals with known familial mutations, potentially life saving information can be provided to a large number of these individuals at a very modest cost.

Objectives: 1) To determine the rate of deleterious mutations in high risk individuals, based on pedigree, and 2) to identify the origin of their referral. Methods:

Over a 5-year period (2004 -2009) we analyzed the source of referral for genetic testing and the mutations detected in 1132 consecutively tested individuals. Of 1132 patients tested for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, 420 were unaffected by cancer and 712 had breast or ovarian cancer at the time consultation. We excluded those from families who were previously tested at our institution to limit the bias for mutation positivity.

Results:

Seven hundred and sixty five patients were tested via comprehensive BRCA analysis (63 patients also had BART analysis) and of those only 7% (55) had deleterious mutations. Only 3% (24) had mutations in BRCA1 gene, and 29 patients had deleterious mutations in BRCA2. Of the 63 patients who underwent BART only 3% (2) had large deletions in BRCA1 gene. Two hundred and seventy three patients were tested for the three known Ashkenazi mutations and 20% (57) had deleterious mutations 10% (28) in BRCA1 gene and 10% (29) in BRCA 2. Ninety four patients were tested for known family mutations with single site analysis and there were (57%) 54 had deleterious mutations 27% (26) in BRCA 1 gene and 29% (28) in BRCA 2. Referring source was: self 283 (25%), GYN 430 (38%), surgeon 283 (25%), PCP 136 (12%) cases. Conclusions:

Single site testing of a known mutation costs ∼ 400$ and in 94 patients (8%) gave rapid information about cancer risk. Of these 27% (26) unaffected individuals were identified as carrying deleterious mutations and 73% (68) individuals found out their cancer risk was average. The yield of testing by comprehensive BRCA analysis was 7%, M3 panel detected 20% deleterious mutation and single site analysis for known familial mutations had the lower cost and higher yield of 57%. Primary care physicians identified only 12% of patients with high risk for hereditary cancer syndromes.

Discussion:

Although family history is the cornerstone of high-risk patient referral to GS, primary care physicians referred only 12% of all patients at risk for HBOC. Attention to family history and increased public awareness of hereditary risk are effective means of identifying at risk populations for referral for GS. The yield of mutation detection is highest and cost effective in families with known mutations. Our yield of 57% detection in families with known mutations is likely an indication that not all family members at risk seek genetic counseling or are referred at the same center.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-10-05.

Lifetime co-morbidity with different subtypes of eating disorders in 148 females with bipolar disorders

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the impact of Eating Disorders (EDs) lifetime co-morbidity among female with Bipolar Disorders (BDs) and to compare clinical and cognitive features among EDs subgroups.

METHOD

A hundred and forty eight women with a lifetime history of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)-defined Bipolar-I, Bipolar-II and/or Cyclothymia, were consecutively enrolled to determinate the prevalence of co-morbid DSM-IV-defined Anorexia Nervosa [AN], Bulimia Nervosa [BN] or Binge Eating Disorder [BED]. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) rating scale, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and BMI record.

RESULTS

Forty six patients (31%) reported lifetime history of at least one ED: AN was the most common ED (n=23, 15.5%), followed by BED (n=21, 14.2%), and BN (n=8, 5.4%); 6 patients (4.1%) reported multiple lifetime EDs. As expected, BMI was highest in BED patients and lowest in those with AN. Clinical characteristics were similar in the 3 groups, while rapid cycling and co-morbid drug abuse were more common in BED compared to AN or No-ED group. As expected cognitive eating symptoms assessed by the EDE-Q were all more represented in AN than in No-ED patients. AN and BED only differed in restricting behavior and weight concerns.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results prompt for the recognition of co-morbid EDs among bipolar patients, indicating that BED, along with other EDs, may influence in different ways both clinical characteristics and course of the illness. Further perspective studies are necessary to better define the relationships between different EDs and Bipolar Spectrum disorders.

Three isoflavanones with cannabinoid-like moieties from Desmodium canum

Three further derivatives of 5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl isoflavanone have been isolated from the root extract of Desmodium canum and assigned the structures 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(1a,2,3,3a,8b,8c-hexahydro-6-hydroxy-1,1,3a-trimethyl-1H-4-oxabenzo[f]cyclobut[c,d]inden-7-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (1) 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-2-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2) 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(3-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-2-yl) 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (3). The three compounds and the previously isolated chromene 4 all derive from the geranylated precursor 5 by a series of cannabinoid-like oxidative rearrangements.

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Substantial differences about the efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma are reported in literature. This probably depends on the fact that in each single study, different patient selection criteria, type of epidemiological approach, end points adopted and kind of technical approach were used. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of segmental transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in amelioring patient survival and to determine which patients might really benefit from this treatment.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve our goals 193 consecutive patients (110 treated and 83 untreated) were studied. They were selected in the same period of time and matched as far as their demographic and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrate that both in treated and control patients, Child class, alpha-fetoprotein and tumor diameter significantly influenced survival, resulting important prognostic factors. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization significantly ameliorated survival in treated patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization significantly ameliorates survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the presence of large tumors producing high alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with advanced Child class should discourage treatment.

Lamivudine and alpha-interferon in combination long term for precore mutant chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN) and lamivudine are the two licensed drugs for patients with chronic hepatitis B, however, their efficacy in precore mutant chronic hepatitis B is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of 1 year alpha-IFN-lamivudine combination therapy for anti-HBe/hepatitis B virus- (HBV)-DNA positive patients.

METHODS

Between 1997 and 1999, 29 consecutive anti-HBe/HBV-DNA positive patients entered this prospective pilot study. Patients received 100mg lamivudine orally daily and alpha-IFN 6 million units (MU) three times weekly for 52 weeks. All patients were followed-up for 12 months after stopping therapy. Primary end points were loss of serum HBV-DNA and alanine transaminase normalization at week 52.

RESULTS

Overall, the end-treatment biochemical and virological response was 93% while the sustained response at week 104 was 14%. HBV-DNA negative patients did not experience a viral breakthrough during treatment; no tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate amino acid motif of HBV polymerase (YMDD) variant emerged. At week 52, 46% of patients with paired liver biopsies slides available, showed an histological improvement (histological activity index > or =2).

CONCLUSIONS

Combination of lamivudine and interferon for 1 year is followed by high end-treatment virological and biochemical response rates, by improvement of liver histology and by the prevention of the emergence of YMDD mutation; however, the sustained response rate remains low.

Treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in elderly patients with thiotepa, Novantrone (mitoxantrone), vincristine, prednisone (TNOP)

The aging of the population and the increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma will result in a large number of elderly patients with this disorder. Newer therapies will be required for this group of patients. This article reports a new therapy for elderly patients with diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Patients were treated with TNOP (thiotepa 20 mg/m(2), mitoxantrone (Novantrone) 10 mg/m(2), vincristine (Oncovin) 1 mg/m(2) all on day 1 and prednisone 60 mg/m(2) on days 1 through 5 of a 21-day course. Twenty-six patients were enrolled on study. The patients' ages ranged from 66 years to 87 years, with a mean age of 75.5 years. Eleven patients had a partial response (42%) and 4 patients had a complete response (15%) for a total response of 57%. Eighty-one percent of patients survived 1 year and 54% survived for 2 years. The median survival was 26 months. Hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity was tolerable. We believe that TNOP is an excellent therapeutic option in this group of elderly patients, particularly in the palliative setting.

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of LY309887: a specific inhibitor of purine biosynthesis

PURPOSE

In this phase I trial in humans the safety and pharmacology of LY309887 on a weekly schedule combined with daily oral 5-mg doses of folic acid were evaluated.

BACKGROUND

LY309887 is an inhibitor of folate-dependent enzymes involved in de novo purine biosynthesis and has a broad preclinical antitumor activity. In murine systems, combining this agent with exogenous folic acid results in an enhanced therapeutic index.

METHODS

This study was a single-institution, open-label, clinical trial of dose escalation with toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters determined. The dose range studied was 0.5-4 mg/m2 per week x6 and then a modified schedule weekly x3 every 6 weeks.

RESULTS

Dose-limiting toxicities were of delayed onset and associated with hematologic, neurologic, and mucosal effects. Pharmacokinetic parameters revealed dose linearity for AUC and Cmax. Low circulating levels of drug persisted for over 200 h. Urinary excretion accounted for approximately 50% of the parent drug but was highly variable. The urinary excretion was near maximal within 24 h of dosing.

CONCLUSIONS

The modified dosing schedule allowed repetitive dosing in patients. Further evaluation of the 2 mg/m2 per week x3 every 6 weeks with daily oral folate supplement as a potential phase II dose may be warranted.

Rab6c, a new member of the rab gene family, is involved in drug resistance in MCF7/AdrR cells

A new Rab6 homolog cDNA, Rab6c, was discovered by a hypermethylated DNA fragment probe that was isolated from a human multidrug resistant (MDR) breast cancer cell line, MCF7/AdrR, by the methylation sensitive-representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) technique. Rab6c was found to be under-expressed in MCF7/AdrR and MES-SA/Dx5 (a human MDR uterine sarcoma cell line) compared with their non-MDR parental cell lines. MCF7/AdrR cells expressing the exogenous Rab6c exhibited less resistance to several anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX), taxol, vinblastine, and vincristine, than the control cells containing the empty vector. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that the transfectants' diminished resistance to DOX was caused by increased drug accumulation induced by the exogenous Rab6c. These results indicate that Rab6c is involved in drug resistance in MCF7/AdrR cells.

Oxirane-immobilized Lentinula edodes laccase: stability and phenolics removal efficiency in olive mill wastewater

Immobilization of Lentinula edodes laccase on Eupergit C increased pH, thermal and proteolytic stability with slight modifications in laccase oxidation efficiency. Immobilized laccase proved to be efficiently stable in removing olive mill wastewater phenolics.

Phase I clinical study of fish oil fatty acid capsules for patients with cancer cachexia: cancer and leukemia group B study 9473

The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicities of fish oil fatty acid capsules containing omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters. Twenty-two patients with neoplastic disease not amenable to curative therapy who had lost 2% of body weight over a previous 1 month time period were given an escalating dose of fish oil fatty acids. The maximum tolerated dose was found to be 0.3 g/kg per day of this preparation. This means that a 70-kg patient can generally tolerate up to 21 1-g capsules/day containing 13.1 g of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid, the two major omega-3 fatty acids. Dose-limiting toxicity was gastrointestinal, mainly diarrhea, and a poorly described toxicity designated as "unable to tolerate in esophagus or stomach." A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia taking the fish oil provided an unusual opportunity to perform a detailed biochemical study of the effect of fish oil capsules on the lipids of malignant cells at several sequential time points in treatment. Studies of the malignant lymphocytes, serum, and whole blood of this one patient revealed an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid, the major component of the fish oil capsules, during fish oil capsule treatment. This study provides a scientific basis for the selection of omega-3 fatty acid doses for future studies in cancer. The maximum tolerated dose found is considerably higher than anticipated from published studies of many human diseases. The observation of a modification of the lipids of leukemic cells, serum, and blood in a patient with chronic leukemia provides a biochemical basis for a possible effect of fish oil supplements on cancer cachexia and tumor growth.

Isolation of a novel gene, TSP50, by a hypomethylated DNA fragment in human breast cancer

A novel gene, testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50), was isolated from a human testes cDNA library by using a genomic DNA probe, BR50. BR50 was isolated by a modified representational difference analysis (RDA) technique due to its hypomethylated feature in a breast cancer biopsy. This altered DNA methylation status was also detected by BR50 in other breast and some ovarian cancer tissues. The TSP50 gene product is a homologue to several human proteases, which indicates that it may encode a protease-like protein. Northern analysis of 16 different types of normal human tissues suggests that TSP50 was highly and specifically expressed in human testes, which indicates that it might possess a unique biological function(s) in that organ. Methylation status analysis in normal human testes and other tissues showed a correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression. Most importantly, reverse transcription-PCR analysis of 18 paired breast cancer tissues found that in 28% of the cancer samples, the TSP50 gene was differentially expressed. The possibility that TSP50 may be an oncogene is presently under investigation.

Phase I trial of the combination of daily estramustine phosphate and intermittent docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND

To apply our preclinical findings of cytotoxic synergy with the combination of estramustine phosphate (EP) and docetaxel as the basis of treatment of hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer in man. To determine the optimal dosage and the toxicities of these two agents for future trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Seventeen patients with hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer who were ambulatory with performance status < or = 2, normal marrow, renal and hepatic function were entered. Prior exposure to EP or a taxane were exclusion factors. EP was given orally at a dose of 14 mg/kg of body weight daily with concurrent docetaxel administered every 21 days as an intravenous infusion over 1 hour with dexamethasone 8 mg. PO BID for five days. EP dosages were kept static; docetaxel dosages were explored in a minimum of three patients per level for dosages of 40, 60, 70, and 80 mg/m2. Patients were evaluated weekly. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was measured every three weeks.

RESULTS

Five patients were entered at a docetaxel dose of 40 mg/m2, three at 60 mg/m2, six at 70 mg/m2, and three at 80 mg/m2. Only one patient had received prior chemotherapy. Grades 1 or 2 hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia were seen at all dosage levels. Other grade 2 or less toxicities not related to dosage included alopecia, anorexia, stomatitis, diarrhea, and epigastric pain. Dose limiting toxicities (DLT) as grade 4 leukopenia and grade 4 fatigue were seen at 80 mg/m2. The phase II dose was defined at 70 mg/m2 with rapidly reversible leukopenia and minor liver function abnormalities. At this dosing level, dose intensity was 88% and 86% over consecutive cycles for docetaxel and EP, respectively. Two vascular events occurred at this dose level (70 mg/m2): one arterial and the other venous. PSA decreases greater than 50% from baseline were seen in 14 of 17 patients at all dosage levels. Four of the 17 patients demonstrated a complete biochemical response (PSA < or = 4 ng/ml). One patient had a partial response with measurable lung and liver lesions.

CONCLUSION

EP given continuously with every three-week docetaxel at a dose of 70 mg/m2 is tolerable with evidence of antitumor activity based upon significant declines in PSA in the majority of patients and improvement of lung metastasis in one patient. Larger phase II studies of this combination in a homogenous population are warranted.

The biodegradation of recalcitrant effluents from an olive mill by a white-rot fungus

Biodegradation of olive-mill wastewater (OMW) was performed by the polyurethane-immobilized mycelium of Lentinula edodes. Throughout three consecutive treatment cycles of the effluent significant abatements of its polluting characteristics were observed. In fact, its contents in total organic carbon, total phenols, total ortho-diphenol were dramatically reduced. In addition, a significant effluent decolorization was evident.

Lobular breast carcinoma metastatic to the vulva: a case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Six previous reports have documented a vulvar metastasis from breast cancer; one has noted involvement of the Bartholin's gland.

CASE

A 53-year-old woman presented with an enlarging vulvar mass. Evaluation also identified a breast lesion. Surgical excision confirmed an invasive lobular breast carcinoma with a distant metastatic focus on the vulva.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report in the English literature to document a vulvar metastasis from an invasive lobular carcinoma and the second to identify involvement of the Bartholin's gland. Careful gynecologic surveillance is needed in women with breast cancer.

Oligoclonality of CD8+ T cells in breast cancer patients

Substantial evidence has suggested that T cells play an important role in antitumor immunity. T cells with cytotoxic activity against tumors have been isolated from in vitro culture of tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes of cancer patients. In addition, clonal expansions of T cells have been identified in lesions of tumors by using a PCR-based CDR3 analysis of T cell receptors (TCR). Since the CDR3 region of the T cell receptor directly interacts with the antigen-MHC complex and is thus highly polymorphic, a dominant CDR3 length in a particular TCR V beta population will indicate the clonal expansion of a specific T cell clone. Utilizing this technique, we have analyzed the T cell repertoire in lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral blood of 20 breast cancer patients. Our results show that in most cases, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB-MCs) and LN express dominant CD8+ T cell clones in different V beta gene families, and the number of dominant clones is higher in PBMC than in the LN. Furthermore, in 7 out of 16 patients' lymph nodes, there is a dominant V beta 18 T cell clonal expansion in the CD8+ T cell subset. The frequency of an oligoclonal expansion of V beta 18 CD8+ T cells in non-breast cancer lymph nodes is 1 out of 9, but no obvious motif in the CDR3 region of V beta 18 TCR can be identified. The prevalence of the clonal dominance found in breast cancer is discussed in the context of a possible tumor-related antigen stimulation.

Recruiting cancer patients to participate in motivating their relatives to quit smoking. A cancer control study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 9072)

BACKGROUND

A diagnosis of cancer provides a teachable moment in which a physician can counsel or teach the patient. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B hypothesized that this teachable moment could also be used to encourage counseling of the patients' relatives who smoke. The authors' first study sought to determine the feasibility of such an intervention, the cooperation of the patients, and the compliance of relatives who were smokers. The long-range goal is to recruit by mail a large population of adult smokers into an intervention program and to assist them in quitting cigarette smoking.

METHODS

Oncologists and their clinical research associates asked recently diagnosed cancer patients to identify their relatives who were smokers and assist in persuading them to quit. Consenting patients spoke to relatives and mailed them a personalized motivational leaflet along with a list of the benefits of quitting smoking. Intervention was continued only with relatives who were contacted in this manner. The participating physicians then wrote to the smokers, advising them to quit; enclosed with each physician's letter were the National Cancer Institute booklet "Clearing the Air," which is about quitting smoking, and a questionnaire determining "stage of change" (the stage of the smoker's inaction or action regarding quitting smoking). After 6 months, a postintervention questionnaire was mailed to the relatives.

RESULTS

Written consent was obtained from 89% of 144 eligible patients solicited. Eighty percent of patients involved in the study contacted relatives. Sixty-three percent of contacted relatives returned the first questionnaire and 40% answered the second. Nine percent of all contacted relatives reported having quit smoking after the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

The intervention proved to be feasible and will lead to the next study, which will randomize relatives who smoke within a more intensive intervention over 12 months and compare the results with nonintervention controls.

Supportive telephone intervention for patients receiving chemotherapy. A pilot study

Psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve quality of life (QOL) for many cancer patients. A pilot study was conducted to assess the feasibility of a psychoeducational intervention for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Eight patients receiving chemotherapy for colorectal carcinoma participated. The intervention is based on a modification of Interpersonal Therapy. It consisted of four sessions, administered biweekly, using a manual format, by a psychiatric nurse clinician over the telephone. The participants also completed a set of QOL measures by telephone to assess tolerance of the planned assessment. The patients received assistance with treatment-related side effects, reported improved ability to communicate with their physician, and gained an understanding of the stresses they discussed. The patients felt satisfied with the emotional support and medical information provided. A randomized trial is planned to test the intervention for patients participating in a cooperative trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of high-dose etoposide phosphate after a 2-hour infusion in patients with solid tumors

Etoposide phosphate, a water soluble prodrug of etoposide, was evaluated at levels potentially useful in transplantation settings in patients with malignancies. For pharmacokinetic studies of etoposide phosphate in this phase I study, 21 patients with solid tumors were treated with etoposide phosphate given as etoposide equivalents of 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1200 mg/m2 infused over 2 h on days 1 and 2, and G-CSF 5 micrograms/kg per day starting on day 3 until WBC was > or = 10,000/microliters. Qualitative, quantitative, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed as reported previously. Rapid conversion of etoposide phosphate into etoposide by dephosphorylation occurred at all dosage levels without indication of saturation of phosphatases. Plasma levels (C(pmax)) and area under the curve (AUC) of etoposide phosphate and etoposide demonstrated linear dose effects. For etoposide, plasma disposition demonstrated biphasic clearance, with mean T1/2 alpha of 2.09 +/- 0.61 h, and T1/2 beta of 5.83 +/- 1.71 h. An AUC as high as 1768.50 micrograms.h/ml was observed at a dose of 1200 mg/m2. The total body clearance (TBC) showed an overall mean of 15.72 +/- 4.25 ml/min per m2, and mean volume of distribution (VDss) of 5.64 +/- 1.06 l/m2. The mean residual time (MRT) for etoposide was 6.24 +/- 1.61 h. In urine, etoposide but not etoposide phosphate, was identified with large quantitative variations (1.83% to 33.45% of injected etoposide equivalents). These results indicate that etoposide phosphate is converted into etoposide with the linear dose-related C(pmax) and AUCs necessary for use of this agent at the high dosage levels needed in transplantation protocols. A comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters of high-dose etoposide with the values observed in our study with etoposide phosphate revealed comparable values for the clinically important C(pmax) and AUCs, clearance, terminal T1/2 and MRT. In contrast to the use of etoposide, etoposide phosphate can be delivered in aqueous vehicles and therefore may offer the advantage of ease of administration.

Posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of pediatric cancer survivors

Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 24 mothers of pediatric cancer survivors was compared with its prevalence among 23 mothers of healthy children. Significantly more mothers of pediatric cancer survivors were diagnosed with lifetime PTSD. Significant differences were also found in lifetime arousal, as well as current and lifetime reexperience and avoidance symptom clusters. Significant difference existed in the distribution of the number of prediagnosis high-magnitude events experienced by the mothers diagnosed with current PTSD as compared with the prediagnosis experience of the mothers who were not diagnosed with current PTSD. Illness severity, level of perceived family and extrafamilial social support, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised global severity index scores did not significantly differ in the PTSD-positive and PTSD-negative groups.

Antimicrobial isoflavanones from Desmodium canum

Bioassay-directed fractionation of Desmodium canum resulted in the isolation and characterization of three antimicrobial isoflavonones. These compounds, namely, desmodianones A, B and C, were assigned the structures 5,7,2'-trihydroxy-6,6"-dimethyl-6"-(4-methylpent-3- enyl)pyrano(2",3";4',5')isoflavanone, 5,2',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methyl-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-is oflavanone, and 5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-5'-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl )-isoflavanone, respectively.

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of zeniplatin in humans

Zeniplatin, a more water-soluble organoplatinum than cisplatin, was evaluated for clinical pharmacology in the context of a phase II trial in previously treated patients with ovarian carcinoma. A total of 12 patients were given zeniplatin at 120 mg/m2 by rapid intravenous infusion over 90 min, with both blood and urine being sampled. All platinum moieties were analyzed in whole blood, plasma, plasma ultrafiltrate, and urine by atomic absorption, and free zeniplatin was analyzed in plasma ultrafiltrate by specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In a comparison of the platinum-time concentration curve, AUC (area under the curve) values indicated that approximately 90% of platinum moieties were bound to circulating plasma proteins. There was no evidence of drug accumulation after repetitive dosing. The terminal half-life (t1/2) of this drug in plasma ultrafiltrate (3.7-7.2 h.) as measured by HPLC was slightly longer than that of carboplatin, whereas total platinum moieties in plasma displayed a long t1/2 (124-154 h). Approximately 60% of platinum moieties could be recovered in the urine within 24 h. These findings suggest that zeniplatin has a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of carboplatin.

Phase I evaluation of a water-soluble etoposide prodrug, etoposide phosphate, given as a 5-minute infusion on days 1, 3, and 5 in patients with solid tumors

PURPOSE

To determine the toxicities, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacology of etoposide phosphate, a water-soluble etoposide derivative, administered as a 5-minute intravenous infusion on a schedule of days 1, 3, and 5 repeated every 21 days.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty-six solid tumor patients with a mean age of 63 years, performance status of 0 to 1, WBC count > or = 4,000/microL, and platelet count > or = 100,000/microL, with normal hepatic and renal function were studied. Doses evaluated in etoposide equivalents were 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 mg/m2/d. Etoposide in plasma and urine and etoposide phosphate in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eleven of 36 patients were treated with concentrated etoposide phosphate at 150 mg/m2/d.

RESULTS

Grade I/II nausea, vomiting, alopecia, and fatigue were common. Leukopenia (mainly neutropenia) occurred at doses greater than 75 mg/m2, with the nadir occurring between days 15 and 19 posttreatment. All effects were reversible. Hypotension, bronchospasm, and allergic reactions were not observed in the first 25 patients. The MTD due to leukopenia was determined to be between 175 and 200 mg/m2/d. In 11 patients treated with concentrated etoposide phosphate, no local phlebitis was noted, but two patients did develop allergic phenomena. The conversion of etoposide phosphate to etoposide was not saturated in the dosages studied. Etoposide phosphate had peak plasma concentrations at 5 minutes, with a terminal half-life (t1/2) of 7 minutes. Etoposide reached peak concentrations at 7 to 8 minutes, with a t1/2 of 6 to 9 hours. Both etoposide phosphate and etoposide demonstrated dose-related linear increases in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC).

CONCLUSION

Etoposide phosphate displays excellent patient tolerance in conventional dosages when administered as a 5-minute intravenous bolus. The suggested phase II dose is 150 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, and 5. The ability to administer etoposide phosphate as a concentrated, rapid infusion may prove of value both in the outpatient clinic and in high-dose regimens.

Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced

From a selective enrichment culture prepared with different soil samples on starch-containing polyethylene we isolated four microaerophilic microbial communities able to grow on this kind of plastic with no additional carbon source. One consortium, designated community 3S, was tested with pure isotactic polypropylene to determine whether the consortium was able to degrade this polymer. Polypropylene strips were incubated for 5 months in a mineral medium containing sodium lactate and glucose in screw-cap bottles. Dichloromethane crude extracts of the cultures revealed that the weight of extracted materials increased with incubation time, while the polypropylene sample weight decreased. The extracted materials were characterized by performing chromatographic and spectral analyses (thin-layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance). Three main fractions were detected and analyzed; a mixture of hydrocarbons at different degrees of functionalization was found together with a mixture of aromatic esters, as the plasticizers usually added to polyolefinic structures.

Phase II trial of etoposide and cisplatin in patients with refractory and relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B study 8351

A phase-II study was conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) in patients with refractory and relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) to assess the activity of the combination of etoposide and cisplatin. Sixty-five patients were entered on study, and 51 patients were evaluated for this report. The treatment regimen consisted of etoposide, 80 mg/m2 IV daily times 5 and cisplatin 20 mg/m2 IV daily times 5, repeated every 21 days. All patients had failed 1-3 prior chemotherapeutic regimens, had measurable disease, and had a performance status of 0-2. In the 51 evaluable patients, there were 4 complete responses (8%) and 12 partial responses (23%), for an overall response rate of 31% (95% Cl: 19%, 46%). In addition, 15 patients (29%) had some improvement in disease and 6 (12%) had stable disease. Failure-free survival for the 51 eligible patients was 40% at 3 months, 23% at 6 months, and 15% at 1 year. Significant toxicity was observed with this regimen. Severe neutropenia occurred in 20 patients (39%), severe anemia in 8 patients (16%), and severe thrombocytopenia in 18 patients (35%). One patient died of infection. Severe neurotoxicity (1) and hemorrhage (3) were also seen. The etoposide, cisplatin combination is active in NHL; however, in this dose and schedule their combined activity is only minimally better than published reports of etoposide alone. Further studies of related combinations are under evaluation by the CALGB.

Study of the major phenotype of large granular T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder

Six cases of large granular T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with a selected immunophenotype (CD3+, CD4-, CD8+, CD16+) were studied to characterize a homogeneous group of patients. It was found that most of these patients did not exhibit the clinical features frequently described in large granular T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder--recurrent infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and splenomegaly. The laboratory tests usually positive in large granular T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, including rheumatoid factor and anti-nuclear antibodies, also were frequently negative. The pathognomonic features were found to be neutropenia and large granular lymphocytosis with positive killer cell markers. All six cases showed T-cell receptor gene rearrangement that indicated a monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells, which were natural killer-like T cells by immunophenotyping. B cells were essentially absent in all cases. It should be emphasized that bone marrow aspirates are as informative as peripheral blood samples for the diagnosis of large granular T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder; indeed, phenotypes of blood and marrow in one case were identical in terms of percentages of markers. In this selected group of patients, the clinical courses were indolent with uncomplicated outcomes. In three patients, chemotherapy did not induce an obvious clinical response, but all patients' conditions remained stable with only supportive care.

Intravenous 6-thioguanine or cisplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study of the cancer and leukemia group B

This randomized phase II study was designed to evaluate the activity of intravenous 6-thioguanine (6-TG) as a single agent and the combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) modulated by oral leucovorin (PFL) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Eligible patients had measurable or evaluable stage III B or IV NSCLC, had no received prior chemotherapy and had a performance status of 0-2. Patients were randomized to treatment with intravenous 6-TG at 55 mg/m2 administered over 30 minutes for 5 consecutive days and repeated every 35 days, or PFL chemotherapy with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on day 1, 5-FU 800 mg/m2/day as a continuous intravenous infusion over 5 days and oral leucovorin administered at 100 mg every 4 hours during the entire duration of the cisplatin and 5-FU infusions. PFL was repeated every three weeks. Ninety-five eligible patients were randomized, 46 to 6-TG and 49 to PFL. Response rates were 4% for 6-TG (95% confidence interval 0.5%-14.8%, 1 partial, and 1 complete response) and 29% (16.6%-43.3%) for PFL (all partial). The median time to treatment failure was 2 and 4 months, respectively, and the median survival times were 6 and 10 months, respectively. Toxicities with 6-TG were, generally, mild to moderate but severe or life-threatening granulocytopenia was observed in 21% of patients. With PFL, mucositis was dose-limiting, and 78% of patients had severe or life-threatening mucositis. This led to dose reduction of 5-FU and leucovorin during subsequent cycles or treatment termination in 82% of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Gallbladder volume in adults, and relationship to age, sex, body mass index, and gallstones: a sonographic population study

The influence of gender, age, body size, cholelithiasis, and obesity on fasting gallbladder volume (GBV) was investigated by real-time ultrasonography in a general population cohort of subjects whose ages were between 30 and 69 yr, living in Bari, a Southeastern Italian city. Of the 2076 subjects analyzed, 1246 (60%) were males and 830 (40%) were females (mean age 50 yr). Among them, 1703 subjects were healthy, 108 had gallstones, and 265 were obese. Fasting GBV in healthy individuals was larger in males (M) than in females (F) [M, 18.7 +/- 0.3 (SEM) ml vs. F, 17.0 +/- 0.3 ml; p less than 0.001] and obese (M, 23.4 +/- 1.5 ml vs. 19.7 +/- 0.9 ml; p less than 0.05). The trend was similar in gallstone patients, but it was not statistically significant (M, 23.0 +/- 2.0 ml vs. F, 18.8 +/- 1.5 ml; t = 1.64). Gallbladder size correlated positively with body size in the lean healthy population (p less than 0.01), increased with age in healthy nonobese males (p less than 0.01), and was smaller in healthy males than in males with gallstones (0.01 less than p less than 0.02) and obese, in both sexes (p less than 0.01). We conclude that fasting GBV 1) is larger in lean healthy and obese males than females, 2) increases with age in lean males and with body size in healthy lean females, and 3) is greater in patients with gallstones and in obese subjects, and this might partially account for the defective gallbladder motor function reported in these patients.

FAMTX versus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin: a random assignment trial in gastric cancer

PURPOSE

The chemotherapy regimens of high-dose methotrexate, high-dose fluorouracil (FU), Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and leucovorin (FAMTX) and etoposide, Adriamycin, and cisplatin (EAP) have both been reported in nonrandom assignment trials to have high overall response rates and substantial complete response rates in patients with gastric cancer, as well as major toxicities of myelosuppression. Here we report a prospective, stratified, random-assignment comparison of the two combinations in previously untreated patients with advanced gastric cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Sixty patients were entered onto the trial, 30 receiving EAP and 30 FAMTX. All patients had measurable or assessable tumor masses. Patient entry was stopped at the point when significant toxicity differences were seen at interim analysis.

RESULTS

Response rates were similar between the two arms (FAMTX, 33% [95% confidence interval (CI), 16% to 50%]; EAP, 20% [95% Cl, 6% to 34%]). Three FAMTX and no EAP patients had complete remissions. The median survival for the two arms were similar (EAP, 6.1 months; FAMTX, 7.3 months). At 1 year, 7% of EAP and 17% of FAMTX patients were alive. EAP caused significantly more myelosuppression (leukopenia, P = .002; anemia, P = .03; thrombocytopenia, P = .0001) than did FAMTX. EAP also resulted in significantly longer hospitalizations per study month (8 v 5 days). Four EAP patients died of lethal toxicity, whereas no FAMTX patients died of treatment-related causes (P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS

FAMTX is at least as active as EAP and is significantly less toxic. Although both regimens remain investigational, the toxicities of FAMTX are more manageable. Further studies involving FAMTX in both the adjuvant and advanced disease setting are underway.

A phase III comparison trial of streptozotocin, mitomycin, and 5-fluorouracil with cisplatin, cytosine arabinoside, and caffeine in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma

Conventional chemotherapy for unresectable or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has had little effect on palliation or survival. Almost all studies of systemic therapy have involved empiric use of a variety of Phase II or conventional agents alone or in combination. On the basis of recent studies using a human tumor pancreatic cancer (PC) xenograft in nude mice, a Phase I clinical trial of cisplatin, high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), and caffeine (CAC) was performed in patients with advanced incurable PC. A tolerable dose and schedule of the three agents were developed. Seven of 18 patients with measurable disease in this Phase I trial had partial responses to CAC. A Phase III comparison of CAC versus standard treatment using streptozotocin, mitomycin, and 5-fluorouracil (SMF) was performed. Eighty-two patients with advanced PC were entered into this random assignment trial. The two treatment arms were well balanced for the usual prognostic factors. Although the acute (e.g., nausea and vomiting) toxicities of CAC were greater than those of SMF, both groups of patients tolerated treatment resonably well. Ninety percent of patients were evaluable for response. Two patients (5.5%) on the CAC treatment arm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0% to 15%) and four patients (10.2%) on the SMF treatment arm (95% CI, 1% to 22%) had objective responses (partial response in measurable disease or improvement in evaluable disease). No complete remissions were observed. The 95% confidence limits of response for CAC and SMF overlapped. The median duration of survival for all patients on the SMF treatment arm was 10 months, although it was 5 months on the CAC treatment arm (P = 0.008). In this Phase III comparison, CAC was not superior to conventional therapy with SMF in terms of response and was inferior for survival. Neither regimen is effective treatment for advanced PC.

Adjuvant therapy of stage II breast cancer treated with CMFVP, radiation therapy and VATH following lumpectomy. A pilot trial

A pilot study was undertaken to assess the feasibility, toxicity, and efficacy of combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of node-positive. Stage II patients with breast carcinoma who had undergone lumpectomy. Therapy consisted of three phases, starting with a six-week CMFVP (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, prednisone) induction, followed by radiation therapy to the breast, and concluding with four cycles of VATH (vinblastine, Adriamycin, thiotepa, Halotesin). Twenty-seven patients were entered with an average age of 51.5 years (median 50 yrs) and a mean follow-up of 46.2 months. Twenty-three patients (85.2%) are alive and 19 (70.3%) disease free. There were no ipsilateral local recurrences. Cosmetic results were good to excellent in 26/27 patients. The doses of VATH were not compromised by the prior therapy. The regimen was found to be tolerable and is a reasonable approach in the adjuvant treatment of this particular patient population.

Stereologic analysis of monocytes and their subcellular organelles in patients with acute monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia

The stereologic characteristics of monocytes from patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia containing a monocytic component (FAB M4 and M5), and the monocytes from normal individuals were determined by morphometric analysis. The cells studied were monocytic cells beyond the promonocyte stage of development, as defined by ultrastructural criteria. Parameters evaluated included cell and nuclear volumes and surface areas, mitochondrial and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive secretory granule volume and numerical density as well as volume and number of the organelles/cell. Peripheral blood and bone marrow monocytes of leukemic patients could not be distinguished by their cell or organelle stereologic characteristics. Monocytes from patients with both M4 and M5 acute leukemia had relatively large cell and nuclear volumes. Mitochondrial volume density and volume/cell were also high in monocytes from leukemic patients (M4; 21 microns 3/cell, M5 20 microns 3/cell) as compared with monocytes from normal individuals (8.5 microns 3/cell). On the other hand, MPO-positive secretory granule stereologic parameters in monocytes from leukemic patients were indistinguishable from those of normal individuals. A small number (3 of 18) patients showed very low monocyte MPO-positive granule volume densities. There was a slight positive correlation between MPO-positive granule volume density and patient survival time. No relationship between mitochondrial characteristics and survival was noted.

Phase I trial of intravenous vinzolidine (LY 104208) given on a biweekly dosing schedule

Vinzolidine (VZL) is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid with broad antitumor activity in animal models of malignancy but had unpredictable toxic effects when given orally to humans. To minimize the toxic effects due to potential erratic gastrointestinal absorption, this drug was restudied in man as an intravenous preparation given as a rapid injection every two weeks. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) on this schedule was 9.0 mg/m2 with unpredictable leukopenia (usually occurring 5-14 days post treatment but appearing erratically), constipation, paralytic ileus, and inappropriate ADH syndrome as major toxicities. Nonhematologic toxicities were dose-limiting. Repetitive dosing at two week intervals was associated with leukopenia at D 14-15 in some but not all patients treated above 5.0 mg/m2 precluding further treatment on schedule. In contrast, the oral MTD of this agent in our prior studies was 45 mg/m2 with no evidence of delayed leukopenia. Intrapatient variability of toxicity was small; interpatient variability of toxicity was substantial and did not correlate with prior therapy. Because of the presence of delayed hematologic toxicity on repetitive dosing schedules, intravenous VZL should be given on a dosing schedule longer than 14 days. No antitumor activity was seen in this study.

Predictive initial parameters for response of stage D prostate cancer to treatment with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist goserelin

One hundred eighteen patients with stage D (D1 or D2) prostate cancer with a mean age of 69 years were treated with monthly goserelin (Zoladex; ICI 118, 630; ICI Americas Inc, Wilmington, DE, property of Imperial Chemical Industries PLC) injections and the data were analyzed for predictive parameters for best response and time to treatment failure (National Prostatic Cancer Project [NPCP] and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] criteria). For best response in a univariate analysis, the performance status (PS 0-1 v 2-3) (P = .01), hematocrit (P = .04), and pain (P = .04) were significant. For time to treatment failure by univariate analysis, ECOG performance status (0-1 v 2-3) was most predictive (P less than .0001), followed by pain at entry (P = .0002), initial testosterone (T) level (greater than 250 ng/dL) (P = .0005), age less than 69 years (P = .02), alkaline phosphatase (less than 115 IU/L) (P = .03), hemoglobin (less than 14 g/dL) (P = .03), whereas normal acid phosphatase (less than 3 IU/mL) (P = .29) was not predictive. In multivariate analysis for time to treatment failure, only the ECOG performance status was of significance (P = .01). Estimated median time to treatment failure for PS of 0-1 was 88 weeks and for PS of 2-3 was 31 weeks.