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Cai W, Young CB, Yuan R, Lee B, Ryman S, Kim J, Yang L, Levine TF, Henderson VW, Poston KL, Menon V. Subthalamic nucleus-language network connectivity predicts dopaminergic modulation of speech function in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316149121. [PMID: 38768342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316149121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Speech impediments are a prominent yet understudied symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). While the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an established clinical target for treating motor symptoms, these interventions can lead to further worsening of speech. The interplay between dopaminergic medication, STN circuitry, and their downstream effects on speech in PD is not yet fully understood. Here, we investigate the effect of dopaminergic medication on STN circuitry and probe its association with speech and cognitive functions in PD patients. We found that changes in intrinsic functional connectivity of the STN were associated with alterations in speech functions in PD. Interestingly, this relationship was characterized by altered functional connectivity of the dorsolateral and ventromedial subdivisions of the STN with the language network. Crucially, medication-induced changes in functional connectivity between the STN's dorsolateral subdivision and key regions in the language network, including the left inferior frontal cortex and the left superior temporal gyrus, correlated with alterations on a standardized neuropsychological test requiring oral responses. This relation was not observed in the written version of the same test. Furthermore, changes in functional connectivity between STN and language regions predicted the medication's downstream effects on speech-related cognitive performance. These findings reveal a previously unidentified brain mechanism through which dopaminergic medication influences speech function in PD. Our study sheds light into the subcortical-cortical circuit mechanisms underlying impaired speech control in PD. The insights gained here could inform treatment strategies aimed at mitigating speech deficits in PD and enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christina B Young
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sephira Ryman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Laurice Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Taylor F Levine
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Victor W Henderson
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Park Y, Zhang Y, Chang H, Menon V. Short-term number sense training recapitulates long-term neurodevelopmental changes from childhood to adolescence. Dev Sci 2024:e13524. [PMID: 38695515 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Number sense is fundamental to the development of numerical problem-solving skills. In early childhood, children establish associations between non-symbolic (e.g., a set of dots) and symbolic (e.g., Arabic numerals) representations of quantity. The developmental estrangement theory proposes that the relationship between non-symbolic and symbolic representations of quantity evolves with age, with increased dissociation across development. Consistent with this theory, recent research suggests that cross-format neural representational similarity (NRS) between non-symbolic and symbolic quantities is correlated with arithmetic fluency in children but not in adolescents. However, it is not known if short-term training (STT) can induce similar changes as long-term development. In this study, children aged 7-10 years underwent a theoretically motivated 4-week number sense training. Using multivariate neural pattern analysis, we investigated whether short-term learning could modify the relation between cross-format NRS and arithmetic skills. Our results revealed a significant correlation between cross-format NRS and arithmetic fluency in distributed brain regions, including the parietal and prefrontal cortices, prior to training. However, this association was no longer observed after training, and multivariate predictive models confirmed these findings. Our findings provide evidence that intensive STT during early childhood can promote behavioral improvements and neural plasticity that resemble and recapitulate long-term neurodevelopmental changes that occur from childhood to adolescence. More generally, our study contributes to our understanding of the malleability of number sense and highlights the potential for targeted interventions to shape neurodevelopmental trajectories in early childhood. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We tested the hypothesis that short-term number sense training induces the dissociation of symbolic numbers from non-symbolic representations of quantity in children. We leveraged a theoretically motivated intervention and multivariate pattern analysis to determine training-induced neurocognitive changes in the relation between number sense and arithmetic problem-solving skills. Neural representational similarity between non-symbolic and symbolic quantity representations was correlated with arithmetic skills before training but not after training. Short-term training recapitulates long-term neurodevelopmental changes associated with numerical problem-solving from childhood to adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunji Park
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford, California, USA
- Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Strock A, Mistry PK, Menon V. Digital twins for understanding mechanisms of learning disabilities: Personalized deep neural networks reveal impact of neuronal hyperexcitability. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.29.591409. [PMID: 38746231 PMCID: PMC11092492 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Learning disabilities affect a significant proportion of children worldwide, with far-reaching consequences for their academic, professional, and personal lives. Here we develop digital twins - biologically plausible personalized Deep Neural Networks (pDNNs) - to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying learning disabilities in children. Our pDNN reproduces behavioral and neural activity patterns observed in affected children, including lower performance accuracy, slower learning rates, neural hyper-excitability, and reduced neural differentiation of numerical problems. Crucially, pDNN models reveal aberrancies in the geometry of manifold structure, providing a comprehensive view of how neural excitability influences both learning performance and the internal structure of neural representations. Our findings not only advance knowledge of the neurophysiological underpinnings of learning differences but also open avenues for targeted, personalized strategies designed to bridge cognitive gaps in affected children. This work reveals the power of digital twins integrating AI and neuroscience to uncover mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Das A, Menon V. Electrophysiological dynamics of a triple network model of cognitive control: A multi-experiment replication. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.28.582593. [PMID: 38463954 PMCID: PMC10925291 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between large-scale brain networks are thought to underpin human cognitive processes, but their underlying electrophysiological dynamics remain unknown. The triple network model, which highlights the salience, default mode, and frontoparietal networks, provides a fundamental framework for understanding these interactions. To unravel the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying these network dynamics, we utilized intracranial EEG recordings from 177 participants across four distinct memory experiments. Our findings revealed a consistent pattern of directed information flow from the anterior insula, a key node of the salience network, to both the default mode and frontoparietal networks. Notably, this pattern of information transmission was observed regardless of the nature of the tasks, whether they involved externally driven stimuli during encoding or internally governed processes during free recall. Moreover, the directed information flow from the anterior insula to the other networks was present irrespective of the activation or suppression states of individual network nodes. Furthermore, we observed a specific suppression of high-gamma power in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus node of the default mode network during memory encoding, but not recall, suggesting a task-specific functional down-regulation of this region. Crucially, these results were reliably replicated across all four experiments, underscoring the robustness and generalizability of our findings. Our study significantly advances the understanding of how coordinated neural network interactions underpin cognitive operations and highlights the critical role of the anterior insula in orchestrating the dynamics of large-scale brain networks. These findings have important implications for elucidating the neural basis of cognitive control and its potential disruptions in various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Das
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Supekar K, de Los Angeles C, Ryali S, Kushan L, Schleifer C, Repetto G, Crossley NA, Simon T, Bearden CE, Menon V. Robust and replicable functional brain signatures of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and associated psychosis: a deep neural network-based multi-cohort study. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02495-8. [PMID: 38605171 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
A major genetic risk factor for psychosis is 22q11.2 deletion (22q11.2DS). However, robust and replicable functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis remain elusive due to small sample sizes and a focus on small single-site cohorts. Here, we identify functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis, and their links with idiopathic early psychosis, using one of the largest multi-cohort data to date. We obtained multi-cohort clinical phenotypic and task-free fMRI data from 856 participants (101 22q11.2DS, 120 idiopathic early psychosis, 101 idiopathic autism, 123 idiopathic ADHD, and 411 healthy controls) in a case-control design. A novel spatiotemporal deep neural network (stDNN)-based analysis was applied to the multi-cohort data to identify functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis. Next, stDNN was used to test the hypothesis that the functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis overlap with idiopathic early psychosis but not with autism and ADHD. stDNN-derived brain signatures distinguished 22q11.2DS from controls, and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis with very high accuracies (86-94%) in the primary cohort and two fully independent cohorts without additional training. Robust distinguishing features of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis emerged in the anterior insula node of the salience network and the striatum node of the dopaminergic reward pathway. These features also distinguished individuals with idiopathic early psychosis from controls, but not idiopathic autism or ADHD. Our results reveal that individuals with 22q11.2DS exhibit a highly distinct functional brain organization compared to controls. Additionally, the brain signatures of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis overlap with those of idiopathic early psychosis in the salience network and dopaminergic reward pathway, providing substantial empirical support for the theoretical aberrant salience-based model of psychosis. Collectively, our findings, replicated across multiple independent cohorts, advance the understanding of 22q11.2DS and associated psychosis, underscoring the value of 22q11.2DS as a genetic model for probing the neurobiological underpinnings of psychosis and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charlie Schleifer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tony Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Park Y, Zhang Y, Schwartz F, Iuculano T, Chang H, Menon V. Integrated number sense tutoring remediates aberrant neural representations in children with mathematical disabilities. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.09.587577. [PMID: 38645139 PMCID: PMC11030345 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.587577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Number sense is essential for early mathematical development but it is compromised in children with mathematical disabilities (MD). Here we investigate the impact of a personalized 4-week Integrated Number Sense (INS) tutoring program aimed at improving the connection between nonsymbolic (sets of objects) and symbolic (Arabic numerals) representations in children with MD. Utilizing neural pattern analysis, we found that INS tutoring not only improved cross-format mapping but also significantly boosted arithmetic fluency in children with MD. Critically, the tutoring normalized previously low levels of cross-format neural representations in these children to pre-tutoring levels observed in typically developing, especially in key brain regions associated with numerical cognition. Moreover, we identified distinct, 'inverted U-shaped' neurodevelopmental changes in the MD group, suggesting unique neural plasticity during mathematical skill development. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of targeted INS tutoring for remediating numerical deficits in MD, and offer a foundation for developing evidence-based educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunji Park
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Flora Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Teresa Iuculano
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris 75016, France
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, CA, 94305
- Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, CA, 94305
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Nghiem TAE, Lee B, Chao THH, Branigan NK, Mistry PK, Shih YYI, Menon V. Space wandering in the rodent default mode network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315167121. [PMID: 38557177 PMCID: PMC11009630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315167121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a large-scale brain network known to be suppressed during a wide range of cognitive tasks. However, our comprehension of its role in naturalistic and unconstrained behaviors has remained elusive because most research on the DMN has been conducted within the restrictive confines of MRI scanners. Here, we use multisite GCaMP (a genetically encoded calcium indicator) fiber photometry with simultaneous videography to probe DMN function in awake, freely exploring rats. We examined neural dynamics in three core DMN nodes-the retrosplenial cortex, cingulate cortex, and prelimbic cortex-as well as the anterior insula node of the salience network, and their association with the rats' spatial exploration behaviors. We found that DMN nodes displayed a hierarchical functional organization during spatial exploration, characterized by stronger coupling with each other than with the anterior insula. Crucially, these DMN nodes encoded the kinematics of spatial exploration, including linear and angular velocity. Additionally, we identified latent brain states that encoded distinct patterns of time-varying exploration behaviors and found that higher linear velocity was associated with enhanced DMN activity, heightened synchronization among DMN nodes, and increased anticorrelation between the DMN and anterior insula. Our findings highlight the involvement of the DMN in collectively and dynamically encoding spatial exploration in a real-world setting. Our findings challenge the notion that the DMN is primarily a "task-negative" network disengaged from the external world. By illuminating the DMN's role in naturalistic behaviors, our study underscores the importance of investigating brain network function in ecologically valid contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Nicholas K. Branigan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Percy K. Mistry
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27514
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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Das A, Menon V. Hippocampal-parietal cortex causal directed connectivity during human episodic memory formation: Replication across three experiments. bioRxiv 2024:2023.11.07.566056. [PMID: 37986855 PMCID: PMC10659286 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampus-parietal cortex circuits are thought to play a crucial role in memory and attention, but their neural basis remains poorly understood. We employed intracranial EEG from 96 participants (51 females) to investigate the neurophysiological underpinning of these circuits across three memory tasks spanning verbal and spatial domains. We uncovered a consistent pattern of higher causal directed connectivity from the hippocampus to both lateral parietal cortex (supramarginal and angular gyrus) and medial parietal cortex (posterior cingulate cortex) in the delta-theta band during memory encoding and recall. This connectivity was independent of activation or suppression states in the hippocampus or parietal cortex. Crucially, directed connectivity from the supramarginal gyrus to the hippocampus was enhanced in participants with higher memory recall, highlighting its behavioral significance. Our findings align with the attention-to-memory model, which posits that attention directs cognitive resources toward pertinent information during memory formation. The robustness of these results was demonstrated through Bayesian replication analysis of the memory encoding and recall periods across the three tasks. Our study sheds light on the neural basis of casual signaling within hippocampus-parietal circuits, broadening our understanding of their critical roles in human cognition.
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Cai W, Taghia J, Menon V. A multi-demand operating system underlying diverse cognitive tasks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2185. [PMID: 38467606 PMCID: PMC10928152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of a multiple-demand cortical system with an adaptive, domain-general, role in cognition has been proposed, but the underlying dynamic mechanisms and their links to cognitive control abilities are poorly understood. Here we use a probabilistic generative Bayesian model of brain circuit dynamics to determine dynamic brain states across multiple cognitive domains, independent datasets, and participant groups, including task fMRI data from Human Connectome Project, Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control study and a neurodevelopment study. We discover a shared brain state across seven distinct cognitive tasks and found that the dynamics of this shared brain state predicted cognitive control abilities in each task. Our findings reveal the flexible engagement of dynamic brain processes across multiple cognitive domains and participant groups, and uncover the generative mechanisms underlying the functioning of a domain-general cognitive operating system. Our computational framework opens promising avenues for probing neurocognitive function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jalil Taghia
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Xie Y, Chang H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Chen L, Geng F, Ku Y, Menon V, Chen F. Long-term abacus training gains in children are predicted by medial temporal lobe anatomy and circuitry. Dev Sci 2024:e13489. [PMID: 38421061 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) is a widely used educational tool for enhancing math learning, offering an accessible and cost-effective method for classroom implementation. Despite its universal appeal, the neurocognitive mechanisms that drive the efficacy of AMC training remain poorly understood. Notably, although abacus training relies heavily on the rapid recall of number positions and sequences, the role of memory systems in driving long-term AMC learning remains unknown. Here, we sought to address this gap by investigating the role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system in predicting long-term AMC training gains in second-grade children, who were longitudinally assessed up to fifth grade. Leveraging multimodal neuroimaging data, we tested the hypothesis that MTL systems, known for their involvement in associative memory, are instrumental in facilitating AMC-induced improvements in math skills. We found that gray matter volume in bilateral MTL, along with functional connectivity between the MTL and frontal and ventral temporal-occipital cortices, significantly predicted learning gains. Intriguingly, greater gray matter volume but weaker connectivity of the posterior parietal cortex predicted better learning outcomes, offering a more nuanced view of brain systems at play in AMC training. Our findings not only underscore the critical role of the MTL memory system in AMC training but also illuminate the neurobiological factors contributing to individual differences in cognitive skill acquisition. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We investigated the role of medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system in driving children's math learning following abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) training. AMC training improved math skills in elementary school children across their second and fifth grade. MTL structural integrity and functional connectivity with prefrontal and ventral temporal-occipital cortices predicted long-term AMC training-related gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xie
- Bio-X Laboratory, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Bio-X Laboratory, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- Bio-X Laboratory, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Fengji Geng
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Center for Brain and Mental Well-being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Bio-X Laboratory, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Ryali S, Zhang Y, de los Angeles C, Supekar K, Menon V. Deep learning models reveal replicable, generalizable, and behaviorally relevant sex differences in human functional brain organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310012121. [PMID: 38377194 PMCID: PMC10907309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310012121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex plays a crucial role in human brain development, aging, and the manifestation of psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, our understanding of sex differences in human functional brain organization and their behavioral consequences has been hindered by inconsistent findings and a lack of replication. Here, we address these challenges using a spatiotemporal deep neural network (stDNN) model to uncover latent functional brain dynamics that distinguish male and female brains. Our stDNN model accurately differentiated male and female brains, demonstrating consistently high cross-validation accuracy (>90%), replicability, and generalizability across multisession data from the same individuals and three independent cohorts (N ~ 1,500 young adults aged 20 to 35). Explainable AI (XAI) analysis revealed that brain features associated with the default mode network, striatum, and limbic network consistently exhibited significant sex differences (effect sizes > 1.5) across sessions and independent cohorts. Furthermore, XAI-derived brain features accurately predicted sex-specific cognitive profiles, a finding that was also independently replicated. Our results demonstrate that sex differences in functional brain dynamics are not only highly replicable and generalizable but also behaviorally relevant, challenging the notion of a continuum in male-female brain organization. Our findings underscore the crucial role of sex as a biological determinant in human brain organization, have significant implications for developing personalized sex-specific biomarkers in psychiatric and neurological disorders, and provide innovative AI-based computational tools for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Carlo de los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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12
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Popovova J, Mazloum R, Macauda G, Stämpfli P, Vuilleumier P, Frühholz S, Scharnowski F, Menon V, Michels L. Enhanced attention-related alertness following right anterior insular cortex neurofeedback training. iScience 2024; 27:108915. [PMID: 38318347 PMCID: PMC10839684 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior insular cortex, a central node of the salience network, plays a critical role in cognitive control and attention. Here, we investigated the feasibility of enhancing attention using real-time fMRI neurofeedback training that targets the right anterior insular cortex (rAIC). 56 healthy adults underwent two neurofeedback training sessions. The experimental group received feedback from neural responses in the rAIC, while control groups received sham feedback from the primary visual cortex or no feedback. Cognitive functioning was evaluated before, immediately after, and three months post-training. Our results showed that only the rAIC neurofeedback group successfully increased activity in the rAIC. Furthermore, this group showed enhanced attention-related alertness up to three months after the training. Our findings provide evidence for the potential of rAIC neurofeedback as a viable approach for enhancing attention-related alertness, which could pave the way for non-invasive therapeutic strategies to address conditions characterized by attention deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Popovova
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reza Mazloum
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Macauda
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Stämpfli
- MR-Center of the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics and the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neurosciences and Clinic of Neurology, Laboratory for Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Frühholz
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0851 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars Michels
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen L, Liu J, Kang JB, Rosenberg-Lee M, Abrams DA, Menon V. Atypical pattern separation memory and its association with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors in autistic children. Autism 2024:13623613231223354. [PMID: 38263761 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231223354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Memory challenges remain understudied in childhood autism. Our study investigates one specific aspect of memory function, known as pattern separation memory, in autistic children. Pattern separation memory refers to the critical ability to store unique memories of similar stimuli; however, its role in childhood autism remains largely uncharted. Our study first uncovered that the pattern separation memory was significantly reduced in autistic children, and then showed that reduced memory performance was linked to their symptoms of repetitive, restricted interest and behavior. We also identified distinct subgroups with profiles of reduced and increased generalization for pattern separation memory. More than 72% of autistic children showed a tendency to reduce memory generalization, focusing heavily on unique details of objects for memorization. This focus made it challenging for them to identify commonalities across similar entities. Interestingly, a smaller proportion of autistic children displayed an opposite pattern of increased generalization, marked by challenges in differentiating between similar yet distinct objects. Our findings advance the understanding of memory function in autism and have practical implications for devising personalized learning strategies that align with the unique memory patterns exhibited by autistic children. This study will be of broad interest to researchers in psychology, psychiatry, and brain development as well as teachers, parents, clinicians, and the wider public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Santa Clara University, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
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14
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Wang H, Kumar A, Dai S, Lin X, Jacob Z, Oh SH, Menon V, Narimanov E, Kim YD, Wang JP, Avouris P, Martin Moreno L, Caldwell J, Low T. Planar hyperbolic polaritons in 2D van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:69. [PMID: 38167681 PMCID: PMC10761702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic planar polaritons - hybrid electromagnetic modes mediated by phonons, plasmons, or excitons - in biaxial two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals crystals have attracted significant attention due to their fundamental physics and potential nanophotonic applications. In this Perspective, we review the properties of planar hyperbolic polaritons and the variety of methods that can be used to experimentally tune them. We argue that such natural, planar hyperbolic media should be fairly common in biaxial and uniaxial 2D and 1D van der Waals crystals, and identify the untapped opportunities they could enable for functional (i.e. ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric) polaritons. Lastly, we provide our perspectives on the technological applications of such planar hyperbolic polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 315211, Ningbo, China
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- Laboratory of Optics of Quantum Materials, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zubin Jacob
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Physics, City College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Evgenii Narimanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Young Duck Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Luis Martin Moreno
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Joshua Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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15
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Bhandari TR, Wong JLH, Ahmad J, Akbari K, Menon V. Bouveret's syndrome: An old diagnosis. A modern multimodality approach (endoscopic and robotic surgical) of gastric outlet obstruction: Report of two cases. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 114:109134. [PMID: 38113565 PMCID: PMC10772237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Bouveret's syndrome is an uncommon condition characterized by the impaction of a gallstone in the pylorus or duodenum via a cholecysto-enteric fistula causing gastric outlet obstruction. We report two unusual cases of Bouveret's syndrome causing gastric outlet obstruction in two elderly patients. CASE PRESENTATION Two elderly female patients presented to the surgical assessment unit with features of gastric outlet obstruction. In both cases, an urgent computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed pneumobilia, gastric distension, and gallstones impaction at the duodenal bulb. In Patient 1, endoscopic removal of the impacted gallstones was done successfully. She was discharged three days following an uneventful recovery. In Patient 2, an endoscopic removal of a single large gallstone was attempted, which was unsuccessful. She underwent robotic gastrotomy with extraction of the large gallstone with primary repair. She was discharged on 8th postoperative day. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Treatment options for Bouveret's syndrome include endoscopic management and surgery. The selection of treatment options depends upon factors like the degree of obstruction, the impaction site, number, type or size of gallstones, patient co-morbidities and clinical parameters at presentation, as well as expertise available, both endoscopic and surgical. CONCLUSIONS Bouveret's syndrome is one of the rare complications of gallstone. Endoscopic management can be effective at removing the impacted gallstones, which is particularly helpful for those elderly patients who have multiple medical co-morbidities, as in our first patient. Surgical management like minimal invasive surgery (robotic) can be beneficial in failed endoscopic attempt of removal of stone like in the second patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika Ram Bhandari
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - John Lin Hieng Wong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Akbari
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Chen L, Chang H, Rudoler J, Al-Zughoul AB, Kang JB, Abrams DA, Menon V. Replicable Patterns of Memory Impairments in Children With Autism and Their Links to Hyperconnected Brain Circuits. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023; 8:1113-1123. [PMID: 37196984 PMCID: PMC10646152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory impairments have profound implications for social communication and educational outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the precise nature of memory dysfunction in children with ASD and the underlying neural circuit mechanisms remain poorly understood. The default mode network (DMN) is a brain network that is associated with memory and cognitive function, and DMN dysfunction is among the most replicable and robust brain signatures of ASD. METHODS We used a comprehensive battery of standardized episodic memory assessments and functional circuit analyses in 25 8- to 12-year-old children with ASD and 29 matched typically developing control children. RESULTS Memory performance was reduced in children with ASD compared with control children. General and face memory emerged as distinct dimensions of memory difficulties in ASD. Importantly, findings of diminished episodic memory in children with ASD were replicated in 2 independent data sets. Analysis of intrinsic functional circuits associated with the DMN revealed that general and face memory deficits were associated with distinct, hyperconnected circuits: Aberrant hippocampal connectivity predicted diminished general memory while aberrant posterior cingulate cortex connectivity predicted diminished face memory. Notably, aberrant hippocampal-posterior cingulate cortex circuitry was a common feature of diminished general and face memory in ASD. CONCLUSIONS Our results represent a comprehensive appraisal of episodic memory function in children with ASD and identify extensive and replicable patterns of memory reductions in children with ASD that are linked to dysfunction of distinct DMN-related circuits. These findings highlight a role for DMN dysfunction in ASD that extends beyond face memory to general memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jeremy Rudoler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ahmad Belal Al-Zughoul
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Julia Boram Kang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel A Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Kelly J, Menon V, O'Neill F, Elliot L, Combe E, Drinkwater W, Abbott S, Hayee B. UK cost-effectiveness analysis of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty versus lifestyle modification alone for adults with class II obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1161-1170. [PMID: 37674032 PMCID: PMC10599990 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally invasive procedure that has been demonstrated in the MERIT randomised, controlled trial to result in substantial and durable additional weight loss in adults with obesity compared with lifestyle modification (LM) alone. We sought to conduct the first cost-effectiveness analysis of ESG versus LM alone in adults with class II obesity (BMI 35.0-39.9 kg/m2) from a national healthcare system perspective in England based on results from this study. METHODS A 6-state Markov model was developed comprising 5 BMI-based health states and an absorbing death state. Baseline characteristics, utilities, and transition probabilities were informed by patient-level data from the subset of patients with class II obesity in MERIT. Adverse events (AEs) were based on the MERIT safety population. Mortality was estimated by applying BMI-specific hazard ratios from the published literature to UK general population mortality rates. Utilities for the healthy weight and overweight health states were informed from the literature; disutility associated with increasing BMI in the class I-III obesity health states was estimated using MERIT utility data. Disutility due to AEs and the prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities were based on the literature. Costs included intervention costs, AE costs, and comorbidity costs. RESULTS ESG resulted in higher overall costs than LM alone but led to an increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for ESG vs LM alone was £2453/QALY gained. ESG was consistently cost effective across a wide range of sensitivity analyses, with no ICER estimate exceeding £10,000/QALY gained. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the mean ICER was £2502/QALY gained and ESG remained cost effective in 98.25% of iterations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000/QALY. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that ESG is highly cost effective versus LM alone for the treatment of adults with class II obesity in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kelly
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Vinod Menon
- University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry, UK
- University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sally Abbott
- University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry, UK
- Research Centre for Healthcare and Communities, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Cai W, Mizuno Y, Tomoda A, Menon V. Bayesian dynamical system analysis of the effects of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1690-1698. [PMID: 37491674 PMCID: PMC10516959 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate is a widely used and effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet the underlying neural mechanisms and their relationship to changes in behavior are not fully understood. Specifically, it remains unclear how methylphenidate affects brain and behavioral dynamics, and the interplay between these dynamics, in individuals with ADHD. To address this gap, we used a novel Bayesian dynamical system model to investigate the effects of methylphenidate on latent brain states in 27 children with ADHD and 49 typically developing children using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Methylphenidate remediated greater behavioral variability on a continuous performance task in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD exhibited aberrant latent brain state dynamics compared to typically developing children, with a single latent state showing particularly abnormal dynamics, which was remediated by methylphenidate. Additionally, children with ADHD showed brain state-dependent hyper-connectivity in the default mode network, which was also remediated by methylphenidate. Finally, we found that methylphenidate-induced changes in latent brain state dynamics, as well as brain state-related functional connectivity between salience and default mode networks, were correlated with improvements in behavioral variability. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel latent brain state dynamical process and circuit mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of methylphenidate in childhood ADHD. We suggest that Bayesian dynamical system models may be particularly useful for capturing complex nonlinear changes in neural activity and behavioral variability associated with ADHD. Our approach may be of value to clinicians and researchers investigating the neural mechanisms underlying pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
| | - Yoshifumi Mizuno
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
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Nghiem TAE, Lee B, Chao THH, Branigan NK, Mistry PK, Shih YYI, Menon V. Space wandering in the rodent default mode network. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.31.555793. [PMID: 37693501 PMCID: PMC10491169 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a large-scale brain network known to be suppressed during a wide range of cognitive tasks. However, our comprehension of its role in naturalistic and unconstrained behaviors has remained elusive because most research on the DMN has been conducted within the restrictive confines of MRI scanners. Here we use multisite GCaMP fiber photometry with simultaneous videography to probe DMN function in awake, freely exploring rats. We examined neural dynamics in three core DMN nodes- the retrosplenial cortex, cingulate cortex, and prelimbic cortex- as well as the anterior insula node of the salience network, and their association with the rats' spatial exploration behaviors. We found that DMN nodes displayed a hierarchical functional organization during spatial exploration, characterized by stronger coupling with each other than with the anterior insula. Crucially, these DMN nodes encoded the kinematics of spatial exploration, including linear and angular velocity. Additionally, we identified latent brain states that encoded distinct patterns of time-varying exploration behaviors and discovered that higher linear velocity was associated with enhanced DMN activity, heightened synchronization among DMN nodes, and increased anticorrelation between the DMN and anterior insula. Our findings highlight the involvement of the DMN in collectively and dynamically encoding spatial exploration in a real-world setting. Our findings challenge the notion that the DMN is primarily a "task-negative" network disengaged from the external world. By illuminating the DMN's role in naturalistic behaviors, our study underscores the importance of investigating brain network function in ecologically valid contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Percy K. Mistry
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University
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20
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Abstract
The discovery of the default mode network (DMN) has revolutionized our understanding of the workings of the human brain. Here, I review developments that led to the discovery of the DMN, offer a personal reflection, and consider how our ideas of DMN function have evolved over the past two decades. I summarize literature examining the role of the DMN in self-reference, social cognition, episodic and autobiographical memory, language and semantic memory, and mind wandering. I identify unifying themes and propose new perspectives on the DMN's role in human cognition. I argue that the DMN integrates and broadcasts memory, language, and semantic representations to create a coherent "internal narrative" reflecting our individual experiences. This narrative is central to the construction of a sense of self, shapes how we perceive ourselves and interact with others, may have ontogenetic origins in self-directed speech during childhood, and forms a vital component of human consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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21
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Liu J, Chang H, Abrams DA, Kang JB, Chen L, Rosenberg-Lee M, Menon V. Atypical cognitive training-induced learning and brain plasticity and their relation to insistence on sameness in children with autism. eLife 2023; 12:e86035. [PMID: 37534879 PMCID: PMC10550286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often display atypical learning styles; however, little is known regarding learning-related brain plasticity and its relation to clinical phenotypic features. Here, we investigate cognitive learning and neural plasticity using functional brain imaging and a novel numerical problem-solving training protocol. Children with ASD showed comparable learning relative to typically developing children but were less likely to shift from rule-based to memory-based strategy. While learning gains in typically developing children were associated with greater plasticity of neural representations in the medial temporal lobe and intraparietal sulcus, learning in children with ASD was associated with more stable neural representations. Crucially, the relation between learning and plasticity of neural representations was moderated by insistence on sameness, a core phenotypic feature of ASD. Our study uncovers atypical cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying learning in children with ASD, and informs pedagogical strategies for nurturing cognitive abilities in childhood autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel A Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Julia Boram Kang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, United States
| | - Miriam Rosenberg-Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, United States
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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22
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Benmore CJ, Benmore SR, Wilke SK, Menon V, Byrn SR, Weber JKR. X-ray Diffraction of Water in Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3645-3652. [PMID: 37306254 PMCID: PMC11064787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PVP is a hydrophilic polymer commonly used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. Here we have performed time-resolved high-energy X-ray scattering experiments on pellets of PVP at different humidity conditions for 1-2 days. A two-phase exponential decay in water sorption is found with a peak in the differential pair distribution function at 2.85 Å, which is attributed to the average (hydrogen bonded) carbonyl oxygen-water oxygen distance. Additional scattering measurements on powders with fixed compositions ranging from 2 to 12.3 wt % H2O were modeled with Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR). The models reveal approximately linear relations between the carbonyl oxygen-water oxygen coordination number (nOC-OW) and the water oxygen-water oxygen coordination number (nOW-OW) versus water content in PVP. A stronger preference for water-water hydrogen bonding over carbonyl-water bonding is found. At all the concentrations studied the majority of water molecules were found to be randomly isolated, but a wide distribution of coordination environments of water molecules is found within the PVP polymer strands at the highest concentrations. Overall, the EPSR models indicate a continuous evolution in structure versus water content with nOW-OW=1 occurring at ∼12 wt % H2O, i.e., the composition where, on average, each water molecule is surrounded by one other water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Benmore
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S R Benmore
- Materials Development, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004, USA
| | - S K Wilke
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Materials Development, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004, USA
| | - V Menon
- Materials Development, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004, USA
| | - S R Byrn
- Improved Pharma, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | - J K R Weber
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Materials Development, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004, USA
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23
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Fernando S, Varma J, Dengu F, Menon V, Malik S, O'Callaghan J. Bariatric surgery improves access to renal transplantation and is safe in renal failure as well as after transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2023; 37:100777. [PMID: 37459746 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2023.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective workup and listing of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients for renal transplantation, often with multiple co-morbidities, poses a challenge for transplant teams. Obesity is a common co-morbidity associated with adverse outcomes in ESRD and kidney transplant (KT) recipients. Bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) has long been established as a safe and effective treatment for morbid obesity. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the strength of evidence for both the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery in patients with ESRD or kidney transplantation. METHODS A literature search was performed using key terms including "transplantation", "kidney", "renal", "obesity", and "bariatric". Databases searched include MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to date (April 2021). Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Selected articles were then categorised into patients awaiting waiting list acceptance, patients awaiting transplantation, patients undergoing simultaneous BMS + KT and patients undergoing BMS following a previous renal transplant. Summary effects are presented with a level of statistical significance and 95% Confidence Intervals. RESULTS A total of 28 articles were selected following the literature search. Fourteen studies on patients awaiting listing (n = 1903), nine on patients on the KT waiting list (n = 196), a single study on simultaneous BMS and KT and ten studies on patients undergoing BMS following KT (n = 198). Mean change in BMI for patients awaiting listing was -11.3 kg/m2 (95%CI: -15.3 to -7.3, p < 0.001), mean change in BMI for patients listed for KT was -11.2 kg/m 2(95%CI: -12.9 to -9.5, p 0.001) and mean change for patients with prior KT was -11.0 kg/m2 (95%CI: -7.09 to -14.9, p < 0.001). The combined mortality rate for patients who had undergone both BMS and KT was 4% (n = 15). DISCUSSION This review demonstrates BMS is both safe and efficacious in patients with ESRD prior to KT and in those post KT. It would enable difficult-to-list obese recipients the possibility to undergo transplantation and should be considered as part of the work up process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Fernando
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonny Varma
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Fungai Dengu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Rd, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Vinod Menon
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - Shafi Malik
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - John O'Callaghan
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Centre for Evidence in Transplantation, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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24
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Mistry PK, Strock A, Liu R, Young G, Menon V. Learning-induced reorganization of number neurons and emergence of numerical representations in a biologically inspired neural network. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3843. [PMID: 37386013 PMCID: PMC10310708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Number sense, the ability to decipher quantity, forms the foundation for mathematical cognition. How number sense emerges with learning is, however, not known. Here we use a biologically-inspired neural architecture comprising cortical layers V1, V2, V3, and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) to investigate how neural representations change with numerosity training. Learning dramatically reorganized neuronal tuning properties at both the single unit and population levels, resulting in the emergence of sharply-tuned representations of numerosity in the IPS layer. Ablation analysis revealed that spontaneous number neurons observed prior to learning were not critical to formation of number representations post-learning. Crucially, multidimensional scaling of population responses revealed the emergence of absolute and relative magnitude representations of quantity, including mid-point anchoring. These learnt representations may underlie changes from logarithmic to cyclic and linear mental number lines that are characteristic of number sense development in humans. Our findings elucidate mechanisms by which learning builds novel representations supporting number sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy K Mistry
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Anthony Strock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ruizhe Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Griffin Young
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Wu Tsai Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
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25
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Cai W, Warren SL, Duberg K, Yu A, Hinshaw SP, Menon V. Both reactive and proactive control are deficient in children with ADHD and predictive of clinical symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:179. [PMID: 37236924 PMCID: PMC10220086 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control deficits are a hallmark of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Theoretical models posit that cognitive control involves reactive and proactive control processes but their distinct roles and inter-relations in ADHD are not known, and the contributions of proactive control remain vastly understudied. Here, we investigate the dynamic dual cognitive control mechanisms associated with both proactive and reactive control in 50 children with ADHD (16F/34M) and 30 typically developing (TD) children (14F/16M) aged 9-12 years across two different cognitive controls tasks using a within-subject design. We found that while TD children were capable of proactively adapting their response strategies, children with ADHD demonstrated significant deficits in implementing proactive control strategies associated with error monitoring and trial history. Children with ADHD also showed weaker reactive control than TD children, and this finding was replicated across tasks. Furthermore, while proactive and reactive control functions were correlated in TD children, such coordination between the cognitive control mechanisms was not present in children with ADHD. Finally, both reactive and proactive control functions were associated with behavioral problems in ADHD, and multi-dimensional features derived from the dynamic dual cognitive control framework predicted inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity clinical symptoms. Our findings demonstrate that ADHD in children is characterized by deficits in both proactive and reactive control, and suggest that multi-componential cognitive control measures can serve as robust predictors of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Stacie L Warren
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Duberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Yu
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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26
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Chatila ZK, Yadav A, Mares J, Flowers X, Yun TD, Rashid M, Talcoff R, Pelly Z, Zhang Y, De Jager PL, Teich A, Costa R, Gomez EA, Martins G, Alcalay R, Vonsattel JP, Menon V, Bradshaw EM, Przedborski S. RNA- and ATAC-sequencing Reveals a Unique CD83+ Microglial Population Focally Depleted in Parkinson's Disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.17.540842. [PMID: 37292857 PMCID: PMC10245789 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.540842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All brain areas affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) show an abundance of microglia with an activated morphology together with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that neuroinflammation may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in this common and incurable disorder. We applied a single nucleus RNA- and ATAC-sequencing approach using the 10x Genomics Chromium platform to postmortem PD samples to investigate microglial heterogeneity in PD. We created a multiomic dataset using substantia nigra (SN) tissues from 19 PD donors and 14 non-PD controls (NPCs), as well as three other brain regions from the PD donors which are differentially affected in this disease: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia inominata (SI), and hypothalamus (HypoTs). We identified thirteen microglial subpopulations within these tissues as well as a perivascular macrophage and a monocyte population, of which we characterized the transcriptional and chromatin repertoires. Using this data, we investigated whether these microglial subpopulations have any association with PD and whether they have regional specificity. We uncovered several changes in microglial subpopulations in PD, which appear to parallel the magnitude of neurodegeneration across these four selected brain regions. Specifically, we identified that inflammatory microglia in PD are more prevalent in the SN and differentially express PD-associated markers. Our analysis revealed the depletion of a CD83 and HIF1A- expressing microglial subpopulation, specifically in the SN in PD, that has a unique chromatin signature compared to other microglial subpopulations. Interestingly, this microglial subpopulation has regional specificity to the brainstem in non-disease tissues. Furthermore, it is highly enriched for transcripts of proteins involved in antigen presentation and heat-shock proteins, and its depletion in the PD SN may have implications for neuronal vulnerability in disease.
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27
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Leipold S, Abrams DA, Karraker S, Phillips JM, Menon V. Aberrant Emotional Prosody Circuitry Predicts Social Communication Impairments in Children With Autism. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023; 8:531-541. [PMID: 36635147 PMCID: PMC10973204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional prosody provides acoustical cues that reflect a communication partner's emotional state and is crucial for successful social interactions. Many children with autism have deficits in recognizing emotions from voices; however, the neural basis for these impairments is unknown. We examined brain circuit features underlying emotional prosody processing deficits and their relationship to clinical symptoms of autism. METHODS We used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging task to measure neural activity and connectivity during processing of sad and happy emotional prosody and neutral speech in 22 children with autism and 21 matched control children (7-12 years old). We employed functional connectivity analyses to test competing theoretical accounts that attribute emotional prosody impairments to either sensory processing deficits in auditory cortex or theory of mind deficits instantiated in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). RESULTS Children with autism showed specific behavioral impairments for recognizing emotions from voices. They also showed aberrant functional connectivity between voice-sensitive auditory cortex and the bilateral TPJ during emotional prosody processing. Neural activity in the bilateral TPJ during processing of both sad and happy emotional prosody stimuli was associated with social communication impairments in children with autism. In contrast, activity and decoding of emotional prosody in auditory cortex was comparable between autism and control groups and did not predict social communication impairments. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a social-cognitive deficit model of autism by identifying a role for TPJ dysfunction during emotional prosody processing. Our study underscores the importance of tuning in to vocal-emotional cues for building social connections in children with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Leipold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Daniel A Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Shelby Karraker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer M Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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28
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Das A, Menon V. Concurrent- and After-Effects of Medial Temporal Lobe Stimulation on Directed Information Flow to and from Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices during Memory Formation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3159-3175. [PMID: 36963847 PMCID: PMC10146497 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1728-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has the potential to uncover causal circuit mechanisms underlying memory function. However, little is known about how MTL stimulation alters information flow with frontoparietal cortical regions implicated in episodic memory. We used intracranial EEG recordings from humans (14 participants, 10 females) to investigate how MTL stimulation alters directed information flow between MTL and PFC and between MTL and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Participants performed a verbal episodic memory task during which they were presented with words and asked to recall them after a delay of ∼20 s; 50 Hz stimulation was applied to MTL electrodes on selected trials during memory encoding. Directed information flow was examined using phase transfer entropy. Behaviorally, we observed that MTL stimulation reduced memory recall. MTL stimulation decreased top-down PFC→MTL directed information flow during both memory encoding and subsequent memory recall, revealing aftereffects more than 20 s after end of stimulation. Stimulation suppressed top-down PFC→MTL influences to a greater extent than PPC→MTL. Finally, MTL→PFC information flow on stimulation trials was significantly lower for successful, compared with unsuccessful, memory recall; in contrast, MTL→ventral PPC information flow was higher for successful, compared with unsuccessful, memory recall. Together, these results demonstrate that the effects of MTL stimulation are behaviorally, regionally, and directionally specific, that MTL stimulation selectively impairs directional signaling with PFC, and that causal MTL-ventral PPC circuits support successful memory recall. Findings provide new insights into dynamic casual circuits underling episodic memory and their modulation by MTL stimulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The medial temporal lobe (MTL) and its interactions with prefrontal and parietal cortices (PFC and PPC) play a critical role in human memory. Dysfunctional MTL-PFC and MTL-PPC circuits are prominent in psychiatric and neurologic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Brain stimulation has emerged as a potential mechanism for enhancing memory and cognitive functions, but the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and dynamic causal circuitry underlying bottom-up and top-down signaling involving the MTL are unknown. Here, we use intracranial EEG recordings to investigate the effects of MTL stimulation on causal signaling in key episodic memory circuits linking the MTL with PFC and PPC. Our findings have implications for translational applications aimed at realizing the promise of brain stimulation-based treatment of memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Das
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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29
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Luli M, Yeo G, Farrell E, Ogden J, Parretti H, Frew E, Bevan S, Brown A, Logue J, Menon V, Isack N, Lean M, McEwan C, Gately P, Williams S, Astbury N, Bryant M, Clare K, Dimitriadis GK, Finlayson G, Heslehurst N, Johnson B, Le Brocq S, Roberts A, McGinley P, Mueller J, O'Kane M, Batterham RL, Miras AD. The implications of defining obesity as a disease: a report from the Association for the Study of Obesity 2021 annual conference. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 58:101962. [PMID: 37090435 PMCID: PMC10119881 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike various countries and organisations, including the World Health Organisation and the European Parliament, the United Kingdom does not formally recognise obesity as a disease. This report presents the discussion on the potential impact of defining obesity as a disease on the patient, the healthcare system, the economy, and the wider society. A group of speakers from a wide range of disciplines came together to debate the topic bringing their knowledge and expertise from backgrounds in medicine, psychology, economics, and politics as well as the experience of people living with obesity. The aim of their debate was not to decide whether obesity should be classified as a disease but rather to explore what the implications of doing so would be, what the gaps in the available data are, as well as to provide up-to-date information on the topic from experts in the field. There were four topics where speakers presented their viewpoints, each one including a question-and-answer section for debate. The first one focused on the impact that the recognition of obesity could have on people living with obesity regarding the change in their behaviour, either positive and empowering or more stigmatising. During the second one, the impact of defining obesity as a disease on the National Health Service and the wider economy was discussed. The primary outcome was the need for more robust data as the one available does not represent the actual cost of obesity. The third topic was related to the policy implications regarding treatment provision, focusing on the public's power to influence policy. Finally, the last issue discussed, included the implications of public health actions, highlighting the importance of the government's actions and private stakeholders. The speakers agreed that no matter where they stand on this debate, the goal is common: to provide a healthcare system that supports and protects the patients, strategies that protect the economy and broader society, and policies that reduce stigma and promote health equity. Many questions are left to be answered regarding how these goals can be achieved. However, this discussion has set a good foundation providing evidence that can be used by the public, clinicians, and policymakers to make that happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migena Luli
- Division of Medicine and Integrated Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Yeo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Farrell
- School of Education, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Ogden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Parretti
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Frew
- Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bevan
- HR Research Development, Institute for Employment, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Brown
- Department of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Team, University Hospitals and Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nadya Isack
- Obesity Empowerment Network, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lean
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Gately
- Obesity Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nerys Astbury
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bryant
- Department of Health Sciences and the Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Clare
- European Coalition for People Living with Obesity, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios K. Dimitriadis
- Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Heslehurst
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Johnson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Audrey Roberts
- European Coalition for People Living with Obesity, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick McGinley
- Department of Finance, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Mueller
- Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary O'Kane
- Dietetic Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L. Batterham
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Dimitri Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Ulster University, United Kingdom
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30
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Chen K, Komissarenko F, Smirnova D, Vakulenko A, Kiriushechkina S, Volkovskaya I, Guddala S, Menon V, Alù A, Khanikaev AB. Photonic Dirac cavities with spatially varying mass term. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eabq4243. [PMID: 36947629 PMCID: PMC10032596 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, photonics has proven itself as an excellent platform for emulation of relativistic phenomena. Here, we show an example of relativistic-like trapping in photonic system that realizes Dirac-like dispersion with spatially inhomogeneous mass term. The modes trapped by such cavities, their energy levels, and corresponding orbitals are then characterized through optical imaging in real and momentum space. The fabricated cavities host a hierarchy of photonic modes with distinct radiation profiles directly analogous to various atomic orbitals endowed with unique characteristics, such as pseudo-particle-hall symmetry and spin degeneracy, and they carry topological charge which gives rise to radiative profiles with angular momentum. We demonstrate that these modes can be directionally excited by pseudo-spin-polarized boundary states. In addition to the fundamental interest in the structure of these pseudo-relativistic orbitals, the proposed system offers a route for designing new types of nanophotonic devices, spin-full resonators and topological light sources compatible with integrated photonics platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Filipp Komissarenko
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Daria Smirnova
- Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anton Vakulenko
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Svetlana Kiriushechkina
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Irina Volkovskaya
- Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sriram Guddala
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexander B. Khanikaev
- Electrical Engineering and Physics, The City College of New York (USA), New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Mizuno Y, Cai W, Supekar K, Makita K, Takiguchi S, Silk TJ, Tomoda A, Menon V. Methylphenidate Enhances Spontaneous Fluctuations in Reward and Cognitive Control Networks in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023; 8:271-280. [PMID: 36717325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate, a first-line treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is thought to influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its associated brain circuitry, but this hypothesis has yet to be systematically tested. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial including 27 children with ADHD. Children with ADHD were scanned twice with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging under methylphenidate and placebo conditions, along with assessment of sustained attention. We examined spontaneous neural activity in the NAc and the salience, frontoparietal, and default mode networks and their links to behavioral changes. Replicability of methylphenidate effects on spontaneous neural activity was examined in a second independent cohort. RESULTS Methylphenidate increased spontaneous neural activity in the NAc and the salience and default mode networks. Methylphenidate-induced changes in spontaneous activity patterns in the default mode network were associated with improvements in intraindividual response variability during a sustained attention task. Critically, despite differences in clinical trial protocols and data acquisition parameters, the NAc and the salience and default mode networks showed replicable patterns of methylphenidate-induced changes in spontaneous activity across two independent cohorts. CONCLUSIONS We provide reproducible evidence demonstrating that methylphenidate enhances spontaneous neural activity in NAc and cognitive control networks in children with ADHD, resulting in more stable sustained attention. Our findings identified a novel neural mechanism underlying methylphenidate treatment in ADHD to inform the development of clinically useful biomarkers for evaluating treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kai Makita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Timothy J Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Menon V, Cerri D, Lee B, Yuan R, Lee SH, Shih YYI. Optogenetic stimulation of anterior insular cortex neurons in male rats reveals causal mechanisms underlying suppression of the default mode network by the salience network. Nat Commun 2023; 14:866. [PMID: 36797303 PMCID: PMC9935890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN) play a crucial role in cognitive function. The SN, anchored in the anterior insular cortex (AI), has been hypothesized to modulate DMN activity during stimulus-driven cognition. However, the causal neural mechanisms underlying changes in DMN activity and its functional connectivity with the SN are poorly understood. Here we combine feedforward optogenetic stimulation with fMRI and computational modeling to dissect the causal role of AI neurons in dynamic functional interactions between SN and DMN nodes in the male rat brain. Optogenetic stimulation of Chronos-expressing AI neurons suppressed DMN activity, and decreased AI-DMN and intra-DMN functional connectivity. Our findings demonstrate that feedforward optogenetic stimulation of AI neurons induces dynamic suppression and decoupling of the DMN and elucidates previously unknown features of rodent brain network organization. Our study advances foundational knowledge of causal mechanisms underlying dynamic cross-network interactions and brain network switching.
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Grants
- R01 MH121069 NIMH NIH HHS
- P50 HD103573 NICHD NIH HHS
- T32 AA007573 NIAAA NIH HHS
- R01 NS091236 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 MH126518 NIMH NIH HHS
- S10 MH124745 NIMH NIH HHS
- U01 AA020023 NIAAA NIH HHS
- R01 MH111429 NIMH NIH HHS
- S10 OD026796 NIH HHS
- R01 NS086085 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 EB022907 NIBIB NIH HHS
- P60 AA011605 NIAAA NIH HHS
- RF1 NS086085 NINDS NIH HHS
- RF1 MH117053 NIMH NIH HHS
- This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH121069 to V.M., and R01MH126518, RF1MH117053, R01MH111429, S10MH124745 to Y.-Y.I.S.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA011605 and U01AA020023 to Y.-Y.I.S., T32AA007573 to D.C.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS086085 to V.M., R01NS091236 to Y.-Y.I.S.), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD103573 to Y.-Y.I.S.), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB022907 to V.M.), and National Institute of Health Office of the Director (S10OD026796 to Y.-Y.I.S.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Domenic Cerri
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Chao THH, Lee B, Hsu LM, Cerri DH, Zhang WT, Wang TWW, Ryali S, Menon V, Shih YYI. Neuronal dynamics of the default mode network and anterior insular cortex: Intrinsic properties and modulation by salient stimuli. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade5732. [PMID: 36791185 PMCID: PMC9931216 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is critical for self-referential mental processes, and its dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the neurophysiological properties and task-based functional organization of the rodent DMN are poorly understood, limiting its translational utility. Here, we combine fiber photometry with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computational modeling to characterize dynamics of putative rat DMN nodes and their interactions with the anterior insular cortex (AI) of the salience network. Our analysis revealed neuronal activity changes in AI and DMN nodes preceding fMRI-derived DMN activations and cyclical transitions between brain network states. Furthermore, we demonstrate that salient oddball stimuli suppress the DMN and enhance AI neuronal activity and that the AI causally inhibits the retrosplenial cortex, a prominent DMN node. These findings elucidate the neurophysiological foundations of the rodent DMN, its spatiotemporal dynamical properties, and modulation by salient stimuli, paving the way for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Li-Ming Hsu
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Domenic Hayden Cerri
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Zhang
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Wen Winnie Wang
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Liu J, Chang H, Abrams DA, Kang JB, Chen L, Rosenberg-Lee M, Menon V. Atypical cognitive training-induced learning and brain plasticity and their relation to insistence on sameness in children with autism. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.25.525594. [PMID: 36747659 PMCID: PMC9900852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often display atypical learning styles, however little is known regarding learning-related brain plasticity and its relation to clinical phenotypic features. Here, we investigate cognitive learning and neural plasticity using functional brain imaging and a novel numerical problem-solving training protocol. Children with ASD showed comparable learning relative to typically developing children but were less likely to shift from rule-based to memory-based strategy. Critically, while learning gains in typically developing children were associated with greater plasticity of neural representations in the medial temporal lobe and intraparietal sulcus, learning in children with ASD was associated with more stable neural representations. Crucially, the relation between learning and plasticity of neural representations was moderated by insistence on sameness, a core phenotypic feature of ASD. Our study uncovers atypical cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying learning in children with ASD, and informs pedagogical strategies for nurturing cognitive abilities in childhood autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel A. Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Julia Boram Kang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053
| | - Miriam Rosenberg-Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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35
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Leipold S, Abrams DA, Karraker S, Menon V. Neural decoding of emotional prosody in voice-sensitive auditory cortex predicts social communication abilities in children. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:709-728. [PMID: 35296892 PMCID: PMC9890475 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During social interactions, speakers signal information about their emotional state through their voice, which is known as emotional prosody. Little is known regarding the precise brain systems underlying emotional prosody decoding in children and whether accurate neural decoding of these vocal cues is linked to social skills. Here, we address critical gaps in the developmental literature by investigating neural representations of prosody and their links to behavior in children. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed that representations in the bilateral middle and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) divisions of voice-sensitive auditory cortex decode emotional prosody information in children. Crucially, emotional prosody decoding in middle STS was correlated with standardized measures of social communication abilities; more accurate decoding of prosody stimuli in the STS was predictive of greater social communication abilities in children. Moreover, social communication abilities were specifically related to decoding sadness, highlighting the importance of tuning in to negative emotional vocal cues for strengthening social responsiveness and functioning. Findings bridge an important theoretical gap by showing that the ability of the voice-sensitive cortex to detect emotional cues in speech is predictive of a child's social skills, including the ability to relate and interact with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Leipold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shelby Karraker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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36
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Cai W, Young CB, Yuan R, Lee B, Ryman S, Kim J, Yang L, Henderson VW, Poston KL, Menon V. Dopaminergic medication normalizes aberrant cognitive control circuit signalling in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2022; 145:4042-4055. [PMID: 35357463 PMCID: PMC10200291 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication is widely used to alleviate motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but these medications also impact cognition with significant variability across patients. It is hypothesized that dopaminergic medication impacts cognition and working memory in Parkinson's disease by modulating frontoparietal-basal ganglia cognitive control circuits, but little is known about the underlying causal signalling mechanisms and their relation to individual differences in response to dopaminergic medication. Here we use a novel state-space computational model with ultra-fast (490 ms resolution) functional MRI to investigate dynamic causal signalling in frontoparietal-basal ganglia circuits associated with working memory in 44 Parkinson's disease patients ON and OFF dopaminergic medication, as well as matched 36 healthy controls. Our analysis revealed aberrant causal signalling in frontoparietal-basal ganglia circuits in Parkinson's disease patients OFF medication. Importantly, aberrant signalling was normalized by dopaminergic medication and a novel quantitative distance measure predicted individual differences in cognitive change associated with medication in Parkinson's disease patients. These findings were specific to causal signalling measures, as no such effects were detected with conventional non-causal connectivity measures. Our analysis also identified a specific frontoparietal causal signalling pathway from right middle frontal gyrus to right posterior parietal cortex that is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Unlike in healthy controls, the strength of causal interactions in this pathway did not increase with working memory load and the strength of load-dependent causal weights was not related to individual differences in working memory task performance in Parkinson's disease patients OFF medication. However, dopaminergic medication in Parkinson's disease patients reinstated the relation with working memory performance. Our findings provide new insights into aberrant causal brain circuit dynamics during working memory and identify mechanisms by which dopaminergic medication normalizes cognitive control circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina B Young
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sephira Ryman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurice Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victor W Henderson
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Das A, Menon V. Replicable patterns of causal information flow between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex during spatial navigation and spatial-verbal memory formation. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5343-5361. [PMID: 35136979 PMCID: PMC9712747 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) play an essential role in both human spatial navigation and episodic memory, but the underlying causal flow of information between these regions across task domains is poorly understood. Here we use intracranial EEG recordings and spectrally resolved phase transfer entropy to investigate information flow during two different virtual spatial navigation and memory encoding/recall tasks and examine replicability of information flow patterns across spatial and verbal memory domains. Information theoretic analysis revealed a higher causal information flow from hippocampus to lateral PFC than in the reverse direction. Crucially, an asymmetric pattern of information flow was observed during memory encoding and recall periods of both spatial navigation tasks. Further analyses revealed frequency specificity of interactions characterized by greater bottom-up information flow from hippocampus to PFC in delta-theta band (0.5-8 Hz); in contrast, top-down information flow from PFC to hippocampus was stronger in beta band (12-30 Hz). Bayesian analysis revealed a high degree of replicability between the two spatial navigation tasks (Bayes factor > 5.46e+3) and across tasks spanning the spatial and verbal memory domains (Bayes factor > 7.32e+8). Our findings identify a domain-independent and replicable frequency-dependent feedback loop engaged during memory formation in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Das
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Hanson P, Lange M, Oduro-Donkor D, Shuttlewood E, Weickert MO, Randeva HS, Menon V, Alexander RT, Basset P, Shankar R, Barber TM. The role of mindfulness training in sustaining weight reduction: retrospective cohort analysis. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e198. [PMID: 36377522 PMCID: PMC9707508 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress has an established bi-directional relationship with obesity. Mindfulness techniques reduce stress and improve eating behaviours, but their long-term impact remains untested. CALMPOD (Compassionate Approach to Living Mindfully for Prevention of Disease) is a psychoeducational mindfulness-based course evidenced to improve eating patterns across a 6-month period, possibly by reducing stress. However, no long-term evaluation of impact exists. AIMS This study retrospectively evaluates 2-year outcomes of CALMPOD on patient engagement, weight and metabolic markers. METHOD All adults with a body mass index >35 kg/m2 attending an UK obesity service during 2016-2020 were offered CALMPOD. Those who refused CALMPOD were offered standard lifestyle advice. Routine clinic data over 2 years, including age, gender, 6-monthly appointment attendance, weight, haemoglobin A1C and total cholesterol, were pooled and analysed to evaluate CALMPOD. RESULTS Of 289 patients, 163 participated in the CALMPOD course and 126 did not. No baseline demographic differences existed between the participating and non-participating groups. The CALMPOD group had improved attendance across all 6-monthly appointments compared with the non-CALMPOD group (P < 0.05). Mean body weight reduction at 2 years was 5.6 kg (s.d. 11.2, P < 0.001) for the CALMPOD group compared with 3.9 kg (s.d. 10.5, P < 0.001) for the non-CALMPOD group. No differences in haemoglobin A1C and fasting serum total cholesterol were identified between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The retrospective evaluation of CALMPOD suggests potential for mindfulness and compassion-based group educational techniques to improve longer-term patient and clinical outcomes. Prospective large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the impact of stress on obesity and the true impact of CALMPOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hanson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; and NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - Maria Lange
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; and NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - Dominic Oduro-Donkor
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; and NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - Emma Shuttlewood
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; and Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, UK
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; and Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, UK
| | - Vinod Menon
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - Regi T Alexander
- Adult Learning Disability Services, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Little Plumstead Hospital, Norwich, UK; and School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Institute of Intellectual Disability Research (CIDER), Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, UK and Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Tom M Barber
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK; and NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
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Chen L, Chang H, Rudoler J, Arnardottir E, Zhang Y, de Los Angeles C, Menon V. Cognitive training enhances growth mindset in children through plasticity of cortico-striatal circuits. NPJ Sci Learn 2022; 7:30. [PMID: 36371438 PMCID: PMC9653476 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth mindset, the belief that one's abilities can improve through cognitive effort, is an important psychological construct with broad implications for enabling children to reach their highest potential. However, surprisingly little is known about malleability of growth mindset in response to cognitive interventions in children and its neurobiological underpinnings. Here we address critical gaps in our knowledge by investigating behavioral and brain changes in growth mindset associated with a four-week training program designed to enhance foundational, academically relevant, cognitive skills in 7-10-year-old children. Cognitive training significantly enhanced children's growth mindset. Cross-lagged panel analysis of longitudinal pre- and post-training data revealed that growth mindset prior to training predicted cognitive abilities after training, providing support for the positive role of growth mindset in fostering academic achievement. We then examined training-induced changes in brain response and connectivity associated with problem solving in relation to changes in growth mindset. Children's gains in growth mindset were associated with increased neural response and functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, brain regions crucial for cognitive control, motivation, and memory. Plasticity of cortico-striatal circuitry emerged as the strongest predictor of growth mindset gains. Taken together, our study demonstrates that children's growth mindset can be enhanced by cognitive training, and elucidates the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying its malleability. Findings provide important insights into effective interventions that simultaneously promote growth mindset and learning during the early stages of cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jeremy Rudoler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eydis Arnardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ryali S, Cai W, Supekar K, Pasumarthy R, Padmanabhan A, Luna B, Menon V. Developmental maturation of causal signaling hubs in voluntary control of saccades and their functional controllability. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4746-4762. [PMID: 35094063 PMCID: PMC9627122 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adaptively respond to behaviorally relevant cues in the environment, including voluntary control of automatic but inappropriate responses and deployment of a goal-relevant alternative response, undergoes significant maturation from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, the maturation of voluntary control processes influences the developmental trajectories of several key cognitive domains, including executive function and emotion regulation. Understanding the maturation of voluntary control is therefore of fundamental importance, but little is known about the underlying causal functional circuit mechanisms. Here, we use state-space and control-theoretic modeling to investigate the maturation of causal signaling mechanisms underlying voluntary control over saccades. We demonstrate that directed causal interactions in a canonical saccade network undergo significant maturation between childhood and adulthood. Crucially, we show that the frontal eye field (FEF) is an immature causal signaling hub in children during control over saccades. Using control-theoretic analysis, we then demonstrate that the saccade network is less controllable in children and that greater energy is required to drive FEF dynamics in children compared to adults. Our findings provide novel evidence that strengthening of causal signaling hubs and controllability of FEF are key mechanisms underlying age-related improvements in the ability to plan and execute voluntary control over saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ramkrishna Pasumarthy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Robert Bosch Center of Data Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, Network Systems Learning, Control and Evolution Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bea Luna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Supekar K, Ryali S, Yuan R, Kumar D, de Los Angeles C, Menon V. Robust, Generalizable, and Interpretable Artificial Intelligence-Derived Brain Fingerprints of Autism and Social Communication Symptom Severity. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:643-653. [PMID: 35382930 PMCID: PMC9378793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the most pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders, yet the neurobiology of ASD is still poorly understood because inconsistent findings from underpowered individual studies preclude the identification of robust and interpretable neurobiological markers and predictors of clinical symptoms. METHODS We leverage multiple brain imaging cohorts and exciting recent advances in explainable artificial intelligence to develop a novel spatiotemporal deep neural network (stDNN) model, which identifies robust and interpretable dynamic brain markers that distinguish ASD from neurotypical control subjects and predict clinical symptom severity. RESULTS stDNN achieved consistently high classification accuracies in cross-validation analysis of data from the multisite ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange) cohort (n = 834). Crucially, stDNN also accurately classified data from independent Stanford (n = 202) and GENDAAR (Gender Exploration of Neurogenetics and Development to Advanced Autism Research) (n = 90) cohorts without additional training. stDNN could not distinguish attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from neurotypical control subjects, highlighting the model's specificity. Explainable artificial intelligence revealed that brain features associated with the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal sulcus, which anchor the default mode network, cognitive control, and human voice processing systems, respectively, most clearly distinguished ASD from neurotypical control subjects in the three cohorts. Furthermore, features associated with the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus nodes of the default mode network emerged as robust predictors of the severity of core social and communication deficits but not restricted/repetitive behaviors in ASD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, replicated across independent cohorts, reveal robust individualized functional brain fingerprints of ASD psychopathology, which could lead to more objective and precise phenotypic characterization and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Devinder Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Menon V, Palaniyappan L, Supekar K. Integrative Brain Network and Salience Models of Psychopathology and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022:S0006-3223(22)01637-7. [PMID: 36702660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain network models of cognitive control are central to advancing our understanding of psychopathology and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. This review examines the role of large-scale brain organization in schizophrenia, with a particular focus on a triple-network model of cognitive control and its role in aberrant salience processing. First, we provide an overview of the triple network involving the salience, frontoparietal, and default mode networks and highlight the central role of the insula-anchored salience network in the aberrant mapping of salient external and internal events in schizophrenia. We summarize the extensive evidence that has emerged from structural, neurochemical, and functional brain imaging studies for aberrancies in these networks and their dynamic temporal interactions in schizophrenia. Next, we consider the hypothesis that atypical striatal dopamine release results in misattribution of salience to irrelevant external stimuli and self-referential mental events. We propose an integrated triple-network salience-based model incorporating striatal dysfunction and sensitivity to perceptual and cognitive prediction errors in the insula node of the salience network and postulate that dysregulated dopamine modulation of salience network-centered processes contributes to the core clinical phenotype of schizophrenia. Thus, a powerful paradigm to characterize the neurobiology of schizophrenia emerges when we combine conceptual models of salience with large-scale cognitive control networks in a unified manner. We conclude by discussing potential therapeutic leads on restoring brain network dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Kamarajah S, Evans R, Nepogodiev D, Hodson J, Bundred J, Gockel I, Gossage J, Isik A, Kidane B, Mahendran H, Negoi I, Okonta K, Sayyed R, van Hillegersberg R, Vohra R, Wijnhoven B, Singh P, Griffiths E, Kamarajah S, Hodson J, Griffiths E, Alderson D, Bundred J, Evans R, Gossage J, Griffiths E, Jefferies B, Kamarajah S, McKay S, Mohamed I, Nepogodiev D, Siaw-Acheampong K, Singh P, van Hillegersberg R, Vohra R, Wanigasooriya K, Whitehouse T, Gjata A, Moreno J, Takeda F, Kidane B, Guevara Castro R, Harustiak T, Bekele A, Kechagias A, Gockel I, Kennedy A, Da Roit A, Bagajevas A, Azagra J, Mahendran H, Mejía-Fernández L, Wijnhoven B, El Kafsi J, Sayyed R, Sousa M, Sampaio A, Negoi I, Blanco R, Wallner B, Schneider P, Hsu P, Isik A, Gananadha S, Wills V, Devadas M, Duong C, Talbot M, Hii M, Jacobs R, Andreollo N, Johnston B, Darling G, Isaza-Restrepo A, Rosero G, Arias-Amézquita F, Raptis D, Gaedcke J, Reim D, Izbicki J, Egberts J, Dikinis S, Kjaer D, Larsen M, Achiam M, Saarnio J, Theodorou D, Liakakos T, Korkolis D, Robb W, Collins C, Murphy T, Reynolds J, Tonini V, Migliore M, Bonavina L, Valmasoni M, Bardini R, Weindelmayer J, Terashima M, White R, Alghunaim E, Elhadi M, Leon-Takahashi A, Medina-Franco H, Lau P, Okonta K, Heisterkamp J, Rosman C, van Hillegersberg R, Beban G, Babor R, Gordon A, Rossaak J, Pal K, Qureshi A, Naqi S, Syed A, Barbosa J, Vicente C, Leite J, Freire J, Casaca R, Costa R, Scurtu R, Mogoanta S, Bolca C, Constantinoiu S, Sekhniaidze D, Bjelović M, So J, Gačevski G, Loureiro C, Pera M, Bianchi A, Moreno Gijón M, Martín Fernández J, Trugeda Carrera M, Vallve-Bernal M, Cítores Pascual M, Elmahi S, Halldestam I, Hedberg J, Mönig S, Gutknecht S, Tez M, Guner A, Tirnaksiz M, Colak E, Sevinç B, Hindmarsh A, Khan I, Khoo D, Byrom R, Gokhale J, Wilkerson P, Jain P, Chan D, Robertson K, Iftikhar S, Skipworth R, Forshaw M, Higgs S, Gossage J, Nijjar R, Viswanath Y, Turner P, Dexter S, Boddy A, Allum W, Oglesby S, Cheong E, Beardsmore D, Vohra R, Maynard N, Berrisford R, Mercer S, Puig S, Melhado R, Kelty C, Underwood T, Dawas K, Lewis W, Al-Bahrani A, Bryce G, Thomas M, Arndt A, Palazzo F, Meguid R, Fergusson J, Beenen E, Mosse C, Salim J, Cheah S, Wright T, Cerdeira M, McQuillan P, Richardson M, Liem H, Spillane J, Yacob M, Albadawi F, Thorpe T, Dingle A, Cabalag C, Loi K, Fisher O, Ward S, Read M, Johnson M, Bassari R, Bui H, Cecconello I, Sallum R, da Rocha J, Lopes L, Tercioti V, Coelho J, Ferrer J, Buduhan G, Tan L, Srinathan S, Shea P, Yeung J, Allison F, Carroll P, Vargas-Barato F, Gonzalez F, Ortega J, Nino-Torres L, Beltrán-García T, Castilla L, Pineda M, Bastidas A, Gómez-Mayorga J, Cortés N, Cetares C, Caceres S, Duarte S, Pazdro A, Snajdauf M, Faltova H, Sevcikova M, Mortensen P, Katballe N, Ingemann T, Morten B, Kruhlikava I, Ainswort A, Stilling N, Eckardt J, Holm J, Thorsteinsson M, Siemsen M, Brandt B, Nega B, Teferra E, Tizazu A, Kauppila J, Koivukangas V, Meriläinen S, Gruetzmann R, Krautz C, Weber G, Golcher H, Emons G, Azizian A, Ebeling M, Niebisch S, Kreuser N, Albanese G, Hesse J, Volovnik L, Boecher U, Reeh M, Triantafyllou S, Schizas D, Michalinos A, Balli E, Mpoura M, Charalabopoulos A, Manatakis D, Balalis D, Bolger J, Baban C, Mastrosimone A, McAnena O, Quinn A, Ó Súilleabháin C, Hennessy M, Ivanovski I, Khizer H, Ravi N, Donlon N, Cervellera M, Vaccari S, Bianchini S, Sartarelli L, Asti E, Bernardi D, Merigliano S, Provenzano L, Scarpa M, Saadeh L, Salmaso B, De Manzoni G, Giacopuzzi S, La Mendola R, De Pasqual C, Tsubosa Y, Niihara M, Irino T, Makuuchi R, Ishii K, Mwachiro M, Fekadu A, Odera A, Mwachiro E, AlShehab D, Ahmed H, Shebani A, Elhadi A, Elnagar F, Elnagar H, Makkai-Popa S, Wong L, Tan Y, Thannimalai S, Ho C, Pang W, Tan J, Basave H, Cortés-González R, Lagarde S, van Lanschot J, Cords C, Jansen W, Martijnse I, Matthijsen R, Bouwense S, Klarenbeek B, Verstegen M, van Workum F, Ruurda J, van der Sluis P, de Maat M, Evenett N, Johnston P, Patel R, MacCormick A, Young M, Smith B, Ekwunife C, Memon A, Shaikh K, Wajid A, Khalil N, Haris M, Mirza Z, Qudus S, Sarwar M, Shehzadi A, Raza A, Jhanzaib M, Farmanali J, Zakir Z, Shakeel O, Nasir I, Khattak S, Baig M, MA N, Ahmed H, Naeem A, Pinho A, da Silva R, Bernardes A, Campos J, Matos H, Braga T, Monteiro C, Ramos P, Cabral F, Gomes M, Martins P, Correia A, Videira J, Ciuce C, Drasovean R, Apostu R, Ciuce C, Paitici S, Racu A, Obleaga C, Beuran M, Stoica B, Ciubotaru C, Negoita V, Cordos I, Birla R, Predescu D, Hoara P, Tomsa R, Shneider V, Agasiev M, Ganjara I, Gunjić D, Veselinović M, Babič T, Chin T, Shabbir A, Kim G, Crnjac A, Samo H, Díez del Val I, Leturio S, Ramón J, Dal Cero M, Rifá S, Rico M, Pagan Pomar A, Martinez Corcoles J, Rodicio Miravalles J, Pais S, Turienzo S, Alvarez L, Campos P, Rendo A, García S, Santos E, Martínez E, Fernández Díaz M, Magadán Álvarez C, Concepción Martín V, Díaz López C, Rosat Rodrigo A, Pérez Sánchez L, Bailón Cuadrado M, Tinoco Carrasco C, Choolani Bhojwani E, Sánchez D, Ahmed M, Dzhendov T, Lindberg F, Rutegård M, Sundbom M, Mickael C, Colucci N, Schnider A, Er S, Kurnaz E, Turkyilmaz S, Turkyilmaz A, Yildirim R, Baki B, Akkapulu N, Karahan O, Damburaci N, Hardwick R, Safranek P, Sujendran V, Bennett J, Afzal Z, Shrotri M, Chan B, Exarchou K, Gilbert T, Amalesh T, Mukherjee D, Mukherjee S, Wiggins T, Kennedy R, McCain S, Harris A, Dobson G, Davies N, Wilson I, Mayo D, Bennett D, Young R, Manby P, Blencowe N, Schiller M, Byrne B, Mitton D, Wong V, Elshaer A, Cowen M, Menon V, Tan L, McLaughlin E, Koshy R, Sharp C, Brewer H, Das N, Cox M, Al Khyatt W, Worku D, Iqbal R, Walls L, McGregor R, Fullarton G, Macdonald A, MacKay C, Craig C, Dwerryhouse S, Hornby S, Jaunoo S, Wadley M, Baker C, Saad M, Kelly M, Davies A, Di Maggio F, McKay S, Mistry P, Singhal R, Tucker O, Kapoulas S, Powell-Brett S, Davis P, Bromley G, Watson L, Verma R, Ward J, Shetty V, Ball C, Pursnani K, Sarela A, Sue Ling H, Mehta S, Hayden J, To N, Palser T, Hunter D, Supramaniam K, Butt Z, Ahmed A, Kumar S, Chaudry A, Moussa O, Kordzadeh A, Lorenzi B, Wilson M, Patil P, Noaman I, Willem J, Bouras G, Evans R, Singh M, Warrilow H, Ahmad A, Tewari N, Yanni F, Couch J, Theophilidou E, Reilly J, Singh P, van Boxel Gijs, Akbari K, Zanotti D, Sgromo B, Sanders G, Wheatley T, Ariyarathenam A, Reece-Smith A, Humphreys L, Choh C, Carter N, Knight B, Pucher P, Athanasiou A, Mohamed I, Tan B, Abdulrahman M, Vickers J, Akhtar K, Chaparala R, Brown R, Alasmar M, Ackroyd R, Patel K, Tamhankar A, Wyman A, Walker R, Grace B, Abbassi N, Slim N, Ioannidi L, Blackshaw G, Havard T, Escofet X, Powell A, Owera A, Rashid F, Jambulingam P, Padickakudi J, Ben-Younes H, Mccormack K, Makey I, Karush M, Seder C, Liptay M, Chmielewski G, Rosato E, Berger A, Zheng R, Okolo E, Singh A, Scott C, Weyant M, Mitchell J. The influence of anastomotic techniques on postoperative anastomotic complications: Results of the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164:674-684.e5. [PMID: 35249756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal anastomotic techniques in esophagectomy to minimize rates of anastomotic leakage and conduit necrosis are not known. The aim of this study was to assess whether the anastomotic technique was associated with anastomotic failure after esophagectomy in the international Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit cohort. METHODS This prospective observational multicenter cohort study included patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer over 9 months during 2018. The primary exposure was the anastomotic technique, classified as handsewn, linear stapled, or circular stapled. The primary outcome was anastomotic failure, namely a composite of anastomotic leakage and conduit necrosis, as defined by the Esophageal Complications Consensus Group. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to identify the association between anastomotic techniques and anastomotic failure, after adjustment for confounders. RESULTS Of the 2238 esophagectomies, the anastomosis was handsewn in 27.1%, linear stapled in 21.0%, and circular stapled in 51.9%. Anastomotic techniques differed significantly by the anastomosis sites (P < .001), with the majority of neck anastomoses being handsewn (69.9%), whereas most chest anastomoses were stapled (66.3% circular stapled and 19.3% linear stapled). Rates of anastomotic failure differed significantly among the anastomotic techniques (P < .001), from 19.3% in handsewn anastomoses, to 14.0% in linear stapled anastomoses, and 12.1% in circular stapled anastomoses. This effect remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors on multivariable analysis, with an odds ratio of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.46-0.86; P = .004) for circular stapled versus handsewn anastomosis. However, subgroup analysis by anastomosis site suggested that this effect was predominantly present in neck anastomoses, with anastomotic failure rates of 23.2% versus 14.6% versus 5.9% for handsewn versus linear stapled anastomoses versus circular stapled neck anastomoses, compared with 13.7% versus 13.8% versus 12.2% for chest anastomoses. CONCLUSIONS Handsewn anastomoses appear to be independently associated with higher rates of anastomotic failure compared with stapled anastomoses. However, this effect seems to be largely confined to neck anastomoses, with minimal differences between techniques observed for chest anastomoses. Further research into standardization of anastomotic approach and techniques may further improve outcomes.
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Lee MD, Mistry PK, Menon V. A Multinomial Processing Tree Model of the 2-back Working Memory Task. Comput Brain Behav 2022; 5:261-278. [PMID: 37873549 PMCID: PMC10593202 DOI: 10.1007/s42113-022-00138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The n -back task is a widely used behavioral task for measuring working memory and the ability to inhibit interfering information. We develop a novel model of the commonly used 2-back task using the cognitive psychometric framework provided by Multinomial Processing Trees. Our model involves three parameters: a memory parameter, corresponding to how well an individual encodes and updates sequence information about presented stimuli; a decision parameter corresponding to how well participants execute choices based on information stored in memory; and a base-rate parameter corresponding to bias for responding "yes" or "no". We test the parameter recovery properties of the model using existing 2-back experimental designs, and demonstrate the application of the model to two previous data sets: one from social psychology involving faces corresponding to different races (Stelter and Degner, British Journal of Psychology 109:777-798, 2018), and one from cognitive neuroscience involving more than 1000 participants from the Human Connectome Project (Van Essen et al., Neuroimage 80:62-79, 2013). We demonstrate that the model can be used to infer interpretable individual-level parameters. We develop a hierarchical extension of the model to test differences between stimulus conditions, comparing faces of different races, and comparing face to non-face stimuli. We also develop a multivariate regression extension to examine the relationship between the model parameters and individual performance on standardized cognitive measures including the List Sorting and Flanker tasks. We conclude by discussing how our model can be used to dissociate underlying cognitive processes such as encoding failures, inhibition failures, and binding failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lee
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Percy K. Mistry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
- Wu Tsai Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
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Varma J, Fernando S, Dengu F, Menon V, O'Callaghan J. 871 The Efficacy and Safety of Bariatric Surgery in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Awaiting Listing for Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and hinders changes for waiting list allocation of kidney transplantation (KT). Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective solution to obesity. The authors aim to summarise the evidence for the efficacy and safety of BS in ESRD awaiting KT.
Method
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy and safety of BS in patients with ESRD awaiting KT. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science was conducted from inception to April 2021. The methodological quality of selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottowa tool. Our primary outcome was change in BMI, with secondary outcomes including adverse events, graft outcomes and KT listing rate.
Results
Nine observational studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1903 patients (43.9% male). Mean change in BMI following BS was -11.3 (-15.3 to -7.3, p <0.001) within a median follow up time of 27.6 months (IQR 12 to 36.6 months). Sleeve gastrectomy (44.6%, n=849) and gastric bypass (43.6%, n=829) were the most common procedures. Mean age at BS was 47.3 years with a mean rate to KT listing of 59.9% (SD = 1.13).
Conclusion
This review highlights that BS is both safe and efficacious on patients with ESRD and can aid with optimisation for waiting list allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varma
- North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - S Fernando
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - F Dengu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - V Menon
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - J O'Callaghan
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Birmingham , United Kingdom
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Varma J, Fernando S, Dengu F, Menon V, O'Callaghan J. 870 The Efficacy and Safety of Bariatric Surgery in Kidney Transplantation Candidates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Kidney transplantation (KT) remains a high-risk procedure which requires extensive pre-operative assessment and optimisation. Obesity is known to increase the risk of adverse post-operative consequences. Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective solution to obesity. The authors aim to summarise the evidence for the efficacy and safety of BS in KT candidates.
Method
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy and safety of BS in patients KT candidates. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science was conducted from inception to April 2021. The methodological quality of selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottowa tool. Our primary outcome was change in BMI, with secondary outcomes including adverse events, graft outcomes and KT rate.
Results
Nine observational studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 179 patients (48% male). Mean change in BMI following BS was -11.2 (-12.9 to -9.5, p < 0.001) within a median follow up time of 43 months (IQR 36 to 47 months). Sleeve gastrectomy (44.7%, n=80) and gastric bypass (46.9%, n=84) were the most common procedures. Median time from BS to KT was 17 months (IQR 6 to 18 months) with a mean KT rate of 80.1% (SD = 14.9).
Conclusion
This review highlights that BS is both safe and efficacious for KT candidates and can be an effective means of optimising BMI prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varma
- North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - S Fernando
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - F Dengu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - V Menon
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - J O'Callaghan
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Birmingham , United Kingdom
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Fernando S, Varma J, Dengu F, Menon V, Malik S, O'Callaghan J. 268 The Efficacy and Safety of Bariatric Surgery in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease and Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and kidney transplant (KT) recipients. Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective solution to obesity. The authors aim to summarise the evidence for the efficacy and safety of BS in ESRD or KT.
Method
A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to date (April 2021). Articles were categorised into patients awaiting waiting list acceptance, awaiting transplantation, undergoing simultaneous BS and kidney transplantation, and undergoing BS following transplantation in the past. Primary outcome was change in BMI with secondary outcomes as adverse events, graft outcomes and KT.
Results
Twenty-eight articles were selected: fourteen on patients awaiting listing (n = 1984), nine on patients listed for KT (n = 196), one on simultaneous BS and KT and ten on patients undergoing BS following KT (n = 198). Mean change in BMI for patients awaiting listing was -10.5 (-4.1 to -17.0, p = 0.001), change in BMI for patients listed for KT was -11.2 (-9.5 to -12.9, p<0.001) and change for patients with prior KT was -11.0 (-7.09 to -14.9, p<0.001). 60.4% of patients undergoing BS were successfully listed for KT. 74.1% of patients listed for KT undergoing BS underwent KT within 17 months (SD = 78.5). Time from KT to BS was 59.2 months (SD = 43.0).
Conclusion
BS is both safe and efficacious on patients with ESRD, those awaiting KT, and those with prior KT and should be considered when obesity is a hurdle to favourable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernando
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Coventry , United Kingdom
| | - J Varma
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - F Dengu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - V Menon
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Coventry , United Kingdom
| | - S Malik
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Coventry , United Kingdom
| | - J O'Callaghan
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Coventry , United Kingdom
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Hanson P, Summers C, Panesar A, Liarakos A, Oduro-Donkor D, Oshodi Whyte D, Hailston L, Randeva H, Menon V, de la Fosse M, Kaura A, Shuttlewood E, Loveder M, Poole D, Barber T. Implementation of a digital health tool for patients awaiting input from a specialist weight management team (Preprint). JMIR Hum Factors 2022; 10:e41256. [DOI: 10.2196/41256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
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Abrams DA, Mistry PK, Baker AE, Padmanabhan A, Menon V. A Neurodevelopmental Shift in Reward Circuitry from Mother's to Nonfamilial Voices in Adolescence. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4164-4173. [PMID: 35483917 PMCID: PMC9121826 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2018-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The social worlds of young children primarily revolve around parents and caregivers, who play a key role in guiding children's social and cognitive development. However, a hallmark of adolescence is a shift in orientation toward nonfamilial social targets, an adaptive process that prepares adolescents for their independence. Little is known regarding neurobiological signatures underlying changes in adolescents' social orientation. Using functional brain imaging of human voice processing in children and adolescents (ages 7-16), we demonstrate distinct neural signatures for mother's voice and nonfamilial voices across child and adolescent development in reward and social valuation systems, instantiated in nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. While younger children showed greater activity in these brain systems for mother's voice compared with nonfamilial voices, older adolescents showed the opposite effect with increased activity for nonfamilial compared with mother's voice. Findings uncover a critical role for reward and social valuative brain systems in the pronounced changes in adolescents' orientation toward nonfamilial social targets. Our approach provides a template for examining developmental shifts in social reward and motivation in individuals with pronounced social impairments, including adolescents with autism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Children's social worlds undergo a transformation during adolescence. While socialization in young children revolves around parents and caregivers, adolescence is characterized by a shift in social orientation toward nonfamilial social partners. Here we show that this shift is reflected in neural activity measured from reward processing regions in response to brief vocal samples. When younger children hear their mother's voice, reward processing regions show greater activity compared with when they hear nonfamilial, unfamiliar voices. Strikingly, older adolescents show the opposite effect, with increased activity for nonfamilial compared with mother's voice. Findings identify the brain basis of adolescents' switch in social orientation toward nonfamilial social partners and provides a template for understanding neurodevelopment in clinical populations with social and communication difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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Chang H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Xie Y, de Los Angeles C, Adair E, Zanitti G, Wassermann D, Rosenberg-Lee M, Menon V. Foundational Number Sense Training Gains Are Predicted by Hippocampal-Parietal Circuits. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4000-4015. [PMID: 35410879 PMCID: PMC9097592 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1005-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of mathematical skills in early childhood relies on number sense, the foundational ability to discriminate among quantities. Number sense in early childhood is predictive of academic and professional success, and deficits in number sense are thought to underlie lifelong impairments in mathematical abilities. Despite its importance, the brain circuit mechanisms that support number sense learning remain poorly understood. Here, we designed a theoretically motivated training program to determine brain circuit mechanisms underlying foundational number sense learning in female and male elementary school-age children (7-10 years). Our 4 week integrative number sense training program gradually strengthened the understanding of the relations between symbolic (Arabic numerals) and nonsymbolic (sets of items) representations of quantity. We found that our number sense training program improved symbolic quantity discrimination ability in children across a wide range of math abilities including children with learning difficulties. Crucially, the strength of pretraining functional connectivity between the hippocampus and intraparietal sulcus, brain regions implicated in associative learning and quantity discrimination, respectively, predicted individual differences in number sense learning across typically developing children and children with learning difficulties. Reverse meta-analysis of interregional coactivations across 14,371 fMRI studies and 89 cognitive functions confirmed a reliable role for hippocampal-intraparietal sulcus circuits in learning. Our study identifies a canonical hippocampal-parietal circuit for learning that plays a foundational role in children's cognitive skill acquisition. Findings provide important insights into neurobiological circuit markers of individual differences in children's learning and delineate a robust target for effective cognitive interventions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mathematical skill development relies on number sense, the ability to discriminate among quantities. Here, we develop a theoretically motivated training program and investigate brain circuits that predict number sense learning in children during a period important for acquisition of foundational cognitive skills. Our integrated number sense training program was effective in children across a wide a range of math abilities, including children with learning difficulties. We identify hippocampal-parietal circuits that predict individual differences in learning gains. Our study identifies a brain circuit critical for the acquisition of foundational cognitive skills, which will be useful for developing effective interventions to remediate learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ye Xie
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Emma Adair
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Gaston Zanitti
- Parietal, Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Campus de l'École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Sud, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Demian Wassermann
- Parietal, Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Campus de l'École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Sud, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Miriam Rosenberg-Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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