Time domain turbo equalization based on vector approximate message passing for multiple-input multiple-output underwater acoustic communications

This paper proposes a high-performance receiver for underwater acoustic communications based on time reversal processing for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The receiver employs the vector approximate message passing (VAMP) algorithm as a soft equalizer in turbo equalization. By performing self-iteration between the inner soft slicer and the inner soft equalizer, the VAMP algorithm achieves near-optimal performance. Furthermore, an iterative channel-estimation-based soft successive interference cancellation method is incorporated to suppress co-channel interference in the MIMO system. Additionally, the introduction of passive time reversal technology can combine multiple channels into a single channel, which greatly reduces the computational complexity of the MIMO system, especially for large MIMO systems. The effectiveness of the proposed receiver is verified using experimental data collected in Songhua Lake, China in 2019. The results demonstrate that the proposed receiver significantly reduces the complexity of the traditional parallel-VAMP receiver without sacrificing performance and outperforms other receivers of the same type. Moreover, our experimental results also verify that the VAMP-turbo outperforms the generalized approximate message passing (GAMP)-turbo in terms of bit error rate and convergence performance.

Pyroptotic MAITs link microbial translocation with severity of alcohol-associated liver disease

BACKGROUND

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) are markedly reduced in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD); however, the potential mechanism underlying MAITs' loss remains elusive. Hence, we aimed to explore what induced MAITs' loss and its clinical significance.

METHODS

The characteristics of pyroptotic MAITs were evaluated in a cohort of patients with ALD, including 41 patients with alcohol-associated liver cirrhosis (ALC) and 21 patients with ALC complicated with severe alcoholic hepatitis (ALC + SAH).

RESULTS

In patients with ALD, blood MAITs were significantly decreased, hyperactivated, and displayed enhanced cell death through pyroptosis. The frequencies of pyroptotic MAITs increased with disease severity in patients with ALC and patients with ALC + SAH. These frequencies were negatively associated with the frequencies of MAITs and positively correlated with the levels of MAITs' activation, plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (a marker of intestinal enterocyte damage), soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and peptidoglycan recognition proteins (surrogate markers of microbial translocation). Pyroptotic MAITs were also found in the liver of patients with ALD. Interestingly, MAITs underwent further activation and pyroptosis in vitro under stimulation by Escherichia coli or direct bilirubin. Notably, blocking IL-18 signaling reduced the activation and frequencies of pyroptotic MAITs.

CONCLUSIONS

The loss of MAITs in patients with ALD is, at least in part, due to cell death from pyroptosis and is associated with the severity of ALD. Such increased pyroptosis may be affected by dysregulated inflammatory responses to intestinal microbial translocation or direct bilirubin.

Tenofovir Alafenamide for Pregnant Chinese Women With Active Chronic Hepatitis B: A Multicenter Prospective Study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Data on long-term tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) therapy for pregnant women with active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (immune clearance and reactivation phases, currently and previously diagnosed) and their infants are lacking.

METHODS

Pregnant women with active CHB treated with TAF and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) were enrolled in this multicenter prospective study, and infants received immunoprophylaxis. The primary outcomes were rates of adverse (safety) events in pregnant women and defects in infants and fetuses. The secondary outcomes were virologic responses in pregnant women, infants' safety, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status, and growth conditions.

RESULTS

One hundred three and 104 pregnant women were enrolled and 102 and 104 infants were born in the TAF and TDF groups, respectively. In the TAF group, the mean age, gestational age, alanine aminotransferase level, and viral loads at treatment initiation were 29.3 years, 1.3 weeks, 122.2 U/L, and 5.1 log₁₀ IU/mL, respectively. TAF was well-tolerated, and the most common adverse event was nausea (29.1%) during a mean of 2 years of treatment. Notably, 1 (1.0%) TAF-treated pregnant woman underwent induced abortion due to noncausal fetal cleft lip and palate. No infants in either group had birth defects. In the TAF group, the hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rate was 20.7% at postpartum month 6, infants had normal growth parameters, and no infants were positive for HBsAg at 7 months. The TDF group had comparable safety and effectiveness profiles.

CONCLUSIONS

TAF administered throughout or beginning in early pregnancy is generally safe and effective for pregnant women with active CHB and their infants.

Clinical Characteristics of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant Infection After Non-mRNA-Based Vaccination in China

Introduction

To date, little is known about the real-world protective role of Chinese inactivated and recombinant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines under the background of the long-term “Dynamic Zero COVID-19 Case” (i.e., no infection source) in China, especially when facing the widespread Omicron severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant infection.

Methods

In this prospective, single-center cohort study, the clinical characteristics of post-vaccination Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection were investigated in the initial largest outbreak of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection that occurred between the 8 January, 2022 and 29 January, 2022 in Anyang City, Henan Province, China. The primary endpoints were the rates of severe and critical diseases or death. The secondary endpoints were the SARS-CoV-2 shedding duration and length of hospitalization.

Results

A total of 380 post-vaccination patients infected with the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant were enrolled. The median age was 18 (interquartile range [IQR] 17–35) years, 219 (57.6%) cases were female, and 247 (65.0%) cases were students. Before confirmation of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection, patients had 3 (IQR 2–4) days of dry cough (40.3%), nasal congestion (26.3%), and sore throat (26.3%). On admission, 294 (77.4%) cases had normal chest computerized tomography (CT) imaging. Additionally, only 5 (1.3%), 30 (7.9%), 4 (4/342, 1.2%), and 7 (7/379, 0.2%) patients had lymphocyte counts <800 per mm³, C-reactive protein levels >10 mg/L, lactate dehydrogenase levels ≥250 U/L, and D-dimer levels ≥0.5 mg/L on admission, respectively. During hospitalization, 308 (81.1%) and 72 (18.9%) were identified as mild and moderate cases, respectively, and no one progressed to severe and critical types, with a SARS-CoV-2 shedding period and length of hospital stay of 17 (IQR 12–22) and 19 (IQR 15–24) days, respectively.

Conclusion

The current study found that approximately 80% of individuals infected with the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant were mild, approximately 20% of patients were moderate, and no severe, critical, or fatal cases were identified in a prospective cohort including 380 participants vaccinated with non-mRNA-based vaccines.

Discussion

This study supports the consideration of policy adjustments and changes to prevent and control the Omicron-predominant COVID-19 in China and other regions with high SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates.

[Association between occupational noise exposure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases]

Objective: To explore the association between occupational noise exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a large Chinese population. Methods: In December 2019, the study included 21412 retired participants from the Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study at baseline from September 2008 to June 2010, occupational noise exposure was evaluated through workplace noise level and/or the job titles. In a subsample of 8931 subjects, bilateral hearing loss was defined as a pure-tone mean of 25 dB or higher at 0.5, 1 , 2, and 4 kHz in both ears. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association of occupational noise exposure, bilateral hearing loss with 10-year CVD risk. Results: Compared with participants without occupational noise exposure, the 10-year CVD risk was significantly higher for noise exposure duration ≥20 years (OR=1.20, 95%CI:1.01-1.41 , P=0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. In the sex-specific analysis, the association was only statistically significant in males (OR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.18-4.66, P<0.001) , but not in females (OR=1.15, 95%CI:0.97-1.37, P=0.153). In the subsample analyses, bilateral hearing loss, which was an indicator for exposure to loud noise, was also associated with a higher risk of 10-year CVD (OR= 1.17, 95% CI:1.05-1.44, P <0.001) , especially for participants who were males (OR =1.24, 95% CI:1.07-2.30, P<0.001) , aged equal and over 60 years old (OR=2.30, 95%CI: 1.84-2.88, P<0.001) , and exposed to occupational noise (OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.02-2.70, P=0.001). Conclusion: Occupational noise exposure may be a risk factor for CVD.

[Advances in the study of occult malignant tumor-related pyogenic liver abscesses in the digestive system]

Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) accompanied by occult malignant tumors is a rare kind of life-threatening disease. Studies have shown that it can predict the occurrence of cancer, especially hepatobiliary and colorectal cancer. The risk of combined occult primary liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and gastrointestinal cancer is high in PLA patients. Malignant tumor-related PLA lacks specific symptoms and signs. The iodine concentration ratio between the energy spectrum CT lesions and normal liver tissue is of certain value in the differentiation of liver cancer and liver abscess. Computed tomography colonography has a dual role. It can screen patients with PLA for occult colorectal cancer and determine the treatment response of abscess lesions. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli is the main microorganism of PLA related to colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. PLA treatment related to hepatobiliary malignant tumor has high complications and mortality, and poor prognosis. Most occult colorectal cancers are in the early stage, and their early detection and prognosis are better than those of PLA patients combined with hepatobiliary malignancies.

[Effects of ilioinguinal composite tissue flaps in repairing skin and soft tissue defects on hand or foot]

Objective: To explore the effects of ilioinguinal composite tissue flaps in repairing skin and soft tissue defects on hand or foot and reconstructing the flexion and extension functions of wrist, finger, ankle, and toe. Methods: From February 2012 to March 2018, 4, 5, and 3 patients (11 males and 1 female, 23-62 years old) with skin and soft tissue defects on hand or foot were admitted to Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Zhongmu County of Henan Province, Henan Armed Police Corps Hospital, and the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, respectively. Five patients had hand defects, and 7 patients had foot defects. The areas of skin and soft tissue defects after debridement were 10 cm×8 cm-15 cm×10 cm. The ilioinguinal composite tissue flaps were designed and resected according to the wound area and the length of tendon defects, and the areas of flaps were 10 cm×8 cm-15 cm×12 cm. According to the specific condition of the recipient area, the superficial iliac circumflex artery in the tissue flap was reconstructed by end-to-side anastomosis in 2 patients and end-to-end anastomosis in 1 patient with ulnar artery, end-to-side anastomosis in 4 patients with the dorsal foot artery, end-to-side anastomosis in 2 patients with the posterior tibial artery, and end-to-end anastomosis in 1 patient with the external tarsal foot artery in the recipient area, and the superficial epigastric artery in the tissue flap was reconstructed by end-to-side anastomosis in 1 patient with the radial artery and end-to-end anastomosis in 1 patient with the ulnar artery in the recipient area. The donor sites were sutured directly or repaired with medium split-thickness skin grafts. The survival of tissue flap after the operation and the appearance, texture, and the two-point discrimination distance of the tissue flaps during follow-up were observed. The hand function and foot function were evaluated by the total active movement standard of hand and the Maryland foot score standard, respectively. Results: All the tissue flaps in 12 patients survived. During follow-up of 6-36 months after operation, the tissue flaps were slightly bloated, with linear scars at the junction site in the recipient area, and the two-point discrimination distances of the tissue flaps were 15-22 mm. The hand function was excellent in 3 cases, good in 1 case, and fair in 1 case, and the foot function was excellent in 4 cases, good in 2 cases, and fair in 1 case, and all the patients were satisfied with the function and appearance of hand or foot. Conclusions: The ilioinguinal composite tissue flaps can repair the hand and foot wounds and reconstruct the flexion and extension functions of wrist, finger, ankle, and toe at the same time, which is an effective method to repair this kind of defects.

Tumor suppressor RKIP inhibits prostate cancer cell metastasis and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to docetaxel treatment

Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a well-established metastasis suppressor that is frequently down-regulated in aggressive cancers. However, the impact of RKIP on cancer cell invasion and metastasis in prostate cancer is still elusive. To this end, we overexpressed RKIP in two prostate cancer cell lines. We found that overexpression of RKIP inhibited prostate cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Mechanistically, we found that RKIP overexpression led to down-regula- tion of the NF-kB signaling pathway and inhibition of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is important step for cancer metastasis. In addition, overexpression of RKIP can promote drug effects of docetaxel on prostate cancer cell lines. In conclusion, overexpression of RKIP significantly inhibits prostate cancer cell migration and metastasis, and overexpression of RKIP could aid prostate cancer treatment and therapy.

[The effects of Xuebijing injection on apoptosis and expression of regulatory factors TNF-α、NF-κB and Caspase-3 expression in the lung tissues of acute paraquat-induced rats]

Objective: To explore the mechanism of Xuebijing injection in the treatment of acute paraquat poisoning by means of studying the expression of TNF-alpha, NF-kappa B, Caspase-3 and the changes of cell apoptosis rate detected by TUNEL in the lung tissue of acute paraquat-induced rats. Methods: On the base of random number table, 126 Wister rats weighing 220 g to 270 g were divided into 3 groups: (1) Control group: 42 rats, (2) Poisoned group: 42 rats, (3) Treatment group: 42 rats. On 1(st)、3(rd)、7(th)、14(th)、21(st)、28(th)、and 35(th) day, six rats from each group were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate. To cut the chest and take the lung tissue samples. The expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Nuclear Factor-kappa B and Caspase-3 protein in lung tissue were detected by immunohistochemical staining, as well as apoptotic cell rate was detected by TUNEL staining. Results: The expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Nuclear Factor-kappa B, Caspase-3 protein and TUNEL staining in the lung tissue of the poisoned group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05) . Compared with the poisoned group, the expression of TNF-alpha, NF-kappa B, Caspase-3 and TUNEL in treatment group decreased significantly (P<0.05) , but they were still higher than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Apoptosis and TNF-alpha, NF-kappa B and Caspase-3 play an important role in lung injury of paraquat-induced rats. Xuebijing injection can inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha, NF-kappa B, Caspase-3 in lung tissue, reduce the apoptosis rate and alleviate the damage of lung tissue in paraquat-poisoning rats.

Association of interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms and circulating levels with keloid scars in a Chinese Han population

The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of IL-6 gene polymorphisms on the development of keloid scar (KS) in the Chinese Han population. Genotyping of IL-6 was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assays (PCR-RFLP). Serum level of IL-6 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results indicated that when the IL-6 -572 CC homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the GG genotype was found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of KS (GG vs CC: OR = 2.097, 95%CI  = 1.100-3.995, P  =  0.025). When the IL-6 -572 C allele was used as the reference group, the G allele was found to be associated with significantly increased risk of KS (G vs C: OR =  1.317, 95%CI  = 1.002-1.730, P = 0.048). Furthermore, we observed a marked increase in serum IL-6 levels in KS patients with GG genotypes when compared to KS patients harboring the CC genotype. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL-6 gene polymorphism was associated with keloid scars in the southeastern Chinese Han population.

NtBRC1 suppresses axillary branching in tobacco after decapitation

Axillary branching is controlled by a very complex mechanism involving various endogenous and environmental factors. Previous studies have shown that Tb1/BRC1 is the point of integration in the network of molecular mechanisms regulating axillary branching in plants. In this study, we cloned the Tb1/BRC1 ortholog, NtBRC1, from Nicotiana tabacum and functionally analyzed its role in the control of axillary branching in tobacco. Overexpression of NtBRC1 resulted in significant retardation of axillary branching, and downregulation of this gene resulted in significant acceleration of axillary branching after decapitation. This indicates a negative role for this gene in the regulation of axillary branching. In-line with previous reports, NtBRC1 was found to be expressed predominantly in axillary buds. Additionally, as expected, expression was decreased 8 h following decapitation, which further confirms its role in the suppression of axillary branching. Furthermore, the expression of NtBRC1 was significantly downregulated by cytokinin, but was not affected by GR24, a synthetic strigolactone. Based on the data collected in the present study, we demonstrate that NtBRC1 negatively regulates axillary branching in tobacco after decapitation and functions downstream of the cytokinin signaling pathway inside axillary buds.

[Magnetic resonance imaging of dystrophinopathy that mimics adductor enthesopathy]

OBJECTIVE

To report thigh muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests of four Chinese patients with dystrophinopathy with edema changes in adductor longus muscles that mimics adductor enthesopathy.

METHODS

Four boys, who were from four unrelated families and aged from 5 to 11 years, were investigated because of the clinical manifestations including myalgia or muscle weakness or the incidental findings of elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and were diagnosed with dystrophinopathy by gene test of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Their creatine kinase levels were increased from 4 087 IU/L to 32 700 IU/L (Normal range: 75-175 IU/L). The muscle biopsy of three patients all demonstrated a dystrophic pattern including necrosis, regeneration, hypertrophy, atrophy and connective tissue proliferation, with different proportions of dystrophin-negative muscle fibers. The gene test of DMD showed an out-frame deletion of exons in three of the four patients, involving either exons 45 or exons 49-52 deletion or exon 62 duplication, and c.2665 C>T with nonsense mutation in the other one. Muscle MRI tests of the bilateral thighs were performed with T1 weighed sequence and slow tau inversion recovery sequence. The degree of fatty infiltration changes was scored.

RESULTS

MRI of the thigh muscles showed mild to severe fatty infiltration changes in T1 weighed sequence with the total scores from 2 to 13.The most severe fatty infiltration changes were in the long head of biceps femoris and adductor magnus. Obvious hyperintensities appeared mainly in the adductor longus muscles on slow tau inversion recovery (STIR) images in all the patients without any abnormal signals in the attachment of the ligament, indicating edema changes of the adductor longus muscles which mimiced adductor enthesopathy. Two of the four patients presented with edema changes in the bilateral adductor longus muscles, while the other two were with only unilateral changes. Furthermore, other thigh muscles, including adductor magnus, semitendinosus, sartorius and rectus femoris muscles, could also have mild edema changes in two of the four patients.

CONCLUSION

Dystrophinopathy can manifest as edema changes in the adductor longus muscles in thigh muscle MRI tests, which is a typical lesion in adductor enthesopathy. The adductor longus muscles in the dystrophinopathy patients may be easy to be impaired due to traction injury during sports.

[Clinical application of MRI histogram in evaluation of muscle fatty infiltration]

OBJECTIVE

To describe a method based on analysis of the histogram of intensity values produced from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for quantifying the degree of fatty infiltration.

METHODS

The study included 25 patients with dystrophinopathy. All the subjects underwent muscle MRI test at thigh level. The histogram M values of 250 muscles adjusted for subcutaneous fat, representing the degree of fatty infiltration, were compared with the expert visual reading using the modified Mercuri scale.

RESULTS

There was a significant positive correlation between the histogram M values and the scores of visual reading (r=0.854, P<0.001). The distinct pattern of muscle involvement detected in the patients with dystrophinopathy in our study of histogram M values was similar to that of visual reading and results in literature. The histogram M values had stronger correlations with the clinical data than the scores of visual reading as follows: the correlations with age (r=0.730, P<0.001) and (r=0.753, P<0.001); with strength of knee extensor (r=-0.468, P=0.024) and (r=-0.460, P=0.027) respectively. Meanwhile, the histogram M values analysis had better repeatability than visual reading with the interclass correlation coefficient was 0.998 (95% CI: 0.997-0.998, P<0.001) and 0.958 (95% CI: 0.946-0.967, P<0.001) respectively.

CONCLUSION

Histogram M values analysis of MRI with the advantages of repeatability and objectivity can be used to evaluate the degree of muscle fatty infiltration.

[The phase Ⅱ clinical trial of Yanhouqing buccal tablets in the treatment of acute pharyngitis of external wind heat type]

Objective:The aim of this study is to preliminary evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Yanhouqing buccal tablets in the treatment of acute pharyngitis of external wind heat type and explore the safe and effective dose. Method:Design of multi-center clinical trial with randomized, double-blind, single-analog, placebo-controlled, dose exploration. 288 patients were divided into three groups: low dose group, high dose group and placebo group. The effectiveness evaluation indexes was analysis of pharyngalgia or odynophagia, throat burning, TCM syndrome and pharyngeal signs, and the safety was evaluated by vital sign, lab examination indexes and adverse events. Result:The results showed that there was the statistically significant difference between high/low dose group and placebo group(P <0.01), and no significant difference between high and low dose groups(P >0.01) among the effectiveness evaluation indexes. There were no serious adverse events. The adverse events and adverse reactions in the three groups has no statistical significance(P >0.05). Conclusion:Yanhouqing buccal tablets is safe and effective in the treatment of acute pharyngitis of external wind heat type. We recommend 8 tablets per day and treat for 5 days in phase Ⅲ clinical trials.

Association of the interleukin-10 gene -1082A/G genetic polymorphism with risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population

We investigated the possible association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL10 (-1082A/G and -592C/A) and susceptibility to ischemic stroke. In total, 335 patients with proven ischemic stroke and 335 control subjects were recruited from Xinxiang Central Hospital between March 2013 and May 2015. The IL10 -1082A/G and -529C/A polymorphisms were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. When compared with the control subjects, patients with ischemic stroke were more likely to be male, have a habit of tobacco smoking, have higher BMI, have hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and have higher levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG. The multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the AA genotype of IL10 -1082A/G was significantly associated with development of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population compared with the GG genotype (OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.15-3.25). In the dominant model, the association between GA+AA genotype of IL10 -1082A/G and risk of ischemic stroke was also significant compared with the GG genotype, and the adjusted OR (95%CI) for the GA+AA genotype was 1.41 (1.02-1.94). Thus, our study suggests that IL10 gene polymorphisms contribute to the development of ischemic stroke.

Protective effect of the n-butanol Toona sinensis seed extract on diabetic nephropathy rat kidneys

The objective of this study was to observe the protective effect of the n-butyl alcohol phase of Toona sinensis seed extract on the kidneys of diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats and its preliminary mechanism. Male wistar rats were administered a normal or high-fat diet for 1 month. DN rats were divided into a model group and a petroleum ether phase of T. sinensis seed extract intervention group. The intervention group was administered 5 mg·100 g-1·day-1 extract. After treatment for 10 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples and the renal cortex were collected. Biochemical indicators in the serum and renal indices were assessed. Pathological changes of the renal tissues were also determined. Changes in the renal structure and protein levels were detected. Compared with the normal group, the blood glucose, urinary albumin, renal index, and oxidative stress index were sharply increased in the model group. The protein levels of TGF-b1, collagen IV, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were increased. Compared with the model group, the n-butyl alcohol phase of T. sinensis seed extract significantly reduced the blood glucose, urinary albumin, renal index, oxidative stress index, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels. The renal pathology abnormality was improved in DN rats. The protein levels of TGF-b1, collagen IV, and CTGF were increased. The expression of TGF-b1, collagen IV, and CTGF decreased. In conclusion, the n-butyl alcohol phase of T. sinensis seed extract has protective effects on DN rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and protein expression of TGF-b1, collagen IV, and CTGF.

[Detection of gingipain K in the gingival crevicular fluid of orthodontic patients]

PURPOSE

To explore the correlation between gingipain K (Kgp) and inflammatory reaction of gum in the process of orthodontic treatment, and analyse the role of Kgp in the development of gingivitis during orthodontic treatment.

METHODS

Totally 45 orthodontic healthy teenagers were randomly chosen for the study. The subgingival plaques were collected simultaneously before orthodontic treatment and 3 months after treatment. 16S rDNA PCR technique was used to detect Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) and Kgp. SPSS17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The detection rate of Kgp was 35.71% before orthodontic treatment and 67.86% after treatment. Positive correlation (P<0.05) was observed between Kgp and gingival inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

Fixed orthodontic appliances cause plaque accumulation, accordingly slight gingiva inflammation and the increament of P.gingivalis in the early stage.

Isolation, molecular cloning, and characterization of a novel porcine lymphotoxin beta receptor gene

The lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family of receptors (TNFR). It plays a role in regulating lymphoid organogenesis and homeostasis of the immune system. In the present study, the full coding region of a putative LTβR gene of Sus scrofa was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cloned for the first time (accession Nos. JX457347 and AFU74012). In addition, analysis of the tissue expression profile was carried out via RT-PCR. The full-length coding region of porcine LTβR had 1266 nucleotides (molecular weight, 45.61 kDa; pI, 5.71) and encoded 421 amino acids. Bioinformatic prediction indicates that LTβR belongs to the TNFR superfamily and contains a TNFR domain. The sequence homology analysis revealed that the amino acid sequences of S. scrofa LTβR had 82.9, 82.4, 81.3, 80.5, 78.7, 74.6, and 73.0% identity with those of Equus caballus, Canis lupus, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos taurus, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens, respectively. The phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences of LTβR from 8 species revealed that S. scrofa was more closely related to E. caballus, C. lupus, and A. melanoleuca. RT-PCR analysis showed that the porcine LTβR gene was differentially expressed (e.g., high, moderate, low, or nonexistent) in various tissues (e.g., prostate, pituitary, brainstem, and esophagus, respectively). This may be related to differences in the regulation of LTβR in the different tissues.

Low-dose epidural dexmedetomidine improves thoracic epidural anaesthesia for nephrectomy

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia alone is an applied technique of anaesthesia for nephrectomy which has both advantages and limitations. Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist which has both central and peripheral analgesic properties. Forty patients undergoing nephrectomy were enrolled in this clinical trial and allocated randomly to two groups, a control group (C group) and a dexmedetomidine group (D group). The C group received epidural 0.75% levobupivacaine 12 ml with 1 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution, while the D group received epidural 0.75% levobupivacaine 12 ml with 1 ml (0.5 µg/kg) of dexmedetomidine. Haemodynamic changes, onset time and duration of sensory and motor block, muscle relaxation score, verbal rating score for pain, sedation score and the total postoperative analgesic consumption were evaluated. Sensory blockade duration was longer in the D group than in the C group (P=0.01). The incidence of motor block and the muscle relaxation score were significantly higher in the D group compared with the C group (P=0.01). Compared with the C group, pain scores were significantly lower in the first four postoperative hours in the D group (two hours rest P=0.038; two hours activity P=0.009; four hours rest P=0.044; four hours activity P=0.003). The total amount of flurbiprofen analgesic was significantly lower in the D group compared with the C group (P=0.03). Epidural dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg appears to intensify thoracic epidural anaesthesia with levobupivacaine.

Comparison of anaesthetic and analgesic effects of emulsified isoflurane used alone or combined with lidocaine and fentanyl in dogs

AIM

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a combination of emulsified isoflurane, lidocaine, and fentanyl (EI-L-F) compared with the efficacy of emulsified isoflurane alone (EI), a combination of emulsified isoflurane and lidocaine (EI-L) or emulsified isoflurane and fentanyl (EI-F) for anaesthetising dogs.

METHODS

Eight mongrel dogs were anesthetised with EI (8 mL/kg/hour), EI-L (3 mg/kg/hour lidocaine and 6 mL/kg/hour of emulsified isoflurane), EI-F (1.5 μg/kg/hour fentanyl and 6 mL/kg/hour of emulsified isoflurane), and EI-L-F (5 mL/kg/hour of emulsified isoflurane, 1 μg/kg/hour of fentanyl and 2.4 mg/kg/hour of lidocaine). Each dog received all four treatments and there was a 15-day washout period between the treatments. The dogs' anaesthesia and analgesia scores and physiological parameters were determined before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 minutes after the administration of anaesthetic agents.

RESULTS

The dogs in each of the four groups became laterally recumbent within 1 minute. Respiration rate and heart rate increased (p<0.05) during the first 5 minutes of anaesthesia in all groups. Respiration rate in the EI-F-L group was higher (p=0.037) than other groups from 30 to 50 minutes. Heart rate was higher in the EI than EI-F-L group (p=0.018) from 10 to 20 minutes, then returned to near baseline. Arterial oxygen saturation decreased during the period of anaesthesia but was higher (p=0.032) from 10 to 50 minutes in EI-F-L group than in other groups. The total anaesthesia scores in the EI-L-F group were higher than the EI and EI-L groups (p<0.05). The mean time to body movement was 5 (SD 2), 5 (SD 2), 7 (SD 2) and 8 (SD 2) minutes for the EI, EI-L, EI-F and EI-F-L groups, respectively. The mean time to standing was 8 (SD 2), 9 (SD 2), 10 (SD 2) and 13 (SD 3) minutes for the EI, EI-L, EI-F and EI-F-L groups, respectively. No excitement was observed during recovery after anaesthesia.

CONCLUSIONS

The EI-F-L combination that was used in this study provided an adequate anaesthesia effect in dogs, which was characterised by adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation without any complications.

Expression of lipogenic genes during porcine intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content plays an important role in meat quality. Triglyceride (TG) metabolism in intramuscular adipocytes is strongly associated with the intramuscular fat deposition. To better understand the mechanisms leading to IMF deposition we compared the expression levels of genes related to preadipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis in the intramuscular preadipocytes isolated from the longissimus muscle of Wujin and Landrace pigs. The results showed that the intramuscular preadipocytes could differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro. Triglyceride content in adipocytes isolated from Wujin pigs was higher than Landrace pigs during the middle and later phases of preadipocyte differentiation. The expression levels of genes related to preadipocyte differentiation such as PPARG and CEBPA showed differential expression between Wujin and Landrace porcine adipocytes during the early stage of differentiation. The expression levels of lipogenic genes such as FASN and SREBF1 were significantly higher in Wujin porcine intramuscular preadipocytes than in Landrace intramuscular preadipocytes at the middle and the later stages of differentiation. This suggests that preadipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis exhibited breed-related scheduling.

Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Se3 Nanostructures

Bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) nanostructures were synthesized via solvothermal method. The crystallinity of the as-synthesized sample has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, which shows the formation of rhombohedral Bi2Se3. Electron microscopy examination indicates that the Bi2Se3 nanoparticles have hexagonal flake-like shape. The effect of the synthesis temperature on the morphology of the Bi2Se3 nanostructures has also been investigated. It is found that the particle size increases with the synthesis temperature. Thermoelectric properties of the Bi2Se3 nanostructures were also measured, and the maximum value of dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of 0.096 was obtained at 523 K.

Construction of recombinant lentivirus vector for tumor vasoinhibitory peptide alphastatin gene delivery

Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for tumor progression and metastasis. Alphastatin, as an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor, was recently used as an anticancer agent in several tumor models. We constructed recombinant self-inactivating lentivirus vectors expressing alphastatin and evaluated their ability to transfer genes into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as their antiangiogenic activities in vitro. Recombinant self-inactivating lentiviral vectors efficiently and stably transduced endothelial cells, and lentivirus-transduced HUVECs were capable of sustainedly secreting the antiangiogenesis peptide alphastatin. Long-term expression and secretion of alphastatin resulted in significant inhibition of endothelial cell angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. This report presents the first use of lentivirus-based vectors to deliver the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor alphastatin, and suggests the potential utility of antiangiogenic gene therapy with lentiviral vectors for the treatment of cancer.

Differential effects of propofol and isoflurane on the activation of T-helper cells in lung cancer patients

It is suggested that activation and differentiation of T-helper cells are required for peri-operative anti-tumor and anti-infection immunity. The present study aimed to evaluate whether propofol stimulates the activation and differentiation of these cells in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Thirty patients were randomly allocated to receive propofol or isoflurane throughout surgery. The CD4(+)CD28(+) percentage (p < 0.0001) and the ratio of interferon-gamma:interleukin-4 (p = 0.001) all increased with propofol but showed no change with isoflurane. In contrast, cortisol increased with isoflurane (p < 0.0001) but not with propofol over time (p = 0.06). We conclude that propofol promotes activation and differentiation of peripheral T-helper cells.

Effect of Surfactants on the Structure and Morphology of Magnesium Borate Hydroxide Nanowhiskers Synthesized by Hydrothermal Route

Magnesium borate hydroxide (MBH) nanowhiskers were synthesized using a one step hydrothermal process with different surfactants. The effect surfactants have on the structure and morphology of the MBH nanowhiskers has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction profile confirms that the as-synthesized material is of single phase, monoclinic MgBO(2)(OH). The variations in the size and shape of the different MBH nanowhiskers have been discussed based on the surface morphology analysis. The annealing of MBH nanowhiskers at 500 degrees C for 4 h has significant effect on the crystal structure and surface morphology. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers synthesized with and without surfactants show enhanced absorption in the low-wavelength region, and their optical band gaps were estimated from the optical band edge plots. The photoluminescence spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers produced with and without surfactants show broad emission band with the peak maximum at around 400 nm, which confirms the dominant contribution from the surface defect states.

Effect of monoclonal antibody on expression of lipid metabolism related genes in porcine adipocytes

In order to study the mechanism of monoclonal antibody (McAb) against a porcine 40-kDa adipocyte-specific plasma membrane protein in reducing fat deposition, porcine primary adipocytes were treated with the McAb during the process of adipocyte differentiation; its effect on expression of lipid metabolism related genes was investigated. Adipocytes were treated with 1-methyl-3-isobutylmethylxanthine (IDX) plus 10 microg/mL of the McAb or without McAb. The mRNA levels of adipocyte differentiation related genes (PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha), lipid metabolism related genes (FAS, HSL, CPT-1B, DGAT and A-FABP) and adiponectin gene (AdipoQ) were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the differentiated adipocyte number and triglyceride (TG) content in adipocytes treated with the McAb were lower than that in cells without McAb during the whole process of adipocyte differentiation. The McAb significantly reduced mRNA expression of PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, FAS, DGAT, A-FABP and adiponectin genes, but increased mRNA expression of HSL and CPT-1B genes during the medium and latter stage of adipocyte differentiation. This suggested that the McAb decreased triglycerol accumulation in adipocyte by both inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and regulating lipid metabolism, especially at the medium and latter stage of porcine adipocyte differentiation.

Growth and Structure of Carbon Nanotube Y-Junctions

The effect of a catalyst on the growth and structure of carbon nanotube Y-junctions (CNTYs) using chemical vapor deposition has been investigated. Cobalt-, magnesium-, and calcium-nitrates are utilized as precursors of catalysts Co, Mg, Ca, Co/Mg, Co/Ca, and Mg/Ca for CNTY synthesis. Experimental result shows that Co/Mg or Co/Ca can grow CNTYs with straight branches while Co, Mg, Ca, and Mg/Ca will not grow any CNTYs, indicating that only combinations of Co with Mg or Ca will facilitate the formation of CNTYs. In addition, the effect of the carbon source on the formation of CNTYs has also been studied. It is found that thiophene (C4H4S) can promote the formation of CNTYs, while other sources such as methane (CH4) and acetylene (C2H2) cannot. The result shows that both the catalyst and the carbon source substantially affect the formation of CNTYs.

Is delayed micro-graft hair transplantation possible?--evaluation of viabilities of hair follicles preserved in two storage media

BACKGROUND

Preservation of hair grafts for the purpose of delayed transplantation would allow use of thousands of hair grafts at one time.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the viabilities of hair follicle units preserved in DMEM and Ringer's solution at 0 degrees C for various periods.

METHODS

Cell cultures and transplantation of hair follicle units into athymic mice were used.

RESULTS

Outer root sheath cells could be cultivated in 95.8% of those follicles preserved in Ringer's solution, and in 86.7% of those preserved in DMEM culture medium (p < 0.01). In 84.5% of those preserved in Ringer's and 72.5% of those preserved in DMEM for 24 h, hair follicles grew well after implantation into an athymic mouse model (p < 0.05).

Posterior tibialis transfer for foot-drop due to leprosy: a case with 40 years follow up

A 56-year-old male was transferred to our centre because of a relapse of leprosy neuritis in the hands. We found that the patient had received a posterior tibialis tendon transfer for correction of his left dropped foot 40 years previously. On examination active dorsiflexion of the left ankle joint was close to 0 degrees with grade 4 power of dorsiflexion, and the plantar flexion was about 35 degrees. Walking gait was almost normal. There were some scars on the plantar surface of the left metatarsal area; but with the continuous use of a soft dressing pad under the middle part of the sole, plantar ulceration has been avoided for many years even with active daily activities of the patient. The patient is very satisfied with the operative results.

The enhancement of TiO2 photocatalytic activity by hydrogen thermal treatment

In this study, conventional TiO2 powder was heated in hydrogen (H2) gas at a high temperature as pretreatment. The photoactivity of the treated TiO2 samples was evaluated in the photodegradation of sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) in aqueous suspension. The experimental results demonstrated that the photodegradation rates of SSA were significantly enhanced by using the H2-treated TiO2 catalysts and an optimum temperature for the H2 treatment was found to be of 500-600 degrees C. The in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal intensity of oxygen vacancies (OV) and trivalent titanium (Ti3+) associated with the photocatalytic activity was studied. The results proved the presence of OV and Ti3+ in the lattice of the H2-treated TiO2 and indicated that both were contributed to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the experimental results presented that the EPR signal intensity of OV and Ti3+ in the H2-treated TiO2 samples after 10 months storage was still significant higher than that in the untreated TiO2 catalyst. The experiment also demonstrated that the significant enhancement occurred in the photodegradation of phenol using the H2-treated TiO2.

[Screening of mouse connexin 31 genomic clone and mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization]

Connexin 31(Cx31) is one of the human genetic deafness disease genes. To determine the structure and function of Cx31 gene of mouse, the mouse Cx31 gene clone was screened from the genomic library with the probe obtained according to the sequence of the mouse Cx31 gene cDNA. Cx31 gene was mapped to the center of mouse chromosome 4 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The present study lays a foundation for researches on structure and function of Cx31 gene, as well as establishment of the relative transgenic mice and gene knockout mice.

[An experimental study of the computer-controlled equipment for delivering volatile anesthetic agent]

Our newly-designed computer-controlled equipment for delivering volatile anesthetic agent uses the subminiature singlechip processor as the central controlling unit. The variables, such as anesthesia method, anesthetic agent, the volume of respiratory loop, age of patient, sex, height, weight, environment temperature and the grade of ASA are all input from the keyboard. The anesthetic dosage, calculated by the singlechip processor, is converted into the signals controlling the pump to accurately deliver anesthetic agent into respiratory loop. We have designed an electrocircuit for the equipment to detect the status of the pump's operation, so we can assure of the safety and the stability of the equipment. The output precision of the equipment, with a good anti-jamming capability, is 1-2% for high flow anesthesia and 1-5% for closed-circuit anesthesia and its self-detecting working is reliable.

Studies on mode of detection of leprosy in China during the years 1981-1998

Along with the nationwide economic reform initiated in the early 1980s and the rapid decrease of leprosy endemic after the implementation of multi-drug therapy (MDT), the leprosy programme changed from 'vertical' to 'horizontal'. An evolution in the mode of detection of leprosy cases has consequently taken place. Based on the nationwide registration of newly detected cases, the profile of patients at detection has been studied. The proportions of cases corrected significantly with calendar years in detection by dermatological clinics, contact checks, 'clue survey' and mass survey, showing a significant increase in percentage of cases detected through dermatological clinics and contact checks, and decreases through 'clue survey' and mass survey. Detection of cases through dermatological clinics and voluntary reporting have become the main modes of case-finding during 1997-1998, accounting for 37.3% and 28.6%, respectively, where contact check accounts for only 9.1%. In areas with good dermatological services, a significantly higher proportion (75.9%) of cases was detected through dermatological clinics, where voluntary reporting and 'clue survey' were the main modes of detection in endemic areas. As regards confirmation of diagnosis, the great majority of cases were confirmed by leprosy units, even though they were detected in various other situations. Only 6.5% of leprosy cases were detected and subsequently confirmed by doctors in dermatologic clinics. The present modes of detection and their relation to demographical, epidemiological, clinical factors and health services are discussed. This study emphasizes the cardinal importance of the dermatological clinics in the detection of leprosy cases in China at the present time and hence the need to strengthen the training of doctors in these clinics, while continuously encourage their involvement in leprosy control.

A facile synthetic approach to prenylated flavanones: first total syntheses of (+/-)-bonannione A and (+/-)-sophoraflavanone A

A facile and efficient approach for the syntheses of both C-8 and C-6 prenylated flavonoids has been developed that features a highly regioselective prenylation of 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone and regioselective cyclization of prenylated polyhydroxy chalcones. Thus, the first efficient total syntheses of (+/-)-sophoraflavanone A (1) and (+/-)-bonannione A (2), two naturally occurring geranylated flavanones with antibacterial activities, have been achieved starting from the key intermediate 3 via regioselective cyclization of geranylated tetrahydroxychalcone 4.

Studies on flavans. 1. Facile synthesis of (+/-)-7-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan and (+/-)-4'-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavan by a BF3.Et2O-mediated pyran cyclization

A facile approach for the synthesis of flavans was developed by employing a BF3.Et2O-catalyzed pyran cyclization in an aprotic polar solvent as a key step, by which concise total syntheses of (+/-)-7-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan (1) and (+/-)-4'-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavan (2), two naturally occurring flavans, were achieved.

Leprosy in China: epidemiological trends between 1949 and 1998

OBJECTIVE

To report the epidemiological trends of leprosy in China from 1949 to 1998.

METHOD

Data for the study were obtained from the computerized database of the National System of Leprosy Surveillance.

FINDINGS

A total of 474,774 leprosy patients were detected during this 50-year period. Case detection rates per 100,000 population were highest in the 1950s and 1960s, with peaks appearing in 1957-58, 1963-66, 1969-70, and 1983-84, corresponding to mass surveys or screening surveys carried out in most areas or selected areas of the country. While the duration of the disease at the time of detection fell over the period, the disability rates, which were > 50% in the early 1950s, have decreased gradually to 20.8% by 1997-98 but are still too high. More than 50% of cases were found through active methods in the periods 1955-58, 1965-66, and 1969-76, but in recent years cases are mostly detected through dermatological clinics or by voluntary reporting. The peak prevalences of the 1960s (i.e. > 2 per 10,000 population) decreased annually from the 1970s onwards. By the end of 1998 the prevalence was 0.05 per 10,000 population.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that leprosy was well controlled in China and that the WHO goal of elimination of leprosy as a public health problem has been achieved at the national and subnational levels. However, leprosy is still unevenly distributed in the country. According to the criterion for leprosy elimination in China--defined as a prevalence of < 1 per 100,000 in county or city--there are still more than 10% of counties or cities where this target has not yet been reached. Special attention must therefore be given to achieve elimination and final eradication of leprosy in China.

Leprosy in children: a retrospective study in China, 1986-1997

Leprosy in children forms an important link in the natural evolution and the epidemic profile of the disease. The study was undertaken on 1208 child cases detected during the years 1986-1997 in China. The number of child cases constituted 3-4 per cent of the total during this period although the incidence rates decreased dramatically. The detection rate significantly increased with age, and the average rate of 0.027 per 100,000 population was much lower than that in adults. In the pediatric cases, children in the younger age group had a higher prevalence of solitary lesions and lower prevalence of reactions and disabilities than the older group. A total of 70.01 per cent of the affected cases were infected by intra-familial contact, 35.60 per cent were detected by contact examination, and another 22.86 per cent by active surveys. The results of the study suggest that leprosy in children is not a public health problem at the present in China, but the regular screening of children in the family of patients is still one of the important ways to detect child cases and should be recommended.

Leprosy in China: delay in the detection of cases

In a national survey in China, 27,928 cases of leprosy detected by the health authorities between 1984 and 1998 were investigated. The delay between onset of symptoms (estimated from each case's recall) and confirmed diagnosis was < or = 2 years for 55.1% of the new patients but > 10 years for 7.0%, with a median value, overall, of 22.0 months. The median delay was longer: (1) for the multibacillary cases than the paucibacillary; (2) among farmers than among factory workers; (3) among some nationalities than among others (being longest among the Tu and shortest among the Wei); and (4) for some methods of case-detection than for others. Over the study period, the mean delay decreased with time. The delay was greatest in the areas where leprosy was endemic and/or where access to health services was poor. The later the cases were detected the more likely they were to show disability. Leprosy cases are still going undetected in China, although, over the last 14 years, case-finding has significantly improved. Age, occupation, nationality, leprosy type and detection method all appear to affect the delay.

Computerization of leprosy records: national leprosy recording and reporting system in China

This paper describes the national system of leprosy recording and reporting in China and the computerization of records. The system was designed for data collection at local level and data entry by optically scanned or manual mode as well as for sophisticated data analysis. The major functions include data entry, data check, sum-up, maintenance, communication, inquiry, statistics, graph and print. A total of 17 options for epidemiological and clinical data analysis are available. Through the implementation for about 10 years, the system has gained widespread acceptance. This acceptance would facilitate introduction of computer analysis to other leprosy projects and other disease control programs in China. Up to 1998, a database of more than 740,000 records covering all the leprosy patients detected since 1949 had been established by this system.

Cloning of guinea pig tissue factor cDNA: comparison of primary structure among six mammalian species

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as an essential cofactor for plasma coagulation factor VII. TF procoagulant activity exhibits varying species specificity. In particular, guinea pig (GP) TF is unable to activate clotting in heterologous plasma systems, but the molecular basis for this phenomenon is not yet understood. The full-length GP TF cDNA was cloned and sequenced. The open reading frame encoded a predicted precursor protein of 289 amino acids (aa) which was expressed in a reticulocyte lysate system as a protein of apparent molecular weight of 34 kD. The identity of the predicted aa sequence of mature GP TF with rabbit, human, bovine, rat and mouse TF was 66.4, 64.4, 60.6, 53.2 and 52.2%, respectively. With a focus on sites of potential functional significance, we compared sequences within the known binding regions. The eleven residues at the interface region between the TF1 and TF2 modules, which bind to the EGF domain of VIIa, were perfectly conserved among the six species, with the exception of an isoleucine replacing a lysine in the guinea pig sequence. However, only four of the eleven binding residues in the TF1 module, known to interact with the catalytic domain of factor VII, and three of the five residues in the TF2 module, involved in binding the factor VII Gla domain, were conserved among species. We hypothesize that divergence at these regions contributes to the specificity and non-reciprocity of TF procoagulant activity between species.

Studies on risk of leprosy relapses in China: relapses after treatment with dapsone monotherapy

Based upon the data from the Chinese National System for Leprosy Surveillance, this paper reports on the relapses in 297,343 leprosy patients [multibacillary (MB) 106,518, paucibacillary (PB) 190,825] cured by dapsone monotherapy. A total of 11,055 (MB 8675, PB 2380) patients relapsed during an accumulated follow-up period of 4,229,050 patient-years (PY), giving an overall relapse rate of 3.72 per 100 cases or 2.61 per 1000 PY, i.e., 8.14% or 5.91 per 1000 PY over an average follow-up period of 13.8 +/- 8.4 years in MB patients and 1.25% or 0.86 per 1000 PY over an average period of 14.5 +/- 8.9 years in PB patients. For either the overall relapse rate per 100 cases or per 1000 PY, the differences between MB and PB patients were statistically significant, except during 36-40 years of follow up. For both MB and PB patients, the relapse rates showed consistently significant decreases year by year, particularly in PB patients whose relapse rate per 1000 PY was 1.21 in year 10 of follow up; whereas it remained more than 10 per 1000 PY in MB patients. In view of that, the overall relapse rates in MB and PB patients cured by dapsone monotherapy were acceptably low, and most of these patients have been followed up for more than a mean incubation period of observed dapsone relapse. Along with the further extension of follow up, the risk of relapse in dapsone-cured patients will not be expected to increase. This conclusion should be considered when planning policy for the management of patients released from dapsone monotherapy.

Studies on risk of leprosy relapses in China: relapses after treatment with multidrug therapy

Based upon the data from the Chinese National System for Leprosy Surveillance, this paper reports on the relapses in 47,276 leprosy patients cured by or released from WHO-recommended multidrug therapy (WHO/MDT). The overall relapse rate was 0.73/1000 patient-years (PY). There was a statistically significant difference in the relapse rates of WHO/MDT-MB (0.61/1000 PY) and WHO/MDT-PB (1.04/1000 PY) (chi 2 = 15.7, p < 0.01) patients. For multibacillary (MB) patients, the relapse rate in patients treated with fixed-duration MDT (0.56/1000 PY) was comparable with that in patients treated with MDT until skin-smear negativity (0.73/1000 PY) (chi 2 = 2.20, p > 0.05). Our present study suggests that fixed-duration MDT is a cost-effective regimen for the treatment of leprosy in China. The present results also show that relapse of leprosy is acceptably low and has not yet become a serious clinical or public health problem but, based upon the incubation of relapse in MDT patients, it is necessary to encourage annual follow up for at least 5 years for paucibacillary (PB) and 10 years for MB patients after being released from WHO/MDT.

Low-temperature crystallization of calcium phosphate coatings synthesized by ion-beam-assisted deposition

Crystallization temperature of the amorphous calcium phosphate coating synthesized by ion-beam-assisted deposition successfully was decreased to 400 degrees C for the making of orthopedic implants with better qualities. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the morphological and structural evolution of the crystals in the coating during post-heat treatment. The crystallization of calcium phosphate coating is a hydroxyl-diffusion-controlled process, which is thought to be the mechanism responsible for the decrease of the crystallization temperature. In addition, the detailed crystallization process of calcium phosphate coating is elaborated in the present paper. The results show that the crystallinity of the hydroxyapatite coating can be well controlled by adjusting the post-heat-treatment time.

Prediction of elimination of leprosy in leprosy endemic areas of China

A study was carried out based upon the data from the National System for Leprosy Surveillance and using appropriate mathematical models. The results showed that of 337 counties where the national goal of basic eradication of leprosy had not been reached and in 40 counties where the WHO goal of leprosy elimination had not been achieved in 1996, the detection rates in calendar years followed exponential models with significant goodness-of-fit. In the 67 counties with downward trends of detection rates, the national goal can be met in terms of detection rate in 6% of counties before the year 2000 or 34.4% before the year 2010, or, in terms of prevalence rate in 31.3% before the year 2010. In the 11 counties with downward trends of the detection rates, the WHO target can be met in eight to ten counties within this century when the duration of disease was determined with the WHO definition. If the MB proportion among new cases increased by 10%, the target would be met one year later. However, at the same MB proportion, the change of fixed treatment schedules from PB six months and MB two years to PB nine months and MB three years will cause achievement of the goal to be postponed by two to ten years.

[In vivo migration and survival of donor-derived dendritic cell progenitors genetically modified using an adenoviral vector encoding cDNA for TGF beta 1]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the migration and survival of B10 mouse bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs in C3H mice and if genetic modification of these DCs to overexpress TGF beta 1 may potentiate their tolerogenicity.

METHOD

B10 mouse BM-derived DCs were propagated in GM-CSF and TGF beta(DC1), transduced DC1 with replication-deficient Ad vectors encoding genes for LacZ (DC2) or TGF beta 1(DC3). Cells of different groups were injected into one footpad of C3H mice. The mice were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 7, and 14, and spleens, thymuses, popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes removed and stained with anti-IAb mAb. The incidences of B10 DC were determined by the mean number of IAb positive cells with dendriform morphology per low power field (x 100).

RESULTS

Transduction with Ad-LacZ or Ad-TGF beta 1 did not affect DC migration or distribution in C3H recipients, i.e. IAb+ cells were first observed under the capsule of popliteal LN (peak at d1), then migrated into the marginal T dependent area of spleens (peak at d7), and were found occasionally in the thymus. Transduction of Ad-LacZ reduced the numbers of IAb+ cells identified in both LN and spleens at all time points post injection, compared with injection of unmodified control DC, suggesting that Ad transduction itself can affect DC life span in allogeneic recipients. Overexpression of TGF beta 1 by transduction of Ad-TGF beta 1 not only fully reversed the reduction of DC numbers induced by Ad transduction, but also prolonged the life span of DC in spleen, as shown by the 2-fold increase in number of IAb+ cells in spleen at d14 compared with control DCs.

CONCLUSION

Mouse BM-derived TGF beta DCs can be transduced to express TGF beta 1 using an adenoviral vector, and exhibit the same migration characteristics as unmodified DC. The survival of TGF beta gene transduced DCs appears to be enhanced compared with unmodified or LacZ gene-transduced DCs.