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Arata Y, Shiga I, Ikeda Y, Jurica P, Kimura H, Kiyono K, Sako Y. Insulin signaling shapes fractal scaling of C. elegans behavior. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10481. [PMID: 35729173 PMCID: PMC9213454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractal scaling in animal behavioral activity, where similar temporal patterns appear repeatedly over a series of magnifications among time scales, governs the complex behavior of various animal species and, in humans, can be altered by neurodegenerative diseases and aging. However, the mechanism underlying fractal scaling remains unknown. Here, we cultured C. elegans in a microfluidic device for 3 days and analyzed temporal patterns of C. elegans activity by fractal analyses. The residence-time distribution of C. elegans behaviors shared a common feature with those of human and mice. Specifically, the residence-time power-law distribution of the active state changed to an exponential-like decline at a longer time scale, whereas the inactive state followed a power-law distribution. An exponential-like decline appeared with nutrient supply in wild-type animals, whereas this decline disappeared in insulin-signaling-defective daf-2 and daf-16 mutants. The absolute value of the power-law exponent of the inactive state distribution increased with nutrient supply in wild-type animals, whereas the value decreased in daf-2 and daf-16 mutants. We conclude that insulin signaling differentially affects mechanisms that determine the residence time in active and inactive states in C. elegans behavior. In humans, diabetes mellitus, which is caused by defects in insulin signaling, is associated with mood disorders that affect daily behavioral activities. We hypothesize that comorbid behavioral defects in patients with diabetes may be attributed to altered fractal scaling of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Arata
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Shiga
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ikeda
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Peter Jurica
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Ken Kiyono
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Arata Y, Oshima T, Ikeda Y, Kimura H, Sako Y. OP50, a bacterial strain conventionally used as food for laboratory maintenance of C. elegans, is a biofilm formation defective mutant. MicroPubl Biol 2020; 2020. [PMID: 32550510 PMCID: PMC7252395 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Arata
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Taku Oshima
- Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ikeda
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Igarashi T, Aursand M, Sacchi R, Paolillo L, Nonaka M, Wada Y, Arata Y, Bildsoe H, Falcigno L, Fauhl C, Guillou C, Halvorsen J, Honma E, Ijuuin Y, Kushida K, Martin GJ, Miyake Y, Optum OI, Oshima Y, Remaud G, Retif M, Robins R, Satake M, Shimidzu N, Tsuchiya F, Watanabe K, Watanuki C. Determination of Docosahexaenoic Acid and n-3 Fatty Acids in Refined Fish Oils by H-NMR Spectroscopy: IUPAC Interlaboratory Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/85.6.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for determining the concentration (mg/g) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the molar proportion (mol%) of DHA, and the molar proportion of total n-3 fatty acids in fish oils was validated by an IUPAC interlaboratory study (the Commission VI-6 on Oils, Fats, and Derivatives WG 3/98). Thirteen laboratories from 5 countries tested 6 pairs of blind duplicate fish oils: a refined tuna oil, 2 extracted tuna oils, an extracted bonito oil, an extracted salmon oil, and an extracted sardine oil ranging from 9 to 30 mol% DHA and from 20 to 35 mol% n-3 fatty acids. Before 1D-proton NMR measurements with 300–500 MHz instruments, oil samples were weighed and diluted with deuterochloroform solution containing ethylene glycol dimethyl ether as internal standard. To achieve precise performance, a detailed procedure for signal area measurement was described in the protocol, and all participants were instructed about the critical importance of following the protocol. Statistical performances with invalid and outlier data removed were as follows: repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 0.91 to 2.62% and reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 1.73 to 4.27% for DHA concentration (mg/g); RSDr ranged from 0.39 to 2.06%, and RSDR ranged from 0.59 to 3.46% for mol% DHA; RSDr ranged from 0.23 to 0.90% and RSDR ranged from 0.85 to 2.01% for mol% total n-3 fatty acids. The method is expected to be recommended by IUPAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoji Igarashi
- Japan Marine Oil Association, 32-7 Motoyoyogi-cho, Shibuya-ku, 151-0062, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama Laboratory, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama-shi, 206-0025, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marit Aursand
- SINTEF, Division of Applied Chemistry, Fisheries and Aquaculture, N-7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raffaele Sacchi
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Food Science, Parco Gussone, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Livio Paolillo
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemistry, via Mezzocannone 4, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Michio Nonaka
- Japan Marine Oil Association, 32-7 Motoyoyogi-cho, Shibuya-ku, 151-0062, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Wada
- Tokyo University of Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The cell-division cycle (CDC) is driven by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Mathematical models based on molecular networks, as revealed by molecular and genetic studies, have reproduced the oscillatory behavior of CDK activity. Thus, one basic system for representing the CDC is a biochemical oscillator (CDK oscillator). However, genetically clonal cells divide with marked variability in their total duration of a single CDC round, exhibiting non-Gaussian statistical distributions. Therefore, the CDK oscillator model does not account for the statistical nature of cell-cycle control. Herein, we review quantitative studies of the statistical properties of the CDC. Over the past 70 years, studies have shown that the CDC is driven by a cluster of molecular oscillators. The CDK oscillator is coupled to transcriptional and mitochondrial metabolic oscillators, which cause deterministic chaotic dynamics for the CDC. Recent studies in animal embryos have raised the possibility that the dynamics of molecular oscillators underlying CDC control are affected by allometric volume scaling among the cellular compartments. Considering these studies, we discuss the idea that a cluster of molecular oscillators embedded in different cellular compartments coordinates cellular physiology and geometry for successful cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroaki Takagi
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Arata Y, Nishinaka H, Tahara D, Yoshimoto M. Heteroepitaxial growth of single-phase ε-Ga2O3 thin films on c-plane sapphire by mist chemical vapor deposition using a NiO buffer layer. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, single-phase ε-gallium oxide (Ga2O3) thin films were heteroepitaxially grown on c-plane sapphire substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Arata
- Department of Electronics
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - H. Nishinaka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - D. Tahara
- Department of Electronics
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - M. Yoshimoto
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
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Arata Y, Hiroshima M, Pack CG, Ramanujam R, Motegi F, Nakazato K, Shindo Y, Wiseman PW, Sawa H, Kobayashi TJ, Brandão HB, Shibata T, Sako Y. Cortical Polarity of the RING Protein PAR-2 Is Maintained by Exchange Rate Kinetics at the Cortical-Cytoplasmic Boundary. Cell Rep 2016; 17:316. [PMID: 27681440 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Arata Y, Takagi H, Sako Y, Sawa H. Power law relationship between cell cycle duration and cell volume in the early embryonic development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Physiol 2015; 5:529. [PMID: 25674063 PMCID: PMC4309120 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size is a critical factor for cell cycle regulation. In Xenopus embryos after midblastula transition (MBT), the cell cycle duration elongates in a power law relationship with the cell radius squared. This correlation has been explained by the model that cell surface area is a candidate to determine cell cycle duration. However, it remains unknown whether this second power law is conserved in other animal embryos. Here, we found that the relationship between cell cycle duration and cell size in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos exhibited a power law distribution. Interestingly, the powers of the time-size relationship could be grouped into at least three classes: highly size-correlated, moderately size-correlated, and potentially a size-non-correlated class according to C. elegans founder cell lineages (1.2, 0.81, and <0.39 in radius, respectively). Thus, the power law relationship is conserved in Xenopus and C. elegans, while the absolute powers in C. elegans were different from that in Xenopus. Furthermore, we found that the volume ratio between the nucleus and cell exhibited a power law relationship in the size-correlated classes. The power of the volume relationship was closest to that of the time-size relationship in the highly size-correlated class. This correlation raised the possibility that the time-size relationship, at least in the highly size-correlated class, is explained by the volume ratio of nuclear size and cell size. Thus, our quantitative measurements shed a light on the possibility that early embryonic C. elegans cell cycle duration is coordinated with cell size as a result of geometric constraints between intracellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Arata
- Laboratory for Cell Fate Decision, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Hyogo, Japan ; Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takagi
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sawa
- Laboratory for Cell Fate Decision, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Hyogo, Japan ; Multicellular Organization Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics Shizuoka, Japan
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Utsunomiya-Tate N, Nakanishi M, Arata Y, Sugiyama H, Vera-Antola ME, Fujio H, Sakato N. Recognition of the Self Idiotype by T Cells: Induction of a Rapid Increase in Cytoplasmic Free Calcium in T Cells Recognizing a Variable L Chain Determinant. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 36:407-18. [PMID: 1357532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the initial stages of recognition of the self idiotype (Id) by T cells, we examined the early increase in cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) occurring in murine CD4+ T cells specific for a model Id, Id315, following their interaction with the Id. The changes in [Ca2+]i were monitored with stopped-flow fluorometry by loading T cells with fura 2, a Ca(2+)-binding fluorescent dye. An increase of [Ca2+]i in the Id-specific T cell line was dependent on the presence of both antigen-presenting cells (APC) and Id315. When T cells were mixed with APC pulsed with M315 for 90 min at 37 C, a significant increase in T cell [Ca2+]i was observed within one second. A pronounced elevation in [Ca2+]i was also observed in T cells after their interaction with APC which had been pulsed for 90 min with VL-315 Id-containing proteins (such as VL-315, L315, Fv-315 or Fab'-315 fragments). In contrast, pulsing APC for 5 min with the VL fragment produced little or no change in the [Ca2+]i. These results suggest that VL must be further processed by APC before it can be recognized by T cells. Indeed, a synthetic VL region peptide (positions 91-108, designated as P18) produced an elevation in T cell [Ca2+]i when mixed with APC without pulsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Utsunomiya-Tate
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Takeuchi T, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Sugiura KI, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galectin LEC-1 plays a defensive role against damage due to oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biochem 2013; 154:455-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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11
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Arata Y, Lee JY, Goldstein B, Sawa H. Extracellular control of PAR protein localization during asymmetric cell division in the C. elegans embryo. Development 2010; 137:3337-45. [PMID: 20823070 DOI: 10.1242/dev.054742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The axis of asymmetric cell division is controlled to determine the future position of differentiated cells during animal development. The asymmetric localization of PAR proteins in the Drosophila neuroblast and C. elegans embryo are aligned with the axes of the embryo. However, whether extracellular or intracellular signals determine the orientation of the localization of PAR proteins remains controversial. In C. elegans, the P0 zygote and germline cells (P1, P2, and P3) undergo a series of asymmetric cell divisions. Interestingly, the axis of the P0 and P1 divisions is opposite to that of the P2 and P3 divisions. PAR-2, a ring-finger protein, and PAR-1, a kinase, relocalize to the anterior side of the P2 and P3 germline precursors at the site of contact with endodermal precursors. Using an in vitro method, we have found that the PAR-2 protein is distributed asymmetrically in the absence of extracellular signals, but the orientation of the protein localization in the P2 and P3 cells is determined by contact with endodermal precursor cells. Our mutant analyses suggest that mes-1 and src-1, which respectively encode a transmembrane protein and a tyrosine kinase, were not required to establish the asymmetric distribution of PAR-2, but were required to determine its orientation at the site of contact with the endodermal precursors. The PAR-2 localization during the asymmetric P2 and P3 divisions is controlled by extracellular signals via MES-1/SRC-1 signaling. Our findings suggest that Src functions as an evolutionarily conserved molecular link that coordinates extrinsic cues with PAR protein localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Arata
- Laboratory for Cell Fate Decision, RIKEN, Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan.
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12
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Itagaki T, Endo C, Kidokoro S, Arata Y, Hirabayashi J, Kasai K, Nonaka T. X-ray crystallographic analysis of galectin LEC-8 from Caenorhabditis elegans. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308089174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Arata Y, Kouike H, Zhang Y, Herman MA, Okano H, Sawa H. Wnt signaling and a Hox protein cooperatively regulate psa-3/Meis to determine daughter cell fate after asymmetric cell division in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2006; 11:105-15. [PMID: 16824957 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a mechanism for achieving cellular diversity. In C. elegans, many asymmetric cell divisions are controlled by the Wnt-MAPK pathway through POP-1/TCF. It is poorly understood, however, how POP-1 determines the specific fates of daughter cells. We found that nob-1/Hox, ceh-20/Pbx, and a Meis-related gene, psa-3, are required for asymmetric division of the T hypodermal cell. psa-3 expression was asymmetric between the T cell daughters, and it was regulated by POP-1 through a POP-1 binding site in the psa-3 gene. psa-3 expression was also regulated by NOB-1 and CEH-20 through a NOB-1 binding sequence in a psa-3 intron. PSA-3 can bind CEH-20 and function after the T cell division to promote the proper fate of the daughter cell. These results indicate that cooperation between Wnt signaling and a Hox protein functions to determine the specific fate of a daughter cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Arata
- Laboratory for Cell Fate Decision, RIKEN, Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Yoneda-Kato N, Tomoda K, Umehara M, Arata Y, Kato JY. Myeloid leukemia factor 1 regulates p53 by suppressing COP1 via COP9 signalosome subunit 3. EMBO J 2005; 24:1739-49. [PMID: 15861129 PMCID: PMC1142586 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia factor 1 (MLF1) was first identified as the leukemic fusion protein NPM-MLF1 generated by the t(3;5)(q25.1;q34) chromosomal translocation. Although MLF1 expresses normally in a variety of tissues including hematopoietic stem cells and the overexpression of MLF1 correlates with malignant transformation in human cancer, little is known about how MLF1 is involved in the regulation of cell growth. Here we show that MLF1 is a negative regulator of cell cycle progression functioning upstream of the tumor suppressor p53. MLF1 induces p53-dependent cell cycle arrest in murine embryonic fibroblasts. This action requires a novel binding partner, subunit 3 of the COP9 signalosome (CSN3). A reduction in the level of CSN3 protein with small interfering RNA abrogated MLF1-induced G1 arrest and impaired the activation of p53 by genotoxic stress. Furthermore, ectopic MLF1 expression and CSN3 knockdown inversely affect the endogenous level of COP1, a ubiquitin ligase for p53. Exogenous expression of COP1 overcomes MLF1-induced growth arrest. These results indicate that MLF1 is a critical regulator of p53 and suggest its involvement in leukemogenesis through a novel CSN3-COP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yoneda-Kato
- Department of Animal Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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15
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Arata Y, Shimizu A, Matsuo H. A deuterium-labeling method for the assignment of histidine nuclear magnetic resonance peaks of proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00478a054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Tomoda K, Kubota Y, Arata Y, Mori S, Maeda M, Tanaka T, Yoshida M, Yoneda-Kato N, Kato JY. The cytoplasmic shuttling and subsequent degradation of p27Kip1 mediated by Jab1/CSN5 and the COP9 signalosome complex. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2302-10. [PMID: 11704659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104431200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth component of the COP9 signalosome complex, Jab1/CSN5, directly binds to and induces specific down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (p27(Kip1)). Nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation plays an important role because leptomycin B (LMB), a chemical inhibitor of CRM1-dependent nuclear export, prevents p27 degradation mediated by Jab1/CSN5. Here we show that Jab1/CSN5 functions as an adaptor between p27 and CRM1 to induce nuclear export and subsequent degradation. Jab1/CSN5, but not p27, contains a typical leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) sequence conserved among different species, through which CRM1 bound to Jab1/CSN5 in an LMB-sensitive manner. Alteration of conserved leucine residues to alanine within Jab1/CSN5-NES abolished the interaction with CRM1 in vitro and impaired LMB-sensitive nuclear export and the ability to induce p27 breakdown in cultured cells. A Jab1/CSN5 truncation mutant lacking NES reversed p27 down-regulation induced by the full-length Jab1/CSN5, indicating that this mutant functions as a dominant negative (DN-Jab1). Introduction of DN-Jab1 into proliferating fibroblasts increased the level of p27 protein, thereby inducing growth arrest of the cells. Random mutagenesis analysis revealed that specific aspartic acid, leucine, and asparagine residues contained in the Jab1/CSN5-binding domain of p27 were required for interaction with Jab1/CSN5 and for down-regulation of p27. Glycerol gradient and cell fractionation experiments showed that at least two different forms of Jab1/CSN5-containing complexes existed within the cell. One is the conventional 450-kDa COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex located in the nucleus, and the other is much smaller (around 100-kDa), containing only a subset of CSN components (CSN4-8 but not CSN1-3), and mainly located in the cytoplasm. Treatment of cells with LMB greatly reduced the level of the smaller complex, suggesting that it originated from the CSN complex by nuclear export. Besides Jab1/CSN5, CSN3, -6, -7, and -8 were capable of inducing p27 down-regulation, when ectopically expressed. These results indicate that cytoplasmic shuttling regulated by Jab1/CSN5 and other CSN components may be a new pathway to control the intracellular abundance of the key cell cycle regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Tomoda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Sugiyama Y, Tomoda K, Tanaka T, Arata Y, Yoneda-Kato N, Kato J. Direct binding of the signal-transducing adaptor Grb2 facilitates down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:12084-90. [PMID: 11278754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010811200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of Jab1/CSN5 induces specific down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27 (p27(Kip1)) in a manner dependent upon transportation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Here we show that Grb2 and Grb3-3, the molecules functioning as an adaptor in the signal transduction pathway, specifically and directly bind to p27 in the cytoplasm and participate in the regulation of p27. The interaction requires the C-terminal SH3-domain of Grb2/3-3 and the proline-rich sequence contained in p27 immediately downstream of the Cdk binding domain. In living cells, enforcement of the cytoplasmic localization of p27, either by artificial manipulation of the nuclear/cytoplasmic transport signal sequence or by coexpression of ectopic Jab1/CSN5, markedly enhances the stable interaction between p27 and Grb2. Overexpression of Grb2 accelerates Jab1/CSN5-mediated degradation of p27, while Grb3-3 expression suppresses it. A p27 mutant unable to bind to Grb2 is transported into the cytoplasm in cells ectopically expressing Jab1/CSN5 but is refractory to the subsequent degradation. These findings indicate that Grb2 participates in a negative regulation of p27 and may directly link the signal transduction pathway with the cell cycle regulatory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Abstract
The time dependence of aggregation in supersaturated lysozyme solutions was studied using pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR diffusion measurements as a function of lysozyme concentration at pH 6.0 and 298 K in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. The measurements provide estimates of the weight-averaged diffusion coefficient of the monomeric to intermediate molecular weight lysozyme species present in the solution (very large aggregates and crystals are excluded from the average due to the NMR relaxation-weighting effects inherent in the method). The results show that the average molecular weight of the various lysozyme aggregates changed with sigmoidal kinetics and that these kinetics were strongly influenced by the initial lysozyme concentration. The visualization of the time dependence of the protein aggregation afforded by this method provides a deeper understanding of how the crystallizing conditions (especially the initial protein concentration) are related to the resulting crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Price
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Arata Y, Hirabayashi J, Kasai K. Sugar binding properties of the two lectin domains of the tandem repeat-type galectin LEC-1 (N32) of Caenorhabditis elegans. Detailed analysis by an improved frontal affinity chromatography method. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:3068-77. [PMID: 11058602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008602200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 32-kDa galectin (LEC-1 or N32) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is the first example of a tandem repeat-type galectin and is composed of two domains, each of which is homologous to typical vertebrate 14-kDa-type galectins. To elucidate the biological meaning of this unique structure containing two probable sugar binding sites in one molecule, we analyzed in detail the sugar binding properties of the two domains by using a newly improved frontal affinity chromatography system. The whole molecule (LEC-1), the N-terminal lectin domain (Nh), and the C-terminal lectin domain (Ch) were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and immobilized on HiTrap gel agarose columns, and the extent of retardation of various sugars by the columns was measured. To raise the sensitivity of the system, we used 35 different fluorescence-labeled oligosaccharides (pyridylaminated (PA) sugars). All immobilized proteins showed affinity for N-acetyllactosamine-containing N-linked complex-type sugar chains, and the binding was stronger for more branched sugars. Ch showed 2-5-fold stronger binding toward all complex-type sugars compared with Nh. Both Nh and Ch preferred Galbeta1-3GlcNAc to Galbeta1-4GlcNAc. Because the Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-3GlcNAc (H antigen) structure was found to interact with all immobilized protein columns significantly, the K(d) value of pentasaccharide Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-PA for each column was determined by analyzing the concentration dependence. Obtained values for immobilized LEC-1, Nh, and Ch were 6.0 x 10(-5), 1.3 x 10(-4), and 6.5 x 10(-5) m, respectively. The most significant difference between Nh and Ch was in their affinity for GalNAcalpha1-3(Fucalpha1-2)Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-PA, which contains the blood group A antigen; the K(d) value for immobilized Nh was 4.8 x 10(-5) m, and that for Ch was 8.1 x 10(-4) m. The present results clearly indicate that the two sugar binding sites of LEC-1 have different sugar binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arata
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamika, Kanagawa, 199-0195, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Glycans play a central role as potential mediators between complex cell societies, because all living organisms consist of cells covered with diverse carbohydrate chains reflecting various cell types and states. However, we have no idea how diverse these carbohydrate chains actually are. The main purpose of this article is to persuade life scientists to realize the fundamental importance of taking some action by becoming involved in "glycomics". "Glycome" is a term meaning the whole set of glycans produced by individual organisms, as the third bioinformative macromolecules to be elucidated next to the genome and proteome. Here a basic strategy is presented. The essence of the project includes the following: (a) glycopeptides, but not glycans released from their core proteins, are targeted for linkage to genome databases; (b) Caenorhabditis elegans is used as the first model organism for this project, since its genome project has already been completed; (c) four essential attributes are adopted to characterize each glycopeptide: (i) cosmid identification number (ID), (ii) molecular weight (M(r)), (iii) retention (Rs) of pyridylaminated (PA) oligosaccharides in 2-D mapping, and (iv) dissociation constants (Kd's) of PA-oligosaccharides for a set of lectins. Thus, the obtained ID, M(r), R and Kd's construct the glycome database, which will be open as the previous genome and proteome databases. For the project to proceed the "glyco-catch" method is proposed, where a group of target glycopeptides are captured by means of lectin-affinity chromatography after protease digestion. Already glycopeptides from asialofetuin and ovalbumin were successfully captured by galectin-agarose and Con A-agarose, respectively. Further, to examine the practical validity of the method, we extracted membrane proteins from C. elegans with 1% Triton X-100, and isolated specific glycopeptides by use of the same galectin column. One of the glycopeptides was successfully identified in the C. elegans genome database. Finally, for determination of Kd between glycopeptides and lectins, a recently reinforced frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) is proposed as an alternative to define glycan structures in place of determining every covalent structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirabayashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, 199-0195, Japan.
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21
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Fukushima E, Arata Y, Endo T, Sonnewald U, Sato F. Improved salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco expressing apoplastic yeast-derived invertase. Plant Cell Physiol 2001; 42:245-9. [PMID: 11230581 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco, in which yeast invertase is expressed in the apoplastic (Apo-Inv) spaces. Whereas photosynthetic activities in wild-type tobacco in light were inhibited under salt stress, transgenic Apo-Inv tobacco maintained constant photosynthetic activities. The physical appearance of plants under salt stress also indicates that yeast invertase expression in the apoplastic space is beneficial for inducing salt tolerance. Apo-Inv tobacco had a much higher osmotic pressure increase in the cell sap than did wild-type tobacco under this type of stress. The physiological importance of sucrose metabolism under salt stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fukushima
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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22
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Arata Y, Hirabayashi J, Kasai KI. Application of reinforced frontal affinity chromatography and advanced processing procedure to the study of the binding property of a Caenorhabditis elegans galectin. J Chromatogr A 2001; 905:337-43. [PMID: 11206802 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Frontal affinity chromatography is a very useful and simple method to analyze molecular interactions between an analyte and an immobilized ligand by calculating the extent of "retardation" of the elution front. We developed a very simple and efficient data-processing procedure that enables the measurement of very small differences in retardation with precision. This procedure was successfully applied to comparison of the binding properties of recombinant C. elegans galectins for their ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arata
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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23
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Kishi R, Eguchi T, Yuasa J, Katakura Y, Arata Y, Harabuchi I, Kawai T, Masuchi A. Effects of low-level occupational exposure to styrene on color vision: dose relation with a urinary metabolite. Environ Res 2001; 85:25-30. [PMID: 11161648 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2000.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the threshold effects of chronic low-level occupational exposure to styrene on color vision, we examined color discrimination in 105 male workers exposed to styrene (mean age 37.7 years; mean length of exposure 6.2 years; mean urinary concentration of mandelic acid 0.21 g/L) and in 117 referents (mean age 37.7 years). We also assessed the effects of styrene by examination of the nature of the relation between disorders of nervous function and age, alcohol consumption, and other variables. A standardized questionnaire was adopted to collect information about work history, occupational or nonoccupational solvent exposure, alcohol consumption, and drug use. Color vision was evaluated by the Lanthony desaturated panel D-15 test. The results of the test were expressed as the color confusion index (CCI). There was a dose-dependent relationship between the urinary concentration of mandelic acid and color vision loss. The CCIs of the subgroups whose urinary mandelic acid levels were 0.1-0.2 and >0.2 g/L were significantly higher than those of each referent group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), but not in the subgroup whose urinary mandelic acid level was lower than 0.1 g/L. Our study suggests that a low level of styrene, presumably 0.1-0.2 g/L, involves the risk of inducing adverse effects on color vision. After confounding factors were adjusted for, the urinary mandelic acid level had a significant positive relationship with color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kishi
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Yamaguchi Y, Takizawa T, Kato K, Arata Y, Shimada I. 1H and 13C NMR assignments for the glycans in glycoproteins by using 2H/13C-labeled glucose as a metabolic precursor. J Biomol NMR 2000; 18:357-360. [PMID: 11200530 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026776721348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the role of the glycans in glycoproteins in solution, structural information obtained by NMR spectroscopy is obviously required. However, the assignment of the NMR signals from the glycans in larger glycoproteins is still difficult, mainly due to the lack of appropriate methods for the assignment of the resonances originating from the glycans. By using [U-13C6, 2H7]glucose as a metabolic precursor, we have successfully prepared a glycoprotein whose glycan is uniformly labeled with 13C and partially with D at the sugar residues. The D to H exchange ratios at the C1-C6 positions of the sugar residues have been proven to provide useful information for the spectral assignments of the glycan in the glycoprotein. This is the first report on the residue-specific assignment of the anomeric resonances originating from a glycan attached to a glycoprotein by using the metabolic incorporation of hydrogen from the medium into a glycan labeled with [U-13C6, 2H7]glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Frontal affinity chromatography is a method for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions. We reinforced it by incorporating various merits of a contemporary liquid chromatography system. As a model study, the interaction between an immobilized Caenorhabditis elegans galectin (LEC-6) and fluorescently labeled oligosaccharides (pyridylaminated sugars) was analyzed. LEC-6 was coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (100 microm diameter), and packed into a miniature column (e.g., 10 x 4.0 mm, 0.126 ml). Twelve pyridylaminated oligosaccharides were applied to the column through a 2-ml sample loop, and their elution patterns were monitored by fluorescence. The volume of the elution front (V) determined graphically for each sample was compared with that obtained in the presence of an excess amount of hapten saccharide, lactose (V0); and the dissociation constant, Kd, was calculated according to the literature [K. Kasai, Y. Oda, M. Nishikawa, S. Ishii, J. Chromatogr. 376 (1986) 33]. This system also proved to be useful for an inverse confirmation; that is, application of galectins to an immobilized glycan column (in the present case, asialofetuin was immobilized on Sepharose 4 Fast Flow), and the elution profiles were monitored by fluorescence based on tryptophan. The relative affinity of various galectins for asialofetuin could be easily compared in terms of the extent of retardation. The newly constructed system proved to be extremely versatile. It enabled rapid (analysis time 12 min/cycle) and sensitive (20 nM for pyridylaminated derivatives, and 1 microg/ml for protein) analyses of lectin-carbohydrate interactions. It should become a powerful tool for elucidation of biomolecular interactions, in particular for functional analysis of a large number of proteins that should be the essential issues of post-genome projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirabayashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Shindo K, Masuda K, Takahashi H, Arata Y, Shimada I. Backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments of the anti-dansyl antibody Fv fragment. J Biomol NMR 2000; 17:357-358. [PMID: 11014603 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008331100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Kato K, Fridman WH, Arata Y, Sautès-Fridman C. A conformational change in the Fc precludes the binding of two Fcgamma receptor molecules to one IgG. Immunol Today 2000; 21:310-2. [PMID: 10871868 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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28
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Abstract
The Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) expresses paired oligosaccharides with microheterogeneities, which are associated with efficiencies of effector functions and with pathological states. A comparison of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data obtained using a variety of Fc fragments derived from human and mouse IgG that do and do not retain the inter-chain disulfide bridge(s) revealed that (1) the Fc portion can be asymmetric as well as symmetric with respect to glycosylation and (2) the ratios of the individual glycoforms are different from what is expected from the random pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masuda
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan.
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29
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Abstract
The transcription factor E2F plays an important role in G(1) to S phase transition in the higher eukaryotic cell cycle. Although a number of E2F-inducible genes have been identified, the biochemical cascades from E2F to the S phase entry remain to be investigated. In this study, we generated stably transfected mouse NIH3T3 cells that express exogenous human E2F-1 under the control of a heavy metal-inducible metallothionein promoter and analyzed the molecular mechanism of the E2F-1-mediated initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Ectopic E2F-1 expression in cells arrested in G(0)/G(1) by serum deprivation enabled them to progress through G(1) and to enter S phase. During the G(1) progression, mouse cyclin E, but little of cyclin D1, was induced to express, which subsequently activated Cdk2. Experiments using the Cdk inhibitory proteins p27, p18, and p19 proved that the activity of Cdk2, but not of Cdk4, was required for S phase entry mediated by E2F-1. Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) 4 and 7, the components of the DNA-replication initiation complex (RC), were constitutively expressed during the cell cycle, although the MCM genes are well known E2F-inducible genes. However, tight association of these two proteins with chromatin depended upon ectopic E2F-1 expression. In contrast, the Cdc45 protein, another RC component, which turned out to be a transcriptional target of E2Fs, was induced to express and subsequently bound to chromatin in response to E2F-1. Experiments utilizing a chemical Cdk-specific inhibitor, butyrolactone I, revealed that Cdk2 activity was required only for chromatin binding of the Cdc45 proteins, and not for the expression of Cdc45 or chromatin binding of MCM4 and -7. These results indicate that at least two separate pathways function downstream of E2F to initiate S phase; one depends upon the activity of Cdk2 and the other does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Takahashi H, Nakanishi T, Kami K, Arata Y, Shimada I. A novel NMR method for determining the interfaces of large protein-protein complexes. Nat Struct Biol 2000; 7:220-3. [PMID: 10700281 DOI: 10.1038/73331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the interfaces of large (Mr > 50,000) protein-protein complexes in solution by high resolution NMR has typically been achieved using experiments involving chemical shift perturbation and/or hydrogen-deuterium exchange of the main chain amide groups of the proteins. Interfaces identified using these techniques, however, are not always identical to those revealed using X-ray crystallography. In order to identify the contact residues in a large protein-protein complex more accurately, we developed a novel NMR method that uses cross-saturation phenomena in combination with TROSY detection in an optimally deuterium labeled system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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31
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Suzuki C, Kawano M, Kashiwagi T, Arata Y, Kawasumi T, Kashiwagi Y. Lethal effect of the expression of a killer gene SMK1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Eng 2000; 13:73-6. [PMID: 10708644 DOI: 10.1093/protein/13.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the SMK1 gene which encodes the yeast killer toxin SMKT is lethal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Effects of deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of SMK1 on the lethality and the secretion of the gene products were examined. Deletion of the interstitial gamma peptide or the C-terminal loop from Ala208 to the C-terminal Asp222 had no effect on the lethality. Those SMK1 products that lacked either the gamma peptide or the C-terminal loop were expressed in the cells but were not secreted into the culture medium, suggesting that these peptides may have a role in secretion or in protein stability. On the other hand, deletion of the signal sequence resulted in complete loss of the lethal activity. Entering the secretory pathway may be critical for the lethality. Further, deletion of the region from the C-terminus to Leu207 resulted in loss of the lethal activity. Leu207 is located at the C-terminus of the central strand of the beta-sheet structure of SMKT and its side chain is thrust into a hydrophobic environment between the beta-sheet and the alpha-helices. The result obtained upon substitutions of Ala, Ser or Glu for Leu207 suggested that the side chain of Leu207 stabilizes the hydrophobic environment that contributes to the overall structure of the SMK1 product.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Suzuki
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
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32
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Kato K, Sautès-Fridman C, Yamada W, Kobayashi K, Uchiyama S, Kim H, Enokizono J, Galinha A, Kobayashi Y, Fridman WH, Arata Y, Shimada I. Structural basis of the interaction between IgG and Fcgamma receptors. J Mol Biol 2000; 295:213-24. [PMID: 10623521 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The binding of multivalent antigen-antibody complexes to receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcgammaR) induces the clustering of the FcgammaR and triggers cell activation leading to defence reactions against pathogens. The Fc portion of IgG consists of two identical polypeptide chains which are related to each other by a 2-fold axis and are folded in two structural domains, the C(H)2 domain, near the flexible hinge region of the IgG molecule, and the C(H)3 domain. We studied the interaction in solution between the Fc fragment of mouse IgG2b and the extracellular region of mouse FcgammaRII. We find that one Fc molecule binds one FcgammaRII molecule only. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that FcgammaRII binds to a negatively charged area of the C(H)2 domain, corresponding to the lower hinge region, and that the binding of FcgammaRII onto one of the two symmetrically related sites on the Fc induces a conformational change in the other site. We therefore propose a model that explains why IgG molecules are unable to trigger FcgammaR-mediated cellular responses spontaneously in the absence of crosslinking by multivalent antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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33
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Kashiwagi T, Yamada N, Hirayama K, Suzuki C, Kashiwagi Y, Tsuchiya F, Arata Y, Kunishima N, Morikawa K. An electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry analysis of the pH-dependent dissociation and denaturation processes of a heterodimeric protein. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2000; 11:54-61. [PMID: 10631664 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was applied to the analysis of the dissociation and denaturation processes of a heterodimeric yeast killer toxin SMKT. The two distinct subunits of SMKT noncovalently associate under acidic conditions, but become dissociated and denatured under neutral and basic conditions. In order to understand the unique pH-dependent denaturation mechanism of this protein, a pH titration was performed by utilizing ESI-MS. The molecular ions of the heterodimer which possesses the highly ordered structure, were mainly observed below pH 4.6. However, the two subunits immediately dissociated at this pH. The spectra measured with various settings of the mass spectrometer indirectly demonstrated that the pH-dependent dissociation occurs in the liquid phase. The current result as well as the three-dimensional structure of SMKT suggest that the deprotonation of a specific carboxyl group triggers a cooperative dissociation process of this protein. In conclusion, the pH titration of a protein by ESI-MS is particularly effective, when the unfolding process or the biological function of the protein is related to the interaction with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kashiwagi
- Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Masuda K, Yamaguchi Y, Kato K, Kim HH, Takahashi N, Shimada I, Arata Y. Post-translational modifications of immunoglobulin G: a mouse IgG variant that lacks the entire CH1 domain. Mol Immunol 1999; 36:993-1003. [PMID: 10698303 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(99)00131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the post-translational modifications of a short-chain variant of mouse IgG2a that lacks the entire CH 1 domain. The short-chain IgG2a and its proteolytic fragments were subjected to electrospray ionization- and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometric analyses. It has been demonstrated that approximately 14% of the heavy chain of the short-chain IgG2a is O-glycosylated with a disaccharide of Ga1-GalNAc- at Thr220A in the hinge region. while the Oglycosylation does not occur in its parent IgG2a molecule. Two additional modifications have been detected at the C-termini of both the heavy and light chains of the short-chain IgG2a. Biological significance of the post-translational modifications of the short-chain IgG2a variant is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masuda
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan.
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35
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Nakasako M, Takahashi H, Shimba N, Shimada I, Arata Y. The pH-dependent structural variation of complementarity-determining region H3 in the crystal structures of the Fv fragment from an anti-dansyl monoclonal antibody. J Mol Biol 1999; 291:117-34. [PMID: 10438610 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Fv fragment from an anti-dansyl antibody was optimally crystallized into two crystal forms having slightly different lattice dimensions at pH 5.25 and 6.75. The two crystal structures were determined and refined at high resolution at 112 K (at 1.45 A for the crystal at pH 5.25 and at 1.55 A for that at pH 6.75). In the two crystal structures, marked differences were identified in the first half of CDRH3 s having an amino acid sequence of Ile95H-Tyr96H-Tyr97H-His98H-Tyr99H-Pro1 00H-Trp100aH-Phe100bH-Ala101H- Tyr102H. NMR pH titration experiments revealed the p Kavalues of four histidine residues (His27dL, His93L, His55H and His98H) exposed to solvent. Only His98H (p Ka=6.3) completely changed its protonation state between the two crystallization conditions. In addition, the environmental structures including hydration water molecules around the four histidine residues were carefully compared. While the hydration structures around His27dL, His93L and His55H were almost invariant between the two crystal structures, those around His98Hs showed great difference in spite of the small conformational difference of His98H between the two crystal structures. These spectroscopic and crystallographic findings suggested that the change in the protonation state in His98H was responsible for the structural differences between pH 5.25 and 6.75. In addition, the most plausible binding site of the dansyl group was mapped into the present structural models with our previous NMR experimental results. The complementarity-determining regions H1, H3 and the N-terminal region in the VH domain formed the site. The side-chain of Tyr96H occupied the site and interacted with Phe27H of H1, giving a clue for the binding mode of the dansyl group in the site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakasako
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
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36
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Price WS, Hayamizu K, Ide H, Arata Y. Strategies for diagnosing and alleviating artifactual attenuation associated with large gradient pulses in PGSE NMR diffusion measurements. J Magn Reson 1999; 139:205-212. [PMID: 10423357 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The generation of phase-based artifacts resulting from mismatch in the effective areas (i.e., the time integrals) of sequential gradient pulses is discussed in the context of large gradient pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR diffusion measurements. Such effects result in artifactual attenuation and distortion in the spectra which, in the first instance, are similar to (and commonly mistaken for) the effects of eddy currents. Small degrees of mismatch cause "unphysical" concave downward curvature in PGSE attenuation plots of freely diffusing species. However, larger mismatches can result in artifactual diffraction peaks in the plots which could easily be confused for true restricted diffusion effects. Although "rectangular" gradient pulses are preferable from a theoretical viewpoint, we found that shaped gradient (e.g., half-sine) pulses, which due to their slower rise and fall times were more tractable for the current amplifier, were more sequentially reproducible. As well as generating fewer phase-based artifacts such shaped pulses also decrease the likelihood of vibration problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Price
- Water Research Institute, Sengen 2-1-6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
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Takahashi N, Tsukamoto Y, Shiosaka S, Kishi T, Hakoshima T, Arata Y, Yamaguchi Y, Kato K, Shimada I. N-glycan structures of murine hippocampus serine protease, neuropsin, produced in Trichoplusia ni cells. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:405-14. [PMID: 10737326 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007082612019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
N-glycans of neuropsin (serine protease in the murine hippocampus) expressed in Trichoplusia ni cells were released from the glycopeptides by digestion with glycoamidase A (from sweet almond), and the reducing ends of the oligosaccharides were reductively aminated with 2-aminopyridine. The derivatized N-glycans were separated and structurally identified by a two dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mapping technique on two kinds of HPLC columns. Fourteen different major N-glycan structures were identified, of which 6 were high-mannose type (9.1%), and the remaining 8 were paucimannosidic type. The presence of insect specific N-glycan structures containing both alpha1,3- and alpha1,6- di-fucosylated innermost N-acetylglucosamine residue (23.3%), as below, was also confirmed by 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- GlycoLab, Mitsukan Group Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan.
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38
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Kawaminami S, Takahashi H, Ito S, Arata Y, Shimada I. A multinuclear NMR study of the active site of an endoglucanase from a strain of Bacillus. Use of Trp residues as structural probes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19823-8. [PMID: 10391926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.28.19823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hydrolytic reaction catalyzed by an endoglucanase from a Bacillus strain (endoglucanase K), 2 of 12 Trp residues, Trp174 and Trp243, are responsible for binding of the substrate and/or for the catalysis (Kawaminami, S., Ozaki, K., Sumitomo, N., Hayashi, Y., Ito, S., Shimada, I., and Arata, Y. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 28752-28756). Here we report results of a stable isotope-aided NMR analysis of the active site of endoglucanase K, using Trp174 and Trp243 as structural probes. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments performed for the NH protons of main and side chains of Trp residues revealed that Trp174 and Trp243 are located in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic microenvironments in the active site, respectively. We also carried out pH titration experiments for indole C2 proton resonances of Trp residues and measured the pH dependence of specific activities for wild-type endoglucanase K and its mutants in which Glu or Asp residues are replaced with their respective amide forms. On the basis of the results obtained from the present study, we conclude that (a) Glu130 and Asp191, which are in spatial proximity to Trp174 and Trp243 in the active site, play a crucial role in the enzymatic activity; (b) Glu130 and Asp191 interact with each other in the active site, leading to an increase in the pKa values to 5.5 for both amino acid residues; and (c) the pKa values of Glu130 and Asp191 would lead to an unusually narrow pH-activity profile of the endoglucanase K.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawaminami
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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39
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Arata Y, Geshi E, Nomizo A, Aoki S, Katagiri T. Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum and angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene expression in spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts. Jpn Circ J 1999; 63:367-72. [PMID: 10943616 DOI: 10.1253/jcj.63.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an adaptive change in response to hypertensive pressure overload. Some evidence indicates that the decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase mRNA expression, which may contribute to a diastolic dysfunction of the heart, occurs in the experimental pressure overload model. Also, recent studies have demonstrated that angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) play important roles in LVH. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of the SR and the role of AT1 in genetic hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at ages 10 and 18 weeks. In SHR, cardiac hypertrophy has already developed at 10 weeks of age. SR Ca2+-ATPase activity and mRNA expression were significantly lower in SHR than in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Plasma renin activity in SHR was unchanged compared with WKY, whereas the Ang II concentration in SHR was significantly higher than that in WKY. AT1 mRNA expression in SHR was similar to that in WKY. These results suggest that in the early stage of hypertension in SHR Ang II may stimulate hypertrophy in the cardiomyocytes through the AT1, which is not downregulated by a high concentration of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of non-selective endothelin blockade (TAK-044) in ischemic myocardial injury. Forty anesthetized rats were separated into four groups: 1) TAK-I group, after preinjection of TAK-044 (3 mg/kg), LAD was ligated for 60 min and reperfused for 60 min; 2) Saline (SAL)-I group, LAD ligation and reperfusion without TAK-044; 3) TAK-C group, sham operated TAK group; 4) SAL-C group, sham-operated SAL group. Myocardium from each group was separated and analyzed by biochemical and ultrastructural procedures. Reperfusion arrhythmia (VT) was observed in 88% of the SAL-I group, in contrast to only 36% of the TAK-I group. At the end of reperfusion, hemodynamics indicated no significant differences between these two groups. The Ca(++)-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was 3.9 mumoles Pi/mg protein/h (39% of SAL-C group) in the SAL-I group, while that in the TAK-I group was significantly higher at 6.1 (54%). The ratio of infarct/risk area was 58% in the SAL-I group and 36% in the TAK-I group. In the ultrastructural observations, irreversibly injured cells of the ischemic portion were reduced significantly from 35% (SAL-I group) to 14% (TAK-I group). Thus, our results indicated that endothelin blockade reduced ischemic cellular injury. The mechanism of this reduction was speculated to be a resistance to ischemic injury in the subcellular levels of the myocardium conferred by a reduction of vascular constriction and improvement of imbalance in the energy supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Geshi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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41
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Price WS, Tsuchiya F, Suzuki C, Arata Y. Characterization of the solution properties of Pichia farinosa killer toxin using PGSE NMR diffusion measurements. J Biomol NMR 1999; 13:113-117. [PMID: 20700816 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008394716710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The solution behaviour with respect to pH and NaCl concentration of the tertiary structure and propensity for aggregation of salt- mediated killer toxin (SMKT) from Pichia farinosa was examined using pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR diffusion measurements. It was found that in 0.15m NaCl the tertiary structure of SMKT was constant below pH 5.0, with the native SMKT existing as an unaggregated heterodimer containing the beta-subunit in a compactly folded form. However, above pH 5.0 the beta-subunit dissociated and lost its compact structure, becoming a random coil with an approximately 37% increase in effective hydrodynamic radius. To determine the effects of NaCl concentration on the tertiary structure of SMKT, diffusion measurements were performed at pH 3.5 and NaCl concentrations up to 2M. Both the tertiary structure and aggregation state of SMKT were found to be insensitive to the salt concentration which indicates that the activity of the toxin is not a direct result of salt-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Price
- Water Research Institute, Sengen 2-1-6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305- 0047, Japan
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42
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Oka T, Murakami S, Arata Y, Hirabayashi J, Kasai K, Wada Y, Futai M. Identification and cloning of rat galectin-2: expression is predominantly in epithelial cells of the stomach. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 361:195-201. [PMID: 9882446 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A complementary DNA clone preferentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract was obtained from a rat stomach library. The protein coded by the clone had a single carbohydrate recognition domain having conserved motifs for beta-galactoside binding and showed 67% amino acid identity with human galectin-2. The recombinant protein synthesized in Escherichia coli could bind to an asialofetuin column and was eluted with beta-galactopyranoside. From these observations, we named the protein rat galectin-2 coded by the cDNA. The rat galectin-2 was predominantly expressed in the epithelial cells of stomach. Thus this protein may form a mucin layer cross-linking with the beta-galactoside moiety of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oka
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
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43
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Yamaguchi Y, Kato K, Shindo M, Aoki S, Furusho K, Koga K, Takahashi N, Arata Y, Shimada I. Dynamics of the carbohydrate chains attached to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G as studied by NMR spectroscopy assisted by selective 13C labeling of the glycans. J Biomol NMR 1998; 12:385-394. [PMID: 9835046 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008392229694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A systematic method for 13C labeling of the glycan of immunoglobulin G for NMR study has been developed. A mouse immunoglobulin of subclass IgG2b has been used for the experiment. On the basis of chemical shift and linewidth data, it has been concluded that (1) the mobility of the carbohydrate chain in IgG2b is comparable to that of the backbone polypeptide chain with the exception of the galactose residue at the nonreducing end of the Man alpha 1-3 branch, which is extremely mobile and (2) agalactosylation does not induce any significant change in the mobility. The results obtained indicate that even in the agalactosyl from the glycans are buried in the protein. Biological significance of the NMR results obtained is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Markley JL, Bax A, Arata Y, Hilbers CW, Kaptein R, Sykes BD, Wright PE, Wüthrich K. Recommendations for the presentation of NMR structures of proteins and nucleic acids--IUPAC-IUBMB-IUPAB Inter-Union Task Group on the standardization of data bases of protein and nucleic acid structures determined by NMR spectroscopy. Eur J Biochem 1998; 256:1-15. [PMID: 9746340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2560001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recommendations presented here are designed to support easier communication of NMR data and NMR structures of proteins and nucleic acids through unified nomenclature and reporting standards. Much of this document pertains to the reporting of data in journal articles; however, in the interest of the future development of structural biology, it is desirable that the bulk of the reported information be stored in computer-accessible form and be freely accessible to the scientific community in standardized formats for data exchange. These recommendations stem from an IUPAC-IUBMB-IUPAB inter-union venture with the direct involvement of ICSU and CODATA. The Task Group has reviewed previous formal recommendations and has extended them in the light of more recent developments in the field of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. Drafts of the recommendations presented here have been examined critically by more than 50 specialists in the field and have gone through two rounds of extensive modification to incorporate suggestions and criticisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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45
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Markley JL, Bax A, Arata Y, Hilbers CW, Kaptein R, Sykes BD, Wright PE, Wüthrich K. Recommendations for the presentation of NMR structures of proteins and nucleic acids. J Mol Biol 1998; 280:933-52. [PMID: 9671561 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recommendations presented here are designed to support easier communication of NMR data and NMR structures of proteins and nucleic acids through unified nomenclature and reporting standards. Much of this document pertains to the reporting of data in journal articles; however, in the interest of the future development of structural biology, it is desirable that the bulk of the reported information be stored in computer-accessible form and be freely accessible to the scientific community in standardized formats for data exchange. These recommendations stem from an IUPAC-IUBMB-IUPAB inter-union venture with the direct involvement of ICSU and CODATA. The Task Group has reviewed previous formal recommendations and has extended them in the light of more recent developments in the field of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. Drafts of the recommendations presented here have been examined critically by more than 50 specialists in the field and have gone through two rounds of extensive modification to incorporate suggestions and criticisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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46
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Markley JL, Bax A, Arata Y, Hilbers CW, Kaptein R, Sykes BD, Wright PE, Wüthrich K. Recommendations for the presentation of NMR structures of proteins and nucleic acids. IUPAC-IUBMB-IUPAB Inter-Union Task Group on the Standardization of Data Bases of Protein and Nucleic Acid Structures Determined by NMR Spectroscopy. J Biomol NMR 1998; 12:1-23. [PMID: 9729785 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008290618449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recommendations presented here are designed to support easier communication of NMR data and NMR structures of proteins and nucleic acids through unified nomenclature and reporting standards. Much of this document pertains to the reporting of data in journal articles; however, in the interest of the future development of structural biology, it is desirable that the bulk of the reported information be stored in computer-accessible form and be freely accessible to the scientific community in standardized formats for data exchange. These recommendations stem from an IUPAC-IUBMB-IUPAB inter-union venture with the direct involvement of ICSU and CODATA. The Task Group has reviewed previous formal recommendations and has extended them in the light of more recent developments in the field of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. Drafts of the recommendations presented here have been examined critically by more than 50 specialists in the field and have gone through two rounds of extensive modification to incorporate suggestions and criticisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1569, USA
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47
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Hirayama K, Yuji R, Yamada N, Kato K, Arata Y, Shimada I. Complete and rapid peptide and glycopeptide mapping of mouse monoclonal antibody by LC/MS/MS using ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1998; 70:2718-25. [PMID: 9666736 DOI: 10.1021/ac9712153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complete and rapid peptide and glycopeptide mapping of a mouse monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgG2b) were carried out by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/ ESI IT-MS/MS). It was possible to obtain spectra of a minor glycopeptide at a quantity as low as 1.8 pmol. Reduced and carboxymethylated mouse antidansyl monoclonal IgG2b (RCM-IgG2b) was digested with lysyl-endopeptidase. Proteolytic peptides were subjected to capillary HPLC separation followed by analysis with an ion trap mass spectrometer. The complete amino acid sequence of the IgG2b was characterized by using LC/ ESI IT-MS/MS. The structures of 12 different types of O-linked oligosaccharides attached to Thr-221AH in the hinge region and those of three major types of N-linked oligosaccharides attached to Asn-297H have been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirayama
- Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Company, Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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48
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Iijima K, Geshi E, Nomizo A, Arata Y, Katagiri T. Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene expression after myocardial infarction in rats. Jpn Circ J 1998; 62:449-54. [PMID: 9652322 DOI: 10.1253/jcj.62.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) in ventricular remodeling in non-infarcted areas after myocardial infarction (MI). MI was produced in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (10-12-weeks old) by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Four weeks after MI, hemodynamic measurements were performed. SR Ca2+-ATPase activity and mRNA (SERCA2a) and AT1 mRNA (AT1a, AT1b) were analyzed. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was higher and left ventricular dp/dt was significantly lower in the MI group. In non-infarcted areas in the MI group, myocardial transverse diameter was significantly greater and both Ca2+-ATPase activity in the SR and SERCA2a level decreased. The AT1a level was higher in non-infarcted areas than in controls, whereas the AT1b mRNA expression level was unchanged. These results suggest that, in the ventricular remodeling after MI, alterations in SR protein and its mRNA in non-infarcted myocardium help initiate heart failure and that Ca overload caused by the up-regulation of AT1a mRNA is an important cause of alteration in SR function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/biosynthesis
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Hemodynamics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Male
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/physiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iijima
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Gouda H, Shiraishi M, Takahashi H, Kato K, Torigoe H, Arata Y, Shimada I. NMR study of the interaction between the B domain of staphylococcal protein A and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G. Biochemistry 1998; 37:129-36. [PMID: 9425032 DOI: 10.1021/bi970923f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The solution structure of the B domain of staphylococcal protein A (FB) complexed with the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is reported. A previous NMR analysis has shown that in solution FB is composed of a bundle of three alpha-helices, helix I, helix II, and helix III [Gouda, H., Torigoe, H., Saito, A., Sato, M., Arata, Y., and Shimada, I. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 9665-9672]. In contrast, the crystal structure of FB in the FB-Fc complex lacks helix III. Uniformly 15N- and 15N/13C-labeled FB were prepared, and the backbone 13C resonances were assigned. The spectral data obtained in the present study indicated that in solution all three helices including helix III are preserved in the FB-Fc complex. The mode of interaction of FB with the Fc fragment was discussed on the basis of the combined data of hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments and 1H-15N correlation spectroscopy. It was concluded that a contiguous surface shaped by F14, Y15, E16, L18, and H19 in helix I, and N29, Q33, L35, and K36 in helix II is responsible for the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gouda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Ishikawa M, Price WS, Ide H, Arata Y. Visualization of Freezing Behaviors in Leaf and Flower Buds of Full-Moon Maple by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy. Plant Physiol 1997; 115:1515-1524. [PMID: 12223878 PMCID: PMC158617 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.4.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy was used to study the freezing behavior of wintering buds of full-moon maple (Acer japonicum Thunb.). The images obtained predominantly reflected the density of mobile (i.e. non-ice) protons from unfrozen water. A comparison of NMR images taken at different subfreezing temperatures revealed which tissues produced high- and low-temperature exotherms in differential thermal analyses. In leaf and lower buds of A. japonicum, the scales and stem bark tissues were already frozen by -7[deg]C, but the primordial inflorescence and terminal primordial shoots remained supercooled at -14[deg]C, and the lateral primordial shoots were unfrozen even at -21[deg]C. The freezing of these supercooled tissues was associated with their loss of viability. The size of the supercooled primordial shoots and inflorescences was gradually reduced with decreasing temperature, indicating extraorgan freezing in these tissues. During this process the formation of dark regions beneath the primordia and subsequent gradual darkening in the basal part of supercooled primordia were visible. As the lateral shoot primordia were cooled, the unfrozen area was considerably reduced. Since the lateral primordia remained viable down to -40[deg]C, with no detectable low-temperature exotherms, they probably underwent type I extraorgan freezing. Deep supercooling in the xylem was clearly imaged. NMR microscopy is a powerful tool for noninvasively visualizing harmonized freezing behaviors in complex plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ishikawa
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan (M.I.)
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