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Turaka S, Jagannati V, Pappula B, Makgato S. Impact of infill density on morphology and mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS/CF-ABS composites using design of experiments. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29920. [PMID: 38707363 PMCID: PMC11066333 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal Extrusion (MEX) is a leading 3D printing technology for polymers, enabling intricate designs and personalized products in various applications. The current study evaluate how infill density affects the tensile, flexural, compressive, Izod impact and fracture behaviour of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (CF-ABS) specimens manufactured using the MEX method. Different infill densities of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % are used in the production of honeycomb infill pattern samples for investigating the mechanical as well as fracture behaviour of MEX ABS/CF-ABS components. The experimental runs of fabricated composites were tested using a digital Izod impact tester and servo-controlled hydraulic universal testing machine, following ASTM standard procedures. The experimental findings show that CF-ABS specimens with an 80 % infill density and honeycomb fill pattern showed significant improvements in tensile strength, modulus, yield strength and elongation. The flexural strength (64.74 %), flexural modulus (209.15 %), compressive strength (125.21 %), compressive modulus (108.34 %) and impact strength (38.91 %) of these specimens are comparable to those of 3D printed ABS specimens and other infill densities. The research shows that precise management of processing variables can greatly improve the mechanical properties of 3D-printed ABS samples, providing valuable insights for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshaiah Turaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS College of Engineering and Technology, Ongole, India
| | - Venumurali Jagannati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Bridjesh Pappula
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa (UNISA), C/o Christiaan de Wet & Pioneer Avenue, Florida Campus, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Seshibe Makgato
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa (UNISA), C/o Christiaan de Wet & Pioneer Avenue, Florida Campus, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Hamrol A, Góralski B, Wichniarek R. The Influence of Moisture Absorption and Desorption by the ABS Filament on the Properties of Additively Manufactured Parts Using the Fused Deposition Modeling Method. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1988. [PMID: 38730795 PMCID: PMC11084188 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on the influence of the moisture content in a filament made of ABS polymer on the properties of products manufactured using FDM (fused deposition modeling). Tests were carried out on a standard printer, using the parameters recommended by the manufacturer and the literature on the subject. A special climatic chamber was used to condition the material. A negative impact of ABS filament moisture on the strength and dimensional accuracy of printed products and on the structure of their surface is demonstrated. When the range of the filament moisture is between 0.17% and 0.75%, the strength decreases by 25% and the sample thickness increases by 10%. It is also shown that this effect does not depend on the history of the polymer reaching a given moisture level, i.e., by absorbing moisture in the absorption process or releasing moisture in the desorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hamrol
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-138 Poznan, Poland (R.W.)
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Lobov E, Vindokurov I, Tashkinov M. Mechanical Properties and Performance of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Reinforced with Carbon, Glass and Basalt Short Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1106. [PMID: 38675025 PMCID: PMC11055083 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and its modifications reinforced with different types of short-fiber fillers: carbon, glass, and basalt. Elastic modulus, tensile and bending strength, as well as fracture toughness were determined in series of mechanical tests for samples produced with different manufacturing parameters, such as nozzle diameter and infill angle. It was found that the use of ABS filament reinforced with the short fibers can significantly improve the mechanical properties of 3D-printed devices when the infill angle is oriented along the vector of the applied load. In such a case, the elastic modulus and tensile strength can be increased by more than 1.7 and 1.5 times, respectively. The use of a larger nozzle diameter led to the growth of tensile strength by an average of 12.5%. When the macroscopic load is applied along the normal to the printed layers, the addition of short fibers does not give much gain in mechanical properties compared to pure ABS, which was confirmed by both standard tensile and fracture toughness tests. The surface of the fractured samples was examined using scanning electronic microscopy, which allowed us to make conclusions on the type of defects as well as on the level of adhesion between the polymeric matrix and different types of short fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mikhail Tashkinov
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Biocompatible Materials and Devices, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Ave., Perm 614990, Russia
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Ghonjizade-Samani F, Haurie L, Malet R, Pérez M, Realinho V. Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retardant Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer with Enhanced Mechanical Properties by Combining Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Silicone Rubber and Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:923. [PMID: 38611181 PMCID: PMC11013094 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work proposes to investigate the effect of an ultrahigh molecular weight silicone rubber (UHMW-SR) and two ethylene methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA) with different methyl acrylate (MA) content on the mechanical and fire performance of a fireproof acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS) composite, with an optimum amount of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi). ABS formulations with a global flame retardant weight content of 20 wt.% (ABS P) were melt-compounded, with and without EMA and UHMW-SR, in a Brabender mixer. During this batch process, ABS P formulations with UHMW-SR and/or EMA registered lower torque values than those of ABS P. By means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was possible to observe that all ABS composites exhibited a homogenous structure without phase separation or particle agglomeration. Slightly improved interfacial interaction between the well-dispersed flame-retardant particles in the presence of EMA and/or UHMW-SR was also noticed. Furthermore, synergies in mechanical properties by adding both EMA and UHMW-SR into ABS P were ascertained. An enhancement of molecular mobility that contributed to the softening of ABS P was observed under dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). An improvement of its flexibility, ductility and toughness were also registered under three-point-bending trials, and even more remarkable synergies were noticed in Charpy notched impact strength. Particularly, a 212% increase was achieved when 5 wt.% of EMA with 29 wt.% of MA and 2 wt.% of UHMW-SR in ABS P (ABS E29 S P) were added. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of EMA copolymers in ABS P formulations did not interfere with its thermal decomposition, whereas UHMW-SR presence decreased its thermal stability at the beginning of the decomposition. Although the addition of EMA or UHMW-SR, as well as the combination of both in ABS P increased the pHRR in cone calorimetry, UL 94 V-0 classification was maintained for all flame-retarded ABS composites. In addition, through SEM analysis of cone calorimetry sample residue, a more cohesive surface char layer, with Si-O-C network formation confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), was shown in ABS P formulations with UHMW-SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ghonjizade-Samani
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/ de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca—La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Laia Haurie
- GICITED Group, Department of Architectural Technology, Escola Politècnica Superior d'Edificació de Barcelona (EPSEB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Av. Dr. Marañon 44-50, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ramón Malet
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca—La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Marc Pérez
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca—La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Vera Realinho
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/ de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
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Ferrari ML, Chesneau O, Clermont D, Rahi P, Mistou MY, Portier P, Betsou F. Clarification on the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol in France for the access and sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of microbial genetic resources. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:006262. [PMID: 38445716 PMCID: PMC10999744 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L. Ferrari
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biological Resource Center of Institut Pasteur – Project Management Office, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chesneau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biological Resource Center of Institut Pasteur – Collection de l’Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Clermont
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biological Resource Center of Institut Pasteur – Collection de l’Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Praveen Rahi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biological Resource Center of Institut Pasteur – Collection de l’Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Perrine Portier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, CIRM-CFBP, Angers, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Fay Betsou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biological Resource Center of Institut Pasteur – Project Management Office, F-75015, Paris, France
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Minh PS, Nguyen VT, Uyen TMT, Huy VQ, Le Dang HN, Nguyen VTT. Enhancing Amplification in Compliant Mechanisms: Optimization of Plastic Types and Injection Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:394. [PMID: 38337283 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study surveys the impacts of injection parameters on the deformation rate of the injected flexure hinge made from ABS, PP, and HDPE. The flexure hinges are generated with different filling time, filling pressure, filling speed, packing time, packing pressure, cooling time, and melt temperature. The amplification ratio of the samples between different injection parameters and different plastic types is measured and compared to figure out the optimal one with a high amplification ratio. The results show that the relationship between the input and output data of the ABS, PP, and HDPE flexure hinges at different injection molding parameters is a linear relation. Changing the material or many injection molding parameters of the hinge could lead to a great impact on the hinge's performance. However, changing each parameter does not lead to a sudden change in the input and output values. Each plastic material has different optimal injection parameters and displacement behaviors. With the ABS flexure hinge, the filling pressure case has the greatest amplification ratio of 8.81, while the filling speed case has the lowest value of 4.81. With the optimal injection parameter and the input value of 105 µm, the ABS flexure hinge could create a maximum average output value of 736.6 µm. With the PP flexure hinge, the melt temperature case achieves the greatest amplification ratio of 6.73, while the filling speed case has the lowest value of 4.1. With the optimal injection parameter and the input value of 128 µm, the PP flexure hinge could create a maximum average output value of 964.8 µm. The average amplification ratio values of all injection molding parameters are 6.85, 5.41, and 4.01, corresponding to ABS, PP, and HDPE flexure hinges. Generally, the ABS flexure hinge has the highest amplification ratios, followed by the PP flexure hinge. The HDPE flexure hinge has the lowest amplification ratios among these plastic types. With the optimal injection parameter and the input value of 218 µm, the HDPE flexure hinge could create a maximum average output value of 699.8 µm. The results provide more insight into plastic flexure hinges and broaden their applications by finding the optimal injection parameters and plastic types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Son Minh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City 71307, Vietnam
| | - Van-Thuc Nguyen
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City 71307, Vietnam
| | - Tran Minh The Uyen
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City 71307, Vietnam
| | - Vu Quang Huy
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City 71307, Vietnam
| | - Hai Nguyen Le Dang
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City 71307, Vietnam
| | - Van Thanh Tien Nguyen
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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Sztorch B, Konieczna R, Pakuła D, Frydrych M, Marciniec B, Przekop RE. Preparation and Characterization of Composites Based on ABS Modified with Polysiloxane Derivatives. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:561. [PMID: 38591380 PMCID: PMC10856207 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, organosilicon compounds were used as modifiers of filaments constituting building materials for 3D printing technology. Polymethylhydrosiloxane underwent a hydrosilylation reaction with styrene, octadecene, and vinyltrimethoxysilane to produce new di- or tri-functional derivatives with varying ratios of olefins. These compounds were then mixed with silica and incorporated into the ABS matrix using standard processing methods. The resulting systems exhibited changes in their physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Several of the obtained composites (e.g., modified with VT:6STYR) had an increase in the contact angle of over 20° resulting in a hydrophobic surface. The addition of modifiers also prevented a decrease in rheological parameters regardless of the amount of filler added. In addition, comprehensive tests of the thermal decomposition of the obtained composites were performed and an attempt was made to precisely characterize the decomposition of ABS using FT-IR and optical microscopy, which allowed us to determine the impact of individual groups on the thermal stability of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (R.K.); (D.P.); (M.F.); (B.M.); (R.E.P.)
| | - Roksana Konieczna
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (R.K.); (D.P.); (M.F.); (B.M.); (R.E.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daria Pakuła
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (R.K.); (D.P.); (M.F.); (B.M.); (R.E.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Miłosz Frydrych
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (R.K.); (D.P.); (M.F.); (B.M.); (R.E.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogdan Marciniec
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (R.K.); (D.P.); (M.F.); (B.M.); (R.E.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (R.K.); (D.P.); (M.F.); (B.M.); (R.E.P.)
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He X, Barnett LM, Jeon J, Zhang Q, Alqahtani S, Black M, Shannahan J, Wright C. Real-Time Exposure to 3D-Printing Emissions Elicits Metabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Toxics 2024; 12:67. [PMID: 38251022 PMCID: PMC10818734 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printer usage in household and school settings has raised health concerns regarding chemical and particle emission exposures during operation. Although the composition of 3D printer emissions varies depending on printer settings and materials, little is known about the impact that emissions from different filament types may have on respiratory health and underlying cellular mechanisms. In this study, we used an in vitro exposure chamber system to deliver emissions from two popular 3D-printing filament types, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), directly to human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) cultured in an air-liquid interface during 3D printer operation. Using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle sizer (OPS), we monitored 3D printer particulate matter (PM) emissions in terms of their particle size distribution, concentrations, and calculated deposited doses. Elemental composition of ABS and PLA emissions was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we compared the effects of emission exposure on cell viability, inflammation, and metabolism in SAEC. Our results reveal that, although ABS filaments emitted a higher total concentration of particles and PLA filaments emitted a higher concentration of smaller particles, SAEC were exposed to similar deposited doses of particles for each filament type. Conversely, ABS and PLA emissions had distinct elemental compositions, which were likely responsible for differential effects on SAEC viability, oxidative stress, release of inflammatory mediators, and changes in cellular metabolism. Specifically, while ABS- and PLA-emitted particles both reduced cellular viability and total glutathione levels in SAEC, ABS emissions had a significantly greater effect on glutathione relative to PLA emissions. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, MMP-9, and RANTES were significantly increased due to ABS emissions exposure. While IL-6 and IL-8 were stimulated in both exposure scenarios, VEGF was exclusively increased due to PLA emissions exposures. Notably, ABS emissions induced metabolic perturbation on amino acids and energy metabolism, as well as redox-regulated pathways including arginine, methionine, cysteine, and vitamin B3 metabolism, whereas PLA emissions exposures caused fatty acid and carnitine dysregulation. Taken together, these results advance our mechanistic understanding of 3D-printer-emissions-induced respiratory toxicity and highlight the role that filament emission properties may play in mediating different respiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Lillie Marie Barnett
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Jennifer Jeon
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.A.); (J.S.)
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutics Technologies Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilyn Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Christa Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
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Prakash VRA, Bourchak M, Alshahrani H, Juhany KA. Development of cashew nut shell lignin-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 3D printed core and industrial hemp/aluminized glass fiber epoxy biocomposite for morphing wing and unmanned aerial vehicle applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127068. [PMID: 37758105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a lightweight epoxy based biocomposite for morphing wing and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The proposed composite was developed using a 3D printed high stiffness lignin-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) core and industrial hemp with aluminized glass fiber epoxy skin. The ABS was reinforced using lignin macromolecule derived from cashew nut shells via twin screw extruder and the core was printed using an industrial grade 3D printer. Furthermore, the composites were prepared by compression moulding with an ABS-lignin core and hemp/aluminized GF surface and characterized according to respective American society of testing and materials (ASTM) standards. The findings indicate that the addition of 30 vol% Al-glass and hemp fiber with lignin strengthened ABS core improved the mechanical properties. The composite material designated as "E2" exhibits the maximum mechanical properties, providing tensile strength, flexural strength, Izod impact, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and compression values of, 136 MPa, 168 MPa, 4.82 kJ/m2, 21 MPa, and 155 MPa respectively. The maximal energy absorbed by composite designation "E2," during drop load impact test is 20.6 J. Similarly, the composite designation "E2"gives fatigue life cycles of 33,709, 25,781 and 19,633 for 50 %, 70 % and 90 % of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 32.5 (K1c) MPa⋅m and 0.76 (G1c) MJ/m2 in fracture toughness and energy release rate respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Arun Prakash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N Institute of Engineering, Chennai, India; Polymer Composite Research Lab, Metro Composites, Chennai, India.
| | - Mostefa Bourchak
- Aerospace Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alshahrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Juhany
- Aerospace Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Barchiki F, Fracaro L, Dominguez AC, Senegaglia AC, Vaz IM, Soares P, de Moura SAB, Brofman PRS. Biocompatibility of ABS and PLA Polymers with Dental Pulp Stem Cells Enhance Their Potential Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4629. [PMID: 38139880 PMCID: PMC10747830 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) are commonly used polymers in 3D printing for biomedical applications. Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) are an accessible and proliferative source of stem cells with significant differentiation potential. Limited knowledge exists regarding the biocompatibility and genetic safety of ABS and PLA when in contact with DPSCs. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PLA and ABS on the adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, genetic stability, proteomics, and immunophenotypic profile of DPSCs. A total of three groups, 1- DPSC-control, 2- DPSC+ABS, and 3- DPSC+PLA, were used in in vitro experiments to evaluate cell morphology, proliferation, differentiation capabilities, genetic stability, proteomics (secretome), and immunophenotypic profiles regarding the interaction between DPSCs and polymers. Both ABS and PLA supported the adhesion and proliferation of DPSCs without exhibiting significant cytotoxic effects and maintaining the capacity for osteogenic differentiation. Genetic stability, proteomics, and immunophenotypic profiles were unaltered in DPSCs post-contact with these polymers, highlighting their biosafety. Our findings suggest that ABS and PLA are biocompatible with DPSCs and demonstrate potential in dental or orthopedic applications; the choice of the polymer will depend on the properties required in treatment. These promising results stimulate further studies to explore the potential therapeutic applications in vivo using prototyped polymers in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Barchiki
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Letícia Fracaro
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Correa Dominguez
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil;
| | - Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isadora May Vaz
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Paulo Soares
- LaBES—Laboratory of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Polytechnic School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil;
| | - Sérgio Adriane Bezerra de Moura
- Departament of Morphology, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59072-970, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (A.C.S.); (I.M.V.); (P.R.S.B.)
- INCT—REGENERA National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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11
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He F, Xu C, Khan M. Tribological Characterisation and Modelling for the Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymeric Structures under Lubrication Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4112. [PMID: 37896355 PMCID: PMC10610781 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing technology, particularly in plastic component fabrication, has gained prominence. However, fundamental modelling of the influence of materials like ABS, PC, and PLA on tribological properties in fused deposition modeling (FDM) remains scarce, particularly in non-lubricated, oil-lubricated, and grease-lubricated modes. This experimental study systematically investigates the effects of material type, lubrication method, layer thickness, and infill density on FDM component tribology. A tribology analysis is conducted using a TRB3 tribometer. The results indicate a coefficient of friction (CoF) range between 0.04 and 0.2, generally increasing and decreasing with layer thickness and filler density. The lubrication impact hinges on the material surface texture. The study models the intricate relationships between these variables via full-factor analysis, showing a strong alignment between the modelled and measured friction coefficients (an average error of 3.83%). Validation tests on different materials affirm the model's reliability and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang He
- Centre for Life-Cycle Engineering and Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
| | - Chenyan Xu
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Centre for Life-Cycle Engineering and Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
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12
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Nikousaleh MA, Giesen RU, Heim HP, Hartung M. MC-Injection Molding with Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ( ABS) for Medical Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3972. [PMID: 37836021 PMCID: PMC10574965 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent injection molding of liquid silicone rubbers (LSR) with thermoplastics, such as polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or polyamide (PA), is a state-of-the-art technique and is used in the manufacturing process for many components in the automotive industry and in the field of sanitary engineering. Standard thermoplastics, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), cannot be bonded with silicone rubbers in injection molding because of their low heat deflection temperature. In this study, we investigated ABS grades approved for medical applications to show how dynamic mold heating and various pretreatment methods for thermoplastic surfaces can be used to produce ABS-LSR test specimens. In addition, such components' sterilization effect on the adhesive bond will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Nikousaleh
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Ralf-Urs Giesen
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Heim
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Hartung
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
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13
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Akrout M, Ben Difallah B, Kharrat M, Dammak M, Pereira A, Oliveira FJ, Duarte I. On the Structural, Thermal, Micromechanical and Tribological Characterizations of Cu-Filled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Micro-Composites. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6428. [PMID: 37834565 PMCID: PMC10573974 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the structural, thermal, micromechanical and tribological properties of novel polymer/metal composite materials for bearing applications. Copper (Cu)-filled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composites were mixed in a laboratory scale by an internal mixer with two blade impellers, and then injection-molded. Neat ABS, ABS+5wt% Cu, ABS+10wt% Cu, and ABS+15wt% Cu were the four materials that were tested. The dispersion of Cu particles in the ABS matrix was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a micro-tomography scan. The filler particles have a uniform distribution in the matrix, according to the observations. The incorporation of Cu filler also refined an increase in the glass transition temperature from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and less intensity in the amorphous phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nanoindentation tests were carried out to characterize the micro-mechanical behavior of the composites. Friction and wear analysis were also examined using a pin-on-disk tribometer. Compared with neat ABS, all the micro-composites showed much higher indentation hardness, Vickers hardness, and indentation elastic modulus. It was also concluded that the incorporation of Cu filler into ABS simultaneously improved the friction and wear properties of the composites, which contributed to the suitability of the micro-filled composites with hard metallic particles for a wider range of mechanical components for bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouka Akrout
- Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road, Km 3.5, PO Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.A.); (B.B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Basma Ben Difallah
- Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road, Km 3.5, PO Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.A.); (B.B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed Kharrat
- Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road, Km 3.5, PO Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.A.); (B.B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Maher Dammak
- Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road, Km 3.5, PO Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.A.); (B.B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - António Pereira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.P.); (I.D.)
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Oliveira
- CICECO, Department of Materials Engineering and Ceramics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Duarte
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.P.); (I.D.)
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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14
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Zisopol DG, Tănase M, Portoacă AI. Innovative Strategies for Technical-Economical Optimization of FDM Production. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3787. [PMID: 37765640 PMCID: PMC10537062 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article introduces a multi-objective optimization approach for determining the best 3D printing parameters (layer thickness and infill percentage) to efficiently produce PLA and ABS parts, extensively analyzing mechanical behavior under tests for different traits such as tensile strength, compression, flexural, impact, and hardness. The value analysis method is used to optimize settings that balance use value (Vi- represented by mechanical characteristics) and production cost (Cp). Findings reveal that the infill percentage significantly influences the Vi/Cp ratio for tensile, compression, and hardness tests, while flexural tests are influenced by layer thickness. Impact strength is influenced nearly equally by both factors, with material-specific variations. The desirability function proved useful for optimizing processes with multiple responses, identifying the optimal parameters for the FDM process: a layer thickness of 0.15 mm with 100% infill percentage for PLA, a layer thickness of 0.20 mm with 100% infill percentage for annealed PLA, and a layer thickness of 0.15 mm with 100% infill percentage for ABS. Overall, this study guides efficient 3D printing parameter selection through a technical-economic optimization based on value analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragoș Gabriel Zisopol
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Maria Tănase
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
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15
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Nishi Y, Sagawa K, Faudree MC, Uchida HT, Kanda M, Kaneko S, Salvia M, Matsumura Y, Kimura H. A Novel Nickel-Plated Carbon Fiber Insert in Aluminum Joints with Thermoplastic ABS Polymer or Stainless Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5777. [PMID: 37687470 PMCID: PMC10488513 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
New types of hybrid aluminum joints: Al-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer (CFRTP) designated Al/Ni-CFP/ABS, and Al-18-8 Stainless steel, Al/Ni-CFP/18-8, by Ni-plated carbon fiber plug (Ni-CFP) insert not before seen in the literature have been fabricated. The goal is to take advantage of extremely high ~6 mm CF surface area for high adhesion, to enhance the safety level of aircraft and other parts. This is without fasteners, chemical treatment, or glue. First, the CFP is plated with Ni. Second, the higher melting point half-length is spot welded to the CFP; and third, the remaining half-length is fabricated. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Al/Ni-CFP/ABS was raised 15 times over that of Al/ABS. Normalized cUTS according to CFP cross-section by Rule of Mixtures for cAl/Ni-CFP/18-8 was raised over that of cAl/Ni-CFP/18-8 from 140 to 360 MPa. Resistance energy to tensile deformation, UT, was raised 12 times from Al/ABS to Al/Ni-CFP/ABS, and 6 times from Al/CFP/18-8 to Al/Ni-CFP/18-8. Spot welding allows rapid melting followed by rapid solidification for amorphous metal structures minimizing grain boundaries. The Ni-coating lowers or counters the effects of brittle Al4C3 and FexC formation at the interface and prevents damage by impingement to CFs, allowing joints to take on more of the load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Nishi
- Faculty of Emeritus, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (H.T.U.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan;
- Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CEDEX, 69134 Ecully, France;
| | - Kouhei Sagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
| | - Michael C. Faudree
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (H.T.U.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Tokyo City University, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
| | - Helmut Takahiro Uchida
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (H.T.U.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
| | - Masae Kanda
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (H.T.U.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Satoru Kaneko
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan;
| | | | - Yoshihito Matsumura
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (H.T.U.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
| | - Hideki Kimura
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (H.T.U.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan;
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16
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Portoacă AI, Ripeanu RG, Diniță A, Tănase M. Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Surface Quality and Wear Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3419. [PMID: 37631476 PMCID: PMC10459717 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the field of 3D printing technology. Among the various technologies available, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has emerged as the most popular and widely used method. However, achieving optimal results with FDM presents a significant challenge due to the selection of appropriate process parameters. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the impact of process parameters on the tribological and frictional behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) 3D-printed parts. The design of experiments (DOE) technique was used considering the input design parameters (infill percentage and layer thickness) as variables. The friction coefficient values and the wear were determined by experimental testing of the polymers on a universal tribometer employing plane friction coupling. Multi-response optimization methodology and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to highlight the dependency between the coefficient of friction, surface roughness parameters, and wear on the process parameters. The optimization analysis revealed that the optimal 3D printing input parameters for achieving the minimum coefficient of friction and linear wear were found to be an infill percentage of 50% and layer thickness of 0.1 mm (for ABS material), and an infill percentage of 50%, layer thickness of 0.15 mm (for PLA material). The suggested optimization methodology (which involves minimizing the coefficient of friction and cumulative linear wear) through the optimized parameter obtained provides the opportunity to select the most favorable design conditions contributing to a more sustainable approach to manufacturing by reducing overall material consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alin Diniță
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiești, Romania; (A.I.P.); (R.G.R.)
| | - Maria Tănase
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiești, Romania; (A.I.P.); (R.G.R.)
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17
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Flatot-Blin D, Rey A, Derynck F, Fossard O, Khalfa S. Clinical Efficiency and Acceptability of EMDR and MOSAIC Therapy for PTSD. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2226. [PMID: 37570464 PMCID: PMC10418657 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11152226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is one of the therapies recommended by the World Health Organization (2013) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although efficient, repeated exposure to the traumatic memory may reduce its acceptability to patients. The therapy "eye movement and alternate stimulation for brain integration" (MOSAIC in French) was developed to improve acceptability and reduce pain by drawing on the patient's internal resources. MOSAIC therapy focuses on the body sensations that the patient wants to experience and avoids having to relive the traumatic memories. This observational study aimed to compare the clinical efficiency of EMDR and MOSAIC therapy for PTSD and to measure the well-being generated by both therapies. Twenty-six PTSD patients (17 females and 9 males, mean age 37.01 years, SD = 13.06) received treatment by psychiatrists and/or psychologists trained with EMDR or MOSAIC therapy. Both patient groups achieved a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms as measured with the PCL-5. However, fewer sessions were required with the MOSAIC therapy than with EMDR therapy. As expected, the level of well-being experienced by the patient during the therapy, assessed using the Lickert scale, was higher with MOSAIC than with EMDR therapy from the first session. These findings provide the first evidence of the efficacy of MOSAIC therapy treatment, which now needs to be corroborated in a larger randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Flatot-Blin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Rey
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France
- Institute of Language and Communication and the Brain, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13604 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Flavie Derynck
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Stephanie Khalfa
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France
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18
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Sabatini F, Pizzimenti S, Bargagli I, Degano I, Duce C, Cartechini L, Modugno F, Rosi F. A Thermal Analytical Study of LEGO ® Bricks for Investigating Light-Stability of ABS. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3267. [PMID: 37571161 PMCID: PMC10422395 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic polymer widely used in several everyday life applications; moreover, it is also one of the most employed plastics in contemporary artworks and design objects. In this study, the chemical and thermal properties of an ABS-based polymer and its photo-degradation process were investigated through a multi-analytical approach based on thermal, mass spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques. LEGO® building blocks were selected for studying the ABS properties. First, the composition of unaged LEGO® bricks was determined in terms of polymer composition and thermal stability; then, the bricks were subjected to UV-Vis photo-oxidative-accelerated ageing for evaluation of possible degradation processes. The modifications of the chemical and thermal properties were monitored in time by a multi-technique approach aimed at improving the current knowledge of ABS photodegradation, employing pyrolysis online with gas chromatography and evolved gas analysis, coupled with mass spectrometric detection (Py-GC-MS and EGA-MS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and corroborated by external reflection FT-IR spectroscopy. The multimodal approach provided new evidence on the two-step degradation pathway proposed for ABS, defining molecular markers for polybutadiene oxidation and styrene-acrylonitrile depolymerization. Moreover, the results highlighted the feasibility of correlating accurate compositional and thermal data acquired by bulk techniques with external reflection FT-IR spectroscopy as a non-invasive portable tool to monitor the state of conservation of plastic museum objects in-situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sabatini
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628 Perugia, Italy; (F.S.); (I.B.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Silvia Pizzimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Irene Bargagli
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628 Perugia, Italy; (F.S.); (I.B.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Laura Cartechini
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628 Perugia, Italy; (F.S.); (I.B.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Francesca Rosi
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628 Perugia, Italy; (F.S.); (I.B.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
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19
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Sevim C, Caliskan U, Demirbas MD, Ekrikaya S, Apalak MK. Numerical Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Functionally Graded Polylactic Acid-Acrylonitrile Benzidine Styrene Produced via Fused Deposition Modeling: Experimental Observations. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5177. [PMID: 37512451 PMCID: PMC10384406 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Functionally graded materials (FGM) have attracted considerable attention in the field of composite materials and rekindled interest in research on composite materials due to their unique mechanical response achieved through material design and optimization. Compared to conventional composites, FGMs offer several advantages and exceptional properties, including improved deformation resistance, improved toughness, lightness properties, and excellent recoverability. This study focused on the production of functionally graded (FG) polymer materials by the additive manufacturing (AM) method. FG structures were produced by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using acrylonitrile benzidine styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) materials, and tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D638. The effects of different layer thicknesses, volume ratios, and total thicknesses on mechanical behavior were investigated. The tensile standard of materials produced by additive manufacturing introduces geometric differences. Another motivation in this study is to reveal the differences between the results according to the ASTM standard. In addition, tensile tests were carried out by producing single-layer samples at certain volume ratios to create a numerical model with the finite element method to verify the experimental data. As a result of this study, it is presented that the FG structure produced with FDM improves mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Sevim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde 51240, Turkey
| | - Umut Caliskan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | | | - Safa Ekrikaya
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
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20
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Yankin A, Alipov Y, Temirgali A, Serik G, Danenova S, Talamona D, Perveen A. Optimization of Printing Parameters to Enhance Tensile Properties of ABS and Nylon Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3043. [PMID: 37514431 PMCID: PMC10384517 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the optimum printing parameters for the fused filament fabrication (FFF) of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyamide (nylon), to improve strength properties. For this purpose, the methodology of the paper involves an experimental study that used Taguchi's method to identify the effects of the infill pattern, infill density, and printing speed on the mechanical properties of the materials. ABS and nylon plastic parts were tested in tension to failure. Based on the results of the tensile tests, it was found that ABS material produced the highest ultimate tensile strength when printed using a tri-hexagonal infill pattern, 100% infill density, and a printing speed of 65 mm/s. On the other hand, nylon material exhibited a better performance when printed using an octet geometric structure, with identical other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Yankin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerassyl Alipov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ali Temirgali
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaini Serik
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Saniya Danenova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Didier Talamona
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Asma Perveen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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21
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Diaz-Merchan JA, Español-Castro C, Martinez-Ovalle SA, Vega-Carrillo HR. Bolus 3D printing for radiotherapy with conventional PLA, ABS and TPU filaments: Theoretical-experimental study. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110908. [PMID: 37385052 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical-experimental study of the interaction of electron beams with 3 filaments conventionally used for 3D printing is presented in this paper. Pieces of polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are studied using Monte Carlo simulation with Geant4 and experimental measurements with plane-parallel ionization chambers and radiochromic films. Using different printing parameters and computed tomography, the presence of air gaps and the uniformity in the bolus density made with the different materials are evaluated. The main parameters in the Percentage Depth Dose (PDDs) are determined, the manufacturing process is standardized and the printing profiles are generated for each of the materials in order to obtain uniform attenuation characteristics in the pieces and improve adaptation to irregular anatomical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Diaz-Merchan
- Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia; Centro de Cancerología de Boyacá, Avenida Universitaria 4671, Tunja, Colombia.
| | - C Español-Castro
- Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - S A Martinez-Ovalle
- Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia; Centro de Cancerología de Boyacá, Avenida Universitaria 4671, Tunja, Colombia
| | - H R Vega-Carrillo
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, C. Cipres 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98060, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
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22
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Al-Tamimi AA, Tlija M, Abidi MH, Anis A, Abd Elgawad AEE. Material Extrusion of Multi-Polymer Structures Utilizing Design and Shrinkage Behaviors: A Design of Experiment Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2683. [PMID: 37376330 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Material extrusion (ME) is an additive manufacturing technique capable of producing functional parts, and its use in multi-material fabrication requires further exploration and expansion. The effectiveness of material bonding is one of the main challenges in multi-material fabrication using ME due to its processing capabilities. Various procedures for improving the adherence of multi-material ME parts have been explored, such as the use of adhesives or the post-processing of parts. In this study, different processing conditions and designs were investigated with the aim of optimizing polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composite parts without the need for pre- or post-processing procedures. The PLA-ABS composite parts were characterized based on their mechanical properties (bonding modulus, compression modulus, and strength), surface roughness (Ra, Rku, Rsk, and Rz), and normalized shrinkage. All process parameters were statistically significant except for the layer composition parameter in terms of Rsk. The results show that it is possible to create a composite structure with good mechanical properties and acceptable surface roughness values without the need for costly post-processing procedures. Furthermore, the normalized shrinkage and the bonding modulus were correlated, indicating the ability to utilize shrinkage in 3D printing to improve material bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Tlija
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustufa Haider Abidi
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arfat Anis
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd Elaty E Abd Elgawad
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Agrawal AP, Kumar V, Kumar J, Paramasivam P, Dhanasekaran S, Prasad L. An investigation of combined effect of infill pattern, density, and layer thickness on mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS by fused filament fabrication. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16531. [PMID: 37274679 PMCID: PMC10238722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technology and its benefits have a significant impact on different industrial applications. The 3D printing technologies help manufacture lightweight intricate geometrical designs with enhanced strengths. The present study investigates the blended effects of previously recommended parameters of different infill patterns (line, triangle, and concentric) and infill densities (75, 80, and 85%) with varying thicknesses of layers (100, 200, and 300 μm). The test samples were created through Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) 3D printing. Mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile and impact strength tests conducted in accordance with ASTM standards. The experimental investigation reveals that the infill pattern greatly affected both tensile and impact strength. The best results were obtained with a concentric infill pattern, along with 80% infill density and 100 μm layer thickness. These conditions resulted in 123% and 115% higher tensile strength and 168% and 80% higher impact strength compared to line and triangle patterns, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Prakash Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, 208002, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | | | | | - Lalta Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
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24
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Lobov E, Dobrydneva A, Vindokurov I, Tashkinov M. Effect of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforcement on Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092011. [PMID: 37177159 PMCID: PMC10181410 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of short carbon fiber (SCF) filler on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was investigated. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) method was used for the manufacturing of samples. Elastic properties and strength characteristics of samples made of conventional ABS and SCF-reinforced ABS were compared in tensile and bending tests. Fracture toughness and critical strain energy release rate were also determined. In addition, 3D-printed monofilament SCF-reinforced samples were fabricated, the internal structure of which was analyzed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Based on the tomography data, finite-element (FE) models of representative volume elements (RVEs) of the reinforced material were created and used for the numerical calculation of effective characteristics. Numerical and experimental results for the effective elastic properties were compared with the Mori-Tanaka homogenization technique. The ABS samples filled with SCF showed considerably higher mechanical characteristics than those of the conventional ABS. Finally, the dependence between the strength characteristics and elastic properties of the samples on the diameter of the nozzle used for 3D printing was established. 3D-printed ABS reinforced with SCF demonstrated a gain in tensile strength and fracture toughness by 30% and 20%, respectively. Interlayer adhesion strength in flexure tests showed an increase of 28% compared to pure ABS samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Lobov
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Anastasia Dobrydneva
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Ilia Vindokurov
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Mikhail Tashkinov
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia
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25
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Mocanu AC, Miculescu F, Constantinescu AE, Pandele MA, Voicu ȘI, Cîmpean A, Miculescu M, Negrescu AM. Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2359. [PMID: 36984239 PMCID: PMC10058857 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies might advance the fabrication sector of personalised biomaterials with high-tech precision. The selection of optimal precursor materials is considered the first key-step for the development of new printable filaments destined for the fabrication of products with diverse orthopaedic/dental applications. The selection route of precursor materials proposed in this study targeted two categories of materials: prime materials, for the polymeric matrix (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA)); and reinforcement materials (natural hydroxyapatite (HA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of different dimensions). HA was isolated from bovine bones (HA particles size < 40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) through a reproducible synthesis technology. The structural (FTIR-ATR, Raman spectroscopy), morphological (SEM), and, most importantly, in vitro (indirect and direct contact studies) features of all precursor materials were comparatively evaluated. The polymeric materials were also prepared in the form of thin plates, for an advanced cell viability assessment (direct contact studies). The overall results confirmed once again the reproducibility of the HA synthesis method. Moreover, the biological cytotoxicity assays established the safe selection of PLA as a future polymeric matrix, with GNP of grade M as a reinforcement and HA as a bioceramic. Therefore, the obtained results pinpointed these materials as optimal for future composite filament synthesis and the 3D printing of implantable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Elena Constantinescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mădălina-Andreea Pandele
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefan Ioan Voicu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anișoara Cîmpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Mariana Negrescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Hamrol A, Góralski B, Wichniarek R, Kuczko W. The Natural Moisture of ABS Filament and Its Influence on the Quality of FFF Products. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:938. [PMID: 36769946 PMCID: PMC9919008 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the influence of the natural moisture of a filament made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) on the mechanical properties and quality of products fabricated with fused filament fabrication (FFF). The concept of the natural moisture of the filament was defined, and the range of its variability was identified in reference to the range of the natural ambient humidity. It is shown that a change in the ambient humidity by 10% resulted in a change in filament moisture by about 0.05%. The results of the research on the moisture variability of an ABS filament stored in a package, an airtight container, or a container with a moisture absorber are also discussed. The last part of the article presents the results of the research on the impact of the moisture of the filament in its natural range of variability on select mechanical properties of filaments and products made using FFT. It is shown that this impact was significant and had a value of 1 MPa on 0.1% filament moisture.
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27
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Dai W, Liu Z, Lim M. Influence of Cr Ion Bombardment on the Growth of Cu Coatings Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering on ABS Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010080. [PMID: 36616429 PMCID: PMC9823372 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu coatings were deposited on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) substrates by DC magnetron sputtering with Cu target. Cr ions generated by arc evaporation were used to bombard the ABS substrates before the Cu coating process. The influences of the Cr ion bombardment on the surface topography and chemical bonds of the ABS substrates and the adhesion of the Cu coatings on the ABS substrate were studied using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and micro-Scratch Tester as a function of bias voltage and treatment duration. The results show that the Cr ion bombardment causes Cr particles to embed in the surface. The Cr particles can interlock with the Cu coatings and ABS substrate and significantly improve the coating adhesion. In addition, the Cr particles can act as the nucleation sites of the Cu coatings and facilitate the growth of columnar crystals. Increasing the duration of Cr ion bombardment increases the number of Cr particles and, thus, enhances the adhesion. However, the continuous bombardment results in the degeneration of the ABS surface, causing the formation of the coarse columnar structure of the Cu coatings. Increasing the bias voltage can increase the energy of the Cr particles without causing degeneration of the ABS. The Cu coating deposited on the ABS substrate treated by Cr ion with high-bias voltage and short duration shows a dense and smooth growth structure. In contrast, the bombardment of the Cr ions carried out at high-bias voltage induces the formation of an interfacial layer (amorphous carbon-rich phase) in the ABS surface, which decreases the coating adhesion. It is believed that Cu coatings with strong adhesion and dense structures could be acquired on ABS substrates by optimizing the bias voltage and duration of the Cr ion bombardment pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13022097190
| | - Zhixue Liu
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Melvin Lim
- School of Engineering, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
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28
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Gao G, Xu F, Xu J, Liu Z. Study of Material Color Influences on Mechanical Characteristics of Fused Deposition Modeling Parts. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15197039. [PMID: 36234380 PMCID: PMC9572023 DOI: 10.3390/ma15197039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to evaluate the influence of material color on mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) parts. The performance of the products is evaluated by testing eight different colors of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) material in terms of tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The analysis of data shows a significant difference in mechanical characteristics of prints depending on filament color. For different colors, these three strengths almost follow the same rising and falling tendency. In order to explore the relationship between mechanical strengths and filament colors, the color-mixing theory and the least-squares method are adopted to fit the best ratio coefficients of different color combinations. Results are presented showing that the strength value (e.g., tensile) of the mixed color can be evaluated through that of primary colors by fitting the other strength (e.g., compressive or flexural). It is shown that the predicted value is always no more than 7% error compared with the actual strength, in spite of two-color or three-color mixtures. An additional confirmation test with seven colored PLA filaments from different suppliers was conducted to focus on the extensibility. The outcomes show the maximum fitting errors of strengths for mixed colors in all cases are within 5%, proving the effectiveness and applicability of this predicted approach. This study can bring a detailed analysis that enables better estimation of the function of material color and contributes to improving the property of FDM printed products for consumers by choosing the suitable filament color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jiangmin Xu
- Research Institute of Marine Equipment, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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29
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El Bitouri Y, Perrin D. Compressive and Flexural Strengths of Mortars Containing ABS and WEEE Based Plastic Aggregates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183914. [PMID: 36146058 PMCID: PMC9504258 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of plastic aggregates as a partial replacement of natural aggregates in cementitious materials is interesting in several ways. From a mechanical point of view, the partial substitution of sand with plastic aggregates could improve some properties (e.g., ductility, thermal insulation). This paper deals with the mechanical strength of mortars containing plastic aggregates as a partial replacement of sand. Part of the volume of sand in cement mortars is substituted with plastic aggregates which originate from WEEE (Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment) and consist of a mix of ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene), HIPS (high impact polystyrene) and PP (Polypropylene), or of monomaterial ABS from WEEE sorting. Three rates of replacement (by volume of sand) were tested: 10%, 15% and 30%. Mechanical tests were performed according to European standard EN196-1. The results show that compressive and flexural strength decrease with rate of replacement, but remain satisfactory for structural purposes. In addition, the density of mortar is reduced with the incorporation of plastic aggregates. The decrease of mechanical strength is mainly due to the weak bond between cement paste and plastic aggregates leading to the increase of porosity. Furthermore, it appears that mortars containing plastic aggregates could present a ductile rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Perrin
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, F-30100 Ales, France
- Correspondence:
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30
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Schirwani S, van Dijk FS, Cauldwell M, Harrison RE, Kraus A, Brennan P, Ghali N, Lahiri N, Johnson D, Sobey G. Amniotic band sequence in vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS): Experience of the EDS National Diagnostic Services in the UK. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104592. [PMID: 35964932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The association between vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) and amniotic band sequence (ABS) has been previously reported in the literature, mostly in single patient case reports. Here, we aim to extend the current knowledge of this association through a case series of five unrelated individuals with ABS in association with molecularly confirmed vEDS, in addition to undertaking a comprehensive literature review. All the individuals were recruited through the EDS national diagnostic service in the UK following appropriate history, physical examination and genetic investigations. Clinical presentation ranged from a single constriction ring to complex craniofacial clefts to limb reduction deformities, reflecting the spectrum of ABS presentation. vEDS was inherited paternally (n = 2), maternally (n = 2) and de novo (n = 1). Previously, maternal vEDS was considered the risk factor for ABS, but our findings suggest that it may be the disease status of the fetus which poses the main risk. It is established that amniotic membrane is derived from fetal tissue, which supports our conclusions. Our observations suggest the increased risk of ABS in fetuses with vEDS. Therefore, exploring family history and features that may suggest vEDS diagnosis in patients with ABS might be useful. We also recommend that a collaborative international study would be useful to help gain a better insight into this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schaida Schirwani
- EDS National Diagnostic Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Fleur S van Dijk
- National EDS Service London, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Matthew Cauldwell
- Department of Obstetrics, St George's University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rachel E Harrison
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alison Kraus
- Yorkshire Regional Genetic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Neeti Ghali
- National EDS Service London, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Nayana Lahiri
- Department Clinical Genetics, St George's University Hospital & St. George's University, London, UK
| | - Diana Johnson
- EDS National Diagnostic Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Glenda Sobey
- EDS National Diagnostic Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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31
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Tunalioglu MS, Agca BV. Wear and Service Life of 3-D Printed Polymeric Gears. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2064. [PMID: 35631946 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic gears are mostly used in the textile, food, and automotive industries due to their silent operation, corrosion resistance, and light and cheap advantages. Plastic gears are generally manufactured by injection molding or hobbing methods. The excess costs of the molds used to produce parts in injection molding and the problems of wastes that occur during production in hobbing lead companies to additive manufacturing, which is an alternative application. In the additive manufacturing method, the desired amount of product is produced without the problem of waste. In this study, the wear resistance of plastic spur gears produced by the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method was determined theoretically. In order to determine the service life of gears, wear tests were carried out in the Forschungsstelle fur Zahnrader und Getriebebau (FZG) type test device at the same load and rotational speeds. polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) thermoplastic polymer materials were used in the production of gears. When the gears rotate at the same load and rotational speeds, the most wear was observed in ABS, PLA, and PETG at the theoretically calculated wear depths. PETG is the most resistant material in terms of wear.
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32
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Bechtel S, Schweitzer R, Frey M, Busch R, Herrmann HG. Material Extrusion of Structural Polymer-Aluminum Joints-Examining Shear Strength, Wetting, Polymer Melt Rheology and Aging. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3120. [PMID: 35591452 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Generating polymer–metal structures by means of additive manufacturing offers huge potential for customized, sustainable and lightweight solutions. However, challenges exist, primarily with regard to reliability and reproducibility of the additively generated joints. In this study, the polymers ABS, PETG and PLA, which are common in material extrusion, were joined to grit-blasted aluminum substrates. Temperature dependence of polymer melt rheology, wetting and tensile single-lap-shear strength were examined in order to obtain appropriate thermal processing conditions. Joints with high adhesive strength in the fresh state were aged for up to 100 days in two different moderate environments. For the given conditions, PETG was most suitable for generating structural joints. Contrary to PETG, ABS–aluminum joints in the fresh state as well as PLA–aluminum joints in the aged state did not meet the demands of a structural joint. For the considered polymers and processing conditions, this study implies that the suitability of a polymer and a thermal processing condition to form a polymer–aluminum joint by material extrusion can be evaluated based on the polymer’s rheological properties. Moreover, wetting experiments improved estimation of the resulting tensile single-lap-shear strength.
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33
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Sánchez M, Cicero S, Arrieta S, Martínez V. Fracture Load Predictions in Additively Manufactured ABS U-Notched Specimens Using Average Strain Energy Density Criteria. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:2372. [PMID: 35407703 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a methodology for the prediction of fracture loads in additively manufactured ABS material containing U-notches. The approach is based on the Average Strain Energy Density (ASED) criterion, which assumes that the material being analysed develops fully linear-elastic behaviour. Thus, in those cases where the material has a certain (non-negligible) amount of non-linear behaviour, the ASED criterion needs to be corrected. In this sense, in this paper, the ASED criterion is also combined with the Equivalent Material Concept (EMC) and the Fictitious Material Concept (FMC), both being corrections in which the non-linear real material is substituted by a linear equivalent or fictitious material, respectively. The resulting methodologies have been applied to additively manufactured ABS U-notched single-edge-notched bending (SENB) specimens combining five different notch radii (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mm) and three different raster orientations (0/90, 45/−45 and 30/−60). The results obtained demonstrate that both the ASED-EMC and the ASED-FMC combined criteria provide more accurate predictions than those obtained directly through the ASED criterion, with the ASED-EMC criterion generally providing safe more accurate predictions, with an average deviation from the experimental fracture loads between +1.0% (predicted loads higher than experimental loads) and −7.6% (predicted loads lower than experimental loads).
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He F, Khan M, Aldosari S. Interdependencies between Dynamic Response and Crack Growth in a 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ( ABS) Cantilever Beam under Thermo-Mechanical Loads. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050982. [PMID: 35267804 PMCID: PMC8912700 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the most commonly used thermoplastic printing material for fused deposition modelling (FDM). FDM ABS can be used in a variety of complex working environments. Notably, the thermo-mechanical coupled loads under complex operating conditions may lead to cracking and ultimately catastrophic structural failure. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the crack depth and location before a structural fracture occurs. As these parameters affect the dynamic response of the structure, in this study, the fundamental frequency and displacement amplitude response of a cracked 3D-printed ABS cantilever beam in a thermal environment were analytically and experimentally investigated. The existing analytical model, specifically the torsional spring model used to calculate the fundamental frequency change to determine the crack depth and location was enhanced by the proposed Khan-He model. The analytical relationship between the displacement amplitude and crack was established in Khan-He model and validated for the first time for FDM ABS. The results show that a reduced crack depth and location farther from the fixed end correspond to a higher fundamental frequency and displacement amplitude. An elevated ambient temperature decreases the global elastic modulus of the cracked beam and results in a lower fundamental frequency. Moreover, a non-monotonic relationship exists between the displacement amplitude and ambient temperature. The displacement amplitude is more sensitive to the crack change than the fundamental frequency in the initial stages of crack growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang He
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Centre for Life-Cycle Engineering and Management, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
| | - Salem Aldosari
- Enhanced Composite and Structures Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport, and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
- National Center for Aviation Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Mazrouei N, Ismail A, Ahmed W, Al-Marzouqi AH. ABS/Silicon Dioxide Micro Particulate Composite from 3D Printing Polymeric Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030509. [PMID: 35160497 PMCID: PMC8837957 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene matrix composites reinforced with Nano-silica dioxide particles were examined and prepared to study their mechanical properties. The composite sheets were pre-prepared using the hot extrusion process. Due to its wide characteristics, silica dioxide additions can strengthen the usability and mechanical features of composite thermoplastics and polymers. Furthermore, introducing silica dioxide as a filler in various attributes can help to maintain the smooth flow of sufficient powders, reduce caking, and manage viscoelasticity. Despite its advantages, 3D printing generates a significant amount of waste due to limited prints or destroyed support structures. ABS is an ideal material to use because it is a thermoplastic and amorphous polymer with outstanding thermal properties that is also applicable with the FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) technique. The findings showed that increasing the silica dioxide content reduces the tensile strength to 22.4 MPa at 10 wt%. Toughness, ductility, and yield stress values of ABS/silica dioxide composites at 15 wt% increased, indicating that the composite material reinforced by the silica dioxide particles improved material characteristics. It is essential to consider the impact of recycling in polymer reinforcement with fillers. Furthermore, the improved mechanical qualities of the composite material encourages successful ABS recycling from 3D printing, as well as the possibility of reusing it in a similar application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Al-Mazrouei
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.A.-M.); (A.I.); (A.H.A.-M.)
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.A.-M.); (A.I.); (A.H.A.-M.)
| | - Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.A.-M.); (A.I.); (A.H.A.-M.)
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Mueni Katee S, Keambou Tiambo C. Discussing the Drawbacks of the Implementation of Access and Benefit Sharing of the Nagoya Protocol Following the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:639581. [PMID: 34956996 PMCID: PMC8702652 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.639581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Keambou Tiambo
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Popescu D, Baciu F, Amza CG, Cotrut CM, Marinescu R. The Effect of Disinfectants Absorption and Medical Decontamination on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed ABS Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4249. [PMID: 34883752 PMCID: PMC8659898 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Producing parts by 3D printing based on the material extrusion process determines the formation of air gaps within layers even at full infill density, while external pores can appear between adjacent layers making prints permeable. For the 3D-printed medical devices, this open porosity leads to the infiltration of disinfectant solutions and body fluids, which might pose safety issues. In this context, this research purpose is threefold. It investigates which 3D printing parameter settings are able to block or reduce permeation, and it experimentally analyzes if the disinfectants and the medical decontamination procedure degrade the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. Then, it studies acetone surface treatment as a solution to avoid disinfectants infiltration. The absorption tests results indicate the necessity of applying post-processing operations for the reusable 3D-printed medical devices as no manufacturing settings can ensure enough protection against fluid intake. However, some parameter settings were proven to enhance the sealing, in this sense the layer thickness being the most important factor. The experimental outcomes also show a decrease in the mechanical performance of 3D-printed ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) instruments treated by acetone cold vapors and then medical decontaminated (disinfected, cleaned, and sterilized by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization) in comparison to the control prints. These results should be acknowledged when designing and 3D printing medical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Popescu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.P.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Florin Baciu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.P.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Catalin Gheorghe Amza
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.P.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Cosmin Mihai Cotrut
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Rodica Marinescu
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Medicine and Pharmacology Carol Davila, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Mustahsan VM, Anugu A, Komatsu DE, Kao I, Pentyala S. Biocompatible Customized 3D Bone Scaffolds Treated with CRFP, an Osteogenic Peptide. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120199. [PMID: 34940352 PMCID: PMC8698998 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently used synthetic bone graft substitutes (BGS) are either too weak to bear the principal load or if metallic, they can support loading, but can lead to stress shielding and are unable to integrate fully. In this study, we developed biocompatible, 3D printed scaffolds derived from µCT images of the bone that can overcome these issues and support the growth of osteoblasts. METHODS Cylindrical scaffolds were fabricated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and Stratasys® MED 610 (MED610) materials. The 3D-printed scaffolds were seeded with Mus musculus calvaria cells (MC3T3). After the cells attained confluence, osteogenesis was induced with and without the addition of calcitonin receptor fragment peptide (CRFP) and the bone matrix production was analyzed. Mechanical compression testing was carried out to measure compressive strength, stiffness, and elastic modulus. RESULTS For the ABS scaffolds, there was a 9.8% increase in compressive strength (p < 0.05) in the scaffolds with no pre-coating and the treatment with CRFP, compared to non-treated scaffolds. Similarly, MED610 scaffolds treated with CRFP showed an 11.9% (polylysine pre-coating) and a 20% (no pre-coating) increase (p < 0.01) in compressive strength compared to non-treated scaffolds. CONCLUSIONS MED610 scaffolds are excellent BGS as they support osteoblast growth and show enhanced bone growth with enhanced compressive strength when augmented with CRFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamiq M. Mustahsan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.M.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Amith Anugu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.M.M.); (A.A.)
| | - David E. Komatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Imin Kao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Srinivas Pentyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.M.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Ramian J, Ramian J, Dziob D. Thermal Deformations of Thermoplast during 3D Printing: Warping in the Case of ABS. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7070. [PMID: 34832469 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This research focuses on thermal deformations of thermoplast during three-dimensional printing. A filament acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was used, and the main focus was put on warping. Twenty-seven cuboids divided in six categories by their length, height, surface area, color, nozzle temperature and bed temperature were printed by Fused Filament Fabrication 3D printer. The whole process was captured by a thermal camera and the movies were used to analyze the temperature distribution during printing. All printouts were measured and scanned with a 3D scanner in order to highlight any abbreviations from the original digital models. The obtained results were used to formulate some general conclusions on the influence of selected parameters on the warping process. Based on the outcomes of the study, a set of guidelines on how to minimalize warping was proposed.
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Alshammari YLA, He F, Khan MA. Modelling and Investigation of Crack Growth for 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ( ABS) with Various Printing Parameters and Ambient Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3737. [PMID: 34771294 PMCID: PMC8587172 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of the significant industrial manufacturing methods in the modern era. Many materials are used for 3D printing; however, as the most used material in fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) offers good mechanical properties. It is perfect for making structures for industrial applications in complex environments. Three-dimensional printing parameters, including building orientation, layers thickness, and nozzle size, critically affect the crack growth in FDM structures under complex loads. Therefore, this paper used the dynamic bending vibration test to investigate their influence on fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate under dynamic loads and the Paris power law constant C and m. The paper proposed an analytical solution to determine the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip based on the measurement of structural dynamic response. The experimental results show that the lower ambient temperature, as well as increased nozzle size and layer thickness, provide a lower FCG rate. The printing orientation, which is the same as loading, also slows the crack growth. The linear regression between these parameters and Paris Law's coefficient also proves the same conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Lafi A. Alshammari
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering College, Northern Border University, King Fahad Road, Arar 92341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feiyang He
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- Centre for Life-Cycle Engineering and Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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41
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Ahmad MN, Ishak MR, Taha MM, Mustapha F, Leman Z. Rheological and Morphological Properties of Oil Palm Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213739. [PMID: 34771297 PMCID: PMC8587635 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a filament-based rapid prototyping technology that allows new composite materials to be introduced into the FDM process as long as they can be manufactured in feedstock filament form. The purpose of this research was to analyze the rheological behavior of oil palm fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites when used as a feedstock material, as well as to determine the best processing conditions for FDM. The composite’s shear thinning behavior was observed, and scanning electron microscopy was used to reveal its composition. The morphological result found that there was a good fiber/matrix adhesion with a 3 wt% fiber loading, as no fiber pullouts or gaps developed between the oil palm fiber and ABS. However, some pores and fiber pullouts were found with a 5 and 7 wt% fiber loading. Next, the rheological results showed that the increment of fiber content (wt%) increased the viscosity. This discovery can definitely be used in the extrusion process for making wire filament for FDM. The shear thinning effect was increased by adding 3, 5, or 7 wt% of oil palm fiber. The non-Newtonian index (n) of the composites increased as the number of shear rates increased, indicating that the fiber loading had a significant impact on the rheological behavior. As the fiber loading increased, the viscosity and shear stress values increased as well. As a result, oil fiber reinforced polymer composites can be used as a feedstock filament for FDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nazri Ahmad
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
- Centre of Smart System and Innovative Design, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Mastura Mohammad Taha
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
| | - Faizal Mustapha
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Zulkiflle Leman
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Pera O, Membrive I, Lambisto D, Quera J, Fernandez-Velilla E, Foro P, Reig A, Rodríguez N, Sanz J, Algara V, Algara M. Validation of 3D printing materials for high dose-rate brachytherapy using ionisation chamber and custom phantom. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34464938 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Methods.Measurements were taken with the Exradin A20 (Standard Imaging) ionisation chamber, and the 'homemade' MARM phantom was made with the 3D Ultimaker 2+ printer using PLA material. The material used for validation was ABS Medical from Smart Materials 3D. The irradiation was undertaken with a192Ir source by means of Varian's GammaMed Plus iX HDR equipment. EBT3 films were used to run additional tests. We compared different measurements for PLA, ABS Medical, and water. Additional validation methods, described in the bibliography, were also compared.Results.The measurements with the ionisation chamber that we obtained using the MARM phantom with PLA and ABS within the clinically relevant range (0.5-1.5 cm) differ with respect to the measures in the water reference, by 2.3% and 0.94%, respectively.Discussion.The literature describes highly heterogeneous validation methods, complicating the performance of systematic reviews and comparisons between materials. Thus, creating a phantom represents a single effort that will quickly pay off. This system enables comparisons, ensuring that geometric conditions remain stable-something that is not always possible with radiochromic films. The use of a calibrated ionisation chamber in the corresponding energy range, combined with the 'homemade' MARM phantom applied according to the proposed methodology, allows a differentiation between the attenuation of the material itself and the drop in the dose due to distance.Conclusion.The validation method for 3D printing materials, using an ionisation chamber and the MARM PLA phantom, represents an accessible, standardisable solution for manufacturing brachytherapy applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pera
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Membrive
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Lambisto
- Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Institut Català d'Oncologia Girona, Spain Hospital Josep Trueta. Sant Ponç, Avinguda de França 0, E-17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Jaume Quera
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Fernandez-Velilla
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Palmira Foro
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Reig
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sanz
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Algara
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques. Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
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Keshavamurthy R, Tambrallimath V, Rajhi AA, R. M SA, Patil AY, Yunus Khan TM, Makannavar R. Influence of Solid Lubricant Addition on Friction and Wear Response of 3D Printed Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172905. [PMID: 34502945 PMCID: PMC8434245 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and graphite powder—a solid lubricant—were filled and characterized for friction and wear responses. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique was utilized to synthesize ABS–graphite composites. A twin-screw extrusion approach was employed to create the composite filament of graphite–ABS that is suitable for the FDM process. Three graphite particle ratios ranging from 0% to 5% were explored in the ABS matrix. The wear and friction properties of ABS composites were examined using a pin on disc tribometer at varied sliding velocities and weights. As a result of the graphite addition in the ABS matrix, weight losses for FDM components as well as a decreased coefficient of friction were demonstrated. Furthermore, as the graphite weight percentage in the ABS matrix grows the value of friction and wear loss decreases. The wear mechanisms in graphite filled ABS composites and ABS were extensively examined using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Keshavamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560078, India;
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (A.A.R.); (T.M.Y.K.)
| | - Vijay Tambrallimath
- Department of Automobile Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560078, India;
| | - Ali A. Rajhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (A.A.R.); (T.M.Y.K.)
| | - Shabbir Ahmed R. M
- Department of Engineering, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Nizwa 611, Oman;
| | - Arun Y. Patil
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India;
| | - T. M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (A.A.R.); (T.M.Y.K.)
| | - R. Makannavar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560078, India;
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He F, Khan M. Effects of Printing Parameters on the Fatigue Behaviour of 3D-Printed ABS under Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Loads. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2362. [PMID: 34301117 PMCID: PMC8309628 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most widely used additive manufacturing process in customised and low-volume production industries due to its safe, fast, effective operation, freedom of customisation, and cost-effectiveness. Many different thermoplastic polymer materials are used in FDM. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is one of the most commonly used plastics owing to its low cost, high strength and temperature resistance. The fabricated FDM ABS parts commonly work under thermo-mechanical loads in actual practice. For producing FDM ABS components that show high fatigue performance, the 3D printing parameters must be effectively optimized. Hence, this study evaluated the bending fatigue performance for FDM ABS beams under different thermo-mechanical loading conditions with varying printing parameters, including building orientations, nozzle size, and layer thickness. The combination of three building orientations (0°, ±45°, and 90°), three nozzle sizes (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm) and three-layer thicknesses (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mm) were tested at different environmental temperatures ranging from 50 to 70 °C. The study attempted to find the optimal combination of the printing parameters to achieve the best fatigue behaviour of the FDM ABS specimen. The experiential results showed that the specimen with 0° building orientation, 0.8 mm filament width, and 0.15 mm layer thickness vibrated for the longest time before the fracture at each temperature. Both a larger nozzle size and thicker layer height can increase the fatigue life. It was concluded that printing defects significantly decreased the fatigue life of the 3D-printed ABS beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang He
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Centre for Life-Cycle Engineering and Management, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;
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Gripon L, Belyamani I, Legros B, Seaudeau-Pirouley K, Lafranche E, Cauret L. Brominated flame retardants extraction from waste electrical and electronic equipment-derived ABS using supercritical carbon dioxide. Waste Manag 2021; 131:313-322. [PMID: 34218064 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants such as brominated flame retardants represent a major problem in the end-of-life of polymer materials. This study investigates the extraction of brominated flame retardants (BFR) from real waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2). Sc-CO2 is a non-toxic solvent which possesses intermediate properties between liquids and gases which confer it high diffusivity and solubility. A batch of WEEE-derived acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) was first characterized to determine its bromine and BFR composition which was found to be four times higher than the regulation limit set in 2019. Then, different parameters of the sc-CO2 process such as temperature, pressure, granulometry and the use of a co-solvent were studied to estimate the effect of each one on the BFR extraction efficiency. With the view to determine the recyclability of the treated polymer, the impact of the extraction process on the polymer material was also studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). The extraction process performed on <500 µm particle size sample at 40 °C and 500 bars during 6 h and using ethanol as a co-solvent allowed to remove 43.5 ± 0.9% of bromine, which was the maximum extraction rate obtained. Sc-CO2 extraction was found to be an efficient technique to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) but the tested conditions did not allow to remove enough polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) to satisfy the regulation. Sc-CO2 process seems to be a promising pre-treatment method prior to mechanical recycling as no degradation effect on the polymer matrix was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Gripon
- CERI Materials & Processes, IMT Lille Douai, 941 Rue Charles Bourseul, 59500 Douai, France; Institut Supérieur de Plasturgie d'Alençon (ISPA), Pôle Universitaire d'Alençon, Campus de Damigny, 61250 Damigny, France
| | - Imane Belyamani
- Institut Supérieur de Plasturgie d'Alençon (ISPA), Pôle Universitaire d'Alençon, Campus de Damigny, 61250 Damigny, France; College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, P.O. Box 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Benoît Legros
- Innovation Fluides Supercritiques (IFS), Bâtiment INEED, 1 rue Marc Seguin, 26300 Alixan, France
| | - Karine Seaudeau-Pirouley
- Innovation Fluides Supercritiques (IFS), Bâtiment INEED, 1 rue Marc Seguin, 26300 Alixan, France
| | - Eric Lafranche
- CERI Materials & Processes, IMT Lille Douai, 941 Rue Charles Bourseul, 59500 Douai, France
| | - Laurent Cauret
- Institut Supérieur de Plasturgie d'Alençon (ISPA), Pôle Universitaire d'Alençon, Campus de Damigny, 61250 Damigny, France.
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Singh B, Kumar R, Chohan JS, Singh S, Pruncu CI, Scutaru ML, Muntean R. Investigations on Melt Flow Rate and Tensile Behaviour of Single, Double and Triple-Sized Copper Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3504. [PMID: 34201711 PMCID: PMC8269551 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic composite materials are emerging rapidly due to the flexibility of attaining customized mechanical and melt flow properties. Due to high ductility, toughness, recyclability, and thermal and electrical conductivity, there is ample scope of using copper particles in thermoplastics for 3d printing applications. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the Melt Flow Index (MFI), tensile strength, and electrical and thermal conductivity of nylon 6 and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) thermoplastics reinforced with copper particles. Thus, the experiments were conducted by adding different-sized copper particles (100 mesh, 200 mesh, and 400 mesh) in variable compositions (0% to 10%) to ABS and nylon 6 matrix. The impact of single, double, and triple particle-sized copper particles on MFI was experimentally investigated followed by FTIR and SEM analysis. Also, the tensile, electrical, and thermal conductivity testing were done on filament made by different compositions. In general, higher fluidity and mechanical strength were obtained while using smaller particles even with higher concentrations (up to 8%) due to improved bonding strength and adhesion between the molecular chains. Moreover, thermal and electrical conductivity was improved with an increase in concentration of copper particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balwant Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (B.S.); (R.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (B.S.); (R.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (B.S.); (R.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Sunpreet Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
| | - Catalin Iulian Pruncu
- Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0LN, UK
| | - Maria Luminita Scutaru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Radu Muntean
- Department of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
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Pisula J, Budzik G, Turek P, Cieplak M. An Analysis of Polymer Gear Wear in a Spur Gear Train Made Using FDM and FFF Methods Based on Tooth Surface Topography Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1649. [PMID: 34069432 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on wear tests of spur gears made with the use of additive manufacturing techniques from thermoplastic materials. The following additive manufacturing techniques were employed in this study: Melted and Extruded Modelling (FDM) and Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The study analysed gears made from ABS M-30 (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), ULTEM 9085 (PEI Polyetherimide) and PEEK (Polyetheretherketone), and the selection of these materials reflects their hierarchy in terms of economical application and strength parameters. A test rig designed by the authors was used to determine the fatigue life of polymer gears. Gear trains were tested under load in order to measure wear in polymer gears manufactured using FDM and FFF techniques. In order to understand the mechanism behind gear wear, further tests were performed on a P40 coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a TalyScan 150 scanning instrument. The results of the gear tests made under load allow us to conclude that PEEK is resistant to wear and gear train operating temperature. Its initial topography undergoes slight changes in comparison to ABS M-30 and Ultem 9085. The biggest wear was reported for gears made from Ultem 9085. The hardness of the material decreased due to the loaded gear train’s operating temperature.
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Tympa LE, Katsara K, Moschou PN, Kenanakis G, Papadakis VM. Do Microplastics Enter Our Food Chain Via Root Vegetables? A Raman Based Spectroscopic Study on Raphanus sativus. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14092329. [PMID: 33946231 PMCID: PMC8124748 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The outburst of plastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems poses a potential threat to agriculture and food safety. Studies have already provided evidence for the uptake of plastic microparticles by several plant species, accompanied by numerous developmental effects, using fluorescence labelling techniques. Here, we introduce the implementation of confocal Raman spectroscopy, a label-free method, for the effective detection of microplastics (MPs) accumulation in the roots of a common edible root vegetable plant, Raphanus sativus, after treatment with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) powder. We also demonstrate the concomitant occurrence of phenotypic defects in the polymer-treated plants. We anticipate that this work can provide new insights not only into the extent of the impact this widespread phenomenon has on crop plants but also on the methodological requirements to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda-Eleni Tympa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (L.-E.T.); (K.K.); (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Klytaimnistra Katsara
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (L.-E.T.); (K.K.); (P.N.M.)
| | - Panagiotis N. Moschou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (L.-E.T.); (K.K.); (P.N.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Vassilis M. Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (L.-E.T.); (K.K.); (P.N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-391-267
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Gosch A, Arbeiter FJ, Agnelli S, Berer M, Baldi F. Size-Induced Constraint Effects on Crack Initiation and Propagation Parameters in Ductile Polymers. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1945. [PMID: 33924509 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fracture mechanics are of high interest for the engineering design and structural integrity assessment of polymeric materials; however, regarding highly ductile polymers, many open questions still remain in terms of fully understanding deformation and fracture behaviors. For example, the influence of the constraint and specimen size on the fracture behavior of polymeric materials is still not clear. In this study, a polymeric material with an elastic plastic deformation behavior (ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is investigated with regard to the influence of constraint and specimen size. Different single-edge notched bending (SENB) specimen sizes with constant geometrical ratios were tested. The material key curve was used to investigate differences in the constraint, where changes for small and large specimen sizes were found. Based on a size-independent crack resistance curve (J-R curve), two apparent initiation parameters (J0.2 and Jbl) were determined, namely, the initiation parameter Jini (based on the crack propagation kinetics curve) and the initiation parameter JI,lim (based on an ESIS TC 4 draft protocol). It was found that J0.2 and Jbl could be used as crack initiation parameters whereby Jini and JI,lim are indicative of the onset of stable crack growth.
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Kariž M, Tomec DK, Dahle S, Kuzman MK, Šernek M, Žigon J. Effect of Sanding and Plasma Treatment of 3D-Printed Parts on Bonding to Wood with PVAc Adhesive. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1211. [PMID: 33918609 PMCID: PMC8069302 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly important for manufacturing end products, not just prototyping. However, the size of 3D-printed products is limited due to available printer sizes and other technological limitations. For example, making furniture from 3D-printed parts and wooden elements requires adequate adhesive joints. Since materials for 3D printing usually do not bond very well with adhesives designed for woodworking, they require special surface preparation to improve adhesion. In this study, fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printed parts made of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic acid with wood flour additive (Wood-PLA), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymers were bonded to wood with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive. The surfaces of the samples were bonded as either non-treated, sanded, plasma treated, or sanded and plasma treated to evaluate the effect of each surface preparation on the bondability of the 3D-printed surfaces. Different surface preparations affected the bond shear strength in different ways. The plasma treatment significantly reduced water contact angles on all tested printing materials and increased the bond tensile shear strength of the adhesive used. The increase in bond strength was highest for the surfaces that had been both sanded and plasma treated. The highest increase was found for the ABS material (untreated 0.05 MPa; sanded and plasma treated 4.83 MPa) followed by Wood-PLA (from 0.45 MPa to 3.96 MPa) and PLA (from 0.55 MPa to 3.72 MPa). Analysis with a scanning electron microscope showed the smooth surfaces of the 3D-printed parts, which became rougher with sanding with more protruded particles, but plasma treatment partially melted the surface structures on the thermoplastic polymer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Kariž
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.K.T.); (S.D.); (M.K.K.); (M.Š.); (J.Ž.)
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