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Torres-Ruiz M, de Alba Gonzalez M, Cañas Portilla AI, Coronel R, Liste I, González-Caballero MC. Effects of nanomolar methylmercury on developing human neural stem cells and zebrafish Embryo. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114684. [PMID: 38663761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury and its organic form methylmercury (MeHg), is of great concern for the developing nervous system. Despite available literature on MeHg neurotoxicity, there is still uncertainty about its mechanisms of action and the doses that trigger developmental effects. Our study combines two alternative methodologies, the human neural stem cells (NSC) and the zebrafish (ZF) embryo, to address the neurotoxic effects of early exposure to nanomolar concentrations of MeHg. Our results show linear or nonmonotonic (hormetic) responses depending on studied parameters. In ZF, we observed a hormetic response in locomotion and larval rotation, but a concentration-dependent response for sensory organ size and habituation. We also observed a possible delayed response as MeHg had greater effects on larval activity at 5 days than at 24 h. In NSC cells, some parameters show a clear dose dependence, such as increased apoptosis and differentiation to glial cells or decreased neuronal precursors; while others show a hormetic response: neuronal differentiation or cell proliferation. This study shows that the ZF model was more susceptible than NSC to MeHg neurotoxicity. The combination of different models has improved the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and possible compensatory mechanisms at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Torres-Ruiz
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
| | - Mercedes de Alba Gonzalez
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Ana I Cañas Portilla
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Raquel Coronel
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen González-Caballero
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
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Nai A, Cordero-Sanchez C, Tanzi E, Pagani A, Silvestri L, Di Modica SM. Cellular and animal models for the investigation of β-thalassemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 104:102761. [PMID: 37271682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Thalassemia is a genetic form of anemia due to mutations in the β-globin gene, that leads to ineffective and extramedullary erythropoiesis, abnormal red blood cells and secondary iron-overload. The severity of the disease ranges from mild to lethal anemia based on the residual levels of globins production. Despite being a monogenic disorder, the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia is multifactorial, with different players contributing to the severity of anemia and secondary complications. As a result, the identification of effective therapeutic strategies is complex, and the treatment of patients is still suboptimal. For these reasons, several models have been developed in the last decades to provide experimental tools for the study of the disease, including erythroid cell lines, cultures of primary erythroid cells and transgenic animals. Years of research enabled the optimization of these models and led to decipher the mechanisms responsible for globins deregulation and ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemia, to unravel the role of iron homeostasis in the disease and to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets and agents. Examples of successful outcomes of these analyses include iron restricting agents, currently tested in the clinics, several gene therapy vectors, one of which was recently approved for the treatment of most severe patients, and a promising gene editing strategy, that has been shown to be effective in a clinical trial. This review provides an overview of the available models, discusses pros and cons, and the key findings obtained from their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Nai
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy.
| | - Celia Cordero-Sanchez
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Tanzi
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Di Modica
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
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Sandhu A, Kumar A, Rawat K, Gautam V, Sharma A, Saha L. Modernising autism spectrum disorder model engineering and treatment via CRISPR-Cas9: A gene reprogramming approach. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3114-3127. [PMID: 37274051 PMCID: PMC10237133 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i14.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A neurological abnormality called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects how a person perceives and interacts with others, leading to social interaction and communication issues. Limited and recurring behavioural patterns are another feature of the illness. Multiple mutations throughout development are the source of the neurodevelopmental disorder autism. However, a well-established model and perfect treatment for this spectrum disease has not been discovered. The rising era of the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system can streamline the complexity underlying the pathogenesis of ASD. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genetic engineering tool used to edit the genome at the targeted site in a precise manner. The major hurdle in studying ASD is the lack of appropriate animal models presenting the complex symptoms of ASD. Therefore, CRISPR-Cas9 is being used worldwide to mimic the ASD-like pathology in various systems like in vitro cell lines, in vitro 3D organoid models and in vivo animal models. Apart from being used in establishing ASD models, CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to treat the complexities of ASD. The aim of this review was to summarize and critically analyse the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated discoveries in the field of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Sandhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kajal Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vipasha Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Antika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
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Hanssen KS, Witter MP, Sandvig A, Sandvig I, Kobro-Flatmoen A. Dissection and culturing of adult lateral entorhinal cortex layer II neurons from APP/PS1 Alzheimer model mice. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 390:109840. [PMID: 36948358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary neuronal cultures enable cell-biological studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD), albeit typically non-neuron-specific. The first cortical neurons affected in AD reside in layer II of the lateralmost part of the entorhinal cortex, and they undergo early accumulation of intracellular amyloid-β, form subsequent tau pathology, and start degenerating pre-symptomatically. These vulnerable entorhinal neurons uniquely express the glycoprotein reelin and provide selective inputs to the hippocampal memory system. Gaining a more direct access to study these neurons is therefore highly relevant. NEW METHOD We demonstrate a methodological approach for dissection and long-term culturing of adult lateral entorhinal layer II-neurons from AD-model mice. RESULTS We maintain adult dissected lateralmost entorhinal layer II-neurons beyond two months in culture. We show that they express neuronal markers, and that they are electrophysiologically active by 15 days in vitro and continuing beyond 2 months. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Primary neurons are typically harvested from embryonic or early postnatal brains because such neurons are easier to culture compared to adult neurons. Methods to culture adult primary neurons have been reported, however, to our knowledge, culturing of adult entorhinal neuron-type specific primary neurons from AD-model animals have not been reported. CONCLUSIONS Our methodological approach offers a window to study initial pathological changes in the AD disease-cascade. This includes the study of proteinopathy, single-neuron changes, and network-level dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Sjaastad Hanssen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Umeå University Hospital, Division of Neuro, Head and Neck, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav´s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ioanna Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
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Fournier E, Ratel J, Denis S, Leveque M, Ruiz P, Mazal C, Amiard F, Edely M, Bezirard V, Gaultier E, Lamas B, Houdeau E, Engel E, Lagarde F, Etienne-Mesmin L, Mercier-Bonin M, Blanquet-Diot S. Exposure to polyethylene microplastics alters immature gut microbiome in an infant in vitro gut model. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130383. [PMID: 36444070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Infants are characterized by an immaturity of the gut ecosystem and a high exposure to microplastics (MPs) through diet, dust and suckling. However, the bidirectional interactions between MPs and the immature infant intestinal microbiota remain unknown. Our study aims to investigate the impact of chronic exposure to polyethylene (PE) MPs on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier of infants, using the new Toddler mucosal Artificial Colon coupled with a co-culture of epithelial and mucus-secreting cells. Gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S metabarcoding and microbial activities were evaluated by gas, short chain fatty acid and volatolomics analyses. Gut barrier integrity was assessed via evaluation of intestinal permeability, inflammation and mucus synthesis. Exposure to PE MPs induced gut microbial shifts increasing α-diversity and abundance of potentially harmful pathobionts, such as Dethiosulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Those changes were associated to butyrate production decrease and major changes in volatile organic compounds profiles. In contrast, no significant impact of PE MPs on the gut barrier, as mediated by microbial metabolites, was reported. For the first time, this study indicates that ingestion of PE MPs can induce perturbations in the gut microbiome of infants. Next step would be to further investigate the potential vector effect of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Fournier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeremy Ratel
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, MASS Team, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathilde Leveque
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Ruiz
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carine Mazal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frederic Amiard
- Le Mans Université, IMMM UMR-CNRS 6283, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
| | - Mathieu Edely
- Le Mans Université, IMMM UMR-CNRS 6283, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
| | - Valerie Bezirard
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Gaultier
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Lamas
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Erwan Engel
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, MASS Team, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Le Mans Université, IMMM UMR-CNRS 6283, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
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Tian L, Guo M, Chen H, Wu Y. Human health risk assessment of cinnamate UV absorbers: In vitro and in silico investigations. Environ Int 2023; 171:107658. [PMID: 36459820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV absorbers (UVAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. Environmental persistence and potential toxicological enrichment studies of UVAs have attracted international concern. It is important to study the toxicity mechanism of UVAs. This study is the first to report the toxicological mechanism of two cinnamate UV absorbers (CUVAs), 2-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate (IMC) based on cellular models and molecular models. Cellular models demonstrated that the CUVAs-induced apoptosis might be associated with cellular mitochondrial damage pathways. The results of molecular models showed that OMC and IMC could affect the binding between major proteins and enzymes in the mitochondrial damage pathway and contaminants, ultimately leading to apoptosis. The cellular-molecular models showed that IMC and OMC have dose-effect relationships on cytotoxicity. The composite model is more informative than a single model. This study further indicate that UVAs causes toxicology effects that have implications for the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Haili Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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López-Márquez A, Martínez-Pizarro A, Pérez B, Richard E, Desviat LR. Modeling Splicing Variants Amenable to Antisense Therapy by Use of CRISPR-Cas9-Based Gene Editing in HepG2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2434:167-184. [PMID: 35213016 PMCID: PMC9703257 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The field of splice modulating RNA therapy has gained new momentum with FDA approved antisense-based drugs for several rare diseases. In vitro splicing assays with minigenes or patient-derived cells are commonly employed for initial preclinical testing of antisense oligonucleotides aiming to modulate splicing. However, minigenes do not include the full genomic context of the exons under study and patients' samples are not always available, especially if the gene is expressed solely in certain tissues (e.g. liver or brain). This is the case for specific inherited metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU) caused by mutations in the liver-expressed PAH gene.Herein we describe the generation of mutation-specific hepatic cellular models of PKU using CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is a versatile and easy-to-use gene editing tool. We describe in detail the selection of the appropriate cell line, guidelines for design of RNA guides and donor templates, transfection procedures and growth and selection of single-cell colonies with the desired variant , which should result in the accurate recapitulation of the splicing defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arístides López-Márquez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, CEDEM, CIBERER (ISCIII), IdiPaz (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Pizarro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, CEDEM, CIBERER (ISCIII), IdiPaz (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, CEDEM, CIBERER (ISCIII), IdiPaz (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Richard
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, CEDEM, CIBERER (ISCIII), IdiPaz (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes R Desviat
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, CEDEM, CIBERER (ISCIII), IdiPaz (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Bagatolli LA, Stock RP. Lipids, membranes, colloids and cells: A long view. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2021; 1863:183684. [PMID: 34166642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper revisits long-standing ideas about biological membranes in the context of an equally long-standing, but hitherto largely unappreciated, perspective of the cell based on concepts derived from the physics and chemistry of colloids. Specifically, we discuss important biophysical aspects of lipid supramolecular structure to understand how the intracellular milieu may constrain lipid self-assembly. To this end we will develop four lines of thought: first, we will look at the historical development of the current view of cellular structure and physiology, considering also the plurality of approaches that influenced its formative period. Second, we will review recent basic research on the structural and dynamical properties of lipid aggregates as well as the role of phase transitions in biophysical chemistry and cell biology. Third, we will present a general overview of contemporary studies into cellular compartmentalization in the context of a very rich and mostly forgotten general theory of cell physiology called the Association-Induction Hypothesis, which was developed around the time that the current view of cells congealed into its present form. Fourth, we will examine some recent developments in cellular studies, mostly from our laboratory, that raise interesting issues about the dynamical aspects of cell structure and compartmentalization. We will conclude by suggesting what we consider are relevant questions about the nature of cellular processes as emergent phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Bagatolli
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra - INIMEC (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; MEMPHYS - International and Interdisciplinary research network, Denmark.
| | - Roberto P Stock
- MEMPHYS - International and Interdisciplinary research network, Denmark
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Moreno-Lorite J, Pérez-Luz S, Katsu-Jiménez Y, Oberdoerfer D, Díaz-Nido J. DNA repair pathways are altered in neural cell models of frataxin deficiency. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 111:103587. [PMID: 33418083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a hereditary and predominantly neurodegenerative disease caused by a deficiency of the protein frataxin (FXN). As part of the overall efforts to understand the molecular basis of neurodegeneration in FRDA, a new human neural cell line with doxycycline-induced FXN knockdown was established. This cell line, hereafter referred to as iFKD-SY, is derived from the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and retains the ability to differentiate into mature neuron-like cells. In both proliferating and differentiated iFKD-SY cells, the induction of FXN deficiency is accompanied by increases in oxidative stress and DNA damage, reduced aconitase enzyme activity, higher levels of p53 and p21, activation of caspase-3, and subsequent apoptosis. More interestingly, FXN-deficient iFKD-SY cells exhibit an important transcriptional deregulation in many of the genes implicated in DNA repair pathways. The levels of some crucial proteins involved in DNA repair appear notably diminished. Furthermore, similar changes are found in two additional neural cell models of FXN deficit: primary cultures of FXN-deficient mouse neurons and human olfactory mucosa stem cells obtained from biopsies of FRDA patients. These results suggest that the deficiency of FXN leads to a down-regulation of DNA repair pathways that synergizes with oxidative stress to provoke DNA damage, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of FRDA. Thus, a failure in DNA repair may be considered a shared common molecular mechanism contributing to neurodegeneration in a number of hereditary ataxias including FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Moreno-Lorite
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Luz
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain; Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2.200, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yurika Katsu-Jiménez
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
| | - Daniel Oberdoerfer
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Nido
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor and non-motor symptoms. PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and deficiency of dopamine in the striatal region. The primary objective in PD research is to understand the pathogenesis, targets, and development of therapeutic interventions to control the progress of the disease. The anatomical and physiological resemblances between humans and animals gathered the researcher's attention towards the use of animals in PD research. Due to varying age of onset, symptoms, and progression rate, PD becomes heterogeneous which demands the variety of animal models to study diverse features of the disease. Parkinson is a multifactorial disorder, selection of models become important as not a single model shows all the biochemical features of the disease. Currently, conventional pharmacological, neurotoxin-induced, genetically modified and cellular models are available for PD research, but none of them recapitulate all the biochemical characteristics of the disease. In this review, we included the updated knowledge on the main features of currently available in vivo and in vitro models as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Pingale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India; School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
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11
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Vohra MS, Ahmad B, Serpell CJ, Parhar IS, Wong EH. Murine in vitro cellular models to better understand adipogenesis and its potential applications. Differentiation 2020; 115:62-84. [PMID: 32891960 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis has been extensively studied using in vitro models of cellular differentiation, enabling long-term regulation of fat cell metabolism in human adipose tissue (AT) material. Many studies promote the idea that manipulation of this process could potentially reduce the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases. It has now become essential to understand the molecular basis of fat cell development to tackle this pandemic disease, by identifying therapeutic targets and new biomarkers. This review explores murine cell models and their applications for study of the adipogenic differentiation process in vitro. We focus on the benefits and limitations of different cell line models to aid in interpreting data and selecting a good cell line model for successful understanding of adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, PJ 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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12
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Tarrasó G, Real-Martinez A, Parés M, Romero-Cortadellas L, Puigros L, Moya L, de Luna N, Brull A, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A, Andreu AL, Barquinero J, Vissing J, Krag TO, Pinós T. Absence of p.R50X Pygm read-through in McArdle disease cellular models. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm.043281. [PMID: 31848135 PMCID: PMC6994938 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the absence of muscle glycogen phosphorylase, which leads to blocked muscle glycogen breakdown. We used three different cellular models to evaluate the efficiency of different read-through agents (including amlexanox, Ataluren, RTC13 and G418) in McArdle disease. The first model consisted of HeLa cells transfected with two different GFP-PYGM constructs presenting the Pygm p.R50X mutation (GFP-PYGM p.R50X and PYGM Ex1-GFP p.R50X). The second cellular model was based on the creation of HEK293T cell lines stably expressing the PYGM Ex1-GFP p.R50X construct. As these plasmids encode murine Pygm cDNA without any intron sequence, their transfection in cells would allow for analysis of the efficacy of read-through agents with no concomitant nonsense-mediated decay interference. The third model consisted of skeletal muscle cultures derived from the McArdle mouse model (knock-in for the p.R50X mutation in the Pygm gene). We found no evidence of read-through at detectable levels in any of the models evaluated. We performed a literature search and compared the premature termination codon context sequences with reported positive and negative read-through induction, identifying a potential role for nucleotide positions −9, −8, −3, −2, +13 and +14 (the first nucleotide of the stop codon is assigned as +1). The Pygm p.R50X mutation presents TGA as a stop codon, G nucleotides at positions −1 and −9, and a C nucleotide at −3, which potentially generate a good context for read-through induction, counteracted by the presence of C at −2 and its absence at +4. Summary: Here, we evaluated the efficiency of different read-through agents in McArdle disease cell culture models, revealing that read-through compounds do not restore full-length muscle glycogen phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Tarrasó
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alberto Real-Martinez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marta Parés
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Lídia Romero-Cortadellas
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Laura Puigros
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Laura Moya
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Noemí de Luna
- Laboratori de Malalties Neuromusculars, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Astrid Brull
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, Center of Research in Myology, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Miguel Angel Martín
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), Madrid 28041, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University, Madrid 28670, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jordi Barquinero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
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13
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Jimenez-Tellez N, Greenway SC. Cellular models for human cardiomyopathy: What is the best option? World J Cardiol 2019; 11:221-235. [PMID: 31754410 PMCID: PMC6859298 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i10.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic cardiomyopathies are a group of disorders related by abnormal myocardial structure and function. Although individually rare, these diseases collectively represent a significant health burden since they usually develop early in life and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst affected children. The heterogeneity and rarity of these disorders requires the use of an appropriate model system in order to characterize the mechanism of disease and develop useful therapeutics since standard drug trials are infeasible. A common approach to study human disease involves the use of animal models, especially rodents, but due to important biological and physiological differences, this model system may not recapitulate human disease. An alternative approach for studying the metabolic cardiomyopathies relies on the use of cellular models which have most frequently been immortalized cell lines or patient-derived fibroblasts. However, the recent introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, is of great interest and has the potential to revolutionize the study of rare diseases. In this paper we review the advantages and disadvantages of each model system by comparing their utility for the study of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy with a particular focus on the use of iPSCs in cardiovascular biology for the modeling of rare genetic or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Jimenez-Tellez
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Steven C Greenway
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cardiac Sciences, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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Minnis CJ, Thornton CD, FitzPatrick LM, McKay TR. Cellular models of Batten disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165559. [PMID: 31655107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL), otherwise known as Batten disease, are a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in 13 known genes. All except one NCL is autosomal recessive in inheritance, with similar aetiology and characterised by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in the lysosomes of cells. Age of onset and the rate of progression vary between the NCLs. They are collectively one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases, but the enigma remains of how genetically distinct diseases result in such remarkably similar pathogenesis. Much has been learnt from cellular studies about the function of the proteins encoded by the affected genes. Such research has utilised primitive unicellular models such as yeast and amoeba containing gene orthologues, cells derived from naturally occurring (sheep) and genetically engineered (mouse) animal models or patient-derived cells. Most recently, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines have been differentiated into neural cell-types to study molecular pathogenesis in the cells most profoundly affected by disease. Here, we review how cell models have informed much of the biochemical understanding of the NCLs and how more complex models are being used to further this understanding and potentially act as platforms for therapeutic efficacy studies in the future. Developments made in cellular models for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) in basic biology and use as therapeutic platforms. Cellular models elucidating function of NCL proteins. NCL proteins implicated in the mTor signalling pathway. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines have been differentiated into neural cell-types providing insights into the molecular pathogenesis of NCL.
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15
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Moslem M, Olive J, Falk A. Stem cell models of schizophrenia, what have we learned and what is the potential? Schizophr Res 2019; 210:3-12. [PMID: 30587427 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with clinical manifestations in early adulthood. However, it may start with disruption of brain development caused by genetic or environmental factors, or both. Early deteriorating effects of genetic/environmental factors on neural development might be key to described disease causing mechanisms. Establishing cellular models with cells from affected individual using the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology could be used to mimic early neurodevelopment alterations caused by risk genes or environmental stressors. Indeed, cellular models have allowed identification and further study of risk factors and the biological pathways in which they are involved. New advancements in differentiation methods such as defined and robust monolayer protocols and cerebral 3D organoids have made it possible to faithfully mimic neural development and neuronal functionality while CRISPR-editing tools assist to engineer isogenic cell lines to precisely explore genetic variation in polygenic diseases such as schizophrenia. Here we review the current field of iPSC models of schizophrenia and how risk factors can be modelled as well as discussing the common biological pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jessica Olive
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Przekora A. The summary of the most important cell-biomaterial interactions that need to be considered during in vitro biocompatibility testing of bone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 97:1036-1051. [PMID: 30678895 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered products (TEPs), which mean biomaterials containing either cells or growth factors or both cells and growth factors, may be used as an alternative to the autografts taken directly from the bone of the patients. Nevertheless, the use of TEPs needs much more understanding of biointeractions between biomaterials and eukaryotic cells. Despite the possibility of the use of in vitro cellular models for initial evaluation of the host response to the implanted biomaterial, it is observed that most researchers use cell cultures only for the evaluation of cytotoxicity and cell proliferation on the biomaterial surface, and then they proceed to animal models and in vivo testing of bone implants without fully utilizing the scientific potential of in vitro models. In this review, the most important biointeractions between eukaryotic cells and biomaterials were discussed, indicating molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion, proliferation, and biomaterial-induced activation of immune cells. The article also describes types of cellular models which are commonly used for biomaterial testing and highlights the possibilities and drawbacks of in vitro tests for biocompatibility evaluation of novel scaffolds. Finally, the review summarizes recent findings concerning the use of adult mesenchymal stem cells for TEP generation and compares the potential of bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Przekora
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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17
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Monzio Compagnoni G, Kleiner G, Bordoni A, Fortunato F, Ronchi D, Salani S, Guida M, Corti C, Pichler I, Bergamini C, Fato R, Pellecchia MT, Vallelunga A, Del Sorbo F, Elia A, Reale C, Garavaglia B, Mora G, Albanese A, Cogiamanian F, Ardolino G, Bresolin N, Corti S, Comi GP, Quinzii CM, Di Fonzo A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in fibroblasts of Multiple System Atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3588-3597. [PMID: 30254015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple System Atrophy is a severe neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by a variable clinical presentation and a broad neuropathological spectrum. The pathogenic mechanisms are almost completely unknown. In the present study, we established a cellular model of MSA by using fibroblasts' primary cultures and performed several experiments to investigate the causative mechanisms of the disease, with a particular focus on mitochondrial functioning. Fibroblasts' analyses (7 MSA-P, 7 MSA-C and 6 healthy controls) displayed several anomalies in patients: an impairment of respiratory chain activity, in particular for succinate Coenzyme Q reductase (p < 0.05), and a reduction of complex II steady-state level (p < 0.01); a reduction of Coenzyme Q10 level (p < 0.001) and an up-regulation of some CoQ10 biosynthesis enzymes, namely COQ5 and COQ7; an impairment of mitophagy, demonstrated by a decreased reduction of mitochondrial markers after mitochondrial inner membrane depolarization (p < 0.05); a reduced basal autophagic activity, shown by a decreased level of LC3 II (p < 0.05); an increased mitochondrial mass in MSA-C, demonstrated by higher TOMM20 levels (p < 0.05) and suggested by a wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA content in blood of large cohorts of patients. The present study contributes to understand the causative mechanisms of Multiple System Atrophy. In particular, the observed impairment of respiratory chain activity, mitophagy and Coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, these findings will hopefully contribute to identify novel therapeutic targets for this still incurable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York 10032, NY, USA.
| | - Andreina Bordoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Ronchi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Vallelunga
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Francesca Del Sorbo
- Neurology Unit I, Neurological Institute "C. Besta" IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Elia
- Neurology Unit I, Neurological Institute "C. Besta" IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Reale
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Mora
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Filippo Cogiamanian
- U.O. Neurofisiopatologia, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ardolino
- U.O. Neurofisiopatologia, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Corti
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Kvist AJ, Kanebratt KP, Walentinsson A, Palmgren H, O'Hara M, Björkbom A, Andersson LC, Ahlqvist M, Andersson TB. Critical differences in drug metabolic properties of human hepatic cellular models, including primary human hepatocytes, stem cell derived hepatocytes, and hepatoma cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:124-140. [PMID: 29953844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHH), HepaRG™, HepG2, and two sources of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived hepatocytes were characterized regarding gene expression and function of key hepatic proteins, important for the metabolic fate of drugs. The gene expression PCA analysis showed a distance between the two iPSC derived hepatocytes as well as the HepG2 and HepaRG™ cells to the three PHH donors and PHH pool, which were clustered more closely together. Correlation-based hierarchical analysis clustered HepG2 close to the stem cell derived hepatocytes both when the expression of 91 genes related to liver function or only cytochrome P450 (P450) genes were analyzed indicating the non-liver feature and a similar low P450 profile in these cell models. The specific P450 activities and the metabolic pattern of well-characterized drug substances in the cell models demonstrated that iPSC derived hepatocytes had modest levels of CYP3A and CYP2C9, while CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 were barely detectable. High expression of several extrahepatic P450s such as CYP1A1 and 1B1 detected in the stem cell derived hepatocytes may have significant effects on metabolite profiles. However, one of the iPSC derived hepatocytes demonstrated significant combined P450 and conjugating enzyme activity of certain drugs. HepaRG™ cells showed many metabolic properties similar to PHHs and will in many respects be a good model in studies of metabolic pathways and induction of drug metabolism whereas there is still ground to cover before iPSC derived hepatocytes will be seen as a substitute to PHH in drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kvist
- IMED Operations Project Management, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kajsa P Kanebratt
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Walentinsson
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Bioscience Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Björkbom
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Ahlqvist
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Bowerman M, Becker CG, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Ning K, Wood MJA, Gillingwater TH, Talbot K. Therapeutic strategies for spinal muscular atrophy: SMN and beyond. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:943-954. [PMID: 28768735 PMCID: PMC5560066 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and muscle atrophy, generally presenting in childhood. SMA is caused by low levels of the survival motor neuron protein (SMN) due to inactivating mutations in the encoding gene SMN1. A second duplicated gene, SMN2, produces very little but sufficient functional protein for survival. Therapeutic strategies to increase SMN are in clinical trials, and the first SMN2-directed antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy has recently been licensed. However, several factors suggest that complementary strategies may be needed for the long-term maintenance of neuromuscular and other functions in SMA patients. Pre-clinical SMA models demonstrate that the requirement for SMN protein is highest when the structural connections of the neuromuscular system are being established, from late fetal life throughout infancy. Augmenting SMN may not address the slow neurodegenerative process underlying progressive functional decline beyond childhood in less severe types of SMA. Furthermore, individuals receiving SMN-based treatments may be vulnerable to delayed symptoms if rescue of the neuromuscular system is incomplete. Finally, a large number of older patients living with SMA do not fulfill the present criteria for inclusion in gene therapy and ASO clinical trials, and may not benefit from SMN-inducing treatments. Therefore, a comprehensive whole-lifespan approach to SMA therapy is required that includes both SMN-dependent and SMN-independent strategies that treat the CNS and periphery. Here, we review the range of non-SMN pathways implicated in SMA pathophysiology and discuss how various model systems can serve as valuable tools for SMA drug discovery. Summary: Translational research for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) should address the development of non-CNS and survival motor neuron (SMN)-independent therapeutic approaches to complement and enhance the benefits of CNS-directed and SMN-dependent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Bai JA, Hu YL, Tang QY. Advances in clinical and basic research of gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2913-2919. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i18.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a group of relatively rare tumors, which mainly originate from the peptidergic neuron and neuroendocrine cells of the gastroentero-pancreatic system. They are characterized by secretion of peptide hormones and neuroendocrine markers (such as synaptic vesicle proteins and chromaffin granule A). Surgery is the most effective therapy for GEP-NENs at early stages. For GEP-NENs at progressive stages, biological target therapies have aroused great interest. Current studies about the molecular basis of biological target therapies have focused on the GEP-NEN gene mutations and related signaling pathways. These studies have led to the clinical application with significant progress in GEP-NEN treatment. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the clinical and basic research of GEP-NENs.
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Mueller SO, Dekant W, Jennings P, Testai E, Bois F. Comprehensive summary--Predict-IV: A systems toxicology approach to improve pharmaceutical drug safety testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 30:4-6. [PMID: 25450741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of Toxicology in Vitro is dedicated to disseminating the results of the EU-funded collaborative project "Profiling the toxicity of new drugs: a non animal-based approach integrating toxicodynamics and biokinetics" (Predict-IV; Grant 202222). The project's overall aim was to develop strategies to improve the assessment of drug safety in the early stage of development and late discovery phase, by an intelligent combination of non animal-based test systems, cell biology, mechanistic toxicology and in silico modeling, in a rapid and cost effective manner. This overview introduces the scope and overall achievements of Predict-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan O Mueller
- Nonclinical Safety, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Applied Biosciences, Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Dept. of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto di Superiore di Sanitá, Rome 00161, Italy
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Olioso D, Marzotto M, Moratti E, Brizzi M, Bellavite P. Effects of Gelsemium sempervirens L. on pathway-focused gene expression profiling in neuronal cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153:535-539. [PMID: 24613275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gelsemium sempervirens L. is a traditional medicinal plant mainly distributed in the southeastern of the United States, employed in phytotheraphy and homeopathy as nervous system relaxant to treat various types of anxiety, pain, headache and other ailments. Although animal models showed its effectiveness, the mechanisms by which it might operate on the nervous system are largely unknown. This study investigated for the first time by a real-time PCR technique (RT-PCR Array) the gene expression of a panel of human neurotransmitter receptors and regulators, involved in neuronal excitatory signaling, on a neurocyte cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed for 24h to Gelsemium sempervirens at 2c and 9c dilutions (i.e. 2 and 9-fold centesimal dilutions from mother tincture) and the gene expression profile compared to that of cells treated with control vehicle solutions. RESULTS Exposure to the Gelsemium sempervirens 2c dilution, containing a nanomolar concentration of active principle gelsemine, induced a down-regulation of most genes of this array. In particular, the treated cells showed a statistically significant decrease of the prokineticin receptor 2, whose ligand is a neuropeptide involved in nociception, anxiety and depression-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicate a negative modulation trend in neuronal excitatory signaling, which can suggest new working hypotheses on the anxiolytic and analgesic action of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Olioso
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Moratti
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Brizzi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Wagner T, Eden U, Rushmore J, Russo CJ, Dipietro L, Fregni F, Simon S, Rotman S, Pitskel NB, Ramos-Estebanez C, Pascual-Leone A, Grodzinsky AJ, Zahn M, Valero-Cabré A. Impact of brain tissue filtering on neurostimulation fields: a modeling study. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 3:1048-57. [PMID: 23850466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical neurostimulation techniques, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are increasingly used in the neurosciences, e.g., for studying brain function, and for neurotherapeutics, e.g., for treating depression, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. The characterization of electrical properties of brain tissue has guided our fundamental understanding and application of these methods, from electrophysiologic theory to clinical dosing-metrics. Nonetheless, prior computational models have primarily relied on ex-vivo impedance measurements. We recorded the in-vivo impedances of brain tissues during neurosurgical procedures and used these results to construct MRI guided computational models of TMS and DBS neurostimulatory fields and conductance-based models of neurons exposed to stimulation. We demonstrated that tissues carry neurostimulation currents through frequency dependent resistive and capacitive properties not typically accounted for by past neurostimulation modeling work. We show that these fundamental brain tissue properties can have significant effects on the neurostimulatory-fields (capacitive and resistive current composition and spatial/temporal dynamics) and neural responses (stimulation threshold, ionic currents, and membrane dynamics). These findings highlight the importance of tissue impedance properties on neurostimulation and impact our understanding of the biological mechanisms and technological potential of neurostimulatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wagner
- Highland Instruments, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kohonen P, Benfenati E, Bower D, Ceder R, Crump M, Cross K, Grafström RC, Healy L, Helma C, Jeliazkova N, Jeliazkov V, Maggioni S, Miller S, Myatt G, Rautenberg M, Stacey G, Willighagen E, Wiseman J, Hardy B. The ToxBank Data Warehouse: Supporting the Replacement of In Vivo Repeated Dose Systemic Toxicity Testing. Mol Inform 2013; 32:47-63. [PMID: 27481023 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the SEURAT-1 (Safety Evaluation Ultimately Replacing Animal Testing-1) research cluster, comprised of seven EU FP7 Health projects co-financed by Cosmetics Europe, is to generate a proof-of-concept to show how the latest technologies, systems toxicology and toxicogenomics can be combined to deliver a test replacement for repeated dose systemic toxicity testing on animals. The SEURAT-1 strategy is to adopt a mode-of-action framework to describe repeated dose toxicity, combining in vitro and in silico methods to derive predictions of in vivo toxicity responses. ToxBank is the cross-cluster infrastructure project whose activities include the development of a data warehouse to provide a web-accessible shared repository of research data and protocols, a physical compounds repository, reference or "gold compounds" for use across the cluster (available via wiki.toxbank.net), and a reference resource for biomaterials. Core technologies used in the data warehouse include the ISA-Tab universal data exchange format, REpresentational State Transfer (REST) web services, the W3C Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the OpenTox standards. We describe the design of the data warehouse based on cluster requirements, the implementation based on open standards, and finally the underlying concepts and initial results of a data analysis utilizing public data related to the gold compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lyn Healy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Maggioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Glyn Stacey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
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