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Tan Z, Lv J, Li H, An Z, Li L, Ke Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang L, Li A, Guo H. Angiotoxic effects of chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate, a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate substitute, in vivo and in vitro. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133919. [PMID: 38432093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA), a substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), has been widely used in the Chinese electroplating industry under the trade name F-53B. The production and use of F-53B is keep increasing in recent years, consequently causing more emissions into the environment. Thus, there is a growing concern about the adverse effects of F-53B on human health. However, related research is very limited, particularly in terms of its toxicity to the vascular system. In this study, C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to 0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/kg F-53B for 12 weeks to assess its impact on the vascular system. We found that F-53B exposure caused aortic wall thickening, collagen deposition, and reduced elasticity in mice. In addition, F-53B exposure led to a loss of vascular endothelial integrity and a vascular inflammatory response. Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were found to be indispensable for this process. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that F-53B can decrease the repair capacity of endothelial cells by inhibiting their proliferation and migration. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that F-53B exposure induces vascular inflammation and loss of endothelial integrity as well as suppresses the repair capacity of endothelial cells, which ultimately results in vascular injury, highlighting the need for a more thorough risk assessment of F-53B to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Tan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Junli Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, PR China
| | - Ziwen An
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Longfei Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yijia Ke
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China.
| | - Huicai Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang 050000, PR China.
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2
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Nie P, Lan Y, You T, Jia T, Xu H. F-53B mediated ROS affects uterine development in rats during puberty by inducing apoptosis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 277:116399. [PMID: 38677070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as pollutants, can cause palpable environmental and health impacts around the world, as endocrine disruptors, can disrupt endocrine homeostasis and increase the risk of diseases. Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (F-53B), as a substitute for PFAS, was determined to have potential toxicity. Puberty is the stage when sexual organs develop and hormones change dramatically, and abnormal uterine development can increase the risk of uterine lesions and lead to infertility. This study was designed to explore the impact of F-53B on uterine development during puberty. Four-week-old female SD rats were exposed to 0.125 and 6.25 mg/L F-53B during puberty. The results showed that F-53B interfered with growth and sex hormone levels and bound to oestrogen-related receptors, which affected their function, contributed to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation, ultimately causing uterine dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Tao You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Tiantian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., Nanchang University, Nanchang 330200, PR China.
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Jian M, Chen X, Liu S, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tu W. Combined exposure with microplastics increases the toxic effects of PFOS and its alternative F-53B in adult zebrafish. Sci Total Environ 2024; 920:170948. [PMID: 38365036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) can adsorb and desorb organic pollutants, which may alter their biotoxicities. Although the toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) to organisms has been reported, the comparative study of their combined toxic effects with MPs on aquatic organisms is limited. In this study, adult female zebrafish were exposed to 10 μg/L PFOS/F-53B and 50 μg/L MPs alone or in combination for 14 days to investigate their single and combined toxicities. The results showed that the presence of MPs reduced the concentration of freely dissolved PFOS and F-53B in the exposure solution but did not affect their bioaccumulation in the zebrafish liver and gut. The combined exposure to PFOS and MPs had the greatest impact on liver oxidative stress, immunoinflammatory, and energy metabolism disorders. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the combined exposure to F-53B and MPs had the greatest impact on gut microbiota. Functional enrichment analysis predicted that the alternations in the gut microbiome could interfere with signaling pathways related to immune and energy metabolic processes. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between changes in gut microbiota and immune and energy metabolism indicators, highlighting the role of gut microbiota in host health. Together, our findings demonstrate that combined exposure to PFOS/F-53B and MPs exacerbates liver immunotoxicity and disturbances in energy metabolism in adult zebrafish compared to single exposure, potentially through dysregulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfei Jian
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Yingxin Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China; School of New Energy Science and Engineering, Xinyu University, Xinyu 338004, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Li X, Zhang Q, Wang A, Shan S, Wang X, Wang Y, Wan J, Ning P, Hong C, Tian H, Zhao Y. Hepatotoxicity induced in rats by chronic exposure to F-53B, an emerging replacement of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123544. [PMID: 38367689 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have shown the prominent hepatotoxicity caused by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), yet the research on the causality of F-53 B (an alternative for PFOS) exposure and liver toxicity, especially in mammals, is largely limited. To investigate the effects that chronic exposure to F-53 B exert on livers, in the present study, male SD rats were administrated with F-53 B in a certain dose range (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 μg/L, eight rats per group) for 6 months via drinking water and the hepatotoxicity resulted in was explored. We reported that chronic exposure to 100 and 1000 μg/L F-53 B induced remarkable histopathological changes in liver tissues such as distinct swollen cells and portal vein congestion. In addition, the increase of cytokines IL-6, IL-2, and IL-8 upon long-term administration of F-53 B demonstrated the high level of inflammation. Moreover, F-53 B exposure was revealed to disrupt the lipid metabolism in the rat livers, mainly manifesting as the upregulation of some proteins involved in lipid synthesis and degradation, including ACC, FASN, SREBP-1c as well as ACOX1. These findings provided new evidence for the adverse effects caused by chronic exposure to F-53 B in rodents. It is crucial for industries, regulatory agencies as well as the public to remain vigilant about the adverse health effects associated with the emerging PFOS substitutes such as F-53 B. Implementation of regular monitoring and risk assessments is of great importance to alleviate environmental concerns towards PFOS alternatives exposure, and furthermore, to minimize the latent health risks to the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aiqing Wang
- Department of Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yarong Wang
- Department of Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianmei Wan
- Department of Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Department of Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengjiao Hong
- Department of Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hailin Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Zhang J, Xu Z, Deng X, Zhang Q, Ruan Y, Ji XM. Deciphering behaviors of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (alternative-PFOS) on anammox processes: Nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial adaptability. Bioresour Technol 2024; 397:130500. [PMID: 38423487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the behaviors and effects of F-53B, an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes. Results showed that the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) reached 83.8 % at a F-53B concentration of 0.5 mg·L-1, while NRE decreased to 66.9 % with 5 mg·L-1 of F-53B. The defluorination rates of 17.8 % (0.5 mg·L-1) and 9.3 % (5 mg·L-1) were observed, respectively, suggesting the occurrence of F-53B degradation. The relative abundance of Ca. Kuenenia decreased from 26.1 % to 16.2 % with the F-53B concentration increasing from 0.5 mg·L-1 to 5 mg·L-1. Meanwhile, Denitratisoma was selectively enriched with a relative abundance of 40.7 % at an F-53B concentration of 0.5 mg·L-1. Ca. Kuenenia could reduce reactive oxygen species induced by F-53B to maintain the balance of oxidative stress. This study gains insight into the behaviors and metabolic mechanisms of F-53B in anammox consortia, suggesting the feasibility of anammox processes for industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangqi Deng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Feng Y, Wu H, Feng L, Zhang R, Feng X, Wang W, Xu H, Fu F. Maternal F-53B exposure during pregnancy and lactation induced glucolipid metabolism disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes by disturbing gut microbiota in mice. Sci Total Environ 2024; 915:170130. [PMID: 38242462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In the metal plating industry, F-53B has been widely used for almost half a century as a replacement for perfluorooctane sulfonate. However, F-53B can reach the food chain and affect human health. Pregnant women have distinct physiological characteristics and may thus be more sensitive to the toxicity of F-53B. In the present study, F-53B was added to the drinking water of pregnant mice during gestation and lactation at doses of 0 mg/L (Ctrl), 0.57 mg/L (L-F), and 5.7 mg/L (H-F). The aim was to explore the potential effects of F-53B on glucolipid metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in dams. Results showed that F-53B induced disordered glucolipid metabolism, adverse pregnancy outcomes, hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress and substantially altered related biochemical parameters in maternal mice. Moreover, F-53B induced remarkable gut barrier damage and gut microbiota perturbation. Correlation analysis revealed that gut microbiota is associated with glucolipid metabolism disorders and hepatic inflammation. The fecal microbiota transplant experiment demonstrated that altered gut microbiota induced by F-53B caused metabolic disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and gut barrier damage. These results suggested that maternal mice exposed to F-53B during gestation and lactation had an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes and highlighted the crucial role of the gut microbiota in this process, offering novel insights into the risk of F-53B to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hua Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Lihua Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wanzhen Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Fen Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China.
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Zhang J, Xia X, Ma C, Zhang S, Li K, Yang Y, Yang Z. Nanoplastics Affect the Bioaccumulation and Gut Toxicity of Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Acid Alternatives to Aquatic Insects ( Chironomus kiinensis): Importance of Plastic Surface Charge. ACS Nano 2024. [PMID: 38323841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been widely suggested as contributors to the aquatic insect biomass decline, and their bioavailability is affected by engineered particles. However, the toxicity effects of emerging ionizable POPs mediated by differentially charged engineered nanoparticles on aquatic insects are unknown. In this study, 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (F-53B, an emerging perfluoroalkyl acid alternative) was selected as a model emerging ionizable POP; the effect of differentially charged nanoplastics (NPs, 50 nm, 0.5 g/kg) on F-53B bioaccumulation and gut toxicity to Chironomus kiinensis were investigated through histopathology, biochemical index, and gut microbiota analysis. The results showed that when the dissolved concentration of F-53B remained constant, the presence of NPs enhanced the adverse effects on larval growth, emergence, gut oxidative stress and inflammation induced by F-53B, and the enhancement caused by positively charged NP-associated F-53B was stronger than that caused by the negatively charged one. This was mainly because positively charged NPs, due to their greater adsorption capacity and higher bioavailable fraction of associated F-53B, increased the bioaccumulation of F-53B in larvae more significantly than negatively charged NPs. In addition, positively charged NPs interact more easily with gut biomembranes and microbes with a negative charge, further increasing the probability of F-53B interacting with gut biomembranes and microbiota and thereby aggravating gut damage and key microbial dysbacteriosis related to gut health. These findings demonstrate that the surface charge of NPs can regulate the bioaccumulation and toxicity of ionizable POPs to aquatic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shangwei Zhang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Liang LX, Liang J, Li QQ, Zeeshan M, Zhang Z, Jin N, Lin LZ, Wu LY, Sun MK, Tan WH, Zhou Y, Chu C, Hu LW, Liu RQ, Zeng XW, Yu Y, Dong GH. Early life exposure to F-53B induces neurobehavioral changes in developing children and disturbs dopamine-dependent synaptic signaling in weaning mice. Environ Int 2023; 181:108272. [PMID: 37890264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that F-53B exposure may be neurotoxic to animals, but there is a lack of epidemiological evidence, and its mechanism needs further investigation. METHODS Serum F-53B concentrations and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were evaluated in 314 growing children from Guangzhou, China, and the association between them were analyzed. To study the developmental neurotoxicity of F-53B, experiments on sucking mice exposed via placental transfer and breast milk was performed. Maternal mice were orally exposed to 4, 40, and 400 μg/L of F-53B from postnatal day 0 (GD0) to postnatal day 21 (PND 21). Several genes and proteins related to neurodevelopment, dopamine anabolism, and synaptic plasticity were examined by qPCR and western blot, respectively, while dopamine contents were detected by ELISA kit in weaning mice. RESULTS The result showed that F-53B was positively associated with poor WCST performance. For example, with an interquartile range increase in F-53B, the change with 95 % confidence interval (CI) of correct response (CR), and non-perseverative errors (NPE) was -2.47 (95 % CI: -3.89, -1.05, P = 0.001), 2.78 (95 % CI: 0.79, 4.76, P = 0.007), respectively. Compared with the control group, the highest exposure group of weaning mice had a longer escape latency (35.24 s vs. 51.18 s, P = 0.034) and a lesser distance movement (34.81 % vs. 21.02 %, P < 0.001) in the target quadrant, as observed from morris water maze (MWM) test. The protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) levels were decreased, as compared to control (0.367-fold, P < 0.001; 0.366-fold, P < 0.001; respectively). We also observed the upregulation of dopamine transporter (DAT) (2.940-fold, P < 0.001) consistent with the trend of dopamine content (1.313-fold, P < 0.001) in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Early life exposure to F-53B is associated with adverse neurobehavioral changes in developing children and weaning mice which may be modulated by dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mohammed Zeeshan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanxiang Jin
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Science, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu-Yin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ming-Kun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Hong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Gao D, Kong C, Liao H, Junaid M, Pan T, Chen X, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang J. Interactive effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonates on the histomorphology, oxidative stress and gut microbiota in Hainan Medaka (Oryzias curvinotus). Sci Total Environ 2023; 880:163307. [PMID: 37030384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics adsorb surrounding organic contaminants in the environment, which alters the physicochemical properties of contaminants and affects associated ecotoxicological effects on aquatic life. The current work aims to explore the individual and combined toxicological implications of polystyrene nanoplastics (80 nm) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFAES, trade name: F-53B) in an emerging freshwater fish model Hainan Medaka (Oryzias curvinotus). Therefore, O. curvinotus were exposed to 200 μg/L of PS-NPs or 500 μg/L of F-53B in the single or mixture exposure for 7 days to investigate the effects on fluorescence accumulation, tissue damage, antioxidant capacity and intestinal flora. The PS-NPs fluorescence intensity was significantly higher in the single exposure treatment than it in combined exposure treatment (p < 0.01). Histopathological results showed that exposure to PS-NPs or F-53B inflicted varying degree of damages to the gill, liver, and intestine, and these damage were also present in the corresponding tissues of the combined treatment group, illustrating a stronger extent of destruction of these tissues by the combined treatment. Compared to the control group, combined exposure group elevated the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities except in the gill. In addition, the adverse contribution of PS-NPs and F-53B on the enteric flora in the single and combined exposure groups was mainly characterised in the form of reductions in the number of probiotic bacteria (Firmicutes) and this reduction was aggravated by the combined exposure group. Collectively, our results indicated that the toxicological effects of PS-NPs and F-53B on pathology, antioxidant capacity and microbiomics of medaka may be modulated by the interaction of two contaminants with mutually interactive effects. And our work offers fresh information on the combined toxicity of PS-NPs and F-53B to aquatic creatures along with a molecular foundation for the environmental toxicological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Gao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunmiao Kong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongping Liao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Pan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xikun Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510006, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Zhang M, Qiao W. Repairing of rutin to the toxicity of combined F-53B and chromium pollution on the biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:158-168. [PMID: 36522050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater discharge from the process of chrome plating, which contains 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) and chromium (Cr), may be toxic to biofilm. In this study we found that the biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was inhibited by exposure to a combination of F-53B and Cr(VI). The combined pollution damaged the cell membranes and the structure of the biofilm, and inhibited the production of the Pseudomonas quinolone-based signal, which affected biofilm formation. Moreover, the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances decreased as a result of this combined exposure. Exposure to F-53B and Cr(VI) individually or in combination could induce the excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ROS positive rate of the bacteria increased under the treatment with 0.2 mmol/L of Cr(VI) and 250 nmol/L of F-53B, respectively. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced for scavenging ROS in the bacteria that were exposed to Cr(VI) and F-53B. As an antioxidant, rutin was used to repair the toxicity of Cr(VI) and F-53B towards the biofilm formed by the bacteria. When rutin was added to the bacteria medium, with either Cr(VI) or F-53B as pollutant, or with the combined pollutants, the extracellular protein content of the bacteria recovered to 0.84, 0.94, and 0.85 times that of the control, respectively. Meanwhile, the accumulation of ROS and the activities of SOD and CAT decreased, which indicated that the addition of rutin can alleviate the oxidative stress and promote the antioxidant stress system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weichuan Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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11
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Wang C, Pan Z, Jin Y. F-53B induces hepatotoxic effects and slows self-healing in ulcerative colitis in mice. Environ Pollut 2023; 317:120819. [PMID: 36481465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53 B) is a distinct substitute for perfluorooctane sulphonate. It has been reported to be biologically toxic to mammals, causing enteric toxicity, liver toxicity and neurotoxicity. However, studies about the effects of F-53 B on patients with gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease are very limited. In this study, whether the toxic impacts of F-53 B on the gut and liver can be exacerbated in mice with colitis was explored. The sensitivity of mice with acute colitis caused by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) to F-53 B was compared with that of healthy mice. The mice were administered water containing F-53 B at doses of 10 and 100 μg/L sequentially for two weeks, respectively. F-53 B exposure exacerbated DSS-induced colonic inflammation, including inducing shortening of colon length, inflammatory cell infiltration and more severe histopathological symptoms. In addition, F-53 B administration significantly increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α, in the plasma of mice with enteritis compared with control group. F-53 B impaired intestinal integrity of mice with colitis by downregulating Claudin-1 and antimicrobial peptide-related genes while elevating serum lipopolysaccharide levels. In addition, in mice with colitis, F-53 B increased the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, resulted in more severe liver inflammation and increased the level of genes related to the Gasdermin D-mediated pyrolysis. Conclusively, our results indicated that F-53 B delayed the self-healing of ulcerative colitis (UC) and caused liver inflammation in mice. This study provided some new insights into the health risks of F-53 B and raises concerns about the health of individuals with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China; Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zihong Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Wu L, Zeeshan M, Dang Y, Liang LY, Gong YC, Li QQ, Tan YW, Fan YY, Lin LZ, Zhou Y, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Yang BY, Zeng XW, Yu Y, Dong GH. Environmentally relevant concentrations of F-53B induce eye development disorders-mediated locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136130. [PMID: 36049635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The perfluorooctane sulfonate alternative, F-53B, induces multiple physiological defects but whether it can disrupt eye development is unknown. We exposed zebrafish to F-53B at four different concentrations (0, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 μg/L) for 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Locomotor behavior, neurotransmitters content, histopathological alterations, morphological changes, cell apoptosis, and retinoic acid signaling were studied. Histology and morphological analyses showed that F-53B induced pathological changes in lens and retina of larvae and eye size were significantly reduced as compared to control. Acridine orange (AO) staining revealed a dose-dependent increase in early apoptosis, accompanied by upregulation of p53, casp-9 and casp-3 genes. Genes related to retinoic acid signaling (aldh1a2), lens developmental (cryaa, crybb, crygn, and mipa) and retinal development (pax6, rx1, gant1, rho, opn1sw and opn1lw) were significantly downregulated. In addition, behavioral responses (swimming speed) were significantly increased, while no significant changes in the neurotransmitters (dopamine and acetylcholine) level were observed. Therefore, in this study we observed that exposure to F-53B inflicted histological and morphological changes in zebrafish larvae eye, induced visual motor dysfunctions, perturbed retinoid signaling and retinal development and ultimately triggering apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mohammed Zeeshan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yao Dang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Li-Ya Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan-Chen Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ya-Wen Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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13
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Luo K, Huang W, Zhang Q, Liu X, Nian M, Wei M, Wang Y, Chen D, Chen X, Zhang J. Environmental exposure to legacy poly/perfluoroalkyl substances, emerging alternatives and isomers and semen quality in men: A mixture analysis. Sci Total Environ 2022; 833:155158. [PMID: 35421474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Multiple studies have examined the relationship between PFAS and semen quality, but none has explored the associations of PFAS mixture that includes emerging alternatives and branched isomers. METHODS 22 PFAS, including 10 linear legacy PFAS, 7 branched isomers, 3 short chain alternatives and 2 components of F53B [e.g., 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA)] were quantified in blood plasma among 740 healthy men. Five semen quality parameters (i.e., volume, count, concentration, total motility and progressive rate) were assessed. Multiple linear regression and three multiple pollutant models (i.e., adaptive elastic net regression, quantile based g-computation, and XGBoost method) were used to assess the associations of individual PFAS and PFAS mixture with semen quality and the potential interactive effects among congeners. RESULTS After adjusting for selected confounders, perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) presented significant and negative associations with sperm count [βAENET = -0.09 (95%CI: -0.14, -0.03) for PFBS, and -0.16 (95%CI: -0.25, -0.07) for PFHxS] and sperm concentration [-0.04 (95%CI: -0.08, -0.001) for PFBS and -0.11 (95%CI: -0.17, -0.04) for PFHxS]. 6:2 Cl-PFESA showed negative associations with total motility (-2.33, 95%CI: -3.80, -0.86) and progressive rate (-1.46, 95%CI: -2.79, -0.12). But perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS) was positively associated with sperm count and concentration. These associations were supported by the importance assessment of these four congeners in XGBoost analyses. However, no associations were found between PFAS mixture or branched isomers and semen quality; nor were there significant interactions among PFAS congeners. CONCLUSIONS In the current cross-sectional study, we found that two emerging PFAS replacements (i.e., 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFBS) and PFHxS exposure were associated with reduced semen concentration, total sperm count and motility in men. Meanwhile, significant positive associations between PFHpS and sperm count and concentration were also observed. But there were no consistent associations between PFAS mixture, branched isomers and semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianlong Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Min Nian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mengdan Wei
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200135, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China.
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14
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Huang J, Wang Q, Liu S, Lai H, Tu W. Comparative chronic toxicities of PFOS and its novel alternatives on the immune system associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in adult zebrafish. J Hazard Mater 2022; 425:127950. [PMID: 34894504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
6:2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) are widely used as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) alternatives in the Chinese market. Here, adult zebrafish were chronically exposed to 1 μM PFOS, F-53B, and OBS for 21 days to investigate the comparative immunotoxicity of these three per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFOS induced more severe oxidative stress in the liver than F-53B and OBS, and these three PFAS induced similar anti-inflammatory effects by repressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The intestinal microbiota analysis showed that the relative abundance of Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Cetobacterium, Shewanella, and Vibrio changed with the same trend in the three PFAS treatment groups. Furthermore, the PFAS increased the expression of hepcidin, muc, the immune-related genes mpo and saa, and decreased the expression of the tight junction-related gene occ in the intestine; moreover, villus height of the intestine was reduced after PFAS exposure, which indicated the functional disruption of the intestine. In particular, the significant correlation between the changed intestinal microbiota and liver and intestinal indicators also suggested the interaction between the immune system and intestinal microbiota. Taken together, our results indicate that exposure to PFOS and its alternatives F-53B and OBS can induce hepatic immunotoxicity associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China.
| | - Hong Lai
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China.
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15
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He Y, Lv D, Li C, Liu X, Liu W, Han W. Human exposure to F-53B in China and the evaluation of its potential toxicity: An overview. Environ Int 2022; 161:107108. [PMID: 35121495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (Cl-PFESAs, trade name F-53B), an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), has been widely used as a mist suppressant in the Chinese electroplating industry since the 1970 s. Due to greater restrictions on PFOS globally in recent years, the production and use of F-53B correspondingly increased, consequently causing more emissions into the environment. In China, an increasing number of studies report frequent detection and broad exposure to F-53B in the natural environment, various wildlife and the human body. In human blood, the detection rate of F-53B is almost 80%, accounting for 8.69 to 28% of ∑per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). F-53B is the most biopersistent PFAS in humans to date, with a half-life of 15.3 years. In addition, F-53B displays protein binding affinity and high human placental permeability. Recently, some epidemiological studies have reported the health risks associated with F-53B in humans, including abnormal serum lipid metabolism, vascular dysfunction, endocrine disorders and even adverse birth outcomes. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the toxicity of F-53B, such as hepatotoxicity, interference effects on the endocrine system, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. Our aims are to review studies on human F-53B exposure levels, trends and associated health effects; evaluate the potential toxicity; and predict directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia He
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Di Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuqin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenchao Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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16
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Liu S, Lai H, Wang Q, Martínez R, Zhang M, Liu Y, Huang J, Deng M, Tu W. Immunotoxicity of F53B, an alternative to PFOS, on zebrafish (Danio rerio) at different early life stages. Sci Total Environ 2021; 790:148165. [PMID: 34380241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F53B) has emerged in the Chinese market in recent years and has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment, but its ecological risk assessment is limited. In this study, zebrafish embryos and larvae were separately exposed to F53B, and their 96-h LC50 values were estimated to be 15.1 mg/L and 2.4 mg/L, respectively, suggesting that embryos were more resistant to F53B than larvae. The bioconcentration factor in larvae was basically higher than that of embryos, and the body growth of larvae was significantly affected by F53B rather than embryos, indicating that F53B may cause more severe toxicity to larvae. In addition to the excessive production of ROS and NO, the expression of many immune-related genes was increased in both embryos and larvae, but the number of dysregulated genes in larvae was more than that in embryos. Finally, the results of Point of Departure (PoD) indicated that the immunotoxicity of F53B was more sensitive to larvae than embryos at the molecular level. Our findings revealed the ecological risk of F53B by exploring the adverse effects of immunoregulation at different early life stages of zebrafish and indicated that the zebrafish larvae were more sensitive than embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Hong Lai
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Rubén Martínez
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miao Zhang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China.
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17
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Sun Q, Bi R, Wang T, Su C, Chen Z, Diao J, Zheng Z, Liu W. Are there risks induced by novel and legacy poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in coastal aquaculture base in South China? Sci Total Environ 2021; 779:146539. [PMID: 34030277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have raised great attention as emerging contaminants due to their persistent and bioaccumulative characteristics. Following the global actions to limit perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and its salts, chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), as an alternative perfluorochemical, has been a focus during this period. In this study, PFASs in coastal seawater, sediment, and seaweed from the significant aquaculture bases of Porphyra haitanensis in the southeast of China were investigated. Their bioaccumulation and ecological risk were elucidated and associated human exposures to PFASs with consumption of aquatic products for rural and urban groups were calculated. The total PFASs levels in seawater and sediment were 21.52-241.86 ng/L and 4.55-26.54 ng/g·dw, respectively. F-53B was found frequently and has relative high concentration in seawater (ND-2.13 ng/L). The Porphyra haitanensis and Siganus fuscescens were also analyzed, with PFASs concentrations ranging from 10.45 to 29.98 ng/g·dw and 7.17 to 25.43 ng/g·dw, respectively. The total logarithm BAF of F-53B and PFOS in two kinds of detected seafoods were within 0-2.94 and 2.01-3.25, these values did not vary in different sites. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PFASs through aquatic products consumption in rural and urban residents were 0.03-26.50 ng/kg bw/day and 0.17-37.01 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, based on the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents. The total EDI of PFASs via Porphyra haitanensis and Siganus fuscescens in different groups were significantly lower than the suggested tolerable daily intake (PFOS, 150 ng/kg bw/day; PFOA, 1500 ng/kg bw/day), which indicates that PFASs did not induce health risks to the residents living around these aquaculture bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongping Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Chuanghong Su
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhenwei Chen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jieyi Diao
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
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18
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Xu B, Liu S, Zhou JL, Zheng C, Weifeng J, Chen B, Zhang T, Qiu W. PFAS and their substitutes in groundwater: Occurrence, transformation and remediation. J Hazard Mater 2021; 412:125159. [PMID: 33951855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly investigated due to their global occurrence and potential human health risk. The ban on PFOA and PFOS has led to the use of novel substitutes such as GenX, F-53B and OBS. This paper reviews the studies on the occurrence, transformation and remediation of major PFAS i.e. PFOA, PFNA, PFBA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS and the three substitutes in groundwater. The data indicated that PFOA, PFBA, PFOS and PFBS were present at high concentrations up to 21,200 ng L-1 while GenX and F-53B were found up to 30,000 ng L-1 and 0.18-0.59 ng L-1, respectively. PFAS in groundwater are from direct sources e.g. surface water and soil. PFAS remediation methods based on membrane, redox, sorption, electrochemical and photocatalysis are analyzed. Overall, photocatalysis is considered to be an ideal technology with low cost and high degradation efficacy for PFAS removal. Photocatalysis could be combined with electrochemical or membrane filtration to become more advantageous. GenX, F-53B and OBS in groundwater treatment by UV/sulfite system and electrochemical oxidation proved effective. The review identified gaps such as the immobilization and recycling of materials in groundwater treatment, and recommended visible light photocatalysis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentuo Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Weifeng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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19
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Wang W, Lee J, Oh JK, Lee SJ, Choi SD, Oh JE. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris) eggs from South Korea islands during 2012-2018. J Hazard Mater 2021; 411:125036. [PMID: 33429310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial trends of sixteen per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their three alternatives, chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (F-53B), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), and dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA) in whole eggs of black-tailed gulls from two South Korean islands, Baengnyeongdo (BLD) and Hongdo (HD), were investigated during 2012-2018. A total of 16 analyzed compounds were detected at concentrations of 21.3-47.8 ng/g ww in BLD and 11.2-40.0 ng/g ww in HD. Meanwhile, the mean levels of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were detected at 6.92 ± 4.72 ng/g ww and 0.674 ± 0.993 ng/g ww, respectively. In particular, F-53B, a major alternative to PFOS was detected in each year of the study period with a level of up to 6.66 ng/g ww in all egg samples. Significant increasing temporal trends were observed for PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and one alternative (F-53B) during the investigated period suggesting continuous use or accumulation of these in the Korean environment. Moreover, distinctive spatial distribution patterns such as a significantly higher F-53B level in HD and an increased PFAS (< C11) in BLD were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Lee
- National Environmental Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Oh
- National Environmental Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Liu H, Pan Y, Jin S, Sun X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Ghassabian A, Li Y, Xia W, Cui Q, Zhang B, Zhou A, Dai J, Xu S. Associations between six common per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and estrogens in neonates of China. J Hazard Mater 2021; 407:124378. [PMID: 33139105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies suggested per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may disrupt estrogens in animals, however, the epidemiological evidence on the associations of PFASs with estrogens is sparse. We investigated the associations of legacy PFASs and their alternatives, including F-53B, the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) replacement that is specifically and commonly used in China, with estrogen concentrations in newborns. We quantified six PFASs and three estrogens in the cord sera of 942 newborns from a birth cohort in Wuhan, China, between 2013 and 2014. After adjusting for confounders and correcting for multiple comparisons, we observed that both legacy PFASs and their alternatives were associated with higher serum levels of estradiol (E2). Some of the PFASs were associated with increasing levels of estrone (E1) and estriol (E3). Analysis of PFASs in mixture using weighted quantile sum regressions showed that F-53B contributed 20.1% and 48.5% to the associations between PFASs and E1 and E2, respectively. This study provided epidemiological data on the associations between common PFAS exposures and estrogens in newborns. Additional toxicology studies are needed to fully understand the effects of PFASs on estrogens and the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Shuna Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yangqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, PR China.
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21
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Zhao S, Liu S, Wang F, Lu X, Li Z. Sorption behavior of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate ( F-53B) on four kinds of nano-materials. Sci Total Environ 2021; 757:144064. [PMID: 33316510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (with the trade name F-53B, a substitute for PFOS) is one type of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which is widely used as a chromium mist inhibitor in China. It has been found in environment commonly. In this study, the sorption behavior of F-53B on four kinds of nano-materials: alumina nanopowder (ANP), alumina nanowires (ANW), hydrophilic bentonite nanoclay (HBNC) and surface modified nanoclay (SMNC) were investigated. The kinetics results indicated that the sorption of F-53B on four nano-materials reached equilibrium within 2 h and the sorption process were fitted better by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study showed that the sorption of F-53B on nano-materials were exothermic and spontaneous. As the increase of temperature, the maximum sorption capacity of ANP, ANW, HBNC, SMNC increased, and reached 868.75, 91.35, 5.15, 2465.09 μg/g at 25 °C, respectively. The surface modified nanoclay (SMNC) was better than the others for removing F-53B from aquatic environment. To investigate the effects of pH and ion strength, the particle size and zeta potential of sorbents at different pH and ion strength were measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and concluded that the sorption mechanism of F-53B on two kinds of nanoalumina mainly included electrostatic attraction and agglomeration effects, while hydrophobic interaction played an important role on the sorption of F-53B on nanoclay. This study revealed the sorption behavior and mechanism of F-53B on four kinds of nano-materials, and the results provided theoretical support for removing F-53B from electroplating wastewater with nano-materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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22
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Pan CG, Xiao SK, Yu KF, Wu Q, Wang YH. Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a subtropical marine food web from the Beibu Gulf, South China: Fate, trophic transfer and health risk assessment. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123618. [PMID: 32823029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The usage of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been increasing due to the restriction and elimination of legacy PFASs. However, there is limited knowledge on bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of alternative PFASs, especially in subtropical ecosystems. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive survey to investigate the occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of legacy and alternative PFASs in subtropical marine food webs in the Beibu Gulf, South China. Results showed that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant PFASs in water phase, while perfluorooctane sufonate (PFOS) contributed most to the sum of target PFASs in sediments and marine organisms. Of the investigated PFASs, PFOS and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (F-53B) exhibited the highest bioaccumulation factor with values > 5000, qualifying as very bioaccumulative chemicals. There was a significant positive correlation between log BSAF and the carbon chain length of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Trophic magnification (TMF) was observed for PFOS and F-53B, while the remaining PFASs were biodiluted through the present food web. The hazard ratios for PFOS and PFOA in all organisms were far less than unity, suggesting overall low PFAS risks for humans through consumption of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China
| | - Shao-Ke Xiao
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ke-Fu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying-Hui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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23
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Yang H, Lai H, Huang J, Sun L, Mennigen JA, Wang Q, Liu Y, Jin Y, Tu W. Polystyrene microplastics decrease F-53B bioaccumulation but induce inflammatory stress in larval zebrafish. Chemosphere 2020; 255:127040. [PMID: 32416398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern that microplastics (MPs), which act as carriers of other organic contaminants, are mistakenly ingested by aquatic organisms, consequently causing unpredictable adverse effects. In this study, zebrafish larvae (6 d post fertilization) were exposed to either 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) or their combination for 7 d to evaluate the effects of the presence of PS-MPs on the bioaccumulation and immunomodulation of F-53B. PS-MPs greatly promoted the sorption of F-53B, which reduced the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of F-53B in zebrafish larvae. F-53B, PS-MPs, or their mixture significantly reduced the body weight of zebrafish larvae. Combined exposure of PS-MPs and F-53B resulted in a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme activity, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in zebrafish larvae. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) was not affected by F-53B or PS-MPs, but significantly increased in their combined exposure. Furthermore, co-exposure of F-53B and PS-MPs significantly upregulated the transcripts of pro-inflammatory cxcl-clc and il-1β genes and increased the levels of iNOS protein in zebrafish larvae. In addition, enhanced protein expression of NF-κB paralleled the upregulation in the expression of most immune-related genes, suggesting NF-κB pathway was mechanistically involved in these responses. Collectively, the presence of MPs decreased F-53B bioaccumulation, but induced inflammatory stress in larval zebrafish. These findings highlight the health risks of co-contamination of MPs and F-53B in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Hong Lai
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China; Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | | | - Qiyu Wang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China.
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24
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Hong SH, Lee SH, Yang JY, Lee JH, Jung KK, Seok JH, Kim SH, Nam KT, Jeong J, Lee JK, Oh JH. Orally Administered 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate ( F-53B) Causes Thyroid Dysfunction in Rats. Toxics 2020; 8:toxics8030054. [PMID: 32784452 PMCID: PMC7560397 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The compound 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), a replacement for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the electroplating industry, has been widely detected in numerous environmental matrices, human sera, and organisms. Due to regulations that limit PFOS use, F-53B use is expected to increase. Therefore, in this study, we performed a subchronic oral toxicity study of F-53B in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. F-53B was administered orally once daily to male and female rats for 28 days at doses of 5, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day. There were no toxicologically significant changes in F-53B-treated rats, except in the thyroid gland. However, F-53B slightly reduced the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine, compared with their concentrations in the vehicle group. F-53B also induced follicular hyperplasia and was associated with increased thyroid hormone biosynthesis-associated protein expression. These results demonstrate that F-53B is a strong regulator of thyroid hormones in SD rats as it disrupts thyroid function. Thus, caution should be exercised in the industrial application of F-53B as an alternative for PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hye Hong
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Ki Kyung Jung
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Ji Hyun Seok
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jae-Ho Oh
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Ding D, Song X, Wei C, Hu Z, Liu Z. Efficient sorptive removal of F-53B from water by layered double hydroxides: Performance and mechanisms. Chemosphere 2020; 252:126443. [PMID: 32182509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (trade name F-53B) has been detected in various environmental matrices, and reported to be equally or more toxic than perfluorooctane sulfonate. Efficient sorptive removal of F-53B from water by two types of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), NO3--LDH and sodium dodecyl sulfate modified NO3--LDH (SDS-LDH), was demonstrated in this study. Both LDHs removed F-53B in several minutes and had sorption capacities of over 860 mg/g. SDS-LDH exhibited a greater F-53B uptake than NO3--LDH under the influence of different solution chemistry, including pH 3-11, or in the presence of competing anions or co-contaminants, primarily due to the higher surface areas and the presence of SDS for SDS-LDH. Batch experiments, structural characterization, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations were combined to explore the sorption mechanisms, which mainly include ion exchange (specifically, O-H⋯O/F hydrogen bond), C-F/Cl⋯H hydrogen bond, and micellar sorption (occurring at high initial F-53B concentrations). Accordingly, we propose to improve the sorption performance of LDHs by increasing their surface areas and modifying LDHs to produce more hydrogen bond sites, as well as exfoliating LDHs into two dimensional nanosheets to eliminate the steric hindrance for the micellar formation of F-53B or other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhihao Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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26
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Wu Y, Huang J, Deng M, Jin Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Cao Q, Mennigen JA, Tu W. Acute exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Chinese PFOS alternative F-53B induces oxidative stress in early developing zebrafish. Chemosphere 2019; 235:945-951. [PMID: 31299707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), a Chinese PFOS alternative, has recently been identified in the aquatic environment at concentrations similar to or higher than perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Although previous studies have shown that F-53B can trigger oxidative stress in fish, the underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of F-53B (0, 0.5, 20 and 200 μg/L) for 5 d to investigate oxidative stress responses and possible molecular mechanisms of action. Our results showed that F-53B accumulated in a concentration-dependent manner in zebrafish larvae. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities, mRNA and protein levels of most of antioxidant enzyme genes involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Nrf2-ARE pathway were significantly reduced. Further in silico study indicated that F-53B binds tightly to PI3K, which may be related to the inhibition of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant functions by F-53B as a PI3K inhibitor. Combining in vivo and in silico studies, we elucidated the effects of F-53B on antioxidant system of zebrafish through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-ARE pathway, which increases our understanding of the molecular mechanism of F-53B on antioxidant responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Wu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Qinyan Cao
- Zhejiang Jingmao Energy-saving Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jan A Mennigen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China.
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27
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Pan Z, Yuan X, Tu W, Fu Z, Jin Y. Subchronic exposure of environmentally relevant concentrations of F-53B in mice resulted in gut barrier dysfunction and colonic inflammation in a sex-independent manner. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:268-277. [PMID: 31319243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
F-53B (6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate) is currently recognized as a safe alternative to long-chain PFASs in China. However, an increasing number of studies have recently authenticated its biotoxicological effects. In this study, for evaluating the gut toxicity of F-53B in mammals, both female and male mice were orally exposed to 0, 1, 3, or 10 μg/L F-53B for 10 weeks. Our results showed that F-53B significantly accumulated in the colon, ileum and serum when exposed to 10 μg/L F-53B for 10 weeks. F-53B exposure not only increased the transcriptional levels of ion transport-related genes but could also interact with the CFTR protein directly. Interestingly, subchronic F-53B exposure also increased the transcription of mucus secretion-related genes, but the protein level of Muc2 decreased after F-53B exposure, indicating that there was a compensatory phenomenon after mucus barrier injury. Furthermore, F-53B exposure also induced colonic inflammation associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in the colon. Taken together, our results indicated that the potential gut toxicity of F-53B and almost all of the changed parameters were significantly affected in both female and male mice, suggesting that F-53B could disturb the gut barrier without sex dependence in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xianling Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China.
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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28
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Shi G, Cui Q, Wang J, Guo H, Pan Y, Sheng N, Guo Y, Dai J. Chronic exposure to 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate acid ( F-53B) induced hepatotoxic effects in adult zebrafish and disrupted the PPAR signaling pathway in their offspring. Environ Pollut 2019; 249:550-559. [PMID: 30928526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a Chinese-specific alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (commercial name: F-53B) has been used in the metal plating industry for over 40 years. This prevalence of use has resulted in its subsequent detection within the environment, wildlife, and humans. Despite this, however, its hepatotoxic effects on aquatic organisms remain unclear. Here, we characterized the impacts of long-term F-53B exposure on adult zebrafish liver and their offspring. Results showed that the concentration of F-53B was greater in the F0 liver than that in the gonads and blood. Furthermore, males had significantly higher liver F-53B levels than females. Hepatomegaly and obvious cytoplasmic vacuolation indicated that F-53B exposure induced liver injury. Compared to control, liver triglyceride levels decreased by 30% and 33.5% in the 5 and 50 μg/L-exposed males and 22% in 50 μg/L-exposed females. Liver transcriptome analysis of F0 adult fish found 2175 and 1267 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 5 μg/L-exposed males and females, respectively. Enrichment analyses further demonstrated that the effects of F-53B on hepatic transcripts were sex-dependent. Gene Ontology showed that most DEGs were involved in multicellular organism development in male fish, whereas in female fish, most DEGs were related to metabolic processes and gene expression. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the PPAR signaling pathway likely contributed to F-53B-induced disruption of lipid metabolism in F0 adult fish. In F1 larvae (5 days post fertilization), the transcription of pparα increased, like that in F0 adult fish, but most target genes showed the opposite expression trends as their parents. Taken together, our research demonstrated chronic F-53B exposure adversely impacts zebrafish liver, with disruption of PPAR signaling pathway dependent on sex and developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Shi G, Wang J, Guo H, Sheng N, Cui Q, Pan Y, Guo Y, Sun Y, Dai J. Parental exposure to 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate ( F-53B) induced transgenerational thyroid hormone disruption in zebrafish. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:855-863. [PMID: 30790758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), has been regularly detected in different environmental matrices, information regarding its toxicity remains limited. To explore the transgenerational thyroid-disrupting capacity of F-53B, adult zebrafish (F0) were exposed to different concentrations of F-53B (0, 5, 50, or 500μg/L) for 180d, with their offspring (F1 and F2) subsequently reared in uncontaminated water. Thyroid disturbances were then examined in the three (F0, F1, and F2) generations. For F0 adult fish, thyroxine (T4) increased in both sexes after exposure to 50μg/LF-53B, whereas 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) decreased in all groups, except for 50μg/LF-53B-treated males. For F1 embryos, parental exposure resulted in F-53B transfer as well as an increase in T4 content. At 5days post-fertilization, the significant increase in T4 and decrease in T3 were accompanied by a decrease in body length, increase in mortality, and increase in uninflated posterior swim bladder occurrence in F1 larvae. Although thyroid hormone levels were not changed significantly in F1 adult fish or F2 offspring compared with the control, the transcription levels of several genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis were significantly modified. Our study demonstrated that F-53B possesses transgenerational thyroid-disrupting capability in zebrafish, indicating it might not be a safer alternative to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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30
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Wu Y, Deng M, Jin Y, Liu X, Mai Z, You H, Mu X, He X, Alharthi R, Kostyniuk DJ, Yang C, Tu W. Toxicokinetics and toxic effects of a Chinese PFOS alternative F-53B in adult zebrafish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 171:460-466. [PMID: 30639872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), a Chinese PFOS alternative, has recently been identified in river water, sewage sludge, wildlife and humans, causing great concerns about its potential toxic effects. Here, we report the first investigation of the toxicokinetics and oxidative stress of F-53B in adult zebrafish. Adult male and female zebrafish were exposed to 10 and 100 μg/L of F-53B for 7 days followed by a 5-d depuration period to examine bioaccumulation, distribution, and depuration of F-53B in fish. The results showed that F-53B was readily accumulated in fish tissues with log BCF values of 2.36-3.65, but was eliminated slowly (t1/2 = 152.4-358.5 h). F-53B accumulation was greater in males than in females and the concentration in tissues decreased in the following order: gonad ≈ liver ≫ gill ≫ brain in females and liver ≈ gill ≫ gonad ≫ brain in males, showing sex- and tissue- specific accumulation of F-53B in fish. After chronic exposure to F-53B for 28 days, a significant dose-dependent increase in histopathological changes in the liver were mainly manifested by vacuolation. Furthermore, F-53B also significantly reduced the enzyme activity (or content) of most of the measured oxidative stress-related markers (e.g., SOD, CAT and MDA) except for an increase in GSH-Px activity, indicating that oxidative stress was induced in zebrafish after treatment with F-53B. The results of this study provide important information on the toxicokinetics and toxic effects of F-53B, which will contribute to the ecological risk assessments of F-53B released into surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Wu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Zhaohuan Mai
- Institute of Energy Conversion, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Hailin You
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Reem Alharthi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | | | - Chunyan Yang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
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31
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Wei C, Song X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Lin N. Influence of coexisting Cr(VI) and sulfate anions and Cu(II) on the sorption of F-53B to soils. Chemosphere 2019; 216:507-515. [PMID: 30388686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (trade name F-53B), a perfluorooctane sulfonate alternative used as a mist suppressant in the chromium plating industry, is environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. In this study, the kinetic and equilibrium data of F-53B sorption onto soils were obtained to investigate the relationship between sorption parameters and soil attributes. The effects of potential coexisting Cu(II), anionic Cr(VI) and sulfate on F-53B sorption by soils were explored. This is the first report of the effects of F-53B sorption behavior on soils with coexisting contaminants of Cu(II) and Cr(VI). The results showed that sorption kinetics of F-53B on soils could be well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum F-53B sorption capacity ranged from 22.71 to 92.36 mg/kg on six different soils, and the correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship between the maximum sorption capacity and the soil organic content, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. The desorption percentages of F-53B in this study, defined as the proportion of sorbed F-53B on soils that was recovered upon desorption, were lower than 8.2%. Moreover, F-53B sorption capacities generally decreased in the presence of Cu(II), Cr(VI), and sulfate, indicating that these ions can facilitate the F-53B mobility in the subsurface. Taken together, these findings suggest that electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ligand exchange, and surface complexation contributed to the F-53B sorption on soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Na Lin
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Wu Y, Deng M, Jin Y, Mu X, He X, Luu NT, Yang C, Tu W. Uptake and elimination of emerging polyfluoroalkyl substance F-53B in zebrafish larvae: Response of oxidative stress biomarkers. Chemosphere 2019; 215:182-188. [PMID: 30317088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) has been widely applied as a mist suppressant to replace perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the metal plating industry in China for decades. Recently, F-53B has been frequently identified in the aquatic environment and wild-caught fish. However, studies on the uptake and elimination kinetics, and the toxicological effects of F-53B were very scarce. In this study, zebrafish larvae (72 h post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to F-53B (10, 100 μg/L) for 48 h, followed by a 24 h of depuration to examine both the dynamics of accumulation and elimination of F-53B and responses of antoxidant defense system in fish. The results showed that F-53B rapidly accumulated in zebrafish larvae in a concentration and time-dependent manner with BCF values of 3612-3615, but was eliminated slowly (half-life ranged from 241.5 to 258.6 h). F-53B exposure induced oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae, as reflected by the reduction in the GSH and MDA contents, CAT, SOD, CuZn-SOD, and GSH-ST activities, and the increase in GSH-Px activity as well as CAT and SOD protein levels. However, these oxidative stress markers were restored to control levels except for a decrease in protein level of SOD after depuration. Collectively, the results of this work indicate that F-53B behaves like PFOS and is bioaccumulative and persistent in zebrafish larvae, and further induced oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Wu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Nha-Thi Luu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China.
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33
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Shi G, Guo H, Sheng N, Cui Q, Pan Y, Wang J, Guo Y, Dai J. Two-generational reproductive toxicity assessment of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate ( F-53B, a novel alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate) in zebrafish. Environ Pollut 2018; 243:1517-1527. [PMID: 30292160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (commercial name: F-53B) has been used in the Chinese chrome plating industry for over four decades. It has been increasingly detected in environmental matrices in recent years, causing great concern regarding its potential health risks to humans and wildlife. However, its adverse effects on biota remain largely unknown. To explore the chronic toxicity of F-53B on reproduction, a two-generational study was conducted using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish (F0 generation) were chronically exposed to different concentrations of F-53B (0, 5, 50, and 500 μg/L) for 180 d using a flow-through exposure system, with F1 and F2 generations reared without exposure. The reproductive toxicity endpoints were assessed in F0 and F1 adult fish. Results showed that F-53B accumulated in the F0 gonads and transferred to the F1 generation via maternal eggs, and even remained in F1 adult fish and their eggs (F2) after 180 d depuration. In the F0 generation, F-53B exposure significantly inhibited growth and induced reproductive toxicity, including decreased gonadosomatic index and egg production/female, changes in the histological structure of the gonads, and increased serum testosterone levels. In particular, serum estradiol and vitellogenin levels were significantly increased in 5 μg/L F-53B-exposed adult males. The transcriptional levels of several genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were altered in F0 generation fish. Testis transcriptome analysis revealed that F-53B exposure disrupted spermatogenesis in F0 male zebrafish. Maternal transfer of F-53B also induced adverse effects on growth and reproduction in the F1 generation. Furthermore, the higher occurrence of malformation and lower survival in F1 and F2 embryos indicated that parental exposure to F-53B could impair the embryonic development of offspring. Taken together, this study demonstrated that F-53B could induce reproductive toxicity in zebrafish similar to that induced by legacy PFOS, and its potential adverse effects on offspring deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Ti B, Li L, Liu J, Chen C. Global distribution potential and regional environmental risk of F-53B. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:1365-1371. [PMID: 30021303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increases in emissions and environmental contamination by F-53B, a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate used as a mist suppressant in the Chinese electroplating industry. In this study, based on a national industrial survey and statistics, we estimated the annual release of F-53B across China during the period 2006-2015. We evaluated the global transport and distribution of F-53B using the Globo-POP model, and assessed its environmental risk in regions of China using the EUSES model. Our calculations indicate that approximately 10-14 metric tons (t) of F-53B are released annually into the environment, mainly in East China. Our Globo-POP calculations demonstrate that a limited fraction (0.02-0.50%) of the cumulative F-53B emissions can reach the Arctic via oceanic advection. Despite its low long-range transport potential, F-53B can accumulate in Chinese local waters. Our EUSES calculations predict that the F-53B concentration in fresh water (South China) currently approaches 0.7 mg/L and will reach 2.3 mg/L by 2020 in the region surrounding chromium-plating plants if its use remains uncontrolled. Such an increase in concentration implies a potential risk to aquatic environments. This study highlights the risk if F-53B is proposed to be used as a substitute for perfluorooctanesulfonic salt-based mist suppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ti
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhou X, Wang J, Sheng N, Cui R, Deng Y, Dai J. Subchronic reproductive effects of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES), an alternative to PFOS, on adult male mice. J Hazard Mater 2018; 358:256-264. [PMID: 29990813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With a similar structure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES) has been widely used as a mist suppressant in the chromium plating industry in China since the 1970s. After being disregarded for the past 30 years, 6:2 Cl-PFAES has now been detected in environmental matrices and human sera, suggesting potential health concerns. We carried out a subchronic exposure study to investigate the reproductive toxicity of 6:2 Cl-PFAES exposure (0, 0.04, 0.2, and 1.0 mg/kg/d body weight, 56 d) in adult male BALB/c mice. Results showed that relative epididymis and testis weights decreased in the 1.0 mg/kg/d group compared with the control. However, no changes were observed in the serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or luteinizing hormone (LH), nor in the histopathological structure of the epididymis and testis and sperm count. In addition, 56 d of consecutive gavage of 1.0 mg/kg/d of 6:2 Cl-PFAES did not affect male mouse fertility. RNA sequencing showed that no genes were significantly altered in the testes after 6:2 Cl-PFAES exposure. Several testicular genes, which are sensitive to PFOS exposure, were also detected using Western blotting, and included steroidogenic proteins, STAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and 3β-HSD and cell junction proteins, occludin, β-catenin, and connexin 43; however, none were changed after 6:2 Cl-PFAES exposure. Except for a decrease in the relative epididymis and testis weights in the 1.0 mg/kg/d group, 6:2 Cl-PFAES exposure for 56 d exerted no significant effect on the serum levels of reproductive hormones or the testicular mRNA profilesin adult male mice, implying a relative weak reproductive injury potential compared with that of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Yin N, Yang R, Liang S, Liang S, Hu B, Ruan T, Faiola F. Evaluation of the early developmental neural toxicity of F-53B, as compared to PFOS, with an in vitro mouse stem cell differentiation model. Chemosphere 2018; 204:109-118. [PMID: 29655103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
F-53B, as an alternative to the persistent organic pollutant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), is amply used in the electric plating industry. F-53B and PFOS have similar physicochemical, biochemical and physiological properties, due to the similarity in their chemical structure. Thus, they may also possess similar toxicities. Although epidemiological studies and in vivo assays have shown that prenatal exposure to PFOS may impair the development of the nervous system, toxicity data for F-53B are still scarce. In this study, we employed an embryonic stem cell (ESC) in vitro differentiation system, to detect the potential developmental neural toxicity of F-53B and PFOS, at human exposure relevant doses. We demonstrated that during early mouse ESC (mESC) neural differentiation, F-53B and PFOS disrupted the expression of neural marker genes and affected the morphology of the differentiated cells. However, the very same treatments did not cause any cytotoxic effects. In conclusion, our ESC in vitro differentiation system was able to prove for the first time that F-53B and PFOS at human exposure relevant concentrations, could alter the expression of differentiation biomarkers, indicating a potential developmental neural toxicity. Based on our findings, it is reasonable to deduce that excessive exposure to F-53B and PFOS may cause severe dysfunctions during early stages of embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Deng M, Wu Y, Xu C, Jin Y, He X, Wan J, Yu X, Rao H, Tu W. Multiple approaches to assess the effects of F-53B, a Chinese PFOS alternative, on thyroid endocrine disruption at environmentally relevant concentrations. Sci Total Environ 2018; 624:215-224. [PMID: 29253770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A Chinese perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) substitute frequently detected in the environment, 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), has a similar structure to PFOS and it is proposed to cause thyroid dysfunction. To further confirm this hypothesis, the effects of F-53B on the thyroid endocrine system and underlying mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo using rat pituitary GH3 cells and developing zebrafish, respectively. In GH3 cells, F-53B enhanced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, indicative of thyroid receptor agonistic activity. In zebrafish larvae, F-53B exposure induced significant developmental inhibition and increased thyroxine (T4) but not 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels accompanied by a decrease in thyroglobulin (TG) protein and transcript levels of most genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Interestingly, T4 levels remained significantly increased while TG protein and gene transcription levels were markedly upregulated after depuration. Molecular docking studies revealed that F-53B binds to transthyretin (TTR) by forming hydrogen bonds with Lys123 and Lys115, thereby interfering with thyroid hormone homeostasis. Our collective in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies provide novel evidence that F-53B disrupts the thyroid endocrine system at environmentally relevant concentrations, which cannot be recovered after depuration. Given the persistence of F-53B in the environment, the long-term consequences of thyroid hormone disruption by this chemical warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- College of Environmental Resources and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, China; Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Yongming Wu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Jinbao Wan
- College of Environmental Resources and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, China.
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- College of Environmental Resources and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, China; Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Hongmin Rao
- Research Institute of Science and Technology Strategy, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China.
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Wei C, Wang Q, Song X, Chen X, Fan R, Ding D, Liu Y. Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of PFASs and two PFOS alternatives in groundwater from non-industrial areas. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 152:141-150. [PMID: 29402442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been carried out for the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater from non-industrial areas, even though it has been proved that PFASs can transport for long distance. In this study, the concentration profiles and geographical distribution of 14 PFASs, including two alternatives of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) and potassium 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B), were analyzed in groundwater samples (n = 102) collected from water wells in non-industrial areas. The total concentrations of PFASs (Σ14PFASs) in groundwater samples ranged from 2.69 to 556 ng/L (mean 43.1 ng/L). The detection rates of shorter chain (C4-C9) PFASs were 62.75-100%, higher than those of long chain (> C10) PFASs with detection rates of less than 40%. The source identification using hierarchical cluster analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis suggested that domestic sewage and atmospheric deposition may contribute significantly to the PFAS occurrence in groundwater in non-industrial areas, while the nearby industrial parks may contribute some, but not at a significant level. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment analysis shows that the health hazards associated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS, two of the main PFAS constituents in groundwater from non-industrial areas, were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those in a previous study, but were unlikely to cause long-term harm to the residents via the drinking water exposure pathway alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Xiao F. Emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review of current literature. Water Res 2017; 124:482-495. [PMID: 28800519 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) comprise a group of synthetic organic surfactants with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. A few PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are now known to be ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment. They have become a global concern because of the toxicity and bioaccumulative properties. With the increasing availability of high-resolution mass spectrometers, many novel PFASs have been identified. Studies published between 2009 and 2017 have discovered 455 new PFASs (including nine fully and 446 partially fluorinated compounds), 45%, 29%, 17%, and 8% of which are anions, zwitterions, cations, and neutrals, respectively. They have been identified in natural waters, fish, sediments, wastewater, activated sludge, soils, aqueous film-forming foams, and commercial fluoropolymer surfactants. This article integrates and critically evaluates what is known about these newly identified PFASs. It discusses the different aspects of detection methodologies. It also surveys the removal of these compounds during conventional and advanced drinking-water and wastewater treatment, predicts the relevant physicochemical properties by means of four software programs, and identifies major knowledge gaps. Notably, a number of these newly identified PFASs are potential precursor compounds of PFOS and PFOA. Studies are critically needed to understand the removal and transformation of these compounds in natural and engineered environmental systems and their contribution, if any, to the secondary formation of PFOS and PFOA in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8115, United States.
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40
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Shi G, Cui Q, Pan Y, Sheng N, Sun S, Guo Y, Dai J. 6:2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate, a PFOS alternative, induces embryotoxicity and disrupts cardiac development in zebrafish embryos. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 185:67-75. [PMID: 28187362 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (commercial name: F-53B) has been used as a mist suppressant in Chinese electroplating industries for over 30 years. It has been found in the environment and fish, and one acute assay indicated F-53B was moderately toxic. However, the toxicological information on this compound was incomplete and insufficient for assessment of their environment impact. The object of this study was to examine the developmental toxicity of F-53B using zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish embryos were incubated in 6-well plates with various concentrations of F-53B (1.5, 3, 6, and 12mg/L) from 6 to 132h post fertilization (hpf). Results showed that F-53B exposure induced developmental toxicity, including delayed hatching, increased occurrence of malformations, and reduced survival. Malformations, including pericardial and yolk sac edemas, abnormal spines, bent tails, and uninflated swim bladders, appeared at 84 hpf, and increased with time course and dose. A decrease in survival percentages was noted in the 6 and 12mg/L F-53B-treated groups at 132 hpf. Continuous exposure to 3mg/L F-53B resulted in high accumulation levels in zebrafish embryos, suggesting an inability for embryos to eliminate this compound and a high cumulative risk to fish. We also examined the cardiac function of embryos at specific developmental stages following exposure to different concentrations, and found that F-53B induced cardiac toxicity and reduced heart rate. Even under low F-53B concentration, o-dianisidine staining results showed significant decrease of relative erythrocyte number at 72 hpf before the appearance of observed effects of F-53B on the heart. To elucidate the underlying molecular changes, genes involved in normal cardiac development were analyzed using real-time qPCR in the whole-body of zebrafish embryos. F-53B inhibited the mRNA expression of β-catenin (ctnnb2) and wnt3a. The mRNA levels of β-catenin targeted genes (nkx2.5 and sox9b), which play critical roles in cardiogenesis, were also reduced after exposure. Thus, exposure to F-53B impaired the development of zebrafish embryos and disrupted cardiac development, which might be mediated by effects on the Wnt signaling pathway and decrease of erythrocyte numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Sujie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Gao Y, Deng S, Du Z, Liu K, Yu G. Adsorptive removal of emerging polyfluoroalky substances F-53B and PFOS by anion-exchange resin: A comparative study. J Hazard Mater 2017; 323:550-557. [PMID: 27184593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chrome plating is an important emission source of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) industrial uses in China, where two commercial products potassium 2-(6-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-dodecafluorohexyloxy) (F-53B) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are applied as mist suppressant, causing non-negligible environmental risk. In this paper, anion-exchange resin IRA67 was evaluated for F-53B and PFOS removal from simulated and actual wastewater. Adsorption kinetics exhibited higher adsorption velocity and capacity of IRA67 for PFOS than F-53B due to their difference in molecular structures. Adsorption isotherms demonstrated the adsorption capacity of F-53B and PFOS on IRA67 was 4.2mmol/g and 5.5mmol/g, respectively. Because of the deprotonating of amine groups, solution pH had significant effect on IRA67 at pH>10. The results indicated that besides anion exchange other interactions including hydrophobic interaction and the formation of micelles or hemi-micelles were all involved in adsorption process. Coexisting sulfate and chromate in wastewater decreased adsorption capacities of F-53B and PFOS. The spent resin could be regenerated by the NaCl/NaOH and methanol mixed solution. In the mixed system and actual wastewater IRA67 can simultaneously remove F-53B and PFOS without obvious preference but the removal percent can be affected by competitive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Gao
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziwen Du
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Gebbink WA, Bossi R, Rigét FF, Rosing-Asvid A, Sonne C, Dietz R. Observation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Greenland marine mammals. Chemosphere 2016; 144:2384-91. [PMID: 26610298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study examined emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), i.e., a suite of short chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), PFAA precursors and replacement chemicals, and legacy PFASs (long chain length PFAAs) in livers from ringed seals, polar bears and, for the first time, killer whales from East Greenland collected in 2012-2013. Among the emerging PFASs, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and F-53B (a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid) were detected in Arctic wildlife, albeit at concentrations approximately four orders of magnitude lower compared to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOS was positively correlated with F-53B, but not PFBS in all three species. A total of 17 PFASs were detected in killer whales, including in a mother-fetus pair, demonstrating maternal transfer. ∑PFAS concentrations in killer whales (269 ± 90 ng/g) were comparable to concentrations found in ringed seals (138 ± 7 ng/g), however, an order of magnitude lower compared to concentrations found in polar bear livers (2336 ± 263 ng/g). Patterns of long chain PFAAs in killer whales differed from the pattern in ringed seals and polar bears. Of the monitored PFAA precursors, only perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was detected in all three species, and FOSA/PFOS ratios and isomer patterns indicated that killer whales have a potential lower metabolic capacity to degrade FOSA compared to polar bears and ringed seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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