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Rap1b Is an Effector of Axin2 Regulating Crosstalk of Signaling Pathways During Skeletal Development. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1816-1828. [PMID: 28520221 PMCID: PMC5555789 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent identification and isolation of suture stem cells capable of long-term self-renewal, clonal expanding, and differentiating demonstrate their essential role in calvarial bone development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These bona fide stem cells express a high level of Axin2 and are able to mediate bone regeneration and repair in a cell autonomous fashion. The importance of Axin2 is further demonstrated by its genetic inactivation in mice causing skeletal deformities resembling craniosynostosis in humans. The fate determination and subsequent differentiation of Axin2+ stem cells are highly orchestrated by a variety of evolutionary conserved signaling pathways including Wnt, FGF, and BMP. These signals are often antagonistic of each other and possess differential effects on osteogenic and chondrogenic cell types. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay of these signaling transductions remain largely elusive. Here we identify Rap1b acting downstream of Axin2 as a signaling interrogator for FGF and BMP. Genetic analysis reveals that Rap1b is essential for development of craniofacial and body skeletons. Axin2 regulates Rap1b through modulation of canonical BMP signaling. The BMP-mediated activation of Rap1b promotes chondrogenic fate and chondrogenesis. Furthermore, by inhibiting MAPK signaling, Rap1b mediates the antagonizing effect of BMP on FGF to repress osteoblast differentiation. Disruption of Rap1b in mice not only enhances osteoblast differentiation but also impairs chondrocyte differentiation during intramembranous and endochondral ossifications, respectively, leading to severe defects in craniofacial and body skeletons. Our findings reveal a dual role of Rap1b in development of the skeletogenic cell types. Rap1b is critical for balancing the signaling effects of BMP and FGF during skeletal development and disease. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Evaluation of Skull Cortical Thickness Changes With Age and Sex From Computed Tomography Scans. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:299-307. [PMID: 26255873 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Head injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes (MVC) are extremely common, yet the details of the mechanism of injury remain to be well characterized. Skull deformation is believed to be a contributing factor to some types of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding biomechanical contributors to skull deformation would provide further insight into the mechanism of head injury resulting from blunt trauma. In particular, skull thickness is thought be a very important factor governing deformation of the skull and its propensity for fracture. Previously, age- and sex-based skull cortical thickness changes were difficult to evaluate based on the need for cadaveric skulls. In this cross-sectional study, skull thickness changes with age and sex have been evaluated at homologous locations using a validated cortical density-based algorithm to accurately quantify cortical thickness from 123 high-resolution clinical computed tomography (CT) scans. The flat bones of the skull have a sandwich structure; therefore, skull thickness was evaluated for the inner and outer tables as well the full thickness. General trends indicated an increase in the full skull thickness, mostly attributed to an increase in the thickness of the diploic layer; however, these trends were not found to be statistically significant. There was a significant relationship between cortical thinning and age for both tables of the frontal, occipital, and parietal bones ranging between a 36% and 60% decrease from ages 20 to 100 years in females, whereas males exhibited no significant changes. Understanding how cortical and full skull thickness changes with age from a wide range of subjects can have implications in improving the biofidelity of age- and sex-specific finite element models and therefore aid in the prediction and understanding of TBI from impact and blast injuries.
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SAGITTAL GROWTH OF THE NASOMAXILLARY COMPLEX DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER OF HUMAN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT. J Dent Res 1996; 44:112-25. [PMID: 14245486 DOI: 10.1177/00220345650440010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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A TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF A SULPHONAMIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1996; 23:305-12. [PMID: 14228132 PMCID: PMC1704094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1964.tb01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulphamoprine, when given in the diet at levels from 0.025% upwards to pregnant rats and mice, produced abnormalities of eruption of the incisor teeth and of the skull of the offspring. Rabbits are not susceptible to this teratogenic action.
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HEREDITARY CUTANEMOMANDIBULAR POLYONCOSIS. A SYNDROME OF MYRIAD BASAL-CELL NEVI OF THE SKIN, MANDIBULAR CYSTS, AND INCONSTANT SKELETAL ANOMALIES. Radiology 1996; 82:840-9. [PMID: 14153675 DOI: 10.1148/82.5.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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EARLY CHANGES IN AUTONOMIC RESPONSES AFTER CRANIAL GAMMA IRRADIATION IN THE BURRO. Radiat Res 1965; 25:626-36. [PMID: 14325651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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AN X-RAY STUDY OF THE CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES IN RELATION TO THE PROFILE. 2. DENTAL DIGEST 1965; 71:353-7. [PMID: 14323064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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FACIAL NERVE PRESERVATION BY POSTERIOR FOSSA TRANSMEATAL MICRODISSECTION IN TOTAL REMOVAL OF ACOUSTIC TUMOURS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1965; 28:311-6. [PMID: 14338120 PMCID: PMC495910 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.28.4.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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STRUCTURAL IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS IN INFANCY: A STUDY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF 100 PATIENTS. THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY. BRITISH VOLUME 1965; 47:520-3. [PMID: 14341071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY, RADIUM THERAPY, AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1965; 94:595-607. [PMID: 14303950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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AN X-RAY STUDY OF THE CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES IN RELATION TO THE PROFILE. I. DENTAL DIGEST 1965; 71:296-301 CONTD. [PMID: 14319244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[ON A COMBINED CRANIO-SPINAL DEFORMITY CAUSED BY EMBRYOPATHY]. FORTSCHRITTE AUF DEM GEBIETE DER RONTGENSTRAHLEN UND DER NUKLEARMEDIZIN 1965; 102:696-702. [PMID: 14308958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[IMPROVEMENT OF THE FOCUSING AND FILM PROCESSING TECHNIC IN TELEROENTGEN PROFILE PICTURES OF THE SKULL]. DEUTSCHE STOMATOLOGIE 1965; 15:460-7. [PMID: 14325381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[ROLE OF THE TEETH IN THE FORMATION OF THE SKULL. (EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGIC STUDY)]. STOMATOLOGIIA 1965; 44:73-7. [PMID: 14299267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[SOME RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF PREHISTORIC AND PROTOHISTORIC SKULLS BY LONG-DISTANCE X-RAY PICTURES]. CESKOSLOVENSKA STOMATOLOGIE 1965; 65:173-9. [PMID: 14325354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[ON ACCELERATION OF THE SKULL AND FACIAL BONES IN ADIPOSE GIGANTISM]. MONATSSCHRIFT FUR KINDERHEILKUNDE 1965; 113:288-9. [PMID: 14311230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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EARLY ELECTROCORTICAL EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL CRANIAL X-IRRADIATION IN THE ALBINO RAT. Radiat Res 1965; 24:587-600. [PMID: 14275319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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ORTHODONTICS. 1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKULL AND THE DENTITION. REVUE DENTAIRE LIBANAISE. LEBANESE DENTAL MAGAZINE 1965; 15:18-35. [PMID: 14331155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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CRANIAL BASE IN CHILDREN WITH LIP AND PALATE CLEFTS. THE CLEFT PALATE JOURNAL 1965; 31:157-66. [PMID: 14278937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[ON THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIAL SUTURE IN INFANTS AND THE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ROENTGENOLOGICAL SUTURE FINDINGS]. MONATSSCHRIFT FUR KINDERHEILKUNDE 1965; 113:289-93. [PMID: 14311231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIAL LYMPH NODES IN THE DOG. ANATOMISCHER ANZEIGER 1965; 116:155-64. [PMID: 14323517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THALIDOMIDE-INDUCED MALFORMATIONS IN MICE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965; 3:145-50. [PMID: 14278616 DOI: 10.1177/028418516500300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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WAR WOUNDS OF THE CRANIUM IN THE MIDDLE AGES. II. AS NOTED IN THE SKULLS OF THE SEDLEC OSSUARY NEAR KUTTENBERG, KUTTENBERG, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. BULLETIN OF THE LOS ANGELES NEUROLOGICAL SOCIETY 1965; 30:34-44. [PMID: 14271108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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CRANIOFACIAL FACTORS IN TWO ETHNIC GROUPS. GROWTH 1965; 29:109-23. [PMID: 14330397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[ON THE TREATMENT OF EOSINPHILIC GRANULOMA OF THE CRANIAL VAULT]. SOVETSKAIA MEDITSINA 1965; 28:115-8. [PMID: 14290639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SKELETAL STUDIES OF VIRUS-INDUCED DWARFISM. GROWTH 1965; 29:7-16. [PMID: 14325411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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WAR WOUNDS OF THE CRANIUM IN THE MIDDLE AGES. I. AS DISCLOSED IN THE SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM THE BATTLE OF WISBY (1361 A.D.). BULLETIN OF THE LOS ANGELES NEUROLOGICAL SOCIETY 1965; 30:27-33. [PMID: 14271107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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CASES OF LEPROSY AND SYPHILIS IN THE OSTEOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH; WITH A NOTE ON THE SKULL OF KING ROBERT THE BRUCE. DANISH MEDICAL BULLETIN 1965; 12:11-8. [PMID: 14263231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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STUDY OF THE SKULL IN AN UNUSUAL CASE OF BILATERAL CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE. S Afr Med J 1965; 39:114-9. [PMID: 14269820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
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IDIOPATHIC OSTEOARTHROPATHY AND CRANIAL DEFECTS IN CHILDREN (FAMILIAL IDIOPATHIC OSTEOARTHROPATHY). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY, RADIUM THERAPY, AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1965; 93:408-15. [PMID: 14258292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE SAND RAT (PSAMMOMYS OBESUS). PATHOLOGIC STUDIES. J Transl Med 1965; 14:200-7. [PMID: 14260252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
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NASAL GLIOMA. Pediatrics 1965; 35:342-4. [PMID: 14261975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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[STATISTICAL AND BIOMETRIC RESEARCH ON PREMATURE INFANTS OF EMILIA. 3. MEAN VALUES OF CRANIAL AND THORACIC CIRCUMFERENCES, AND OF THE THORACIC CIRCUMFERENCE WITH RESPECT TO THE CRANIUM, FROM THE MOMENT OF BIRTH]. LA CLINICA PEDIATRICA 1965; 47:125-35. [PMID: 14340408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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CRANIOLACUNIA. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY, RADIUM THERAPY, AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1965; 93:343-9. [PMID: 14258281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[GENERALIZED HISTOPLASMOSIS WITH ORBITO-PALPEBRAL LOCALIZATION AND CRANIAL LACUNAE. (THE PROBLEM OF OCULAR INVOLVEMENT IN HISTOPLASMOSIS IN AFRICANS)]. ANNALES D'OCULISTIQUE 1965; 198:105-14. [PMID: 14310106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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[APROPOS OF COVERING FOR THE SKULL EXPOSED IN OSTEOMYELITIS BY SKIN TRANSPLANTATION]. LANGENBECKS ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE CHIRURGIE ... VEREINIGT MIT DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR CHIRURGIE 1965; 309:98-101. [PMID: 14310407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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