Leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O did not cause clinical disease and failed to establish a persistent infection in cattle

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Leader proteinase Lpro inhibits host mRNA translation and blocks the interferon response which promotes viral survival. Lpro is not required for viral replication in vitro but serotype A FMDV lacking Lpro has been shown to be attenuated in cattle and pigs. However, it is not known, whether leaderless viruses can cause persistent infection in vivo after simulated natural infection and whether the attenuated phenotype is the same in other serotypes. We have generated an FMDV O/FRA/1/2001 variant lacking most of the Lpro coding region (ΔLb). Cattle were inoculated intranasopharyngeally and observed for 35 days to determine if O FRA/1/2001 ΔLb is attenuated during the acute phase of infection and whether it can maintain a persistent infection in the upper respiratory tract. We found that although this leaderless virus can replicate in vitro in different cell lines, it is unable to establish an acute infection with vesicular lesions and viral shedding nor is it able to persistently infect bovine pharyngeal tissues.

Quantitative ultrasonography reveals skeletal muscle abnormalities in carriers of DMD pathogenic variants

INTRODUCTION/AIMS

Carriers of DMD pathogenic variants may become symptomatic and develop muscle-related manifestations. Despite that, few studies have attempted to characterize changes in the muscles of these carriers using imaging tools, particularly muscle ultrasound (MUS). The aim of this study was to compare lower limb MUS findings in carriers of DMD pathogenic variants (cDMD) vs healthy controls.

METHODS

Twenty-eight women (15 cDMD and 13 controls) underwent clinical evaluation and MUS. We collected information about muscle-related symptoms and assessed muscle strength. MUS was performed by a single physician (blind to the genetic status of subjects). The following muscles were assessed: rectus femoris, sartorius, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius. For each site, we computed data on muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, sound attenuation index, and elastography. Between-group comparisons were assessed using nonparametric tests and p-values <.05 were deemed significant.

RESULTS

None of the subjects had objective muscle weakness, but exercise intolerance/fatigue was reported by four cDMDs and only one control. Regarding MUS, sound attenuation indices were significantly higher among carriers for all muscles tested. Longitudinal and axial deep echo intensities for the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior were also higher in the cDMD group compared with controls. No significant between-group differences were noted for elastography values, muscle area, or mean echo intensities.

DISCUSSION

cDMD have skeletal muscle abnormalities that can be detected using quantitative MUS. Further studies are needed to determine whether such abnormalities are related to muscle symptoms in these patients.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Radiogallium Labeled Bone-Imaging Probes Using Oligo-γ-Carboxy Glutamic Acid Peptides as Carriers to Bone

We investigated the importance of the carboxy group density in bone affinity during the development of peptide-based bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals and carriers. Oligo-γ-carboxy glutamic acid peptides [(Gla)n] with higher carboxy group density than oligo-glutamic acid peptides [(Glu)n] and oligo-aspartic acid peptides [(Asp)n] were chosen. Using the radiogallium chelator N,N'-bis-[2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED-CC), we synthesized [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Gla)n (n = 1, 2, 5, 8, 11, or 14) with high yields. Hydroxyapatite-binding assays, biodistribution, and SPECT imaging showed higher affinity and bone accumulation for [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Gla)n compared to [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Glu)n. Notably, [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Gla)8 and [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Gla)11 exhibited superior bone accumulation and rapid blood clearance. SPECT/CT imaging with [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Gla)8 exclusively visualized the bone tissue. These findings support the potential use of [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-(Gla)n as excellent bone-imaging PET probes, suggesting (Gla)n peptides are superior bone-seeking carriers.

Fabrication of Ciprofloxacin-Immobilized Calcium Phosphate Particles for Dental Drug Delivery

Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles with immobilized ciprofloxacin (CF), a commonly prescribed antibacterial agent, via a coprecipitation process using a supersaturated CaP solution. As the aging time in the coprecipitation process increased from 2 to 24 h, the CaP phase in the resulting particles transformed from amorphous to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite, and their Ca/P elemental ratio, yield, and CF content increased. Despite the higher CF content, the particles aged for 24 h displayed a slower release of CF in a physiological salt solution, most likely owing to their crystallized matrix (less soluble hydroxyapatite), than those aged for 2 h, whose matrix was amorphous CaP. Both particles exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activities along with an acid-neutralizing effect against the major oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Actinomyces naeslundii, in a dose-dependent manner, although their dose-response relationship was slightly different. The aging time in the coprecipitation process was identified as a governing factor affecting the physicochemical properties of the resulting CF-immobilized CaP particles and their functionality as a dental disinfectant.

Improved Design of Slope-Shaped Hole-Blocking Layer and Electron-Blocking Layer in AlGaN-Based Near-Ultraviolet Laser Diodes

The injection and leakage of charge carriers have a significant impact on the optoelectronic performance of GaN-based lasers. In order to improve the limitation of the laser on charge carriers, a slope-shape hole-barrier layer (HBL) and electron-barrier layer (EBL) structure are proposed for near-UV (NUV) GaN-based lasers. We used Crosslight LASTIP for the simulation and theoretical analysis of the energy bands of HBL and EBL. Our simulations suggest that the energy bands of slope-shape HBL and EBL structures are modulated, which could effectively suppress carrier leakage, improve carrier injection efficiency, increase stimulated radiation recombination rate in quantum wells, reduce the threshold current, improve optical field distribution, and, ultimately, improve laser output power. Therefore, using slope-shape HBL and EBL structures can achieve the superior electrical and optical performance of lasers.

Gender equity in hemophilia: need for healthcare, familial, and societal advocacy

Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder caused by a genetic defect on chromosome X. It is inherited as an X-linked trait, and hence, it is more frequently diagnosed in males, whereas women have been traditionally considered only as carriers of the disease. However, the role of women in families of patients with hemophilia is pivotal. As mothers, sisters, daughters, and female partners of patients with hemophilia, they play a central role in the management of the patient, considering healthcare, social, and familial aspects, but they might be affected by the disease as well, particularly in regions where consanguinity is frequent. This paper aims to explore the involvement of women in hemophilia, including their carrier status, bleeding symptoms, treatment challenges, and psychosocial impact not only related to male patients, but also as patients affected with hemophilia themselves. We advocate health equity, equal access to healthcare for men and women with hemophilia and dedicated resources to improve the unique needs of the women dealing with hemophilia, ultimately leading to improved care and quality of life.

The underevaluated impacts of the therapeutic revolution of hemophilia on women and girls

The advent of new treatment options over the last decades has markedly improved the lives of male persons with hemophilia (PwH). However, this therapeutic revolution has not benefited women and girls with hemophilia (WGH) and symptomatic carriers of the disease to the same extent as their male counterparts. This inequity is primarily due to the exclusion of WGH from clinical trials and a failure to fully recognize their specific treatment needs. Additionally, the indirect impact of innovative therapies, when used for male PwH, on the lives of mothers, other relatives, and partners of these individuals has been largely overlooked until now. In addition to improving access of WGH and carriers to new hemostatic treatments and comprehensive hemophilia care, it is imperative to strive for alleviating the mental burden imposed on them by this chronic disease. The recently proposed concept of a "hemophilia-free mind," primarily focused on male PwH, should therefore also be applied to WGH, symptomatic carriers, and the predominantly female support network of PwH.

Women and girls with inherited bleeding disorders: Focus on haemophilia carriers and heavy menstrual bleeding

Raising awareness and improving recognition, accurate classification, and enhanced access to new treatments represent current key challenges for carriers of haemophilia. Women and girls carrying genes for haemophilia often experience significant bleeding and/or low factor levels. The bleeding associated with female haemophilia is frequently overlooked, has a weak correlation with factor levels, and manifests differently than in males, with heavy menstrual bleeding being a predominant symptom. Recent changes in terminology now allow the diagnosis of haemophilia in females with low factor levels and differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of the gene. Observations from real-world experiences and limited clinical trial data have highlighted the positive impact of various new haemophilia treatments for women and girls with clotting factor deficiencies. There is an urgent need for initiatives that increase their access to these treatments and encourage well-designed clinical trials focusing on female-specific outcomes. In women with inherited bleeding disorders, early recognition and optimal management of heavy menstrual bleeding are crucial. However, treatment options and guidance from high-quality clinical trials are currently insufficient. Menstrual health assessment should be a regular part of monitoring women and girls with inherited bleeding disorders throughout their lives, emphasizing the importance of gathering data to improve future management.

Clinical Analysis and Mental Health Survey of Hemophilia Carriers: a Cross-sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

Hemophilia carriers (HCs), who are heterozygous for mutations in the clotting factor VIII/clotting factor IX gene (F8 or F9), may have a wide range of clotting factor levels, from very low, similar to afflicted males, to the upper limit of normal, and may experience mental health issues. The purpose of this study was to provide genetic information on mothers of hemophilia patients and to understand the clotting factor activity and phenotype of HCs. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the mental health status of HCs in China.

METHODS

A total of 127 hemophilia mothers, including 93 hemophilia A (HA) mothers and 34 hemophilia B (HB) mothers, were enrolled in this study. Long distance PCR, multiplex PCR, and Sanger sequencing were used to analyze mutations in F8 or F9. Coagulation factor activity was detected by a one-stage clotting assay. The Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90, China/Mandarin version) was given to HCs at the same time to assess their mental health.

RESULTS

A total of 90.6% of hemophilia mothers were diagnosed genetically as carriers, with inversion in intron 22 and missense mutations being the most common mutation types in HA and HB carriers, respectively. The median clotting factor level in carriers was 0.74 IU/mL (ranging from 0.09 to 1.74 IU/mL) compared with 1.49 IU/mL (ranging from 0.93 to 1.89 IU/mL) in noncarriers, of which 14.3% of HCs had clotting factor levels of 0.40 IU/mL or below. A total of 53.8% (7/13) of HA carriers with low clotting factor levels (less than 0.50 IU/mL) had a history of bleeding, while none of the HB carriers displayed a bleeding phenotype. The total mean score and the global severity index of the SCL-90 for surveyed HCs were 171.00 (±60.37) and 1.78 (±0.59), respectively. A total of 67.7% of the respondents had psychological symptoms, with obsessive-compulsive disorder being the most prevalent and severe. The pooled estimates of all nine factors were significantly higher than those in the general population (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The detection rate of gene mutations in hemophilia mothers was 90.6%, with a median clotting factor level of 0.74 IU/mL, and 14.3% of HCs had a clotting factor level of 0.40 IU/mL or below. A history of bleeding was present in 41.2% of HCs with low clotting factor levels (less than 0.50 IU/mL). Additionally, given the fragile mental health status of HCs in China, it is critical to develop efficient strategies to improve psychological well-being.

The Presence of a Virulent Clone of Leptospira interrogans Serovar Canicola in Confirmed Cases of Asymptomatic Dog Carriers in Mexico

Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that commonly affects cattle, pigs, horses, and dogs in many countries. Infection in dogs is usually subclinical, but acute cases of leptospirosis may occur along with systemic failure, which may become fatal. After recovery from an acute infection, dogs may become asymptomatic carriers and shed pathogenic leptospires through urine for long periods of time. Here, a study of ten different cases of leptospirosis is presented, showing the relevance of dogs as asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic Leptospira. The diagnosis was confirmed via isolation and further serological and genetic identification. Four Leptospira isolates (LOCaS28, 31, 34, and 46) were obtained from the kidneys and urine samples of 58 dogs destined for destruction (6.89%) at a Canine Control Center in Mexico City. No spirochetes were observed in the urine samples of those Leptospira-positive dogs examined under dark-field microscopy, and no clinical signs of disease were observed either. Six additional isolates were obtained: two came from asymptomatic carrier dogs (CEL60 and UADY22); another isolate came from an asymptomatic dog that was a pack companion of a clinically ill dog with fatal leptospirosis (AGFA24); and finally, three isolates were taken from dogs that died of leptospirosis (LOCaS59, Citlalli, and Nayar1). Nine out of the ten isolates were identified as being from the serogroup Canicola via cross-absorption MAT using reference strains and specific antisera, and their identity was genetically confirmed as Canicola ST34 via multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST). In contrast, the isolate Nayar1 was identified as serovar Copenhageni ST2. Interestingly, the asymptomatic dogs from which Leptospira isolates were recovered consistently showed high antibody titers in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), revealing values of at least 1:3200 against serogroup Canicola and lower titer values against other serogroups. Isolates showed different virulence levels in the hamster model. Taken as a whole, all these findings confirmed that dogs may act as asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic leptospires and possibly spread them out to the environment, thus representing an active public health risk. The results also showed that the Canicola ST34 clone is the most prevalent Leptospira serovar in dogs in Mexico, and finally that the old-fashioned MAT is a good alternative for the detection of presumptive Leptospira asymptomatic carrier dogs.

The significance of machine learning in neonatal screening for inherited metabolic diseases

Background

Neonatal screening for inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) has been revolutionized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This study aimed to enhance neonatal screening for IMDs using machine learning (ML) techniques.

Methods

The study involved the analysis of a comprehensive dataset comprising 309,102 neonatal screening records collected in the Ningbo region, China. An advanced ML system model, encompassing nine distinct algorithms, was employed for the purpose of predicting the presence of 31 different IMDs. The model was compared with traditional cutoff schemes to assess its diagnostic efficacy. Additionally, 180 suspected positive cases underwent further evaluation.

Results

The ML system exhibited a significantly reduced positive rate, from 1.17% to 0.33%, compared to cutoff schemes in the initial screening, minimizing unnecessary recalls and associated stress. In suspected positive cases, the ML system identified 142 true positives with high sensitivity (93.42%) and improved specificity (78.57%) compared to the cutoff scheme. While false negatives emerged, particularly in heterozygous carriers, our study revealed the potential of the ML system to detect asymptomatic cases.

Conclusion

This research provides valuable insights into the potential of ML in pediatric medicine for IMD diagnosis through neonatal screening, emphasizing the need for accurate carrier detection and further research in this domain.

A Prolonged Outbreak of Enteric Fever Associated With Illegal Miners in the City of Matlosana, South Africa, November 2020-September 2022

Background

In South Africa, the annual incidence of enteric fever averaged 0.1 per 100 000 persons between 2003 and 2018. During 2021 an increase in the number of enteric fever cases was observed. An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected through telephonic or face-to-face interviews with cases or proxies via a standardized case investigation form. Whole genome sequencing was performed on all Salmonella Typhi isolates. Drinking water samples were collected, tested, and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel.

Results

Between January 2020 and September 2022, a cluster of 53 genetically highly related Salmonella Typhi isolates was identified from 5 provinces in South Africa. Isolates associated with the cluster showed ≤5 allelic differences, as determined following core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis. Most cases (60%, 32/53) were in the North West province. Males represented 68% (36/53). Of these, 72% (26/36) were aged 15 to 49 years, with a median age of 31 years. Where occupation was known within this age group, 78% (14/18) were illegal gold miners. Illegal miners reported illness onset while working underground. Five municipal tap water samples were tested and showed no evidence of fecal contamination.

Conclusions

This outbreak predominantly affected illegal gold miners, likely due to the consumption of contaminated groundwater while working in a gold mine shaft. In addition, this investigation highlights the value of whole genome sequencing to detect clusters and support epidemiologic investigation of enteric fever outbreaks.

Caregiver Burden with Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy in Japan: A Clinical Observation Study

Objective Skeletal muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy can be seen in carriers of dystrophinopathy. Therefore, the health management of caregivers of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) patients who are themselves carriers is an important issue. However, few studies have focused on caregivers who have dystrophin mutations. Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted at five hospitals, the daily living, situation medical treatment status, genetic testing, physical assessment, care burden, and quality of life of caregivers of DMD/BMD patients were surveyed. Results The subjects were 36 main caregivers (mean age 55.7±8.4 years old), of whom 52.8% were diagnosed as carriers, 8.3% were noncarriers, and 38.9% were not confirmed. In addition, half of the caregivers were not examined regularly at medical institutions. Of all caregivers, 54.3% had muscle or cardiac symptoms, and 75% had elevated serum creatine kinase levels. The mean Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) total score of current caregivers was 20.9±13.1. The frequency of a ZBI total score ≥25 was significantly higher in caregivers diagnosed as carriers than in caregivers unexamined as carriers (p=0.04). The health-related quality of life score (Short Form 36; SF-36) in caregivers was slightly lower than the Japanese standard scores in the sections of physical functioning, role limitations-physical, bodily pain, and social functioning. Conclusion Some caregivers of DMD/BMD patients can themselves have muscular or cardiac symptoms and a heavy care burden. It is therefore necessary for carrier caregivers, especially women, to undergo regular health checkups and receive appropriate health management.

Cystic Fibrosis Carrier States Are Associated With More Severe Cases of Bronchiectasis

Background

People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at increased risk for bronchiectasis, and several reports suggest that CF carriers may also be at higher risk for developing bronchiectasis. The purpose of this study was to determine if CF carriers are at risk for more severe courses or complications of bronchiectasis.

Methods

Using MarketScan data (2001-2021), we built a cohort consisting of 105 CF carriers with bronchiectasis and 300 083 controls with bronchiectasis but without a CF carrier diagnosis. We evaluated if CF carriers were more likely to be hospitalized for bronchiectasis. In addition, we examined if CF carriers were more likely to be infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or to have filled more antibiotic prescriptions. We considered regression models for incident and rate outcomes that controlled for age, sex, smoking status, and comorbidities.

Results

The odds of hospitalization were almost 2.4 times higher (95% CI, 1.116-5.255) for CF carriers with bronchiectasis when compared with non-CF carriers with bronchiectasis. The estimated odds of being diagnosed with a Pseudomonas infection for CF carriers vs noncarriers was about 4.2 times higher (95% CI, 2.417-7.551) and 5.4 times higher (95% CI, 3.398-8.804) for being diagnosed with NTM. The rate of distinct antibiotic fill dates was estimated to be 2 times higher for carriers as compared with controls (95% CI, 1.735-2.333), and the rate ratio for the total number of days of antibiotics supplied was estimated as 2.8 (95% CI, 2.290-3.442).

Conclusions

CF carriers with bronchiectasis required more hospitalizations and more frequent administration of antibiotics as compared with noncarriers. Given that CF carriers were also more likely to be diagnosed with Pseudomonas and NTM infections, CF carriers with bronchiectasis may have a phenotype more resembling CF-related bronchiectasis than non-CF bronchiectasis.

Perspectives of carriers of X-linked retinal diseases on genetic testing and gene therapy: A global survey

Female carriers of X-linked inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are burdened with potentially passing their disease-causing variant to future generations, as well as exhibiting signs of retinal disease themselves. This study aimed to investigate carriers' experiences of genetic testing, emotions relating to having affected children, and their knowledge regarding genetic testing and gene therapy. An online survey was advertised to self-identified carriers worldwide. Two hundred and twenty-eight carriers completed the survey with mean age of 51 years (SD ± 15.0). A majority of respondents resided in the United States of America (51%), Australia (19%), and the United Kingdom (14%). Most carriers identified with feelings of guilt (70%), concern (91%), and anxiety (88%) for their child. Female carriers who had given birth to children had significantly greater gene therapy knowledge compared to carriers who had not (p < 0.05). Respondents agreed that their eyecare provider and general practitioner helped them understand their condition (63%), however, few carriers reported receiving psychological counselling (9%) or family planning advice (5%). Most respondents (78%) agreed that gene therapy should be available to carriers. This study emphasises the importance of providing appropriate counselling to female carriers and illustrates the motivation of many to participate in emerging treatment options, such as gene therapy.

Screening of Streptococcus suis in swine workers of selected states in Peninsular Malaysia

Background and Aim

Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that is highly associated with contact between live pigs and raw pig material. In view of the recent reports of human infections in Malaysia, epidemiological data on the status of S. suis in the human population, especially among people working closely with pigs and/or raw pork, should be provided. The aim of this study was to detect S. suis among individuals working in the swine industry in several major pig production areas in Peninsular Malaysia.

Materials and Methods

Demographic information, exposure determinants, and oral swabs were collected from swine personnel, including farmers, butchers, and veterinarians. Oral swabs were subjected to bacterial isolation and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for S. suis detection.

Results

The study included 40 participants working in the swine industry, with a predominant representation of males (62.5%) and Malaysian Chinese individuals (60.0%) who consumed pork (92.5%). Notably, none of the participants reported consuming raw or partially cooked pork. In spite of their occupational exposure risk, none of the oral swabs showed positive results for S. suis infection.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report and detection study of S. suis using oral swabs obtained from swine personnel in Peninsular Malaysia.

Microbial bioformulation: a microbial assisted biostimulating fertilization technique for sustainable agriculture

Addressing the pressing issues of increased food demand, declining crop productivity under varying agroclimatic conditions, and the deteriorating soil health resulting from the overuse of agricultural chemicals, requires innovative and effective strategies for the present era. Microbial bioformulation technology is a revolutionary, and eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals that paves the way for sustainable agriculture. This technology harnesses the power of potential microbial strains and their cell-free filtrate possessing specific properties, such as phosphorus, potassium, and zinc solubilization, nitrogen fixation, siderophore production, and pathogen protection. The application of microbial bioformulations offers several remarkable advantages, including its sustainable nature, plant probiotic properties, and long-term viability, positioning it as a promising technology for the future of agriculture. To maintain the survival and viability of microbial strains, diverse carrier materials are employed to provide essential nourishment and support. Various carrier materials with their unique pros and cons are available, and choosing the most appropriate one is a key consideration, as it substantially extends the shelf life of microbial cells and maintains the overall quality of the bioinoculants. An exemplary modern bioformulation technology involves immobilizing microbial cells and utilizing cell-free filters to preserve the efficacy of bioinoculants, showcasing cutting-edge progress in this field. Moreover, the effective delivery of bioformulations in agricultural fields is another critical aspect to improve their overall efficiency. Proper and suitable application of microbial formulations is essential to boost soil fertility, preserve the soil's microbial ecology, enhance soil nutrition, and support crop physiological and biochemical processes, leading to increased yields in a sustainable manner while reducing reliance on expensive and toxic agrochemicals. This manuscript centers on exploring microbial bioformulations and their carrier materials, providing insights into the selection criteria, the development process of bioformulations, precautions, and best practices for various agricultural lands. The potential of bioformulations in promoting plant growth and defense against pathogens and diseases, while addressing biosafety concerns, is also a focal point of this study.

Engineered exosomes: a promising vehicle in cancer therapy

During the past few decades, researchers have attempted to discover an effective treatment for cancer. Exosomes are natural nanovesicles released by various cells and play a role in communication between cells. While natural exosomes have high clinical potential, their inherent limitations have prompted researchers to design exosomes with improved therapeutic properties. To achieve this purpose, researchers have undertaken exosome engineering to modify the surface properties or internal composition of exosomes. After these modifications, engineered exosomes can be used as carriers for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, targeted drug delivery or development of cancer vaccines. The present study provides an overview of exosomes, including their biogenesis, biological functions, isolation techniques, engineering methods, and potential applications in cancer therapy.

Single-Molecule Detection of α-Synuclein Oligomers in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Nanopores

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein whose aggregation in the brain has been significantly implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Beyond the brain, oligomers of α-Synuclein are also found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, where the analysis of these aggregates may provide diagnostic routes and enable a better understanding of disease mechanisms. However, detecting α-Syn in CSF and blood is challenging due to its heterogeneous protein size and shape, and low abundance in clinical samples. Nanopore technology offers a promising route for the detection of single proteins in solution; however, the method often lacks the necessary selectivity in complex biofluids, where multiple background biomolecules are present. We address these limitations by developing a strategy that combines nanopore-based sensing with molecular carriers that can specifically capture α-Syn oligomers with sizes of less than 20 nm. We demonstrate that α-Synuclein oligomers can be detected directly in clinical samples, with minimal sample processing, by their ion current characteristics and successfully utilize this technology to differentiate cohorts of PD patients from healthy controls. The measurements indicate that detecting α-Syn oligomers present in CSF may potentially provide valuable insights into the progression and monitoring of Parkinson's disease.

Factor activity levels and bleeding scores in pediatric hemophilia carriers enrolled in the ATHNdataset

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies have now shown that a significant proportion of hemophilia carriers meet the criteria for having hemophilia and/or report abnormal bleeding. However, to date, investigations of hemophilia carriers have almost exclusively involved women over 18 years of age. Little is known about factor activity levels and bleeding scores in carriers during childhood. We queried a large deidentified database of subjects with bleeding disorders residing in the United States to determine factor activity levels and bleeding scores.

PROCEDURES

The ATHNdataset was queried for hemophilia carriers under 18 years of age. Collected information included demographics, factor activity levels, and bleeding scores.

RESULTS

Over 700 carriers in the pediatric age group were identified, of which 626 submitted factor activity levels. Nearly half had factor activity levels less than 40 IU/dL, thereby meeting criteria for having hemophilia. Of those reporting bleeding scores, only 13.5% reported an abnormal bleeding score for age. The proportion reporting abnormal bleeding scores was higher in those with factor levels less than 40 IU/dL (23%) than those greater than 40 IU/dL (9.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

The proportion of pediatric carriers with hemophilia was double of that previously reported for adults. Of those with hemophilia reporting a bleeding score, the majority (77%) did not report an abnormal bleeding score for age. However, nearly 10% of pediatric carriers not meeting criteria for having hemophilia reported abnormal bleeding scores for age. Similar results are reported in adults suggesting that factor activity levels may not be predictive of bleeding symptoms in carriers.

A Comparative Study on Cyclodextrin Derivatives in Improving Oral Bioavailability of Etoricoxib as a Model Drug: Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion-Based Fast-Dissolving Tablets

Etoricoxib, as a model drug, has a poor solubility and dissolution rate. Cyclodextrin derivatives can be used to solve such a problem. A comparative study was run on three cyclodextrin derivatives, namely β-CD, HP β-CD, and SBE β-CD, to solve the drug problem through the formulation of solid dispersions and their preparation into fast-dissolving tablets. Preparations utilized different (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) drug:carrier ratios. Nine fast-dissolving tablets (containing 1:4 drug: carrier) were formulated using Prosolv ODT® and/or F-melt® type C as super-disintegrants. Optimized formulation was chosen based on a 32 factorial design. The responses chosen were the outcomes of the in vitro evaluation tests. The optimized formulation that had the highest desirability (0.86) was found to be SD-HP3, which was prepared from etoricoxib: HP β-CD at a 1:4 ratio using equal amounts of Prosolv ODT® and F-melt® type C. An in vivo evaluation of SD-HP3 on a rabbit model revealed its superiority over the marketed product Arcoxia®. SD-HP3 showed a significantly lower Tmax (13.3 min) and a significantly higher Cmax (9122.156 μg/mL), as well as a significantly higher AUC, than Arcoxia®. Thus, the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of etoricoxib were significantly enhanced.

Human Fecal Carriage of Streptococcus agalactiae Sequence Type 283, Thailand

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) sequence type 283 bacteremia, found almost exclusively in Southeast Asia, is associated with consuming raw freshwater fish, but some patients deny consumption. We detected fecal carriage in 5/184 (2.7%) persons in northeast Thailand. Human carriers might contribute to transmission or be the original source of this sequence type.

Research Progress on Stimulus-Responsive Polymer Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment

As drug carriers for cancer treatment, stimulus-responsive polymer nanomaterials are a major research focus. These nanocarriers respond to specific stimulus signals (e.g., pH, redox, hypoxia, enzymes, temperature, and light) to precisely control drug release, thereby improving drug uptake rates in cancer cells and reducing drug damage to normal cells. Therefore, we reviewed the research progress in the past 6 years and the mechanisms underpinning single and multiple stimulus-responsive polymer nanocarriers in tumour therapy. The advantages and disadvantages of various stimulus-responsive polymeric nanomaterials are summarised, and the future outlook is provided to provide a scientific and theoretical rationale for further research, development, and utilisation of stimulus-responsive nanocarriers.

Oral Delivery of mRNA Vaccine by Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Carriers

mRNA-based vaccines were effective in contrasting SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, they presented several limitations of storage and supply chain, and their parenteral administration elicited a limited mucosal IgA immune response. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication well-preserved in all life kingdoms, including plants. Their membrane confers protection from enzyme degradation to encapsulated nucleic acids favoring their transfer between cells. In the present study, EVs derived from the juice of an edible plant (Citrus sinensis) (oEVs) were investigated as carriers of an orally administered mRNA vaccine coding for the S1 protein subunit of SARS-CoV-2 with gastro-resistant oral capsule formulation. The mRNA loaded into oEVs was protected and was stable at room temperature for one year after lyophilization and encapsulation. Rats immunized via gavage administration developed a humoral immune response with the production of specific IgM, IgG, and IgA, which represent the first mucosal barrier in the adaptive immune response. The vaccination also triggered the generation of blocking antibodies and specific lymphocyte activation. In conclusion, the formulation of lyophilized mRNA-containing oEVs represents an efficient delivery strategy for oral vaccines due to their stability at room temperature, optimal mucosal absorption, and the ability to trigger an immune response.

Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Transport across Intestinal Tissue: An Oral Delivery Perspective

Oral drug administration has been a popular choice due to patient compliance and limited clinical resources. Orally delivered drugs must circumvent the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment to effectively enter the systemic circulation. The GI tract has a number of structural and physiological barriers that limit drug bioavailability including mucus, the tightly regulated epithelial layer, immune cells, and associated vasculature. Nanoparticles have been used to enhance oral bioavailability of drugs, as they can act as a shield to the harsh GI environment and prevent early degradation while also increasing uptake and transport of drugs across the intestinal epithelium. Evidence suggests that different nanoparticle formulations may be transported via different intracellular mechanisms to cross the intestinal epithelium. Despite the existence of a significant body of work on intestinal transport of nanoparticles, many key questions remain: What causes the poor bioavailability of the oral drugs? What factors contribute to the ability of a nanoparticle to cross different intestinal barriers? Do nanoparticle properties such as size and charge influence the type of endocytic pathways taken? In this Review, we summarize the different components of intestinal barriers and the types of nanoparticles developed for oral delivery. In particular, we focus on the various intracellular pathways used in nanoparticle internalization and nanoparticle or cargo translocation across the epithelium. Understanding the gut barrier, nanoparticle characteristics, and transport pathways may lead to the development of more therapeutically useful nanoparticles as drug carriers.

Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Carrier by Itaconate through Irreversible Binding to Cysteine 136: Possible Pathophysiological Implications

BACKGROUND

The carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) represents the route of delivering acyl moieties to the mitochondrial matrix for accomplishing the fatty acid β-oxidation. The CAC has a couple of Cys residues (C136 and C155) most reactive toward ROS and redox signaling compounds such as GSH, NO, and H₂S. Among physiological compounds reacting with Cys, itaconate is produced during inflammation and represents the connection between oxidative metabolism and immune responses. The possible interaction between the CAC and itaconate has been investigated.

METHODS

the modulatory effects of itaconate on the transport activity of the native and recombinant CAC were tested using the proteoliposome experimental model together with site-directed mutagenesis and computational analysis.

RESULTS

Itaconate reacts with the CAC causing irreversible inhibition. Dose-response experiment performed with the native and recombinant protein showed IC₅₀ for itaconate of 11 ± 4.6 mM and 8.4 ± 2.9 mM, respectively. The IC₅₀ decreased to 3.8 ± 1.0 mM by lowering the pH from pH 7.0 to pH 6.5. Inhibition kinetics revealed a non-competitive type of inhibition. C136 is the main target of itaconate, as demonstrated by the increased IC₅₀ of mutants in which this Cys was substituted by Val. The central role of C136 was confirmed by covalent docking. Administration of dimethyl itaconate to HeLa cells inhibited the CAC transport activity, suggesting that itaconate could react with the CAC also in intact cells.

Characterization of charge-carrier dynamics at the Bi2Se3/MgF2 interface by multiphoton pumped UV-Vis transient absorption spectroscopy

Separate relaxation dynamics of electrons and holes in experiments on optical pumping-probing of semiconductors is rarely observed due to their overlap. Here we report the separate relaxation dynamics of long-lived (~200 s) holes observed at room temperature in a 10 nm thick film of the 3D topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 coated with a 10 nm thick MgF2 layer using transient absorption spectroscopy in the UV-Vis region. The ultraslow hole dynamics was observed by applying resonant pumping of massless Dirac fermions and bound valence electrons in Bi2Se3 at a certain wavelength sufficient for their multiphoton photoemission and subsequent trapping at the Bi2Se3/MgF2 interface. The emerging deficit of electrons in the film makes it impossible for the remaining holes to recombine, thus causing their ultraslow dynamics measured at a specific probing wavelength. We also found an extremely long rise time (~600 ps) for this ultraslow optical response, which is due to the large spin-orbit coupling (SOC) splitting at the valence band maximum and the resulting intervalley scattering between the splitting components. The observed dynamics of long-lived holes is gradually suppressed with decreasing Bi2Se3 film thickness for the 2D TI Bi2Se3 (film thickness below 6 nm) due to the loss of resonance conditions for multiphoton photoemission caused by the gap opening at the Dirac surface state nodes. This behavior indicates that the dynamics of massive Dirac fermions predominantly determines the relaxation of photoexcited carriers for both the 2D topologically nontrivial and 2D topologically trivial insulator phases.

Patterns of Feline Coronavirus Shedding and Associated Factors in Cats from Breeding Catteries

(1) Background: In households in which feline coronavirus (FCoV) is present, three patterns of FCoV shedding are described: non-shedders, intermittent (low-intensity) shedders, or persistent (high-intensity) shedders. It was the aim of this study to describe FCoV shedding patterns in cats from catteries in which FCoV infection is endemic. Additionally, risk factors for high-intensity FCoV shedding or non-shedding were analyzed. (2) Methods: Four fecal samples of 222 purebred cats from 37 breeding catteries were examined for FCoV RNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). High-intensity shedders were defined as cats positive for FCoV RNA in at least 3/4 fecal samples; non-shedding cats were defined as cats negative in all four fecal samples. Risk factor analysis was performed using information obtained by questionnaire. (3) Results: Of the 222 cats, 125 (56.3%) were considered high-intensity shedders, while 54/222 cats (24.3%) were FCoV non-shedders. The Persian breed was associated with a higher risk of high-intensity shedding in multivariable analysis, while Birman and Norwegian Forest Cats were more likely to be FCoV non-shedders. Cats living together with other cats were more likely to be FCoV shedders. (4) Conclusions: The proportion of both high-intensity shedders and non-shedding cats was higher than previously reported, which possibly can be explained by housing conditions, different genetic susceptibility, or differences in the study period. The risk of high-intensity shedding is higher in certain breeds. However, it cannot be excluded that the individual hygiene procedure of each breeder influenced FCoV-shedding frequency. A smaller group size is a protective factor against FCoV shedding.

A Carrier Female Manifesting an Unusual X-Linked Retinoschisis Phenotype Associated with the Pathogenic Variant c.266delA, p.(Tyr89LeufsTer37) in RS1, and Skewed X-Inactivation

X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is the most common juvenile macular degeneration in males. Unlike most other X-linked retinal dystrophies, carrier heterozygous females are very rarely reported to show clinical features of the disease. Herein, we describe unusual retinal features in a 2-year-old female infant with family history and genetic testing consistent with XLRS.

Efficient Purification of Polyhistidine-Tagged Recombinant Proteins Using Functionalized Corundum Particles

Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a popular and valuable method for the affinity purification of polyhistidine-tagged recombinant proteins. However, it often shows practical limitations, which might require cumbersome optimizations, additional polishing, and enrichment steps. Here, we present functionalized corundum particles for the efficient, economical, and fast purification of recombinant proteins in a column-free format. The corundum surface is first derivatized with the amino silane APTES, then EDTA dianhydride, and subsequently loaded with nickel ions. The Kaiser test, well known in solid-phase peptide synthesis, was used to monitor amino silanization and the reaction with EDTA dianhydride. In addition, ICP-MS was performed to quantify the metal-binding capacity. His-tagged protein A/G (PAG), mixed with bovine serum albumin (BSA), was used as a test system. The PAG binding capacity was around 3 mg protein per gram of corundum or 2.4 mg per 1 mL of corundum suspension. Cytoplasm obtained from different E. coli strains was examined as examples of a complex matrix. The imidazole concentration was varied in the loading and washing buffers. As expected, higher imidazole concentrations during loading are usually beneficial when higher purities are desired. Even when higher sample volumes, such as one liter, were used, recombinant protein down to a concentration of 1 µg/mL could be isolated selectively. Comparing the corundum material with standard Ni-NTA agarose beads indicated higher purities of proteins isolated using corundum. His6-MBP-mSA2, a fusion protein consisting of monomeric streptavidin and maltose-binding protein in the cytoplasm of E. coli, was purified successfully. To show that this method is also suitable for mammalian cell culture supernatants, purification of the SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD-His8 expressed in human Expi293F cells was performed. The material cost of the nickel-loaded corundum material (without regeneration) is estimated to be less than 30 cents for 1 g of functionalized support or 10 cents per milligram of isolated protein. Another advantage of the novel system is the corundum particles' extremely high physical and chemical stability. The new material should be applicable in small laboratories and large-scale industrial applications. In summary, we could show that this new material is an efficient, robust, and cost-effective purification platform for the purification of His-tagged proteins, even in challenging, complex matrices and large sample volumes of low product concentration.

Phosphorylated walnut protein/chitosan nanocomplexes as promising carriers for encapsulation of caffeic acid phenethyl ester

BACKGROUND

Walnut proteins have poor solubility and dispersity under acidic pH conditions, which limits their application in acidic beverages and foods. The present study aimed to fabricate stable nanocomplexes between phosphorylated walnut protein (PWPI) and chitosan (CS) at acidic pH and investigate the encapsulation capacity of the complexes.

RESULTS

PWPI/CS nanocomplexes prepared at a mass ratio of 2:1 showed small Z-average sizes (approximately 285 nm at pH 5.5 and 222 nm at pH 3.5) with a narrow particle distribution (polydispersity index < 0.3). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) can be effectively encapsulated into PWPI/CS with improved solubility. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that PWPI/CS and CAPE-loaded PWPI/CS (PWPI/CS-CAPE) had a reduced α-helical content and increased β-sheet content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis further identified the different driving forces for the complexation of PWPI and CS at pH 3.5 and 5.5 and confirmed the successful encapsulation of CAPE. Rheological results revealed that the PWPI/CS and PWPI/CS-CAPE formed at pH 3.5 (PWPI/CS-CAPE-3.5) had a higher apparent viscosity and better viscoelasticity than the complexes formed at pH 5.5. PWPI/CS-CAPE-3.5 also showed good stability under heat treatment, salt treatment, and long-term storage. Moreover, PWPI/CS-CAPE complexes showed controlled release of CAPE.

CONCLUSION

PWPI/CS nanocomplexes prepared at acidic pH were stable and promising carriers for CAPE, which would expand the application of walnut proteins in the food industry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

East Coast Fever Carrier Status and Theileria parva Breakthrough Strains in Recently ITM Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Cattle in Iganga District, Eastern Uganda

East Coast fever (ECF) is a tick-borne disease of cattle that hinders the development of the livestock industry in eastern, central and southern Africa. The 'Muguga cocktail' live vaccine, delivered by an infection and treatment method (ITM), remains the only immunisation strategy of controlling ECF. However, there are challenges of the live vaccine inducing ECF carrier status in immunised animals and the possibility of lack of protection from parasite strains that are antigenically different from the vaccine strains. In Uganda, there are insufficient data regarding the ECF carrier status and T. parva genetic diversity in vaccinated and associated non-vaccinated cattle to assess the effectiveness of ITM vaccination. Blood was collected from recently ECF vaccinated (98) and non-vaccinated (73) cattle from Iganga district in Eastern Uganda at 120 days post-vaccination. The p104 gene nested PCR was used to screen for T. parva DNA, 11 minisatellite and 3 microsatellite markers (SSR) were used for genotyping. Two minisatellite markers (MS7 and MS19) were used to determine whether ECF carrier status was due to the T. parva vaccine or local strains. The prevalence of T. parva based on p104 nPCR was 61.2% (60/98) (RR 2.234, 95% CI 1.49-3.35, p-value < 0.001) among recently vaccinated cattle and 27.4% (20/73) (RR 1.00) among associated non-vaccinated cattle. The Muguga cocktail vaccine strains were responsible for carrier status in 10 (58.8%) by MS7 and 11 (64.7%) by MS19 in vaccinated cattle. Genotypes of T. parva with different-sized alleles to the vaccine strains that could be potential 'breakthroughs' were detected in 2 (11.8%)) and 4 (23.5%) isolates from vaccinated cattle based on MS7 and MS19 minisatellite markers, respectively. Using 14 SSR markers, T. parva diversity was higher in vaccinated (Na = 2.214, Ne = 1.978, He = 0.465) than associated non-vaccinated (Na = 1.071, Ne = 1.048, He = 0.259) cattle. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed isolates from vaccinated cattle were closely related to those from non-vaccinated cattle. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variation (96%) within T. parva isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle but low variation (4%) between vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle. This study reveals the role of ITM in inducing the carrier status and higher T. parva genetic diversity in vaccinated cattle. The low genetic variation between T. parva isolates in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle may be suggestive of the protective role of vaccine strains against genetically related local strains in the study area.

subtilis into Animal Intestine Using Chitosan-Derived Bioresorbable Gel Carrier: Preliminary Results

The oral delivery of bacteria in the human intestine is of great interest because of its potential to correct the gut microbiota and treat inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate sodium N-(2-sulfonatoethyl)chitosan gel cross-linked with glutaraldehyde as a delivery carrier for probiotic bacteria to the gut using in vitro and in vivo experiments. The bacterial test strain was B. subtilis 20. The cytotoxicity of the gel was evaluated via cell culture using flow cytometry and light microscopy. The gel as a delivery system was assessed by the dye release in medium with different pH levels in vitro, and by bacterial titer monitoring in mouse feces using the microbiology method in vivo. Results of an in vitro experiment showed that tested gel has no cytotoxicity. The use of gel as a carrier for bacterial delivery into the intestine was more effective than oral gavage of bacterial suspension. Therefore, gel delivery of bacteria decreased the titer level by up to two times. However, a gavage of bacterial suspension decreased the titer level by over 200 times. Tested gel has the potential to be a carrier for the safe delivery of bacteria to the intestine through the stomach, reducing the rate of the elimination of probiotic bacteria from the intestine.

Curcumin in human osteosarcoma: From analogs to carriers

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma), the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents, confers low survival rates in patients with metastatic disease. Dietary curcumin has a number of anticancer properties but has poor bioavailability. To improve the clinical applications of curcumin, several potential curcumin analogs and nanobased curcumin delivery systems have been developed. In this critical review, we address the biological and pharmacological characteristics of curcumin and its analogs, with an emphasis on strategies to improve the bioactivity and bioavailability of curcumin analogs that may increase their application in the treatment of potent human metastatic osteosarcoma. We highlight promising current multifunctional nanoformulations and three-dimensional printed scaffold systems utilized for the targeting and delivery of curcumin in human osteosarcoma cells. Our purpose is to drive further research on curcumin analogs and carriers to improve their bioavailability and anti-osteosarcoma bioactivity.

Towards Sustainable Green Adjuvants for Microbial Pesticides: Recent Progress, Upcoming Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Microbial pesticides can be significantly improved by adjuvants. At present, microbial pesticide formulations are mainly wettable powders and suspension concentrations, which are usually produced with adjuvants such as surfactants, carriers, protective agents, and nutritional adjuvants. Surfactants can improve the tension between liquid pesticides and crop surfaces, resulting in stronger permeability and wettability of the formulations. Carriers are inert components of loaded or diluted pesticides, which can control the release of active components at appropriate times. Protective agents are able to help microorganisms to resist in adverse environments. Nutritional adjuvants are used to provide nutrients for microorganisms in microbial pesticides. Most of the adjuvants used in microbial pesticides still refer to those of chemical pesticides. However, some adjuvants may have harmful effects on non-target organisms and ecological environments. Herein, in order to promote research and improvement of microbial pesticides, the types of microbial pesticide formulations were briefly reviewed, and research progress of adjuvants and their applications in microbial pesticides were highlighted, the challenges and the future perspectives towards sustainable green adjuvants of microbial pesticides were also discussed in this review.

Direct Tracking of Charge Carrier Drift and Extraction from Perovskite Solar Cells by Means of Transient Electroabsorption Spectroscopy

The best perovskite solar cells currently demonstrate more than 25% efficiencies, yet many fundamental processes that determine the operation of these devices are still not fully understood. In particular, even though the device performance strongly depends on charge carrier transport across the perovskite layer to selective electrodes, information about this process is still very controversial. Here, we investigate charge carrier motion and extraction from an archetypical CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) perovskite solar cell. We use the ultrafast electric-field-modulated transient absorption technique, which allows us to evaluate the electric field dynamics from the time-resolved electroabsorption spectra and to visualize the motion of charge carriers with subpicosecond time resolution. We demonstrate that photogenerated holes drift across the mesoporous TiO2/perovskite layer during hundreds of picoseconds. On the other hand, their extraction into the spiro-OMeTAD hole transporting layer lasts for more than 1 nanosecond, suggesting that the hole extraction is limited by the perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD interface rather than by the hole transport through the perovskite layer. Additionally, we use the ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence technique that reveals fluorescence decay during tens of picoseconds, which we attribute to the spatial separation of electrons and holes.

Collagen and Silk Fibroin as Promising Candidates for Constructing Catalysts

A catalyst determines the mechanism of an organic chemical reaction, thus enabling the commercially viable formation of desired material products. Biopolymers offer new opportunities for the construction of catalysts by virtue of their biocompatibility, environmental benignity, and sustainability, as well as their low cost. Biopolymers are especially useful as carriers and precursors in catalysis application. The employment of biocompatible and biosustainable collagen and silk fibroin materials will revolutionize state-of-the-art electronic devices and systems that currently rely on conventional technologies. In this review, we first consider the ordered hierarchical structure, origin, and processing methods of collagen and silk fibroin. Then, the unique advantages and applicability of collagen and silk fibroin for constructing catalysts are summarized. Moreover, a summary of the state-of-the-art design, fabrication, and application of collagen- and silk fibroin-based catalysts, as well as the application of collagen- and silk-based catalysts, is presented by focusing on their roles as carriers and precursors, respectively. Finally, challenges and prospects are assessed for the construction and development of collagen and silk fibroin-based catalysts.

Peptide Drug Conjugates and Their Role in Cancer Therapy

Drug conjugates have become a significant focus of research in the field of targeted medicine for cancer treatments. Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), a subset of drug conjugates, are composed of carrier peptides ranging from 5 to 30 amino acid residues, toxic payloads, and linkers that connect the payload to the peptide. PDCs are further broken down into cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and cell-targeting peptides (CTPs), each having their own differences in the delivery of cytotoxic payloads. Generally, PDCs as compared to other drug conjugates-like antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)-have advantages in tumor penetration, ease of synthesis and cost, and reduced off-target effects. Further, as compared to traditional cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation), PDCs have higher specificity for the target cancer with generally less toxic side effects in smaller doses. However, PDCs can have disadvantages such as poor stability and rapid renal clearance due to their smaller size and limited oral bioavailability due to digestion of its peptide structure. Some of these challenges can be overcome with modifications, and despite drawbacks, the intrinsic small size of PDCs with high target specificity still makes them an attractive area of research for cancer treatments.

Curcumin and its Analogs and Carriers: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Human Osteosarcoma

Curcumin is a natural polyphenol phytochemical derived from turmeric with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties but is concerned about poor solubility in water, absorption, and metabolic stability. Potent metastatic osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children, adolescents, and young adults. It is responsible for low survival rates because of its high rate of metastasis to the lungs. To improve poor bioavailability, numerous curcumin analogs were developed to possess anticancer characteristics through a variety of biological pathways involved in cytotoxicity, proliferation, autophagy, sensitizing chemotherapy, and metastases. This review provides an overview of their various pharmacological functions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential as a remedy for human osteosarcoma. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, several liposomal nanoparticles, nanocarriers, multifunctional micelles, and three-dimensional printed scaffolds have also been developed for the controlled delivery of curcumin targeting human osteosarcoma cells. Consequently, curcumin and several potential analogs and delivery formulations are optimistic candidates to improve the currently available strategy for human osteosarcoma. However, further insight into the mechanism of action of promising curcumin analogs and the development of carriers in clinical trials of osteosarcoma needs to be investigated to improve their overall potency and clinical utility, in particular the anti-metastatic effect.

Evaluation of the Effect of Chelating Arms and Carrier Agents on t he Radiotoxicity of TAT Agents

Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is considered an evolving therapeutic option for cancer cells, in which a carrier molecule labeling with an α-emitter radionuclide make the bond with a specific functional or molecular target. α-particles with high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) own an increased Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) over common β-emitting radionuclides. Normal tissue toxicity due to non-specific uptake of mother and daughter α-emitter radionuclides seems to be the main conflict in clinical applications. The present survey reviews the available preclinical and clinical studies investigating healthy tissue toxicity of the applicable α -emitters and particular strategies proposed for optimizing targeted alpha therapy success in cancer patients.

Beta Thalassemia Carrier Rate: Problem Burden among High School Children

Background & Aim of the Work: β-Thalassemia (βT) is highly prevalent in some countries like Egypt. Accurate data about actual disease prevalence and heavily prevalent geographic locations are essential to help in early detection and in setting up effective preventive programs. We aim for screening βT carriers among Egyptian high school students in the Delta region.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out on 4320 randomly selected students from four governorates of the Nile Delta region, Egypt. All patients were to be tested for their complete blood count. Those with microcytic hypochromic anemia not caused by iron deficiency were tested for βT carrier status using high-performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS

The total prevalence of βT carrier rate was 6.13%. The highest prevalence was detected in Al-Sharkia Governorate, reaching 7.89%, followed by 6.90% in Al-Gharbia Governorate. Al- Dakahilia and Al-Menoufia showed lower rates of 4.86% and 3.73%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Despite the premarital national screening program for βT in Egypt, the carrier rate is still high. More effort should be done into the proper implementation of national prevention programs.

Role of Fine Silica as Amorphous Solid Dispersion Carriers for Enhancing Drug Load and Preventing Recrystallization- A Comprehensive Review

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a popular concept for improving the dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. ASD faces two primary challenges of low drug loading and recrystallization upon storage. Several polymeric carriers are used to fabricate a stable ASD formulation with a high drug load. The role of silica in this context has been proven significant. Different types of silica, porous and nonporous, have been used to develop ASD. Amorphous drugs get entrapped into silica pores or adsorbed on their surface. Due to high porosity and wide surface area, silica provides better drug dissolution and high drug loading. Recrystallization of amorphous drugs is inhibited by limited molecular ability inside the delicate pores due to hydrogen bonding with the surface silanol groups. A handful of researches have been published on silica-based ASD, where versatile types of silica have been used. However, the effect of different kinds of silica on product stability and drug loading has been rarely addressed. The present study analyzes multiple porous and nonporous silica types and their distinct role in developing a stable ASD. Emphasis has been given to various types of silica which are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.

An overview on liquisolid technique: its development and applications

With its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, the liquisolid technique offers solutions for numerous formulation problems. Among these are dissolution enhancement and sustaining drug release, and the liquisolid technique dealt with both approaches. This review focuses on the latest advances in the technique. It discusses modified additives for use as carrier materials, which secure the required large surface area for enclosing liquids. The review also covers the modern liquipellet technique derived from the extrusion/palletization technique. Also, the liquiground term is introduced, combining the advantages of co-grinding with the liquisolid concept. Furthermore, several grades of Eudragits, and hydrophilic retarding polymers are mentioned to explain modes of sustaining drug release. This review sums up the liquisolid technique development and its applications recently achieved.

Synthetic Melanin Acts as Efficient Peptide Carrier in Cancer Vaccine Strategy

We previously reported that a novel peptide vaccine platform, based on synthetic melanin nanoaggregates, triggers strong cytotoxic immune responses and significantly suppresses tumor growth in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying such an efficacy remained poorly described. Herein, we investigated the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in presenting the antigen embedded in the vaccine formulation, as well as the potential stimulatory effect of melanin upon these cells, in vitro by coculture experiments and ELISA/flow cytometry analysis. The vaccine efficiency was evaluated in FLT3-L^-/- mice constitutively deficient in DC1, DC2, and pDCs, in Zbtb46^DTR chimera mice deficient in DC1 and DC2, and in Langerin^DTR mice deficient in dermal DC1 and Langerhans cells. We concluded that DCs, and especially migratory conventional type 1 dendritic cells, seem crucial for mounting the immune response after melanin-based vaccination. We also assessed the protective effect of L-DOPA melanin on peptides from enzymatic digestion, as well as the biodistribution of melanin-peptide nanoaggregates, after subcutaneous injection using [¹⁸F]MEL050 PET imaging in mice. L-DOPA melanin proved to act as an efficient carrier for peptides by fully protecting them from enzymatic degradation. L-DOPA melanin did not display any direct stimulatory effects on dendritic cells in vitro. Using PET imaging, we detected melanin-peptide nanoaggregates up to three weeks after subcutaneous injections within the secondary lymphoid tissues, which could explain the sustained immune response observed (up to 4 months) with this vaccine technology.

The Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions-The Latest Achievements and Potential Industrial Applications: A Review

The growing demand for environmentally friendly and economical methods of removing toxic metal ions from polluted waters and for the recovery of valuable noble metal ions from various types of waste, which are often treated as their secondary source, has resulted in increased interest in techniques based on the utilization of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). PIMs are characterized by many advantages (e.g., the possibility of simultaneous extraction and back extraction, excellent stability and high reusability), and can be adapted to the properties of the removed target analyte by appropriate selection of carriers, polymers and plasticizers used for their formulation. However, the selectivity and efficiency of the membrane process depends on many factors (e.g., membrane composition, nature of removed metal ions, composition of aqueous feed solution, etc.), and new membranes are systematically designed to improve these parameters. Numerous studies aimed at improving PIM technology may contribute to the wider use of these methods in the future on an industrial scale, e.g., in wastewater treatment. This review describes the latest achievements related to the removal of various metal ions by PIMs over the past 3 years, with particular emphasis on solutions with potential industrial application.

Quantitative Sensory Testing in Late-Onset ATTRv Presymptomatic Subjects: A Single Center Experience

Backgrounds Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) presymptomatic subjects undergo multidisciplinary evaluation to detect, as early as possible, a subclinical involvement of multisystem disease. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) that investigates and discriminates the function of C, Aδ and Aβ fibers is included as an instrumental test to monitor nerve fiber function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of QST in the context of the multidisciplinary evaluation in late onset carriers. Methods Four-teen presymptomatic (namely carriers) were enrolled. Subjects underwent thermal [cold and warm detection threshold (CDT, WDT), cold and heat pain (CP and HP)] and tactile QST in four body sites: foot dorsum, distal lateral leg, distal thigh, hand dorsum. Results Overall, presymptomatic subject showed a significant difference in all thermal QST findings compared to the control group. All subjects had at least one altered thermal QST finding; the sites more frequently altered were foot and leg, whilst the thermal modalities which were more frequently abnormal were CDT, WDT and CP. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of performing thermal QST in subjects carrying TTR mutation, given the high frequency of abnormal findings. Notably, performing both innocuous and painful stimulation in foot and/or leg increases the chance of detecting nerve fiber dysfunction. Moreover, the investigation of the hand may provide useful information in monitoring disease progression before the Predicted Age of Disease Onset (PADO).

HIV-infected patients rarely develop invasive fungal diseases under good immune reconstitution after ART regardless high prevalence of pathogenic filamentous fungi carriage in nasopharynx/oropharynx

PURPOSE

We aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of filamentous fungi (FF) carriage in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Guangdong province, along with its subsequent incidence of invasive fungal disease (IFD).

METHODS

Seven hundred and sixteen HIV-infected individuals from the outpatient clinic and 293 sex-matched healthy controls were recruited prospectively from May 1 to August 31, 2017. Fungi were isolated from oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs, then identified by morphological and molecular biological techniques. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors of pathogenic FF carriage. Pathogenic FF carriers were followed up through the end of 2019.

RESULTS

Of the 716 included HIV-infected patients, 602 (84.1%) were male, the median age was 34 (27-42) years, and the median CD4+ count was 385 (254-542) cells/μl. Pathogenic FF were isolated in 119 (16.6%) cases with HIV infection and 40 (13.7%) healthy controls. Mucorales were found in 3 HIV-infected individuals and Talaromyces marneffei in 2 HIV-infected individuals, but not in healthy controls. History of cured opportunistic infections (OIs; OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.23-3.13, p = 0.004), and smoking (OR, 1.55; 95%CI, 1.03-2.32, p = 0.035) were independent risk factors of pathogenic FF carriage in HIV-infected individuals. A total of 119 pathogenic FF carriers with HIV infection were followed. During follow-up, 119 (100%) cases received antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 28 months, 107 (90%) cases had CD4+ counts>200 cells/μl, and none developed IFD.

DISCUSSION

Pathogenic FF carriage is common in HIV-infected individuals but may not develop IFD in those who achieved immune reconstitution. Smoking and cured OIs history increase the risk of pathogenic FF carriage. Smoking abstinence and ART adherence are especially important for these patients.

Management of pregnant female with Haemophilia-A: A case report

Haemophilia-A is a rare, X-linked recessive inherited disease affects males and females are carrier results in prolonged bleeding after minor injuries, procedures or surgery. Spontaneous or recurrent bleeding may occur in deep muscles, joints but intracranial haemorrhage can be dangerous. Women with a family history of bleeding disorder, personal history of bleeding (menorrhagia, mucous membrane, postoperative bleeding and PPH) or a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) should be screened for haemophilia by measuring coagulation factor VIII level during hospital visits for these reason or antenatal care (ANC). Female heterozygote carriers may have variable presentation of bleeding due to reduced levels of clotting FVIII and may experience excessive bleeding due to gynaecologic issues, during spontaneous abortion, medical termination of pregnancy or invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques in first trimester of pregnancy, antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage in later part of gestation and after delivery.

A Cellulose-Type Carrier for Intimate Coupling Photocatalysis and Biodegradation

Intimate coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation treatment technology is an emerging technology in the treatment of refractory organic matter, and the carrier plays an important role in this technology. In this paper, sugarcane cellulose was used as the basic skeleton, absorbent cotton was used as a reinforcing agent, anhydrous sodium sulfate was used as a pore-forming agent to prepare a cellulose porous support with good photocatalytic performance, and nano-TiO₂ was loaded onto it by a low-temperature bonding method. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions of cellulose carriers were: cellulose mass fraction 1.0%; absorbent cotton 0.6 g; and Na₂SO₄ 60 g. The SEM, EDS and XPS characterization further indicated that the nano-TiO₂ was uniformly loaded onto the cellulose support. The degradation experiments of Rhodamine B showed that the nano-TiO₂-loaded composite supports had good photocatalytic performance. The degradation rate of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was more than 92% after 6 cycles, and the experiment of adhering a large number of microorganisms on the carriers before and after the reaction showed that the cellulose-based carriers obtained the required photocatalytic performance and stability, which is a good cellulose porous carrier.

Detection of Salmonella Typhi in Bile by Quantitative Real-Time PCR

In countries where the incidence of typhoid fever is high, fecal material from short-term carriers of Salmonella Typhi contaminates inadequately treated water supplies. As treated water supplies and improved sanitation become available, chronic (mainly gallbladder) carriers of S. Typhi become important. The objective of this study was to develop a method for detection of S. Typhi in bile by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of probesets that target oriC, viaB, fliC-d, STY0201, and stoD. We optimized DNA extraction from bile and compared the sensitivity of culture and our qPCR method to detect S. Typhi in bile samples containing various cephalosporins. With the use of an optimized DNA extraction technique, our limit of detection of S. Typhi in spiked human bile samples was 7.4 × 102 CFU/mL. We observed that S. Typhi could be detected by qPCR in samples containing cefazolin, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone whereas culture could only detect Typhi in samples containing cefazolin but not cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Our qPCR detection method for S. Typhi in bile should be preferred in areas where antibiotic usage is common. IMPORTANCE New Salmonella Typhi conjugate vaccines have been deployed, which will potentially lead to a fall in incidence rates of typhoid fever in endemic areas. Identification of chronic carriers of S. Typhi will be important as these individuals can be a potential source of transmission to susceptible persons. To address this public health concern, we have developed a novel method to detect S. Typhi in bile using real-time PCR. Our method can be used to identify carriers of S. Typhi among patients undergoing cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal surgery). The sensitivity of our molecular-based assay was superior to culture when performed in the presence of antibiotics commonly used during surgery. Our methodology will complement efforts to eliminate typhoid disease.