Clinical and gonadal transcriptome analysis of 38,XX disorder of sex development pigs

Pigs serve as a robust animal model for the study of human diseases, notably in the context of disorders of sex development (DSD). This study aims to investigate the phenotypic characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive and developmental abnormalities of 38,XX ovotestis-DSD (OT-DSD) and 38,XX testis-DSD (T-DSD) in pigs. Clinical and transcriptome sequencing analyses were performed on DSD and normal female pigs. Cytogenetic and SRY analyses confirmed that OT/T-DSD pigs exhibited a 38,XX karyotype and lacked the SRY gene. The DSD pigs had higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone, but lower testosterone levels when compared with normal male pigs. The reproductive organs of OT/T-DSD pigs exhibit abnormal development, displaying both male and female characteristics, with an absence of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules. Sex determination and development-related differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) shared between DSD pigs were identified in the gonads, including WT1, DKK1, CTNNB1, WTN9B, SHOC, PTPN11, NRG1 and NXK3-1. DKK1 is proposed as a candidate gene for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying gonadal phenotypic differences between OT-DSD and T-DSD pigs. Consequently, our findings provide insights into the molecular pathogenesis of DSD pigs and present an animal model for studying into DSD in humans.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives

AIMS/OBJECTIVES

The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate cytogenetic damage to the buccal mucosa in non-smokers and consumers of traditional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives.

METHODS

A total of 160 participants were divided into four groups according to the type of product used, including non-smokers, users of conventional combustible tobacco (cigarettes), heated tobacco, and electronic, tobacco-free vapor products (e-cigarettes). Buccal mucosa samples were analyzed using the micronucleus cytome assay to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic damage.

RESULTS

E-cigarette users showed significantly higher values for all tested parameters in the micronucleus test compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Similarly, users of tobacco heating products showed an increase in all parameters (p < 0.05), with the exception of the number of cells with micronuclei. Conventional cigarette smokers showed a notable increase in the number of binucleated cells and cells with karyorrhexis and karyolysis (p ≤ 0.05). When assessing the differences between users of traditional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives, these did not appear to be significant, except for e-cigarette users, who had significantly more cells with condensed chromatin (p ≤ 0.001), while users of tobacco heating products had more pyknotic cells (p ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The results of this study underscore the heightened occurrence of cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in users of both conventional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives compared to non-smokers, emphasizing the detrimental impact of these products on the oral mucosa.

Gain of Chromosome 5q Predicts a Favorable Prognosis in Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma

Approximately 65% of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) are diagnosed at a localized stage. We investigated the chromosome 5q gain impact on disease-free survival (DFS) in RCC patients. Overall, 676 patients with stages 1-2 RCC and having cytogenetic analysis were included. Gain of 5q was observed in 108 patients, more frequently in clear cell (ccRCC) than non-clear cell tumors. Gain of 5q is likely an independent prognostic factor since the concerned patients had a decreased recurrence risk in stages 1-2 RCC, confirmed in multivariable analysis. Detecting 5q gain could enhance recurrence risk assessment, allowing tailored post-surgery surveillance, and reducing unnecessary treatments.

Cytogenetic Subclone Burden: A New Biomarker Predicting Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients Outcome

BACKGROUND

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most prevalent adult leukemia that occurs in older patients and presents a variable course of the disease. Risk stratification of CLL is a matter of continuous improvement. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of the quantification of 17p del and 11q del cytogenetic subclones on the outcome of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This is a prospective study that involved 100 subjects with CLL. For all included patients; assessment of the cytogenetic subclones burden for 17p del and 11q del using the FISH technique was carried out.

RESULTS

CLL patients with a high 17p del (>33%) cytogenetic subclone burden showed significantly shorter lymphocyte doubling time (LDT), time to first treatment (TTFT), and progression free survival (PFS) compared to those with a lower burden. On contrary 11q del subclone(>30%) burden had an insignificant impact on LDT, TTFT and PFS.

CONCLUSION

Quantification of 17pdel burden (>vs.≤33%) could be used for refining risk stratification of CLL patients.

Unraveling the Concealed Transcriptomic Landscape of PTEN in Human Malignancies

Background

Phosphatase and tensin homolog, widely known as PTEN, is a major negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, involved in the regulation of a variety of important cellular processes, including cell proliferation, growth, survival, and metabolism. Since most of the molecules involved in this biological pathway have been described as key regulators in cancer, the study of the corresponding genes at several levels is crucial.

Objective

Although previous studies have elucidated the physiological role of PTEN under normal conditions and its involvement in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, the transcriptional profile of PTEN has been poorly investigated.

Methods

In this study, instead of conducting the "gold-standard" direct RNA sequencing that fails to detect less abundant novel mRNAs due to the decreased sequencing depth, we designed and implemented a multiplexed PTEN-targeted sequencing approach that combined both short- and long-read sequencing.

Results

Our study has highlighted a broad spectrum of previously unknown PTEN mRNA transcripts and assessed their expression patterns in a wide range of human cancer and non-cancer cell lines, shedding light on the involvement of PTEN in cell cycle dysregulation and thus tumor development.

Conclusion

The identification of the described novel PTEN splice variants could have significant implications for understanding PTEN regulation and function, and provide new insights into PTEN biology, opening new avenues for monitoring PTEN-related diseases, including cancer.

Cytogenetic analysis of coke oven workers in Eastern Slovakia

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to evaluate the extent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in coke oven workers from Eastern Slovakia by cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes.

METHODS

A total of 81 peripheral blood samples were collected from PAH-exposed workers (mean age 45.84 ± 9.73 years) and 30 samples constituted the control group (41.93 ± 15.39 years). The samples were processed using routine cytological analysis. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes has been used to evaluate the effects of PAHs.

RESULTS

Comparison of the aberrant cells in the total exposed with the controls showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). A high level of significance (p < 0.001) was observed when comparing the gaps between the exposed group and the control group. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in aberrant cells and chromatid breaks (p < 0.05) in the GR1 working subgroup compared with the control group. The results of the correlation analysis did not show a significant relationship between the length of occupational exposure and the frequency of aberrant cells (r = 0.071, p = 0.529). Similarly, no association was observed between smoking among coke plant workers and the frequency of aberrant cells (r = 0.117, p = 0.538).

CONCLUSION

Cytogenetic analysis showed an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in coke oven workers in Eastern Slovakia.

Impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on treatment outcomes in patients with amyloid light-chain amyloidosis: subanalyses from the ANDROMEDA study

BACKGROUND

Cytogenetic abnormalities are common in patients with amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis; some are associated with poorer outcomes. This post hoc analysis of ANDROMEDA evaluated the impact of certain cytogenetic abnormalities on outcomes in this patient population.

METHODS

Patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis were randomised 1:1 to daratumumab, bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (D-VCd) or VCd. Outcomes were evaluated in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population and in patients with t(11;14), amp1q21, del13q14, and del17p13.

RESULTS

Overall, 321 patients had cytogenetic testing (D-VCd, n = 155; VCd, n = 166); most common abnormalities were t(11;14) and amp1q21. At a median follow-up of 20.3 months, haematologic complete response rates were higher with D-VCd vs VCd across all cytogenetic subgroups and organ response rates were numerically higher with D-VCd vs VCd across most subgroups. Point estimates for hazard ratio of major organ deterioration-PFS and -EFS favoured D-VCd over VCd for all cytogenetic subgroups. Deep haematologic responses (involved minus uninvolved free light chains [FLC] <10 mg/L or involved FLC ≤20 mg/L) were seen in more patients with D-VCd than VCd in all ITT and t(11;14) cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS

These results support the use of D-VCd as standard of care in patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis regardless of cytogenetic abnormalities.

De novo 3q13.13q21.2 interstitial deletion and paternal 12p13.3 microdeletion in a fetus with dysplasia of the corpus callosum and ventriculomegaly: A case report

Chromosome 3q syndrome is a well-known genetic condition caused by interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 3. The phenotype of this syndrome is variable and the great variability in the extent of these deletions leads to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Terminal 12p deletion represents one of the rarest subtelomeric imbalances; patients with distal monosomy 12p present different phenotypes ranging from muscular hypotonia to autism spectrum disorders. The present study reported a prenatal diagnosis of a male fetus presenting ultrasound evidence of corpus callosum dysplasia and ventriculomegaly showing a 3q13q21.2 deletion and a 12p13.33 microdeletion paternally inherited. Among several features previously attributed to the terminal deletion of 3q, corpus callosum dysplasia and ventriculomegaly have rarely been reported together. As the 12p13.33 microdeletion in the father was associated only with muscular hypotonia and joint laxity, the involvement of terminal 12p deletions in the clinical features of the fetus was not possible to verify during the prenatal period. The present case report may provide a reference for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling in patients who present 3q13q21.2 deletions and 12p13.33 microdeletion.

Prognostic significance of CD56 antigen in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A real-world retrospective study

The prognostic value of plasma cell CD56 expression of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has been reported in many studies, but the results are controversial. This study aimed to examine the prognostic significance of CD56 in MM patients. Eighty seven patients with newly diagnosed MM were enrolled in this study, and their clinical characteristics, immunophenotypes, and cytogenetics were retrospectively analyzed to explore the prognostic significance of CD56 expression. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to detect MM in bone marrow samples from all patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether they expressed CD56: CD56 + group and CD56 - group. After 4 cycles of chemotherapy, the overall response rate of the CD56 - patients was lower than that of the CD56 + patients (60.0% vs 81.1%, P = .036). Survival analysis showed that the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 10 months for the CD56 - group and 27 months for the CD56 + group (P = .007). The median overall survival (OS) of patients for the CD56 - group was 25 months versus not reached in the CD56 + group (P = .010). In addition, among the high-risk patients detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the median PFS was 4 months for the CD56 - group and 16 months for the CD56 + group (P = .012). The median OS of the CD56 + group and CD56 - group was 36 months and 15 months, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P = .017). Our study confirmed that CD56 - patients with MM had a worse prognosis than that of CD56 + patients with MM. Among the patients with ≥ 2 high-risk cytogenetics, the existence of the CD56 negativity can further identify MM patients with poor PFS and OS.

Chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, and catalase concentration in a population chronically exposed to high levels of radon

PURPOSE

To deepen our knowledge on the effects of high levels of indoor radon exposure, we assessed the frequencies of unstable and stable chromosome aberrations and micronucleus (MN), as well as the concentration of an endogenous antioxidant (catalase, CAT), in blood samples of individuals chronically exposed to high indoor radon concentrations in Indonesia (Tande-Tande sub-village, Mamuju, West Sulawesi). Moreover, we also investigated the occurrence of a radio-adaptive response (RAR) in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants using the G2 MN assay.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The frequencies of dicentric (DC), acentric (AF), ring (R), and translocation (Tr) chromosomes in Tande-Tande inhabitants were compared to those in people living in a reference area with low levels of indoor radon levels (Topoyo village, Indonesia). The number of MN per 1000 binucleated cells (BNC) and CAT concentration per total protein was quantified and compared between groups. Lastly, we irradiated (2 Gy) phytohemagglutinin-stimulated samples in vitro and measured the frequency of MN to verify the occurrence of a RAR in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The frequencies of DC, AF, and Tr did not differ between Tande-Tande inhabitants and control subjects (p = 0.350, 0.521, 0.597). The frequency of MN in Tande-Tande inhabitants was significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.006). Similarly, CAT concentration in Tande-Tande inhabitants was also significantly lower than that in the control population (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were identified for MN number and CAT concentration versus indoor radon concentration, annual effective dose, or cumulative dose both within groups and when all data were analyzed together. Our findings indicate that, despite the high indoor radon levels, Tande-Tande inhabitants are not under oxidative stress, since this group had lower CAT concentration and MN frequency than those in the control group. The negative correlation between MN frequency and indoor radon concentration, annual effective dose, and cumulative dose suggests the occurrence of an RAR phenomenon in Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants. This interpretation is also supported by the results of the G2 MN assay, which revealed lower MN frequencies after in vitro irradiation of samples from Tande-Tande sub-village inhabitants than those in samples from the control group (p = 0.0069, for cumulative MN frequency; p = 0.0146, for radiation-induced MN only).

Systematic scoping review of studies reporting unexpected donor-derived abnormalities from recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a proposed framework for donor disclosure: donor-derived abnormalities in allogeneic HCT

BACKGROUND

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is used increasingly to treat blood and immune-based disorders. Post-transplant testing of HCT recipients can lead to unexpected molecular, cytogenetic and other information in donor-derived cells, evoking questions regarding the potential impact on donor health.

OBJECTIVE

To identify the breadth of donor-derived abnormalities identified by testing HCT recipients and the extent to which disclosure and donor follow up are described.

METHODS

A systematic search and scoping review were conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews in OVID MEDLINE and EMBASE (1947 to May 24, 2021).

RESULTS

We identified 38 studies (63 donor-recipient pairs) addressing non-leukemic abnormalities, to complement existing literature describing donor cell leukemia and donor-derived myelodysplasia. Donors were unrelated adults (n=20), related family members (n=28), cord blood donors (n=6) or were not reported (n=9). Acquired cytogenetic, molecular, and morphologic abnormalities were reported. Donor origin was confirmed by cytogenetic analysis via karyotyping, FISH, STR-PCR, and other techniques. A disease in donor-derived cells was described in 35 recipients (56.5%). Despite the relevance for testing and disclosure to donors, only 22 cases (32%) mentioned donor follow-up, and 5 cases confirmed that the donor developed a disease associated with the identified abnormality. Unrelated donor disclosure was mentioned in 3 of 26 cases (12%), where the findings were reported back to the registry.

CONCLUSION

Incidental abnormalities identified in transplanted donor cells may contribute to post-transplant risk of illness in the recipient and may be relevant to donor health. A framework for donor disclosure is proposed that incorporates consideration of analytic validity of the testing, potential significance of the finding, and the extent to which the abnormality is actionable. Adoption of effective processes to safeguard both donor and recipient health outcomes related to this issue is needed. [295].

Prognostic Relevance of DNMT3A, FLT3 and NPM1 Mutations in Syrian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients

OBJECTIVE

Among all types of hematological neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has the highest death rate. Recently, cytogenetic and molecular genetics are crucial in the management, as a consequence of their effect on AML pathogenesis, classification, risk-stratification, prognosis and treatment.

METHODS

100 Syrian adults with Normal Karyotype (NK) newly diagnosed  AML patients were included in this study, all cases confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. Patients were divided into six subgroups using flow cytometry and cytological results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on exon 11-12 for FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD), exon 12 for Nucleophosmin1 (NPM1), and exon 23 for DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) using target primers, the electropherograms were analyzed for gene mutations by comparing with the reference DNA sequence. Data were compared and aligned with different sequences using the NCBI BLAST Assembled Genomes tool.

RESULTS

FLT3-ITD, NPM1 and DNMT3A were detected in 24%, 22 % and 4%  patients respectively. M2 subtype had the most frequent incidence of diagnosis in AML. FLT3-ITD mutation patients had the highest mean of death cases, while the DNMT3A mutation patients had the lowest. On the other hand, the highest mean of remission was in patients with NPM1 mutation and the lowest in the carriers of the FLT3-ITD mutation. It was observed that the mean relapsed patients with FLT3-ITD and DNMT3A mutation was 3.4 and 2 months respectively, with no significant differences between (FLT3-ITD and DNMT3A) carriers and non-carriers relapsed. On the contrary,  the mean relapsed for NPM1 mutation carriers was 2.4  months with significant statistical differences. The mean survival time for patients with FLT3-ITD and NPM1  mutation was 5.9 months and 5.85 months respectively, with significant correlation. Between it was 5.88 months in DNMT3A patients with no significant differences. Finally, It was noted that the mean event free survival (EFS) of FLT3-ITD mutation patients was 4.818 months and the mean EFS of NPM1 mutation patients was 4.805 months, with significant statistical differences (p<0.05) between the mutation patients and non-mutated patients regarding to EFS, While this mean was not statistically significant in patients carrying DNMT3A mutation.

CONCLUSION

Patients with FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations have the worst prognosis, where the presence of those mutations was significantly related to overall survival (OS) and EFS. Our study reflects that DNMT3A was not an extremely bad prognostic effect as an independent factor. We can declare according to this study that genetic mutation and variants detection could easily be incorporated into the regimen evaluation of AML patients.

Efficacy of ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone in high-molecular-risk relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma - case series and literature review

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable condition with variable clinical course. The study included a group of patients with especially poor-prognosis, individuals with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) and specific cytogenetic disorders. Among the currently used therapies the ixazomib-lenalidomid-dexamethasone (IRd) is considered as a candidate to improve outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IRd regimen in the treatment of patients with RMMM.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Nine patients aged 52-82 years who received ixazomib in the early access programme, were included in the study. All patients met the criteria for recurrent/relapsed MM and had high (t(4:14), t(14:16), del17p or +1q21) risk aberrations. Previous chemotherapy regimens included thalidomide and bortezomib. Median duration of exposure to ixazomib was 12 months.

RESULTS

One patient with multiple cytogenetic aberrations and extramedullary plasmocytoma died because of progression after two months of treatment. In the remaining patients, the objective response to treatment was reached, and in four cases it was qualified as a very good partial response (VGPR). Observed adverse effects included neutropenia, infections, and oedema (in three cases Grade 3). Eight patients continue treatment, in two cases the decision was made to reduce lenalidomide doses.

CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary results suggest potentially high efficacy and good safety profile of IRd therapy in patients with RRMM and unfavourable cytogenetics.

FISH and Chimps: Insights into Frequency and Distribution of Sperm Aneuploidy in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Numerical chromosomal aberrations in sperm are considered to be a major factor in infertility, early pregnancy loss and syndromes with developmental and cognitive disabilities in mammals, including primates. Despite numerous studies in human and farm animals, the incidence and importance of sperm aneuploidies in non-human primate remains mostly undetermined. Here we investigated the incidence and distribution of sperm aneuploidy in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the species closest to human. We identify evolutionary conserved DNA sequences in human and chimpanzee and selected homologous sub-telomeric regions for all chromosomes to build custom probes and perform sperm-FISH analysis on more than 10,000 sperm nuclei per chromosome. Chimpanzee mean autosomal disomy rate was 0.057 ± 0.02%, gonosomes disomy rate was 0.198% and the total disomy rate was 1.497%. The proportion of X or Y gametes was respectively 49.94% and 50.06% for a ratio of 1.002 and diploidy rate was 0.053%. Our data provide for the first time an overview of aneuploidy in non-human primate sperm and shed new insights into the issues of aneuploidy origins and mechanisms.

Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular findings in nine Moroccan patients with Fanconi anemia

Introduction

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited hematological disease due to a defect in the DNA repair pathway resulting in congenital abnormalities and high susceptibility to develop cancers. The cytogenetic analysis using alkylating agents is still a reference test to establish the diagnosis. Despite the genetic heterogeneity, the identification of the causal mutation is actually performed especially after the development of next generation sequencing (NGS).

Methods

we report here nine Moroccan patients referred to the department of Medical Genetics for suspicion of FA. We realized a genetic consultation to establish a clinical record with biological data before carrying out the genetic analysis. Karyotyping with mitomycin was performed for all the probands before elaborating molecular study. We used massively parallel sequencing to analyse the three most frequent mutated genes FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG, representing 84% of all genes involved in FA.

Results

all the patients showed hematological signs associated with at least one extra-hematological congenital anomaly. The chromosomal breaks were significantly higher for the nine patients, compared to the controls. The molecular diagnosis was confirmed in 8 of the 9 families tested (88.8%) with 4 novel mutations. The next generation based sequencing identified 9 variations: 6 in the FANCA gene (66.6%), 3 in the FANCG gene (33.3%) and no FANCC variation was found. Of those, 7 were homozygous and 2 were compounds heterozygous.

Conclusion

to the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular report of Moroccan patients with FA suggesting the predominance of two genes without any recurrent mutation. The molecular analysis of FANCA and FANCG genes should be offered first for all patients in Morocco.

Familiar del3p syndrome: The uncertainty of the prognosis. A case report

The 3p deletion syndrome is an unusual condition. The few cases described are mainly de novo. We described a familial case detected in a prenatal diagnosis. Three members of the family had the 3p26.3-p26.1 deletion; however, only the son presented clinical features.

Correlation Study on HLA-DR and CD117 (c-Kit) Expressions: Its Prognosis and Treatment Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients

Introduction

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. HLA-DR and CD117 (c-Kit) are important diagnostic markers of AML. Our objective is to determine the prognostic significance of HLA-DR and CD117 expressions in newly diagnosed AML patients and determine the correlation between HLA-DR and CD117 expressions and other prognostic markers such as cytogenetic abnormalities, FLT3-ITD, response to treatment, and patient’s survival.

Methods

This study included 100 newly diagnosed AML patients. All patients were subjected to clinical, morphological, cytochemical, cytogenetic analysis, molecular genetic analysis to detect FLT3-ITD, and Flowcytometric detection of HLA-DR, CD117, and CD 34.

Results

The results showed that HLA-DR expression was found in 75 patients (77.3%), while CD117 expression was found in 63 patients (64.9%). Patients with HLA-DR expression showed significantly higher mean Hb concentration, significantly higher platelet count, associated with AML-FAB subtypes (M0, M1, and M2), CD34 expression, and favorable cytogenetic group. M3 subtype was significantly associated with HLA-DR-ve. While patients with CD117 expression showed significantly lower platelets count. Double positive patients (HLA-DR+ve/CD117+ve) showed significant association with the intermediate cytogenetic group, while double-negative patients (HLA-DR-ve/CD117-ve) were associated with the favorable and intermediate cytogenetic group and either positive (HLA-DR+ve /CD117-ve or HLA-DR-ve/CD117+ve) associated with poor cytogenetic groups. FLT3-ITD expression had significantly worse overall survival.

Conclusion

The current study suggested that the expression of CD117 and HLA-DR may be a prognostic marker in AML, as they are associated with M0, M1, and M2 FAB subtypes; moreover, patients with combined HLA-DR and CD117 positive expression are associated with CD34 expression and intermediate cytogenetic group.

An unknown chromosomal aberration in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Extra isochromosome 4q

The genetic characterization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has made significant progress over the past few years. Chromosomal abnormalities are detected in up to 80% of patients. Determination of new chromosomal disorders is important in the pathogenesis and treatment facilities. A patient was diagnosed with CLL Stage 2 on 2012 and followed since then by hematology clinic. She was 63 years old. Mature, small lymphocytes, and smudge cell was found in the patient's peripheral blood smear. Bone marrow (BM) biopsy made and hypercellularity showing infiltration of atypical cells with CD5+, CD20+, and CD23+ were determined. Hypoplasia is detected in myeloid/erythroid series, and Stage 2 reticular fibers proliferation were detected. The patient was followed up without medication. While follow-up of patient's white blood cell: 57300, hemoglobin: 5.36, and PLT: 99700 are determined in May 2014. According to the patient's flow results, CD5+, CD23+, and FMC7+ were detected. Mature, small lymphocytes and smudge cell was found in the patient's peripheral blood smear. In ultrasonography imaging, multiple laps were found in the abdomen and multiple neck lymph nodes were detected. The patient BM aspiration was performed in 2014, and hypercellularity was found to contain 54% of atypical lymphocytes in the BM. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis made two times in 2014. At first, FISH analysis patient's rate of 18% in RB1/13q14.2/13qter revealed a deletion of the gene regions. Patient's FISH result was reported as normal (for RB1/13q14.2/13qter) after 5 months at second analysis. Cytogenetic analysis is made from the patient's BM at the same time. According to the results of karyotyping and FISH, 47, XX, isochromosome 4q (+i4q) is determined. According to literature, extra isochromosome 4q is reported by our case for the first time in CLL. She was diagnosed with Stage 4 CLL and FISH treatment was initiated. Our patient showed disease progression compared to previous results. Hence, we offer that this evidence can be considered regarding triggering the disease's progression or as a result of disease progression i4q was occurred.

Effects of Contamination by Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Chromosomes, Serum Biochemistry and Histopathology of the Bonylip Barb Fish Near Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR

The objectives of the present study were to determine the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in water, sediment and Osteochilus vittatus fish, and to assess chromosome aberrations, serum biochemical changes and histopathological alterations in O. vittatus from the Nam Kok river near the Sepon gold-copper mine, Lao People’s Democratic Republic compared with the reference area. The results showed that Fe, Mn and Ni in water, As and Cd in sediment as well as As, Cd, Cr, Mn and Ni in O. vittatus muscle samples near the gold-copper mine exceeded standard values. Furthermore, the chromosome assessment in O. vittatus revealed seven types of chromosome aberrations, and the highest total number of chromosome aberrations was a centromere gap. The total number of chromosome aberrations, cell number with chromosome aberrations and percentage of chromosome aberrations in O. vittatus as well as serum liver enzymes between the studied areas were significantly different (p < 0.05). The liver histopathological alterations of the fish near the gold-copper mine revealed atypical cellular structures as nuclear membrane degeneration, rough endoplasmic reticulum disintegration and abnormal cytoplasmic mitochondria. The results of this study suggested that heavy metal and metalloid contaminations from the Sepon gold-copper mine area negatively affect O. vittatus fish in terms of chromosomal defects, serum biochemical changes and liver histopathological appearances.

First cytogenetic information on four checkered beetles (Coleoptera, Cleridae)

The karyotypes of four species of Cleridae (Coleoptera): Trichodes favarius (Illiger, 1802), Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817, Trichodes reichei (Mulsant et Rey, 1863), and Tilloidea transversalis (Charpentier, 1825) were reported for the first time with this study. The chromosome numbers of these four species were determined as 2n = 18, sex chromosome system Xy_p, and all chromosomes were metacentric (the except y chromosome). Together with this study, the chromosome data of only 17 species are available in this family. It is remarkable that all of them display the same chromosome number and similar karyotypes. This may make the effect of karyotypical features important in interpreting the evolutionary process of Cleridae.

Adult Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia-current concepts in cytogenetic abnormalities and outcomes

Recurrent chromosomal and molecular abnormalities characterize acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) subtypes in both adult and pediatric patients and are of great value for diagnosis, risk stratification, disease monitoring and treatment selection. The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which creates a novel hybrid gene called BCR-ABL1, is the most common cytomolecular genetic abnormality in adult ALL patients. As the understanding of the genetic characteristics of Ph-positive ALL continues to improve, the prognostic value of cytogenetic abnormalities is becoming increasingly recognized. It is likely that the clinical guidelines and recommendations will also evolve. Accordingly, it will be very important to effectively and economically utilize current knowledge to guide treatment decisions within the clinical context of each patient. In this review, we will summarize the advances in the understanding of cytogenetic abnormalities in adult patients with Ph+ ALL, with an emphasis on the incidence, characteristics and prognosis of different types of abnormalities, to provide a basis for the clinical prognostic stratification and precise individualized treatment of these patients.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Qatar (2010-2016): Clinical, Biological, and Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcomes

The current study retrospectively evaluated cytogenetic profiles, various prognostic factors, and survival outcomes in 128 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (14 ≤ age ≤ 70 years) admitted to the National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, between January 2010 and December 2016. The median age at diagnosis was 43 years, and 80% were less than 60 years old; 75% of patients were male. Cytogenetic analysis was integrated into the World Health Organization 2008 classification and showed that the percentages of normal and abnormal karyotypes were similar, accounting for 48.4% of each group of patients. The AML risk stratification based on cytogenetic analysis resulted in the following distribution: 18% in the favorable risk group, 57% in the intermediate-risk group, 24% in the unfavorable risk group, and 1% unknown. Only 88 patients received therapy with curative intent; 67% achieved complete remission, increasing to 81% after inductions 1 and 2. The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in AML patients were 26.6 and 19.5 months, respectively. The 3-year OS and DFS were 40 and 36%, respectively. Prognostic factors including age, gender, white blood cell count, and risk stratification were not significantly associated with treatment outcomes, whereas response to treatment vs. failure was significantly associated with the outcome (p = 0.01). The current study supports the importance of cytogenetics as a useful tool in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk assessment in AML treatment.

Cytogenetic and FISH analysis of 93 multiple myeloma Moroccan patients

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease characterized by heterogeneous clinical presentations as well as complex genetic and molecular abnormalities. In MM, cytogenetic analysis is a challenge because of the low proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Thus, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), performed on sorted plasma cells detected abnormalities independently of a proliferative and infiltrative index. The purpose of this study was to explore, for the first time, the cytogenetic and molecular genetics features in Moroccan patients with multiple myeloma referred exclusively to National Reference Laboratory and to determine their risk stratification based on these features.

Methods

We performed cytogenetic analysis on 93 MM cases, all patients were subjected to FISH analysis, among which 45 patients have benefited from both FISH analysis and standard karyotype.

Results

Karyotype was normal in 78% (35/45) while, it was complex with varied structural and numerical abnormalities in 22% (10/45) of all patients, among which Hyperdiploid karyotype was found in 9% (n = 4 cases) and nonhyperdiploid in 13% (n = 6 cases). The most common numerical abnormalities were gains of chromosomes 3, 5, 9, 15, and 19. Whole chromosome losses were also frequent, affecting chromosomes X, 3, 14, 16 and 22. FISH analysis detected abnormalities in 50% of cases. The translocation t(4;14) and dup (1q) were the most frequent types of anomalies (14% and 13% respectively), followed by (17p) deletion and 14q32/IGH translocations with an undetermined origin (12% each) then the (1p) deletion (4%). For the normal karyotypes, FISH revealed chromosome abnormalities in 46%.

Conclusion

This study compares the results of cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal abnormalities in the Moroccan population with other countries. ½ patient showed at least one type of molecular genetic abnormalities. Therefore, the introducing of the cytogenetic analysis is obligatory in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.

Phylogenetic Analysis and Karyotype Evolution in Two Species of Core Gruiformes: Aramides cajaneus and Psophia viridis

Gruiformes is a group with phylogenetic issues. Recent studies based on mitochondrial and genomic DNA have proposed the existence of a core Gruiformes, consisting of five families: Heliornithidae, Aramidae, Gruidae, Psophiidae and Rallidae. Karyotype studies on these species are still scarce, either by conventional staining or molecular cytogenetics. Due to this, this study aimed to analyze the karyotype of two species (Aramides cajaneus and Psophia viridis) belonging to families Rallidae and Psopiidae, respectively, by comparative chromosome painting. The results show that some chromosome rearrangements in this group have different origins, such as the association of GGA5/GGA7 in A. cajaneus, as well as the fission of GGA4p and association GGA6/GGA7, which place P. viridis close to Fulica atra and Gallinula chloropus. In addition, we conclude that the common ancestor of the core Gruiformes maintained the original syntenic groups found in the putative avian ancestral karyotype.

De Novo Duplication of Chromosome 9p in a Female Infant: Phenotype and Genotype Correlation

Trisomy 9p syndrome is the fourth most frequent chromosome aberration seen in infants. Duplication of the critical region 9p22p24 leads to mental retardation, psychomotor delay, and craniofacial and digital anomalies. We report a 2-year-old Ecuadorian girl with Trisomy 9p syndrome. Although her phenotype shares characteristics of Noonan syndrome, Giemsa trypsin banding technique shows there is an extra chromosomal segment on chromosome 14, and array analysis shows that it belongs to a duplication of 38 Mb of 9p13.1p24.3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis detected three signals from 9p chromosome. The duplication is de novo, being another unique case of the few reported in the literature.

The Robertsonian translocation of '21/22' in Nonobstructive Azoospermia: A Rare Case Report from India

Robertsonian translocation is a subtype of balanced translocation involving two acrocentric chromosomes. Individuals who are carrier of this abnormality are at increased risk of infertility or bad obstetric history. This case is reported with the aim to describe a male who presented with nonobstructive azoospermia at a tertiary care center. The individual was phenotypically normal but carrier of a Robertsonian translocation of two acrocentric chromosomes. With this literature, we emphasize that conventional cytogenetic is an essential diagnostic tool for screening genetic factors in infertility.

GREB1-CTNNB1 fusion transcript detected by RNA-sequencing in a uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT): A novel CTNNB1 rearrangement

Mutations of CTNNB1 have been implicated in tumorigenesis in many organs. However, tumors harboring a CTNNB1 translocation are extremely rare and this translocation has never been reported in a uterine mesenchymal neoplasm. We report a novel translocation t(2;3)(p25;p22) involving the GREB1 (intron 8) and CTNNB1 (exon 3) in a uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT), which exhibited extrauterine metastasis. The translocation detected by RNA-sequencing was validated by RT-PCR, and resulted in nuclear expression of β-catenin. Juxtapositioning with GREB1, which is overexpressed in response to estrogens, resulted in overexpression of a truncated and hypophosphorylated nuclear β-catenin in the primary and recurrent tumors. This accumulation of nuclear β-catenin results in a constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway with a major oncogenic effect. The CTNNB1 gene fusion, promoted by an estrogen-responsive gene (GREB1), could be a potential driver of tumorigenesis in this case and a therapeutic target with adapted inhibitors. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry performed on 11 additional UTROSCTs showed no CTNNB1 fusion transcript or nuclear β-catenin immunoreactivity.

Discovery platform for inhibitors of IgH gene enhancer activity

Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) translocations are common and early oncogenic events in B cell and plasma cell malignancies including B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM). IgH translocations bring oncogenes into close proximity with potent enhancer elements within the IgH locus, leading to oncogene up-regulation. As IgH enhancer activity is tightly controlled by B cell lineage-specific signaling and transcriptional networks, we hypothesized that IgH enhancers are potentially druggable targets/elements. To test this, we developed a molecular imaging-based high-throughput screening platform for discovering inhibitors of IgH enhancer-driven transcriptional activity. As proof of concept, we identified a low micromolar potency molecule (compound 30666) that inhibited immunoglobulin production by MM cells and blocked expression of an array of IgH translocation-induced oncogenes (CCND1, FGFR3/MMSET, and MYC) in MM and NHL cell lines. Prolonged exposure to 30666 significantly reduced the viability of IgH translocation-positive NHL and MM cells, but was less effective against cells lacking IgH translocations. Compound 30666 exhibited suitable pharmacological properties, including metabolic stability in liver microsomes and oral bioavailability in mice, and demonstrated preclinical anti-MM activity in a plasmacytoma mouse model. Our work suggests that IgH enhancers are attractive and potentially druggable targets for IgH translocation driven malignancies.

Aplastic anemia: Etiology, molecular pathogenesis, and emerging concepts

Aplastic anemia (AA) is rare disorder of bone marrow failure which if severe and not appropriately treated is highly fatal. AA is characterized by morphologic marrow features, namely hypocellularity, and resultant peripheral cytopenias. The molecular pathogenesis of AA is not fully understood, and a uniform process may not be the culprit across all cases. An antigen-driven and likely autoimmune dysregulated T-cell homeostasis is implicated in the hematopoietic stem cell injury which ultimately founds the pathologic features of the disease. Defective telomerase function and repair may also play a role in some cases as evidenced by recurring mutations in related telomerase complex genes such as TERT and TERC. In addition, recurring mutations in BCOR/BCORL, PIGA, DNMT3A, and ASXL1 as well as cytogenetic abnormalities, namely monosomy 7, trisomy 8, and uniparental disomy of the 6p arm seem to be intimately related to AA pathogenesis. The increased incidence of late clonal disease has also provided clues to accurately describe plausible predispositions to the development of AA. The emergence of newer genomic sequencing and other techniques is incrementally improving the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of AA, the detection of the disease, and ultimately offers the potential to improve patient outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunobiology, molecular pathogenesis, and future directions of such for AA.

Chondroid and osseous metaplasia in an incidental type II papillary renal cell carcinoma with extensive solid areas: an unraveled molecular character

Chondroid and osseous metaplasia in a Type II Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) with extensive solid areas is a complex histological combination that has not been reported before. A 21 years old male presented with a comminuted fracture of right femur. On hematological investigations he was found to have low RBC count and hemoglobin. Radiological examination revealed an incidental, exophytic complex solid and cystic, mass lesion measuring 7 x 6.5 x 4.9 cm with thickened walls, septation and calcification. It was completely replacing upper pole of the left kidney with extension into perinephric fat. Enlarged para aortic and hilar nodes with necrosis were also noted. Radiological diagnosis was infectious processes such as tuberculosis versus malignancy. Surgical intervention comprising left partial nephrectomy was done. Histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis yielded the above diagnosis. Cytogenetic studies did not reveal gain of chromosome 7 and/or 17 or loss of chromosome Y, a characteristic genetic profile of PRCC. This case could be representative of a unique histological variant of PRCC in which the molecular profile yet needs to be unraveled.

Karyotype variation of CHO host cell lines over time in culture characterized by chromosome counting and chromosome painting

Genomic rearrangements are a common phenomenon in rapidly growing cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a feature that in the context of production of biologics may lead to cell line and product instability. Few methods exist to assess such genome wide instability. Here, we use the population distribution of chromosome numbers per cell as well as chromosome painting to quantify the karyotypic variation in several CHO host cell lines. CHO-S, CHO-K1 8 mM glutamine, and CHO-K1 cells adapted to grow in media containing no glutamine were analyzed over up to 6 months in culture. All three cell lines were clearly distinguishable by their chromosome number distribution and by the specific chromosome rearrangements that were present in each population. Chromosome Painting revealed a predominant karyotype for each cell line at the start of the experiment, completed by a large number of variants present in each population. Over time in culture, the predominant karyotype changed for CHO-S and CHO-K1, with the diversity increasing and new variants appearing, while CHO-K1 0 mM Gln preferred chromosome pattern increased in percent of the population over time. As control, Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were shown to also contain an increasing number of variants over time in culture.

Prevalence of cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the southern part of Turkey

BACKGROUND

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia among adults in Western populations. CLL has a wide range of clinical presentations and varied outcomes. For CLL, cytogenetic assessment is essential for estimating prognoses and determining the treatment of choice. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique is widely used for genetic assessment due to its high sensitivity.

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate the frequencies of deletions of 13q14.3, 17p13.1, 11q22.3, and 13q34 and of trisomy 12 and to observe their effects on survival in 226 Turkish CLL patients using FISH analysis.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

The frequencies of abnormalities were 65.4% for del 13q14.3, 39.8% for del 17p13.1, 19% for del 11q22.3 (del ATM), and 15.9% for trisomy 12. No patients had a 13q34.3 aberration. Our results are partially consistent with literature findings. However, certain conflicts with prior results were observed, particularly with respect to the high prevalence of 17p13.1 deletions and the enhanced survival of patients with such deletions. These inconsistencies may represent population-based differences in the genetic epidemiology of CLL.

Origin of C. latifolia and C. aurantiifolia triploid limes: the preferential disomic inheritance of doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime is consistent with an interploid hybridization hypothesis

Background and Aims

Two main types of triploid limes are produced worldwide. The 'Tahiti' lime type (Citrus latifolia) is predominant, while the 'Tanepao' type (C. aurantiifolia) is produced to a lesser extent. Both types result from natural interspecific hybridization involving a diploid gamete of C. aurantiifolia 'Mexican' lime type (itself a direct interspecific C. micrantha × C. medica hybrid). The meiotic behaviour of a doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime, the interspecific micrantha/medica recombination and the resulting diploid gamete structures were analysed to investigate the possibility that 'Tahiti' and 'Tanepao' varieties are derived from natural interploid hybridization.

Methods

A population of 85 tetraploid hybrids was established between a doubled-diploid clementine and a doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime and used to infer the genotypes of 'Mexican' lime diploid gametes. Meiotic behaviour was studied through combined segregation analysis of 35 simple sequenbce repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphismn (SNP) markers covering the nine citrus chromosomes and cytogenetic studies. It was supplemented by pollen viability assessment.

Key Results

Pollen viability of the doubled-diploid Mexican lime (64 %) was much higher than that of the diploid. On average, 65 % of the chromosomes paired as bivalents and 31.4 % as tetravalents. Parental heterozygosity restitution ranged from 83 to 99 %. Disomic inheritance with high preferential pairing values was deduced for three chromosomes. Intermediate inheritances, with disomic trend, were found for five chromosomes, and an intermediate inheritance was observed for one chromosome. The average effective interspecific recombination rate was low (1.2 cM Mb-1).

Conclusion

The doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime had predominantly disomic segregation, producing interspecific diploid gamete structures with high C. medica/C. micrantha heterozygosity, compatible with the phylogenomic structures of triploid C. latifolia and C. aurantiifolia varieties. This disomic trend limits effective interspecific recombination and diversity of the diploid gamete population. Interploid reconstruction breeding using doubled-diploid lime as one parent is a promising approach for triploid lime diversification.

Clinical, pathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular profiling in self-identified black women with uterine leiomyomata

Black women are disproportionately affected by uterine leiomyomata (UL), or fibroids, compared to other racial groups, having a greater lifetime risk of developing UL and an earlier age of diagnosis. In order to elucidate molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for the increased prevalence and morbidity associated with UL in black women, clinical, pathologic, cytogenetic, and select molecular profiling (MED12 mutation analysis) of 75 self-reported black women undergoing surgical treatment for UL was performed. Our observations are broadly representative of previous cytogenetic studies of UL: karyotypically abnormal tumors were detected in 30.7% of women and 17.4% of analyzed tumors. No notable association was observed between race and increased occurrence of cytogenetic abnormalities that might contribute to any population-specific morbidity or prevalence rate. Our data on MED12 mutation analyses (73.2% of tumors harbored a MED12 mutation) provide additional support for a significant role of MED12 in tumorigenesis. Although the effect of MED12-mediated tumorigenesis appears significant irrespective of race, other genetic events such as the distribution of karyotypic abnormalities appear differently in black women. This case series indicates that presently recognized genetic and molecular characteristics of UL do not appear to explain the increased prevalence and morbidity of UL in black women.

Effect of sampling procedure on the quality control metrics of cytoscan HD array for studying cytogenetic aspects of colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVES

The method of colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue sampling would affect its molecular profile and the downstream processing. In this study, we described the impact of CRC tissue sampling procedures on the quality control (QC) metrics of cytoscan HD array.

METHODS

We employed a high-resolution cytoscan HD microarray platform to investigate the chromosomal aberrations that could be associated with CRC. We compared the tissue extraction procedures and their impact on the QC parameters from the cytoscan HD array determined by chromosome analysis software (Suite3.1). Median of absolute values of all pairwise differences (MAPD), waviness-standard deviation (Waviness-SD), and single nucleotide polymorphism QC (SNPQC) were the QC parameters that were analyzed.

RESULTS

From 67 patients, we collected 843 colorectal tissues. Of these, 65.7% were obtained through endoscopic procedures, and the rest was after surgical resections. The mean transit time between tissue excision and preservation was 26 ± 15.5 and 74.6 ± 24.8 min, respectively. The tissues extracted from the surgical procedure showed mean MAPD of 0.28 ± 0.06 compared to 0.24 ± 0.06, for endoscopy, P = 0.005, degree of waviness-SD of 0.20 ± 0.1 compared to 0.2 ± 0.1, P = 0.64, and SNPQC of 9.6 ± 4.2 compared to 11.1 ± 4.6, P = 0.23.

CONCLUSIONS

This report provides objective results that can help in tissue sampling intended to be used for DNA based molecular studies. Tissue collection protocol should be optimized to support microarray-analysis methods. Tissue extraction from endoscopic procedures had faster transit time and relatively better quality metrics outcome than surgical procedures. However, surgical procedures have less refusal rate, higher tissue quantity, and less negative results for malignancy.

Rare 48, XYYY syndrome: case report and review of the literature

48, XYYY syndrome is a rare condition. A male with 32-year-old and three Y chromosomes is described. This syndrome is phenotypically similar to Klinefelter syndrome. In this patient, Semi-Klinefelter characteristics such as tall stature, teeth dysmorphology, long length of fingers, partial deformity of the joints, likewise mental health problems were obvious.

Analysis of common cytogenetic abnormalities in New Zealand pediatric ALL shows ethnically diverse carriage of ETV6-RUNX1, without a corresponding difference in survival

BACKGROUND

The frequency of common cytogenetic abnormalities in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is known to vary by geographic location and ethnic origin. This study aimed to determine the frequency of hypodiploidy, ETV6-RUNX1, BCR-ABL1, and MLL rearrangement within New Zealand's pediatric ALL population and to assess whether the frequency of these ALL prognostic markers varies according to ethnicity.

PROCEDURE

The New Zealand Children's Cancer Registry provided information for all registered pediatric ALL patients that were diagnosed between 2000 and 2009, with medical records available for 246 patients. Each patient's medical record was reviewed to determine the frequency of hypodiploidy, ETV6-RUNX1, BCR-ABL1, MLL rearrangement, and cell lineage. Chi-square tests for independence were undertaken to compare the frequencies of cytogenetic abnormalities according to prioritized ethnicity.

RESULTS

The frequency of cytogenetic ALL abnormalities in the New Zealand pediatric population were consistent with international reference values. A low frequency of ETV6-RUNX1 was evident for Maori pediatric ALL patients (5.4%, P = 0.018), when compared to Pacific peoples (21.1%) and non-Maori/non-Pacific peoples (27.4%). This has not impacted on outcome, however, with equivalent 5-year overall survival being observed in Maori (89.4%) compared to Pacific peoples (92.0%) and non-Maori/non-Pacific peoples (90.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

A lower frequency of the favorable prognostic marker ETV6-RUNX1 was observed in Maori pediatric ALL patients. This did not translate into poorer survival. Future research into biological and nonbiological prognostic factors in this patient population may assist in explaining this finding.

Advances in the understanding and management of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare T-cell neoplasm with an aggressive clinical course. Leukemic T-cells exhibit a post-thymic T-cell phenotype (Tdt-, CD1a-, CD5+, CD2+ and CD7+) and are generally CD4+/CD8-, but CD4+/CD8+ or CD8+/CD4- T-PLL have also been reported. The hallmark of T-PLL is the rearrangement of chromosome 14 involving genes for the subunits of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, leading to overexpression of the proto-oncogene TCL1. In addition, molecular analysis shows that T-PLL exhibits substantial mutational activation of the IL2RG-JAK1-JAK3-, STAT5B axis. T-PLL patients have a poor prognosis, due to a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibody therapy with antiCD52-alemtuzumab has considerably improved outcomes, but the responses to treatment are transient; hence, patients who achieve a response to therapy are considered for stem cell transplantation (SCT). This combined approach has extended the median survival to four years or more. Nevertheless, new approaches using well-tolerated therapies that target growth and survival signals are needed for most patients unable to receive intensive chemotherapy.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia With a Rare t(7;14)(q21;q32) and Trisomy 4 With Poor Clinical Outcome: A Case Report

Objectives

Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities and/or molecular aberrations play an important role in the diagnosis and prognostification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We describe a case of a 40 year old woman diagnosed with de novo AML with a novel t(7;14)(q21,q32) and trisomy 4 with poor clinical outcome. Methods: Morphologic, flow cytometry and cytogenetic results of the patient's peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were analyzed.

Results

The diagnostic bone marrow was hypercellular for age (>95%) with increased blasts (62%) that by flow cytometry exhibited myeloid differentiation with a few T/NK lineage markers. Cytogenetics showed a t(7;14)(q21,q32) and trisomy 4. The patient had extremely poor response to two rounds of induction chemotherapy with persistent leukemia following therapy.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, the t(7;14) is a novel cytogenetic abnormality that has not been reported previously in acute myeloid leukemia, and is important to report as it appears to be associated with poor prognosis.

Micronuclei assay in exfoliated buccal cells of radiation treated oral cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Micronuclei are suitable internal dosimeters for revealing tissue-specific genotoxic damage in individuals exposed to carcinogenic mixtures. Evaluation of radiation-induced cellular changes to predict radiosensitivity has invested many investigators since such changes were first found in biopsy material.

AIM

The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship of with histopathological grade and number of radiation therapy sittings with the frequency of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies among oral cancer patients.

MATERIAL & METHOD

Thirty male patients with histologically proven cases of oral cancer undergoing radiation therapy and age and sex matched 20 healthy controls were included in the study. Scrape cytology smears of exfoliated buccal cells were prepared and stained using Feulgen stain and frequency of micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies counts were evaluated with the help of light microscope expressed as per 1000 buccal cells.

RESULTS

The mean values of the micronuclei and nuclear anomalies were 14.03 and 21.30 respectively. There was a significant association and strong positive correlation of Radiation exposure and grades of squamous cell carcinoma with micronuclei and nuclear anomalies. There was no statistically significant association and correlation between nuclear anomalies in well differentiated and moderately differentiated carcinomas.

CONCLUSION

With increase number of radiation therapy sittings, there was increase in number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies. Hence the result of this study highlights that increased number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies provides information regarding radiosensitivity of epithelial cells.

Clinico-Pathological Spectrum and Novel Karyotypic Findings in Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Experience of Tertiary Care Center in India

Background

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized clinically by the presence of cytopenia/s. Limited data are available about the morphological spectrum and cytogenetic profile of Indian MDS patients. The aim of the study was to ascertain the clinico-pathological, morphological and cytogenetic spectrum of Indian MDS patients.

Material and methods

A retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with MDS from June 2012 to December 2016 was performed. Their clinical and laboratory data were collated and reviewed.

Results

A total of 150 patients with primary MDS were evaluated with M: F ratio of 1.6:1 and the median age of 55.5 years. 64% patients presented with pancytopenia and 31% with bicytopenia. Morphologically they included MDS-MLD [63 (42%)], MDS-EB 2, [33 (22%)], MDS-EB 1 [32 (21.3%)], MDS-SLD [13 (8.6%)] and two cases (1.4%) each of MDS-SLD-RS, MDS-MLD-RS, and RCC. An abnormal cytogenetic profile was detected in 50% patients. Complex karyotype was observed to be the commonest abnormality (32.5%), and chromosome 7 was the most frequently involved chromosome. Isolated deletion 5q was seen in 6.9 % cases. Novel translocations like t(9;22)(q11.2;q34.2), t(1;5)(p22;q33), t(1;12)(p34;p11.2) and t(5;7;9)(q13;q32;p22) were observed in addition to other complex abnormalities. The majority of the patients belonged to the high risk IPSS-R prognostic groups (31.4%); followed by intermediate and very high-risk groups, 29% and 24.4% respectively.

Conclusion

The median age of patients in India is a decade younger than the western population. Complex karyotype was observed to be the commonest cytogenetic abnormality, while the frequency of deletion 5q and trisomy 8 was much lower as compared to the west. The majority of the patients were in high to very high IPSS-R risk categories and seventy percent individuals below 40 years showed abnormal karyotype, indicating that Indian MDS patients have high disease burden at a young age and thus more likelihood for leukemic transformation.

Additional cytogenetic abnormalities and variant t(9;22) at the diagnosis of childhood chronic myeloid leukemia: The experience of the International Registry for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children and Adolescents

BACKGROUND

In the adult population with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), variant translocations are usually not considered to be impairing the prognosis, whereas some additional cytogenetic abnormalities (ACAs) are associated with a negative impact on survival. Because of the rarity of CML in the pediatric population, such abnormalities have not been investigated in a large group of children with CML.

METHODS

The prognostic relevance of variant t(9;22) and ACAs at diagnosis was assessed in 301 children with CML in the chronic phase who were enrolled in the International Registry for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children and Adolescents.

RESULTS

Overall, 19 children (6.3%) presented with additional cytogenetic findings at diagnosis: 5 children (1.7%) had a variant t(9;22) translocation, 13 children (4.3%) had ACAs, and 1 had both. At 3 years, for children with a classic translocation, children with ACAs, and children with a variant t(9;22) translocation who were treated with imatinib as frontline therapy, the probability of progression-free survival (PFS) was 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91%-97%), 100%, and 75% (95% CI, 13%-96%), respectively, and the probability of overall survival (OS) was 98% (95% CI, 95%-100%), 100% (95% CI, 43%-98%), and 75% (95% CI, 13%-96%), respectively. No statistical difference was observed between the patients with classic cytogenetic findings and those with additional chromosomal abnormalities in terms of PFS and OS.

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to adults with CML, additional chromosomal abnormalities observed at diagnosis do not seem to have a significant prognostic impact. Cancer 2017;123:3609-16. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Neuroblastoma in children: Update on clinicopathologic and genetic prognostic factors

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood accounting for 8-10% of all childhood malignancies. The tumor is characterized by a spectrum of histopathologic features and a heterogeneous clinical phenotype. Modern multimodality therapy results in variable clinical response ranging from cure in localized tumors to limited response in aggressive metastatic disease. Accurate clinical staging and risk assessment based on clinical, surgical, biologic and pathologic criteria are of pivotal importance in assigning prognosis and planning effective treatment approaches. Numerous studies have analyzed the presence of several clinicopathologic and biologic factors in association with the patient's prognosis and outcome. Although patient's age, tumor stage, histopathologic classification, and MYCN amplification are the most commonly validated prognostic markers, several new gene mutations have been identified in sporadic and familial neuroblastoma cases that show association with an adverse outcome. Novel molecular studies have also added data on chromosomal segmental aberrations in MYCN nonamplified tumors. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the clinical, serologic and genetic prognostic indicators in neuroblastoma including classic factors that have consistently played a role in risk stratification of patients as well as newly discovered biomarkers that may show a potential significance in patients' management.

Cytogenetics in the management of multiple myeloma: an update by the Groupe francophone de cytogénétique hématologique (GFCH)

Cytogenetics of multiple myeloma has evolved in recent years by the emergence of Interphasic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) performed on sorted plasma cells detecting abnormalities independently of a proliferative and infiltrative index. Cytogenetic analysis plays a major part in the risk stratification of myeloma diagnosis due to prognostic impact of various cytogenetic abnormalities as well as to the association between emerging therapeutic approaches in MM. Thus, practice guidelines now recommend interphasic FISH or alternative molecular technics as the initial analysis for multiple myeloma. The Groupe francophone de cytogénétique hématologique (GFCH) proposes in this issue an update of managing multiple myeloma cytogenetics.

Chromosomal constitutions of five wheat - Elytrigia elongata partial amphiploids as revealed by GISH, multicolor GISH and FISH

A combination of meiotic pairing analysis and in situ hybridization (genomic in situ hybridization [GISH], multicolor GISH [mcGISH] and fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) of five Triticum aestivum (Linnaeus, 1753) - Elytrigia elongata (Podpěra, 1902) (2n = 10x = 70) amphiploids was employed to investigate the genomic constitution and relationships between wheat and alien chromosomes. GISH, multicolor GISH and FISH patterns of mitotic chromosomes indicate that the genomic constitution of the five partial amphiploids (XY693, XY7430, SN19, SN20 and SN122) are 14A + 12B + 14D + 8Js + 8J, 12A + 16B + 14D + 2St + 8Js + 2J + 2 W-E, 14A + 14B + 14D + 4St + 8Js, 14A + 14B + 14D + 2St + 10Js + 2J, and 14A + 14B + 14D + 2St + 8Js + 4J, respectively. Analysis of meiotic chromosome pairing in the F₁ hybrids between these five partial amphiploids suggests that SN20 and SN122 are the most closely related amphiploids and are somewhat related with XY693 and XY7430. However, the alien chromosome constitutions of SN19 differed from the other four amphiploids. In addition, a new pairing between wheat and E. elongata chromosomes was distinguished in some cells of the hybrids SN19 × XY7430, SN20 × XY7430 and SN122 × XY7430.

Establishment of a Dose-response Curve for X-ray-Induced Micronuclei in Human Lymphocytes

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes is an established technique for biodosimetry. The aim of this project was to generate a X-ray induced micronuclei (MN) curve for peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from five healthy donors. The blood samples were irradiated with X-rays of 122 KeV at a dose rate of 0.652 Gy/min to doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy. The blood samples were then cultured for 72 h at 37°C and processed following the International Atomic Energy Agency standard procedure with slight modifications. The result showed that the yields of MN frequencies were increased with the increase of radiation dose. Reconstruction of the relationship of MN with dose was fitted to a linear-quadratic model using Chromosome Aberration Calculation Software version 2.0. Due to their advantages, mainly, the dependence on radiation dose and dose rate, despite their limitation, these curves will be useful as alternative method for in vitro dose reconstruction and can support the preparedness for public or occupational radiation overexposure and protection. The results reported here also give us confidence to apply the obtained calibration curve of MN for future biological dosimetry requirements in Indonesia.

Analysis of Chromosome 3, 7 and 8 Centromeric Regions in Bronchial Lavage Specimens by FISH

OBJECTIVES

Multiple genetic changes are observed in malignant tumors but are rare or absent in benign conditions. Aneuploidy is the most common feature of solid tumors including lung cancer and diagnosis of malignant tumors is possible through detection of aneuploidy. The aim of this study was to investigate chromosomal abnormalities in cells from non-small cell lung cancer patients obtained bronchoscopically and to evaluate the suitability of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Bronchial lavage samples of 17 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were evaluated with four-color FISH using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes specific for the centromere regions of chromosomes 3, 7 and 8. tested specimens were first hybridized with probes, then visualized under fluorescence microscobe and captured with device's camera.

RESULTS

High number of aneuploidic cells were detected in all the samples. Increased or decreased abnormal copies or chromosomes 3, 7 and 8 were obserced in all the 17 patients. Aneuploidy of chromosome 3 (21.35%) was higher than those of chromosome 7 (9.06%) and chromosome 8 (15.47%). Moreover, our results were significant for monosomy and trisomy of chromosome 3, trisomy of chromosome 7, nullisomy, monosomy and trisomy of, chromosome 8 (p< 0.05).

CONCLUSION

It has been observed that FISH is a useful technique for detection of aneuploidy in bronchial lavage samples obtained by bronchoscopy. Interphase cells were evaluated without cell culturing with this method and high number of tumor cells were enumerated rapidly. Our study has demonstrated that, FISH technique may be used successfully in detection of chromosome number abnormalities in NSCLC patients and may facilitate evaluation of genetic abnormalities.

Cytogenetics in the management of "chronic myeloid leukemia": an update by the Groupe francophone de cytogénétique hématologique (GFCH)

Cytogenetic evaluation is one the most important criteria for diagnosis and response to treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia, and recent baseline prognostic factors including particular additional clonal cytogenetic abnormalities have been established. The French cytogenetic group in hematology GFCH proposes here an updating of recommendations for cytogenetic assessment of CML in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.