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Almasri A, El-Kour TY, Silva L, Abdulfattah Y. Evaluating the Energy Efficiency of Popular US Smartphone Health Care Apps: Comparative Analysis Study Toward Sustainable Health and Nutrition Apps Practices. JMIR Hum Factors 2024; 11:e58311. [PMID: 38729624 DOI: 10.2196/58311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of smartphones has sparked a transformation across multiple fields, with health care being one of the most notable due to the advent of mobile health (mHealth) apps. As mHealth apps have gained popularity, there is a need to understand their energy consumption patterns as an integral part of the evolving landscape of health care technologies. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify the key contributors to elevated energy consumption in mHealth apps and suggest methods for their optimization, addressing a significant void in our comprehension of the energy dynamics at play within mHealth apps. METHODS Through quantitative comparative analysis of 10 prominent mHealth apps available on Android platforms within the United States, this study examined factors contributing to high energy consumption. The analysis included descriptive statistics, comparative analysis using ANOVA, and regression analysis to examine how certain factors impact energy use and consumption. RESULTS Observed energy use variances in mHealth apps stemmed from user interactions, features, and underlying technology. Descriptive analysis revealed variability in app energy consumption (150-310 milliwatt-hours), highlighting the influence of user interaction and app complexity. ANOVA verified these findings, indicating the critical role of engagement and functionality. Regression modeling (energy consumption = β₀ + β₁ × notification frequency + β₂ × GPS use + β₃ × app complexity + ε), with statistically significant P values (notification frequency with a P value of .01, GPS use with a P value of .05, and app complexity with a P value of .03), further quantified these bases' effects on energy use. CONCLUSIONS The observed differences in the energy consumption of dietary apps reaffirm the need for a multidisciplinary approach to bring together app developers, end users, and health care experts to foster improved energy conservation practice while achieving a balance between sustainable practice and user experience. More research is needed to better understand how to scale-up consumer engagement to achieve sustainable development goal 12 on responsible consumption and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Almasri
- College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tatyana Y El-Kour
- Media Psychology Department, Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Liliana Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yousef Abdulfattah
- College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shanthi C, Anoop AS, Paul MJV, Narmadha D, Harikumar S, Bhuyan L. Casting Machines in Dentistry - A Review Part I. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2024; 16:S46-S48. [PMID: 38595500 PMCID: PMC11000866 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_923_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental casting machine is an electrical device used to extrude molten materials to fabricate dental prostheses such as crowns, bridges, intracoronal and extracoronal restorations, and removable partial dentures. The casting process basically include melting and casting. Firstly, the solid material is heated in a crucible in temperature-controlled conditions to melt the material to its smelled form. The dental casting process is a complex one with multifaceted steps and equipment. Different types of casting machines are available to produce heat using different sources and techniques. It includes Arc melting, Open flame casting, and Electrical resistance. Arc melting involves the application of an electric or gas discharge on tungsten electrodes, causing the metal base to melt utilizing the heat produced by arcing. Open flame casting or induction melting employs water-cooled alternate current induction coils to induce heat. However, resistance heating uses electric current to melt precious metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Shanthi
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. S. Anoop
- Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marciano John Vialli Paul
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Narmadha
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sindhoori Harikumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mallareddy Institute of Dental Science, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lipsa Bhuyan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Li B, Zhou L, Wang B, Yin M, Qian Y, Shi X, Guo Z, Han Z, Hu N, Sun L. Nanoscale Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in a Metal Matrix to Boost Thermal and Electrical Conductivity via Facile Ball Milling Techniques. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2815. [PMID: 37887965 PMCID: PMC10609409 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)/metal composites have attracted much attention due to their enhanced electrical and thermal performance. How to achieve the scalable fabrication of composites with efficient dispersion of CNTs to boost their performance remains a challenge for their wide realistic applications. Herein, the nanoscale dispersion of CNTs in the Stannum (Sn) matrix to boost thermal and electrical conductivity via facile ball milling techniques was demonstrated. The results revealed that CNTs were tightly attached to metal Sn, resulting in a much lower resistivity than that of bare Sn. The resistivity of Sn with 1 wt.% and 2 wt.% CNTs was 0.087 mΩ·cm and 0.056 mΩ·cm, respectively. The theoretical calculation showed that there was an electronic state near the Fermi level, suggesting its electrical conductivity had been improved to a certain extent. In addition, the thermal conductivity of Sn with 2 wt.% CNTs was 1.255 W·m-1·K-1. Moreover, Young's modulus of the composites with CNTs mass fraction of 10 wt.% had low values (0.933 MPa) under low strain conditions, indicating the composite shows good potential for various applications with different flexible requirements. The good electrical and thermal conductive CNT networks were formed in the metal matrix via facile ball milling techniques. This strategy can provide guidance for designing high-performance metal samples and holds a broad application potential in electronic packaging and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Maoshu Yin
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Yong Qian
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xianglei Shi
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhejun Guo
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhao Han
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electronics, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road No. 800, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Nantao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electronics, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road No. 800, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Lijie Sun
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China; (B.L.); (L.Z.); (B.W.); (M.Y.); (Y.Q.); (X.S.); (Z.G.)
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Wang Y, Li L, Ji YE, Wang T, Fu Y, Li X, Li G, Zheng T, Wu L, Han Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Kaplan DL, Lu Y. Silk-protein-based gradient hydrogels with multimode reprogrammable shape changes for biointegrated devices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305704120. [PMID: 37549277 PMCID: PMC10434304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305704120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible and morphable hydrogels capable of multimode reprogrammable, and adaptive shape changes are potentially useful for diverse biomedical applications. However, existing morphable systems often rely on complicated structural designs involving cumbersome and energy-intensive fabrication processes. Here, we report a simple electric-field-activated protein network migration strategy to reversibly program silk-protein hydrogels with controllable and reprogrammable complex shape transformations. The application of a low electric field enables the convergence of net negatively charged protein cross-linking networks toward the anode (isoelectric point plane) due to the pH gradient generated in the process, facilitating the formation of a gradient network structure and systems suitable for three-dimensional shape change. These tunable protein networks can be reprogrammed or permanently fixed by control of the polymorphic transitions. We show that these morphing hydrogels are capable of conformally interfacing with biological tissues by programming the shape changes and a bimorph structure consisting of aligned carbon nanotube multilayers and the silk hydrogels was assembled to illustrate utility as an implantable bioelectronic device for localized low-voltage electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve in a rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA02155
| | - Luhe Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yue-E. Ji
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yinghao Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA02155
| | - Guicai Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong226001, China
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong226001, China
| | - Linliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong226001, China
| | - Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong226001, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA02155
| | - Yanqing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
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Atta A, Alotiby MF, Al-Harbi N, El-Aassar MR, Uosif MAM, Rabia M. Fabrication, Structural Properties, and Electrical Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Dielectric Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3067. [PMID: 37514455 PMCID: PMC10386517 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This research paper aims to fabricate flexible PVA/Cs/TiO2 nanocomposite films consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (Cs), and titanium oxide (TiO2) for application in energy storage devices. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The impact of TiO2 on the electrical impedance, conductivity, permittivity, and energy efficiency of the PVA/Cs was determined in a frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 GHz. The XRD, FTIR, and EDX results showed the successful fabrications of the PVA/Cs/TiO2. The SEM and AFM images illustrated that the TiO2 was loaded and distributed homogenously in PVA/Cs chains. In addition, the electrical conductivity was enhanced from 0.04 × 10-7 S.cm-1 of PVA/Cs to 0.25 × 10-7 S.cm-1 and 5.75 × 10-7 S.cm-1, respectively, for the composite PVA/Cs/0.01TiO2 and PVA/Cs/0.1TiO2, and the dielectric constant grew from 2.46 for PVA/Cs to 7.38 and 11.93, respectively. These results revealed that modifications were made to the produced films, paving the way for using the composite PVA/Cs/TiO2 films in different energy applications, such as electronic circuits and supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atta
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Alotiby
- Nuclear Technologies Institute (NTI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha Al-Harbi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R El-Aassar
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A M Uosif
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Rabia
- Nanomaterials Science Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Nanophotonics and Applications Laboratory, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Alsaad AM, Al-Bataineh QM, Qattan IA, Aljarrah IA, Bani-Salameh AA, Ahmad AA, Albiss BA, Telfah A, Sabirianov RF. Physicochemical Properties of Organic Molecular Ferroelectric Diisopropylammonium Chloride Thin Films. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1200. [PMID: 37049294 PMCID: PMC10097090 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated ferroelectric films of the organic molecular diisopropylammonium chloride (DIPAC) using the dip-coating technique and characterized their properties using various methods. Fourier-transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the structural features of the films. We also performed ab-initio calculations to investigate the electronic and polar properties of the DIPAC crystal, which were found to be consistent with the experimental results. In particular, the optical band gap of the DIPAC crystal was estimated to be around 4.5 eV from the band structure total density-of-states obtained by HSE06 hybrid functional methods, in good agreement with the value derived from the Tauc plot analysis (4.05 ± 0.16 eV). The films displayed an island-like morphology on the surface and showed increasing electrical conductivity with temperature, with a calculated thermal activation energy of 2.24 ± 0.03 eV. Our findings suggest that DIPAC films could be a promising alternative to lead-based perovskites for various applications such as piezoelectric devices, optoelectronics, sensors, data storage, and microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M. Alsaad
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Qais M. Al-Bataineh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Issam A. Qattan
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ihsan A. Aljarrah
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Areen A. Bani-Salameh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad A. Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Borhan A. Albiss
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Telfah
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Nanotechnology Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Renat F. Sabirianov
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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Martens JM, Fiala K, Glover C, Zacharias N, Abd-Elsayed A. Use of Spinal Cord Stimulators in Patients With Pacemakers or Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: A Review of Documented Accounts of Interference. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:43-56. [PMID: 34327771 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the currently available evidence regarding associations between spinal cord stimulator (SCS) lead type, clinical indications for device placement, and interference between SCSs and cardiac pacemakers (CPMs)/implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). STUDY DESIGN Review of case reports and original research studies assessing the interference between SCS and CPM/ICD. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for articles commenting on the interference between SCS and CPM/ICD. The search criteria which generated the greatest number of relevant studies was (spinal cord stimulator AND [pacemaker OR implantable cardioverter defibrillator]). Additional, empiric review was conducted using JSTOR, ScienceDirect, and EBSCOhost databases; however, no additional eligible studies were identified. Data were extracted, summarized into tables, and quantitatively analyzed using LibreTexts and MedCalc software. RESULTS There was no statistically significant interference observed between SCS and CPM/ICD devices in patients regardless of indication for SCS placement and SCS lead polarity. LIMITATIONS Limited by variability of patient cases and variability in maximum frequency and amplitude of SCS devices tried in individual cases. Also limited by small sample size and the absence of a standard definition for device interference across studies. CONCLUSIONS Interference between cardiac devices and SCSs is a rare occurrence. As there are currently no published guidelines, devices should be interrogated on a case-by-case basis in the SCS trial period (if implanted after cardiac device), during permanent implantation, and during scheduled follow-up visits. Peri-operative testing should include increasing the SCS settings to maximally tolerated levels with cardiac device set at its maximum sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Manuel Martens
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth Fiala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher Glover
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas Zacharias
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Gidado IM, Qassem M, Triantis IF, Kyriacou PA. Review of Advances in the Measurement of Skin Hydration Based on Sensing of Optical and Electrical Tissue Properties. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22197151. [PMID: 36236250 PMCID: PMC9571519 DOI: 10.3390/s22197151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of water in the skin is crucial for maintaining the properties and functions of the skin, in particular its outermost layer, known as the stratum corneum, which consists of a lipid barrier. External exposures can affect the skin's hydration levels and in turn, alter its mechanical and physical properties. Monitoring these alterations in the skin's water content can be applicable in clinical, cosmetic, athletic and personal settings. Many techniques measuring this parameter have been investigated, with electrical-based methods currently being widely used in commercial devices. Furthermore, the exploration of optical techniques to measure hydration is growing due to the outcomes observed through the penetration of light at differing levels. This paper comprehensively reviews such measurement techniques, focusing on recent experimental studies and state-of-the-art devices.
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Bavaharan A, Skilbeck C. Electrical signalling in prokaryotes and its convergence with quorum sensing in Bacillus. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100193. [PMID: 35195292 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of electrical signalling in bacteria is an emerging paradigm. Bacillus subtilis biofilms exhibit electrical communication that regulates metabolic activity and biofilm growth. Starving cells initiate oscillatory extracellular potassium signals that help even the distribution of nutrients within the biofilm and thus help regulate biofilm development. Quorum sensing also regulates biofilm growth and crucially there is convergence between electrical and quorum sensing signalling axes. This makes B. subtilis an interesting model for cell signalling research. SpoOF is predicted to act as a logic gate for signalling pathway convergence, raising interesting questions about the functional nature of this gate and the relative importance of these disparate signals on biofilm behaviour. How is an oscillating signal integrated with a quorum signal? The model presented offers rich opportunities for future experimental and theoretical modelling research. The importance of direct cell-to-cell electrical signalling in prokaryotes, so characteristic of multicellular eukaryotes, is also discussed.
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Choi SM, Shin EJ, Zo SM, Rao KM, Seok YJ, Won SY, Han SS. Revised Manuscript with Corrections: Polyurethane-Based Conductive Composites: From Synthesis to Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1938. [PMID: 35216059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to outline the extended applications of polyurethane (PU)-based nanocomposites incorporated with conductive polymeric particles as well as to condense an outline on the chemistry and fabrication of polyurethanes (PUs). Additionally, we discuss related research trends of PU-based conducting materials for EMI shielding, sensors, coating, films, and foams, in particular those from the past 10 years. PU is generally an electrical insulator and behaves as a dielectric material. The electrical conductivity of PU is imparted by the addition of metal nanoparticles, and increases with the enhancing aspect ratio and ordering in structure, as happens in the case of conducting polymer fibrils or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Nanocomposites with good electrical conductivity exhibit noticeable changes based on the remarkable electric properties of nanomaterials such as graphene, RGO, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Recently, conducting polymers, including PANI, PPY, PTh, and their derivatives, have been popularly engaged as incorporated fillers into PU substrates. This review also discusses additional challenges and future-oriented perspectives combined with here-and-now practicableness.
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Moustafa EB, Alazwari MA, Abushanab WS, Ghandourah EI, Mosleh AO, Ahmed HM, Taha MA. Influence of Friction Stir Process on the Physical, Microstructural, Corrosive, and Electrical Properties of an Al-Mg Alloy Modified with Ti-B Additives. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:835. [PMID: 35160780 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two successive methods were used to improve the grain structure and the mechanical and physical properties of Al 5052 aluminum alloy. The modifying elements, 0.99 wt.% of titanium (Ti) and 0.2 wt.% of boron (B), were added during the casting process. After solidification, single- and double-pass friction stir processing (FSP) were performed to achieve additional grain refinement and disperse the newly formed phases well. The addition of Ti-B modifiers significantly improved the mechanical and physical properties of the Al 5052 aluminum alloy. Nevertheless, only a 3% improvement in microhardness was achieved. The ultimate strength (US), yield strength (YS), and elastic modulus were investigated. In addition, the electrical conductivity was reduced by 56% compared to the base alloys. The effects of grain refinement on thermal expansion and corrosion rate were studied; the modified alloy with Ti-B in the as-cast state showed lower dimension stability than the samples treated with the FSP method. The grain refinement significantly affected the corrosion resistance; for example, single and double FSP passes reduced the corrosion rate by 11.4 times and 19.2 times, respectively. The successive FSP passes, resulting in a non-porous structure, increased the bulk density and formed precipitates with high bulk density.
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12
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Feás X, Vidal C, Vázquez-Tato MP, Seijas JA. Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), Venom Obtention Based on an Electric Stimulation Protocol. Molecules 2021; 27:138. [PMID: 35011370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)) is naturally distributed in China, Southeast Asia, and India; however, recently it has been detected outside of its native area, confirmed as being established in South Korea, Europe, and Japan. Health risks and deaths caused by the invasive Vespa velutina stings have become a public health concern, being the most common cause of anaphylaxis due to hymenopterans in some European regions. This in turn has led to increased demand from medical practitioners and researchers for Vespa velutina venom for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this study, a straightforward, quick, and inexpensive method for obtaining Vespa velutina venom by electric stimulation is described. The venom extracts were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The availability of Vespa velutina venom will lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods, mainly by venom immunotherapy (VIT), in patients allergic to this invasive species.
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13
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Williams KJ, Moore HM, Ellis M, Davies AH. Pilot Trial of Neuromuscular Stimulation in Human Subjects with Chronic Venous Disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:771-778. [PMID: 34880620 PMCID: PMC8647721 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s320883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuromuscular stimulation (NMES) has been shown to improve peripheral blood flow in healthy people. We investigated the effect of bilateral leg NMES on the symptoms of chronic venous disease. Methods Forty subjects were recruited from four groups: healthy, superficial insufficiency, deep insufficiency, and deep obstruction. Haemodynamic venous measurements were taken from the right femoral vein with ultrasound, laser Doppler fluximetry from the left hand and foot. Devices were then worn for 4–6 hours per day, for 6 weeks. Haemodynamic measurements were repeated at week 6. Quality of life questionnaires were taken at week 0, 6 and 8. Results The mean age was 48.7, BMI 28.6kg/m2, and maximum calf circumference 39.0 cm. Twenty-four subjects were men. NMES increased femoral vein peak velocity, TAMV and volume flow by 55%, 20%, 36% at 20 minutes (all p<0.05), which was enhanced at week 6 (PV and TAMV p<0.05). Mean increases in arm and leg fluximetry were 71% and 194% (both p<0.01). Leg swelling was reduced by mean 252.7 mL (13%, p<0.05) overall; 338.9 mL (16%, p<0.05) in venous disease. For those with venous pathology, scores for disease specific and generic quality of life questionnaires improved. Those with C4-6 disease benefitted the most, with improvements in VDS score of 1, AVVQ of 6, and SF-12 of 10. Conclusion NMES improves venous haemodynamic parameters in chronic venous disease, which is enhanced by regular use. NMES reduces leg oedema, improves blood supply to the skin of the foot, and may positively affect quality of life. Clinical Trials This trial was registered with www.clinicaltrials.org.uk (NCT02137499).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley M Moore
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mary Ellis
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alun H Davies
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Dua R, Rashad Z, Spears J, Dunn G, Maxwell M. Applications of 3D-Printed PEEK via Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4046. [PMID: 34833346 PMCID: PMC8619676 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is an organic polymer that has excellent mechanical, chemical properties and can be additively manufactured (3D-printed) with ease. The use of 3D-printed PEEK has been growing in many fields. This article systematically reviews the current status of 3D-printed PEEK that has been used in various areas, including medical, chemical, aerospace, and electronics. A search of the use of 3D-printed PEEK articles published until September 2021 in various fields was performed using various databases. After reviewing the articles, and those which matched the inclusion criteria set for this systematic review, we found that the printing of PEEK is mainly performed by fused filament fabrication (FFF) or fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers. Based on the results of this systematic review, it was concluded that PEEK is a versatile material, and 3D-printed PEEK is finding applications in numerous industries. However, most of the applications are still in the research phase. Still, given how the research on PEEK is progressing and its additive manufacturing, it will soon be commercialized for many applications in numerous industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Dua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA; (Z.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Zuri Rashad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA; (Z.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Joy Spears
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA; (Z.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Grace Dunn
- The Governor’s School for Science and Technology, Hampton, VA 23666, USA;
| | - Micaela Maxwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
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15
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Abstract
Optical lenses with electrically controllable focal length are of growing interest, in order to reduce the complexity, size, weight, response time and power consumption of conventional focusing/zooming systems, based on glass lenses displaced by motors. They might become especially relevant for diverse robotic and machine vision-based devices, including cameras not only for portable consumer electronics (e.g. smart phones) and advanced optical instrumentation (e.g. microscopes, endoscopes, etc.), but also for emerging applications like small/micro-payload drones and wearable virtual/augmented-reality systems. This paper reviews the most widely studied strategies to obtain such varifocal “smart lenses”, which can electrically be tuned, either directly or via electro-mechanical or electro-thermal coupling. Only technologies that ensure controllable focusing of multi-chromatic light, with spatial continuity (i.e. continuous tunability) in wavefronts and focal lengths, as required for visible-range imaging, are considered. Both encapsulated fluid-based lenses and fully elastomeric lenses are reviewed, ranging from proof-of-concept prototypes to commercially available products. They are classified according to the focus-changing principles of operation, and they are described and compared in terms of advantages and drawbacks. This systematic overview should help to stimulate further developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihao Chen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Ghilardi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J C Busfield
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Carpi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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16
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Clementy N, Bodin A, Bisson A, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Roger S, Angoulvant D, Labas V, Babuty D. The Defibrillation Conundrum: New Insights into the Mechanisms of Shock-Related Myocardial Injury Sustained from a Life-Saving Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095003. [PMID: 34066832 PMCID: PMC8125879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) are recommended to prevent the risk of sudden cardiac death. However, shocks are associated with an increased mortality with a dose response effect, and a strategy of reducing electrical therapy burden improves the prognosis of implanted patients. We review the mechanisms of defibrillation and its consequences, including cell damage, metabolic remodeling, calcium metabolism anomalies, and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic remodeling. Electrical shocks do save lives, but also promote myocardial stunning, heart failure, and pro-arrhythmic effects as seen in electrical storms. Limiting unnecessary implantations and therapies and proposing new methods of defibrillation in the future are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clementy
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; (A.B.); (A.B.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
- Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation T2I-EA 4245, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-247-474-687; Fax: +33-247-475-919
| | - Alexandre Bodin
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; (A.B.); (A.B.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Arnaud Bisson
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; (A.B.); (A.B.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
- Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation T2I-EA 4245, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France;
| | - Ana-Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- Plate-forme de Chirurgie et d’Imagerie pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement (CIRE), INRA, Université de Tours, CHU de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.-P.T.-G.); (V.L.)
| | - Sebastien Roger
- Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation T2I-EA 4245, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France;
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; (A.B.); (A.B.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
- Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation T2I-EA 4245, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France;
| | - Valérie Labas
- Plate-forme de Chirurgie et d’Imagerie pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement (CIRE), INRA, Université de Tours, CHU de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.-P.T.-G.); (V.L.)
| | - Dominique Babuty
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; (A.B.); (A.B.); (D.A.); (D.B.)
- Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation T2I-EA 4245, Université de Tours, 37044 Tours, France;
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17
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Chung NTK, Nguyen PT, Tung HT, Phuc DH. Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell: Photoanodes, Counter Electrodes, and Electrolytes. Molecules 2021; 26:2638. [PMID: 33946485 PMCID: PMC8125700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we provide the reader with an overview of quantum dot application in solar cells to replace dye molecules, where the quantum dots play a key role in photon absorption and excited charge generation in the device. The brief shows the types of quantum dot sensitized solar cells and presents the obtained results of them for each type of cell, and provides the advantages and disadvantages. Lastly, methods are proposed to improve the efficiency performance in the next researching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kim Chung
- Thu Dau Mot University, Number 6, Tran Van on Street, Phu Hoa Ward, Thu Dau Mot 55000, Vietnam;
| | - Phat Tan Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City 70250, Vietnam;
| | - Ha Thanh Tung
- Faculty of Physics, Dong Thap University, Cao Lanh City 870000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Huu Phuc
- Laboratory of Applied Physics, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70880, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70880, Vietnam
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18
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Xiong F, Yalon E, McClellan CJ, Zhang J, Aslan B, Sood A, Sun J, Andolina CM, Saidi WA, Goodson KE, Heinz TF, Cui Y, Pop E. Tuning electrical and interfacial thermal properties of bilayer MoS 2via electrochemical intercalation. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:265202. [PMID: 33601363 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe78a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered two-dimensional (2D) materials such as MoS2have attracted much attention for nano- and opto-electronics. Recently, intercalation (e.g. of ions, atoms, or molecules) has emerged as an effective technique to modulate material properties of such layered 2D films reversibly. We probe both the electrical and thermal properties of Li-intercalated bilayer MoS2nanosheets by combining electrical measurements and Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate reversible modulation of carrier density over more than two orders of magnitude (from 0.8 × 1012to 1.5 × 1014cm-2), and we simultaneously obtain the thermal boundary conductance between the bilayer and its supporting SiO2substrate for an intercalated system for the first time. This thermal coupling can be reversibly modulated by nearly a factor of eight, from 14 ± 4.0 MW m-2K-1before intercalation to 1.8 ± 0.9 MW m-2K-1when the MoS2is fully lithiated. These results reveal electrochemical intercalation as a reversible tool to modulate and control both electrical and thermal properties of 2D layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Eilam Yalon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Connor J McClellan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Burak Aslan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Aditya Sood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Andolina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E Goodson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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19
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Abstract
In this paper, I draw an analogy between the use of electricity by electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) to paralyze prey muscles and the use of venoms that paralyze prey by disrupting the neuromuscular junction. The eel’s strategy depends on the recently discovered ability of eels to activate prey motor neuron efferents with high-voltage pulses. Usually, eels use high voltage to cause brief, whole-body tetanus, thus preventing escape while swallowing prey whole. However, when eels struggle with large prey, or with prey held precariously, they often curl to bring their tail to the opposite side. This more than doubles the strength of the electric field within shocked prey, ensuring maximal stimulation of motor neuron efferents. Eels then deliver repeated volleys of high-voltage pulses at a rate of approximately 100 Hz. This causes muscle fatigue that attenuates prey movement, thus preventing both escape and defense while the eel manipulates and swallows the helpless animal. Presumably, the evolution of enough electrical power to remotely activate ion channels in prey efferents sets the stage for the selection of eel behaviors that functionally “poison” prey muscles.
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20
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Beauchamp MS, Oswalt D, Sun P, Foster BL, Magnotti JF, Niketeghad S, Pouratian N, Bosking WH, Yoshor D. Dynamic Stimulation of Visual Cortex Produces Form Vision in Sighted and Blind Humans. Cell 2021; 181:774-783.e5. [PMID: 32413298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A visual cortical prosthesis (VCP) has long been proposed as a strategy for restoring useful vision to the blind, under the assumption that visual percepts of small spots of light produced with electrical stimulation of visual cortex (phosphenes) will combine into coherent percepts of visual forms, like pixels on a video screen. We tested an alternative strategy in which shapes were traced on the surface of visual cortex by stimulating electrodes in dynamic sequence. In both sighted and blind participants, dynamic stimulation enabled accurate recognition of letter shapes predicted by the brain's spatial map of the visual world. Forms were presented and recognized rapidly by blind participants, up to 86 forms per minute. These findings demonstrate that a brain prosthetic can produce coherent percepts of visual forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Beauchamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denise Oswalt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brett L Foster
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John F Magnotti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Soroush Niketeghad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William H Bosking
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Yoshor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Zhang M, Wang X, Huang Z, Rao W. Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors. Biosensors (Basel) 2020; 10:E170. [PMID: 33182535 PMCID: PMC7696291 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are the core elements for obtaining significant physiological information from living organisms. To better sense life information, flexible biosensors and implantable sensors that are highly compatible with organisms are favored by researchers. Moreover, materials for preparing a new generation of flexible sensors have also received attention. Liquid metal is a liquid-state metallic material with a low melting point at or around room temperature. Owing to its high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, and superior fluidity, liquid metal is emerging as a highly desirable candidate in biosensors. This paper is dedicated to reviewing state-of-the-art applications in biosensors that are expounded from seven aspects, including pressure sensor, strain sensor, gas sensor, temperature sensor, electrical sensor, optical sensor, and multifunctional sensor, respectively. The fundamental scientific and technological challenges lying behind these recommendations are outlined. Finally, the perspective of liquid metal-based biosensors is present, which stimulates the upcoming design of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkuan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, UK;
| | - Wei Rao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Rav Acha M, Soifer E, Hasin T. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Miniaturized and Micro Devices. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E902. [PMID: 33003460 PMCID: PMC7600795 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in the miniaturization of high-density power sources, electronic circuits, and communication technologies enabled the construction of miniaturized electronic devices, implanted directly in the heart. These include pacing devices to prevent low heart rates or terminate heart rhythm abnormalities ('arrhythmias'), long-term rhythm monitoring devices for arrhythmia detection in unexplained syncope cases, and heart failure (HF) hemodynamic monitoring devices, enabling the real-time monitoring of cardiac pressures to detect and alert for early fluid overload. These devices were shown to prevent HF hospitalizations and improve HF patients' life quality. Pacing devices include permanent pacemakers (PPM) that maintain normal heart rates, defibrillators that are capable of fast detection and the termination of life-threatening arrhythmias, and cardiac re-synchronization devices that improve cardiac function and the survival of HF patients. Traditionally, these devices are implanted via the venous system ('endovascular') using conductors ('endovascular leads/electrodes') that connect the subcutaneous device battery to the appropriate cardiac chamber. These leads are a potential source of multiple problems, including lead-failure and systemic infection resulting from the lifelong exposure of these leads to bacteria within the venous system. One of the important cardiac innovations in the last decade was the development of a leadless PPM functioning without venous leads, thus circumventing most endovascular PPM-related problems. Leadless PPM's consist of a single device, including a miniaturized power source, electronic chips, and fixating mechanism, directly implanted into the cardiac muscle. Only rare device-related problems and almost no systemic infections occur with these devices. Current leadless PPM's sense and pace only the ventricle. However, a novel leadless device that is capable of sensing both atrium and ventricle was recently FDA approved and miniaturized devices that are designed to synchronize right and left ventricles, using novel intra-body inner-device communication technologies, are under final experiments. This review will cover these novel implantable miniaturized cardiac devices and the basic algorithms and technologies that underlie their development. Advancement in the miniaturization of high-density power sources, electronic circuits, and communication technologies enabled the construction of miniaturized electronic devices, implanted directly in the heart. These include pacing devices to prevent low heart rates or terminate heart rhythm abnormalities ('arrhythmias'), long-term rhythm monitoring devices for arrhythmia detection in unexplained syncope cases, and heart failure (HF) hemodynamic monitoring devices, enabling the real-time monitoring of cardiac pressures to detect and alert early fluid overload. These devices were shown to prevent HF hospitalizations and improve HF patients' life quality. Pacing devices include permanent pacemakers (PPM) that maintain normal heart rates, defibrillators that are capable of fast detection and termination of life-threatening arrhythmias, and cardiac re-synchronization devices that improve cardiac function and survival of HF patients. Traditionally, these devices are implanted via the venous system ('endovascular') using conductors ('endovascular leads/electrodes') that connect the subcutaneous device battery to the appropriate cardiac chamber. These leads are a potential source of multiple problems, including lead-failure and systemic infection that result from the lifelong exposure of these leads to bacteria within the venous system. The development of a leadless PPM functioning without venous leads was one of the important cardiac innovations in the last decade, thus circumventing most endovascular PPM-related problems. Leadless PPM's consist of a single device, including a miniaturized power source, electronic chips, and fixating mechanism, implanted directly into the cardiac muscle. Only rare device-related problems and almost no systemic infections occur with these devices. Current leadless PPM's sense and pace only the ventricle. However, a novel leadless device that is capable of sensing both atrium and ventricle was recently FDA approved and miniaturized devices designed to synchronize right and left ventricles, using novel intra-body inner-device communication technologies, are under final experiments. This review will cover these novel implantable miniaturized cardiac devices and the basic algorithms and technologies that underlie their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Rav Acha
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 910000, Israel;
| | - Elina Soifer
- Vectorious Medical Technologies, Tel Aviv 610000, Israel;
| | - Tal Hasin
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 910000, Israel;
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23
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Shen Y, Han Y, Zhan R, Chen X, Wen S, Huang W, Sun F, Wei Y, Chen H, Wu J, Chen J, Xu N, Deng S. Pyramid-Shaped Single-Crystalline Nanostructure of Molybdenum with Excellent Mechanical, Electrical, and Optical Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24218-24230. [PMID: 32374587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Specific geometric morphology and improved crystalline properties are of great significance for the development of materials in micro-nano scale. However, for high-melting molybdenum (Mo), it is difficult to get high-quality structures exhibiting a single-crystalline nature and preconceived morphology simultaneously. In this paper, a pyramid-shaped single-crystalline Mo nanostructure was prepared through a thermal evaporation technique, as well as a series of experimental controls. Based on detailed characterizations, the growth mechanism was demonstrated to follow a sequential process that includes MoO2 decomposition and Mo deposition, single-crystalline islands formation, layered nucleation, and competitive growth. Furthermore, the product was measured to show excellent physical properties. The prepared nanostructures exhibited strong nano-indentation hardness, elastic modulus, and tensile strength in mechanical measurements, which are much higher than those of the Mo bulks. In the measurement of electronic characteristics, the individual structures indicated very good electrical transport properties, with a conductance of ∼0.16 S. The prepared film with an area of 0.02 cm2 showed large-current electron emission properties with a maximum current of 33.6 mA and a current density of 1.68 A cm-2. Optical properties of the structures were measured to show obvious electromagnetic field localization and enhancement, which enabled it to have good surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity as a substrate material. The corresponding structure-response relationships were further discussed. The reported physical properties profit from the basic features of the Mo nanostructures, including the micro-nano scale, the single-crystalline nature in each grain, as well as the pyramid-shaped top morphology. The findings may provide a potential material for the research and application of micro-nano electrons and photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Runze Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiya Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Dudnikov VA, Orlov YS, Solovyov LA, Vereshchagin SN, Gavrilkin SY, Tsvetkov AY, Velikanov DA, Gorev MV, Novikov SV, Ovchinnikov SG. Effect of Multiplicity Fluctuation in Cobalt Ions on Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of NdCoO 3 and SmCoO 3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061301. [PMID: 32178469 PMCID: PMC7144116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural, magnetic, electrical, and dilatation properties of the rare-earth NdCoO3 and SmCoO3 cobaltites were investigated. Their comparative analysis was carried out and the effect of multiplicity fluctuations on physical properties of the studied cobaltites was considered. Correlations between the spin state change of cobalt ions and the temperature dependence anomalies of the lattice parameters, magnetic susceptibility, volume thermal expansion coefficient, and electrical resistance have been revealed. A comparison of the results with well-studied GdCoO3 allows one to single out both the general tendencies inherent in all rare-earth cobaltites taking into account the lanthanide contraction and peculiar properties of the samples containing Nd and Sm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav A. Dudnikov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.A.D.); (D.A.V.); (S.G.O.)
| | - Yuri S. Orlov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.A.D.); (D.A.V.); (S.G.O.)
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Leonid A. Solovyov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (L.A.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Sergey N. Vereshchagin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (L.A.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Sergey Yu. Gavrilkin
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.G.); (A.Y.T.)
| | - Alexey Yu. Tsvetkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.G.); (A.Y.T.)
| | - Dmitriy A. Velikanov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.A.D.); (D.A.V.); (S.G.O.)
| | - Michael V. Gorev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.A.D.); (D.A.V.); (S.G.O.)
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Novikov
- Ioffe Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sergey G. Ovchinnikov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.A.D.); (D.A.V.); (S.G.O.)
- Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Abstract
Graphene-based materials that can spontaneously response to external stimulations have triggered rapidly increasing research interest for developing smart devices due to their excellent electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. The specific behaviors as bending, curling, and swing are benefit for designing and fabricating the smart actuation system. In this minireview, we overview and summarize some of the recent advancements of stimuli-responsive actuators based on graphene materials. The external stimulus usually is as electrical, electrochemical, humid, photonic, and thermal. The advancement and industrialization of graphene preparation technology would push forward the rapid progress of graphene-based actuators and broaden their application including smart sensors, robots, artificial muscles, intelligent switch, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaoshun Gao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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26
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Luna SPL, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli in antinociceptive studies in standing horses: an update. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:15-27. [PMID: 31813668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a literature review of the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive devices used in pharmacological studies in standing horses published after 2011 (2012-2019). To complete a full literature review about electrical stimulation used for evaluation in similar studies. DATABASES USED PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science. CONCLUSIONS A high level of standardization has been reached in antinociceptive studies in standing horses using thermal and mechanical stimuli in most recent years. Commercially available testing devices to deliver thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli, with observation of aversive responses to these stimuli, are reliable, sensitive and specific. For electrical stimulus testing, there is evidence that the resistance between the electrodes should be measured and should not exceed 3 kΩ to guarantee consistent and reproducible stimuli. The specific analysis of electromyographic activity after an electrical stimulus provides more detailed information about the neurons stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK.
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Gasthuys
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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Alshammari BA, Al-Mubaddel FS, Karim MR, Hossain M, Al-Mutairi AS, Wilkinson AN. Addition of Graphite Filler to Enhance Electrical, Morphological, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties in Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate): Experimental Characterization and Material Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091411. [PMID: 31466258 PMCID: PMC6780200 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/graphite (PET/G) micro-composites were fabricated by the melt compounding method using a minilab extruder. The carbon fillers were found to act as nucleating agents for the PET matrix and hence accelerated crystallization and increased the degree of crystallinity. TGA showed that carbon fillers improved the resistance to thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation under both air and nitrogen atmospheres. However, a poor agreement was observed at higher loadings of the filler where the composites displayed reduced reinforcement efficiency. The results demonstrate that the addition of graphite at loading >14.5 wt.% made electrically conductive composites. It was calculated that the electric conductivities of PET/graphite micro-composites were enhanced, above the percolation threshold values by two orders of magnitudes compared to the PET matrix. The minimum value of conductivity required to avoid electrostatic charge application of an insulating polymer was achieved, just above the threshold values. The addition of graphite also improved thermal stability of PET, accelerated its crystallization process and increased the degree of crystallinity. Microscopic results exhibit no indication of aggregations at 2 wt.% graphite, whereas more agglomeration and rolling up could be seen as the graphite content was increased in the PET matrix (in particular, above the percolation threshold value). Furthermore, based on the mechanical experimental characterization of the PET/graphite micro-composites, a large deformation-based mathematical model is proposed for material behavior predictions. The model fits well the experimental data and predicts other mechanical data that are not included in the parameter identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A Alshammari
- Materials Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Rezaul Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | | | - Arthur N Wilkinson
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Folorunso O, Hamam Y, Sadiku R, Ray SS, Joseph AG. Parametric Analysis of Electrical Conductivity of Polymer-Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081250. [PMID: 31362397 PMCID: PMC6722708 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem associated with mixtures of fillers and polymers is that they result in mechanical degradation of the material (polymer) as the filler content increases. This problem will increase the weight of the material and manufacturing cost. For this reason, experimentation on the electrical conductivities of the polymer-composites (PCs) is not enough to research their electrical properties; models have to be adopted to solve the encountered challenges. Hitherto, several models by previous researchers have been developed and proposed, with each utilizing different design parameters. It is imperative to carry out analysis on these models so that the suitable one is identified. This paper indeed carried out a comprehensive parametric analysis on the existing electrical conductivity models for polymer composites. The analysis involves identification of the parameters that best predict the electrical conductivity of polymer composites for energy storage, viz: (batteries and capacitor), sensors, electronic device components, fuel cell electrodes, automotive, medical instrumentation, cathode scanners, solar cell, and military surveillance gadgets applications. The analysis showed that the existing models lack sufficient parametric ability to determine accurately the electrical conductivity of polymer-composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladipo Folorunso
- French South African Institute of Technology (F'SATI)/Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Yskandar Hamam
- French South African Institute of Technology (F'SATI)/Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique, Cité Descartes, 2 Boulevard Blaise Pascal, Noisy-le-Grand, 93160 Paris, France
| | - Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nanoengineering Research (INER)/Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Adekoya Gbolahan Joseph
- Institute of Nanoengineering Research (INER)/Department of Chemical, Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Sabanci S, Cevik M, Cokgezme OF, Yildiz H, Icier F. Quality characteristics of pomegranate juice concentrates produced by ohmic heating assisted vacuum evaporation. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:2589-2595. [PMID: 30411365 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vacuum evaporation (VE) process is widely utilized in fruit juice evaporation to preserve quality attributes of final product. However, it has some disadvantages such as possible degradation of aroma components or volatile fatty acids due to long process time, and low energy efficiency of process. Pomegranate juice having 17.5% total soluble solid (TSS) content was evaporated to 40% TSS by ohmic heating assisted vacuum evaporation (OVE; 7.5, 10 and 12.5 V cm-1 ) and VE in the present study. The effects of the evaporation methods on pH, titratable acidity and colour values, antioxidant activity (AA), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total phenolic content (TPC), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and invert sugar content of pomegranate juice concentrates were compared. RESULTS The colour properties, TMA, TPC and AA values of pomegranate juice concentrates evaporated by OVE were more influenced than those evaporated by VE. The degradation of sugars was minimized for OVE processes at high voltage gradients (10 and 12.5 V cm-1 ), and HMF content of pomegranate juice concentrated by OVE was lower than VE. CONCLUSION It is thought that electrochemical reactions occurred because of the use of titanium electrodes during the OVE process caused these quality changes in pomegranate juice concentrates having high acidity. Hence, it was concluded that the utilization of relatively more electrochemically inert electrodes should be investigated in further studies to better evaluate the of influence of OVE method on quality attributes of different fruit juices. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Sabanci
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Food Engineering Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Cevik
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Food Engineering Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omer F Cokgezme
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Food Engineering Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yildiz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Filiz Icier
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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30
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Wang J, Mu X, Sun M. The Thermal, Electrical and ThermoelectricProperties of Graphene Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9020218. [PMID: 30736378 PMCID: PMC6410242 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, as a typical two-dimensional nanometer material, has shown its unique application potential in electrical characteristics, thermal properties, and thermoelectric properties by virtue of its novel electronic structure. The field of traditional material modification mainly changes or enhances certain properties of materials by mixing a variety of materials (to form a heterostructure) and doping. For graphene as well, this paper specifically discusses the use of traditional modification methods to improve graphene’s electrical and thermoelectrical properties. More deeply, since graphene is an atomic-level thin film material, its shape and edge conformation (zigzag boundary and armchair boundary) have a great impact on performance. Therefore, this paper reviews the graphene modification field in recent years. Through the change in the shape of graphene, the change in the boundary structure configuration, the doping of other atoms, and the formation of a heterostructure, the electrical, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of graphene change, resulting in broader applications in more fields. Through studies of graphene’s electrical, thermal, and thermoelectric properties in recent years, progress has been made not only in experimental testing, but also in theoretical calculation. These aspects of graphene are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Wang
- Computational Center for Property and Modification on Nanomaterials, College of Sciences, LiaoningShihua University, Fushun 113001, China.
| | - Xijiao Mu
- Center for Green Innovation, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and InterfaceScience, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Mengtao Sun
- Center for Green Innovation, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and InterfaceScience, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083, China.
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31
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Srivastava S, Patil A, Bedi M, Tawar R. Paediatric electrical burn injuries: experience from a tertiary care burns unit in North India. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2017; 30:185-188. [PMID: 29849520 PMCID: PMC5946754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical burn injuries in the paediatric age group constitute a small proportion of all burn cases and cause significant morbidity and long-term psychosocial impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate various aspects of electrical burn injuries in the paediatric age group in our region. A retrospective review was done of all paediatric electrical burns admitted to a tertiary care burns unit over a period of 12 months (January 2016 to December 2016). There were 77 cases of electrical burns under the age of 16 years. High voltage burns predominated and older age groups were more frequently affected. Male:female ratio was 4.1:1. Amputations were required in 18 (23%), skin grafting in 52 (67%) and flap cover in 29 (37%) patients. There were unfavourable outcomes in 32% patients with a mortality rate of 7.8%. Significant association was found between unfavourable outcomes and high voltage burn injuries and length of hospital stay. The impact of electrical burn injuries is substantial and can be reduced by simple preventive measures such as educating parents, improving health infrastructure and adherence to safety regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Srivastava
- Dr. Aditya Nanasaheb Patil
Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, SMS Hospital, Jaipur302004 (Rajasthan)India.+91 9983308059
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32
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Müller MT, Hilarius K, Liebscher M, Lellinger D, Alig I, Pötschke P. Effect of Graphite Nanoplate Morphology on the Dispersion and Physical Properties of Polycarbonate Based Composites. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10050545. [PMID: 28772907 PMCID: PMC5459028 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the morphology of industrial graphite nanoplate (GNP) materials on their dispersion in polycarbonate (PC) is studied. Three GNP morphology types were identified, namely lamellar, fragmented or compact structure. The dispersion evolution of all GNP types in PC is similar with varying melt temperature, screw speed, or mixing time during melt mixing. Increased shear stress reduces the size of GNP primary structures, whereby the GNP aspect ratio decreases. A significant GNP exfoliation to individual or few graphene layers could not be achieved under the selected melt mixing conditions. The resulting GNP macrodispersion depends on the individual GNP morphology, particle sizes and bulk density and is clearly reflected in the composite’s electrical, thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties. Based on a comparison with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB), CNT are recommended in regard to electrical conductivity, whereas, for thermal conductive or gas barrier application, GNP is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomas Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Konrad Hilarius
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Schlossgartenstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Marco Liebscher
- Institute of Construction Materials, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Georg-Schumann-Straße 7, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Lellinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Schlossgartenstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Ingo Alig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Schlossgartenstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Jain V, Chari R, Maslovitz S, Farine D. Lignes directrices pour la prise en charge d'une patiente enceinte ayant subi un traumatisme. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017; 38:S665-S687. [PMID: 28063573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Eldarrat A, High A, Kale G. Influence of sodium chloride content in electrolyte solution on electrochemical impedance measurements of human dentin. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2017; 14:25-31. [PMID: 28348614 PMCID: PMC5356385 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.201130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sodium chloride (NaCl) content in electrolyte solution on electrochemical impedance measurements of human dentin by employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Materials and Methods: Dentin samples were prepared from extracted molars. Electrochemical impedance measurements were carried out over a wide frequency range (0.01Hz-10MHz). After measurements, samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Results: Electrochemical impedance measurements showed that the mean values of dentin electrical resistance were 4284, 2062, 1336, 53 and 48kΩ at different NaCl contents in electrolyte solution. One-way ANOVA test of mean values of dentin electrical resistance revealed a significant difference (P < 0.0001) as a function of NaCl content in electrolyte solution. Comparing electrical resistance values of dentin samples at 0.05% w/v and 0.9% w/v concentrations were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05 at 95% confidence level). Scanning electron microscopy revealed structure of dentin sample with intertubular dentin matrix and distribution of patent dentinal tubules. Conclusion: This in vitro study indicated, through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, that electrical resistance of dentin was affected by the concentration of NaCl in electrolyte solution. It is clear from the current study that NaCl concentration in electrolyte solution has a marked influence on dentin electrical resistance. Therefore, this baseline data need to be considered in any future study on dental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Eldarrat
- Department of Postgraduation, City of London Dental School, London, UK
| | - Alec High
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, UK
| | - Girish Kale
- Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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35
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Axayacalt GAG, Alejandro CE, Marcos RA, Inocencio RFM, Alfredo HGJ. Brain hemorrhage after electrical burn injury: Case report and probable mechanism. Surg Neurol Int 2016; 7:S759-S762. [PMID: 27904757 PMCID: PMC5114856 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.193728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-voltage electric injury may induce lesion in different organs. In addition to the local tissue damage, electrical injuries may lead to neurological deficits, musculoskeletal damage, and cardiovascular injury. Severe vascular damage may occur making the blood vessels involved prone to thrombosis and spontaneous rupture. Case Description: Here, we present the case of a 39-year-old male who suffered an electrical burn with high tension wire causing intracranial bleeding. He presented with an electrical burn in the parietal area (entry zone) and the left forearm (exit zone). The head tomography scan revealed an intraparenchimatous bleeding in the left parietal area. In this case, the electric way was the scalp, cranial bone, blood vessels and brain, upper limb muscle, and skin. The damage was different according to the dielectric property in each tissue. The injury was in the scalp, cerebral blood vessel, skeletal muscle, and upper limb skin. The main damage was in brain’s blood vessels because of the dielectric and geometric features that lead to bleeding, high temperature, and gas delivering. Conclusion: This is a report of a patient with an electric brain injury that can be useful to elucidate the behavior of the high voltage electrical current flow into the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gutierrez Aceves Guillermo Axayacalt
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, "Dr. Manuel Velasco Suarez", Mexico City, Mexico; Neurosurgery Department, Medical Center, "Adolfo Lopez Mateos", Health Institute of Mexico State. Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico; Neurosurgery Department, American British Cowray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ceja Espinosa Alejandro
- Neurosurgery Department, Medical Center, "Adolfo Lopez Mateos", Health Institute of Mexico State. Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Rios Alanis Marcos
- Neurosurgery Department, Medical Center, "Adolfo Lopez Mateos", Health Institute of Mexico State. Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Ruiz Flores Milton Inocencio
- Neurosurgery Department, Medical Center, "Adolfo Lopez Mateos", Health Institute of Mexico State. Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Herrera Gonzalez Jose Alfredo
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, "Dr. Manuel Velasco Suarez", Mexico City, Mexico
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Coelho DH, Costanzo RM. Spatial Mapping in the Rat Olfactory Bulb by Odor and Direct Electrical Stimulation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:526-32. [PMID: 27165674 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816646358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To directly measure the spatial mapping in the olfactory bulb by odor presentation and by direct electrical stimulation. STUDY DESIGN Experimental (animal). SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Odor (n = 8) and electrical stimulation (n = 4) of the olfactory bulb in rats were used to demonstrate the spatial mapping of neural responses in the olfactory bulb. Both multiunit responses to odor stimulation and evoked potential responses to localized electrical stimulation were measured in different regions of the olfactory bulb. RESULTS Responses that were recorded simultaneously from an array of 32 electrodes positioned at different locations within the olfactory bulb were mapped. Results show different spatial patterns of neural activity for different odors (odor maps). Direct stimulation of the olfactory bulb with electrical current pulses from electrodes positioned at different locations was also effective in generating spatial patterns of neural activity. CONCLUSION These data suggest that by programming an array of stimulating electrodes, it should be possible to selectively activate different regions of the olfactory bulb, generating unique patterns of neural activity as seen in normal smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Coelho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Jain V, Chari R, Maslovitz S, Farine D, Bujold E, Gagnon R, Basso M, Bos H, Brown R, Cooper S, Gouin K, McLeod NL, Menticoglou S, Mundle W, Pylypjuk C, Roggensack A, Sanderson F. Guidelines for the Management of a Pregnant Trauma Patient. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37:553-74. [PMID: 26334607 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical trauma affects 1 in 12 pregnant women and has a major impact on maternal mortality and morbidity and on pregnancy outcome. A multidisciplinary approach is warranted to optimize outcome for both the mother and her fetus. The aim of this document is to provide the obstetric care provider with an evidence-based systematic approach to the pregnant trauma patient. OUTCOMES Significant health and economic outcomes considered in comparing alternative practices. EVIDENCE Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library from October 2007 to September 2013 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., pregnancy, Cesarean section, hypotension, domestic violence, shock) and key words (e.g., trauma, perimortem Cesarean, Kleihauer-Betke, supine hypotension, electrical shock). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies published in English between January 1968 and September 2013. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to February 2014. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS This guideline is expected to facilitate optimal and uniform care for pregnancies complicated by trauma. Summary Statement Specific traumatic injuries At this time, there is insufficient evidence to support the practice of disabling air bags for pregnant women. (III) Recommendations Primary survey 1. Every female of reproductive age with significant injuries should be considered pregnant until proven otherwise by a definitive pregnancy test or ultrasound scan. (III-C) 2. A nasogastric tube should be inserted in a semiconscious or unconscious injured pregnant woman to prevent aspiration of acidic gastric content. (III-C) 3. Oxygen supplementation should be given to maintain maternal oxygen saturation > 95% to ensure adequate fetal oxygenation. (II-1B) 4. If needed, a thoracostomy tube should be inserted in an injured pregnant woman 1 or 2 intercostal spaces higher than usual. (III-C) 5. Two large bore (14 to 16 gauge) intravenous lines should be placed in a seriously injured pregnant woman. (III-C) 6. Because of their adverse effect on uteroplacental perfusion, vasopressors in pregnant women should be used only for intractable hypotension that is unresponsive to fluid resuscitation. (II-3B) 7. After mid-pregnancy, the gravid uterus should be moved off the inferior vena cava to increase venous return and cardiac output in the acutely injured pregnant woman. This may be achieved by manual displacement of the uterus or left lateral tilt. Care should be taken to secure the spinal cord when using left lateral tilt. (II-1B) 8. To avoid rhesus D (Rh) alloimmunization in Rh-negative mothers, O-negative blood should be transfused when needed until cross-matched blood becomes available. (I-A) 9. The abdominal portion of military anti-shock trousers should not be inflated on a pregnant woman because this may reduce placental perfusion. (II-3B) Transfer to health care facility 10. Transfer or transport to a maternity facility (triage of a labour and delivery unit) is advocated when injuries are neither life- nor limb-threatening and the fetus is viable (≥ 23 weeks), and to the emergency room when the fetus is under 23 weeks' gestational age or considered to be non-viable. When the injury is major, the patient should be transferred or transported to the trauma unit or emergency room, regardless of gestational age. (III-B) 11. When the severity of injury is undetermined or when the gestational age is uncertain, the patient should be evaluated in the trauma unit or emergency room to rule out major injuries. (III-C) Evaluation of a pregnant trauma patient in the emergency room 12. In cases of major trauma, the assessment, stabilization, and care of the pregnant women is the first priority; then, if the fetus is viable (≥ 23 weeks), fetal heart rate auscultation and fetal monitoring can be initiated and an obstetrical consultation obtained as soon as feasible. (II-3B) 13. In pregnant women with a viable fetus (≥ 23 weeks) and suspected uterine contractions, placental abruption, or traumatic uterine rupture, urgent obstetrical consultation is recommended. (II-3B) 14. In cases of vaginal bleeding at or after 23 weeks, speculum or digital vaginal examination should be deferred until placenta previa is excluded by a prior or current ultrasound scan. (III-C) Adjunctive tests for maternal assessment 15. Radiographic studies indicated for maternal evaluation including abdominal computed tomography should not be deferred or delayed due to concerns regarding fetal exposure to radiation. (II-2B) 16. Use of gadolinium-based contrast agents can be considered when maternal benefit outweighs potential fetal risks. (III-C) 17. In addition to the routine blood tests, a pregnant trauma patient should have a coagulation panel including fibrinogen. (III-C) 18. Focused abdominal sonography for trauma should be considered for detection of intraperitoneal bleeding in pregnant trauma patients. (II-3B) 19. Abdominal computed tomography may be considered as an alternative to diagnostic peritoneal lavage or open lavage when intra-abdominal bleeding is suspected. (III-C) Fetal assessment 20. All pregnant trauma patients with a viable pregnancy (≥ 23 weeks) should undergo electronic fetal monitoring for at least 4 hours. (II-3B) 21. Pregnant trauma patients (≥ 23 weeks) with adverse factors including uterine tenderness, significant abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, sustained contractions (> 1/10 min), rupture of the membranes, atypical or abnormal fetal heart rate pattern, high risk mechanism of injury, or serum fibrinogen < 200 mg/dL should be admitted for observation for 24 hours. (III-B) 22. Anti-D immunoglobulin should be given to all rhesus D-negative pregnant trauma patients. (III-B) 23. In Rh-negative pregnant trauma patients, quantification of maternal-fetal hemorrhage by tests such as Kleihauer-Betke should be done to determine the need for additional doses of anti-D immunoglobulin. (III-B) 24. An urgent obstetrical ultrasound scan should be undertaken when the gestational age is undetermined and need for delivery is anticipated. (III-C) 25. All pregnant trauma patients with a viable pregnancy who are admitted for fetal monitoring for greater than 4 hours should have an obstetrical ultrasound prior to discharge from hospital. (III-C) 26. Fetal well-being should be carefully documented in cases involving violence, especially for legal purposes. (III-C) Obstetrical complications of trauma 27. Management of suspected placental abruption should not be delayed pending confirmation by ultrasonography as ultrasound is not a sensitive tool for its diagnosis. (II-3D) Specific traumatic injuries 28. Tetanus vaccination is safe in pregnancy and should be given when indicated. (II-3B) 29. Every woman who sustains trauma should be questioned specifically about domestic or intimate partner violence. (II-3B) 30. During prenatal visits, the caregiver should emphasize the importance of wearing seatbelts properly at all times. (II-2B) Perimortem Caesarean section 31. A Caesarean section should be performed for viable pregnancies (≥ 23 weeks) no later than 4 minutes (when possible) following maternal cardiac arrest to aid with maternal resuscitation and fetal salvage. (III-B).
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Sonnay S, Just N, Duarte JMN, Gruetter R. Imaging of prolonged BOLD response in the somatosensory cortex of the rat. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:414-421. [PMID: 25702944 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI is a widely employed methodology in experimental and clinical neuroscience, although its nature is not fully understood. To gain insights into BOLD mechanisms and take advantage of the new functional methods, it is of interest to investigate prolonged paradigms of activation suitable for long experimental protocols and to observe any long-term modifications induced by these functional challenges. While different types of sustained stimulation paradigm have been explored in human studies, the BOLD response is typically limited to a few minutes in animal models, due to fatigue, anesthesia effects and physiological instability. In the present study, the rat forepaw was electrically stimulated for 2 h, which resulted in a prolonged and localized cortical BOLD response over that period. The stimulation paradigm, including an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 10 s, that is 25% of the total time, was applied at constant or variable frequency over 2 h. The steady-state level of the BOLD response was reached after 15-20 min of stimulation and was maintained until the end of the stimulation. On average, no substantial loss in activated volume was observed at the end of the stimulation, but less variability in the fraction of remaining activated volume and higher steady-state BOLD amplitude were observed when stimulation frequency was varied between 2 and 3 Hz every 5 min. We conclude that the combination of ISI and variable stimulus frequency reproducibly results in robust, prolonged and localized BOLD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sonnay
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ye L, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H, Kudernac T, de Jong MP, van der Wiel WG, Huskens J. Controlling the dopant dose in silicon by mixed-monolayer doping. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3231-6. [PMID: 25607722 DOI: 10.1021/am5079368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular monolayer doping (MLD) presents an alternative to achieve doping of silicon in a nondestructive way and holds potential for realizing ultrashallow junctions and doping of nonplanar surfaces. Here, we report the mixing of dopant-containing alkenes with alkenes that lack this functionality at various ratios to control the dopant concentration in the resulting monolayer and concomitantly the dopant dose in the silicon substrate. The mixed monolayers were grafted onto hydrogen-terminated silicon using well-established hydrosilylation chemistry. Contact angle measurements, X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) on the boron-containing monolayers, and Auger electron spectroscopy on the phosphorus-containing monolayers show clear trends as a function of the dopant-containing alkene concentration. Dynamic secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (D-SIMS) and Van der Pauw resistance measurements on the in-diffused samples show an effective tuning of the doping concentration in silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ye
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and ‡NanoElectronics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Brearley M, Harrington P, Lee D, Taylor R. Working in hot conditions--a study of electrical utility workers in the northern territory of Australia. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015; 12:156-162. [PMID: 25265189 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.957831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions of Australia's Northern Territory are seasonally conducive to excessive body heat storage by outdoor workers. For electrical utility workers who periodically work at height, in confined space, and in proximity to live power sources, the impact of the climate may be considered a hazardous condition. Therefore, this study examined the physiological and fluid balance responses of 20 power network workers (31.5 years; 86.0 kg; 1.71 m; BMI 29.5) throughout work shifts in the Northern and Southern regions of the Northern Territory, Australia. Twenty male heat-acclimatized power network workers provided written informed consent to be monitored during maintenance of electrical infrastructure that included replacing power pole components and transformer and substation repairs in the Northern (n = 13) and Southern regions (n = 7) of the Northern Territory (mean wet-bulb globe temperatures of 32.0°C and 28.7°C, respectively). An ingestible telemetry pill provided measurement of gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), that when combined with heart rate values, provided physiological strain index (PSI). Urine specific gravity, sweat rate, and level of dehydration were also determined. The Tgi values of this study were within the ISO9886 limit for monitored, heat-acclimatized workers, with a peak of 38.4°C. Mean PSI was 2.6, which represents overall low strain, with periods of moderate strain. Urinary analysis indicated that workers were dehydrated prior to and following the work shift, however the mean sweat rate of 0.44 L.h(-1) was matched by fluid consumption of 0.42 L.h(-1) to limit body mass loss to 0.1% during the shift. This study demonstrates that heat acclimatized electrical utility workers adhere to ISO9886 requirements when undertaking self-paced activity in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Brearley
- a Thermal Hyperformance , Howard Springs , Northern Territory , Australia
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Francis EC, Shelley OP. Copper wire theft and high voltage electrical burns. Int J Burns Trauma 2014; 4:59-61. [PMID: 25356371 PMCID: PMC4212882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High voltage electrical burns are uncommon. However in the midst of our economic recession we are noticing an increasing number of these injuries. Copper wire is a valuable commodity with physical properties as an excellent conductor of electricity making it both ubiquitous in society and prized on the black market. We present two consecutive cases referred to the National Burns Unit who sustained life threatening injuries from the alleged theft of high voltage copper wire and its omnipresence on an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon C Francis
- National Burns Unit, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, St James Hospital Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Odhran P Shelley
- National Burns Unit, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, St James Hospital Dublin 8, Ireland
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Taheri A, Mansoori P, Huang KE, Feldman SR. Effect of frequency on entrance and propagation pattern of high-frequency (radiofrequency) electrical currents in biologic tissues. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:291-4. [PMID: 25329232 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency electrical currents have a tendency to move toward the center of the bulk of biologic tissues. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the frequency of currents on their entrance and propagation pattern in biologic tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three electrosurgical generators with 0.4, 1.5, and 3 MHz frequency outputs were studied. Current was applied using a metallic needle introduced into a piece of cow liver, with different amounts of energy delivered at multiple points. Cross-sections of the liver were then studied for tissue effect. The diameters of the coagulated areas at the deepest and most superficial parts were measured. The tendency of the currents for penetration in the deeper layers of tissue rather than in the superficial layers was assessed using the superficial diameter/deep diameter ratio. RESULTS Diameter of coagulated area was larger around deeper parts than around superficial parts of the electrode. No correlation between frequency of current and the superficial/deep diameter ratio of the coagulation zone was found. CONCLUSION Radiofrequency currents have a tendency to move toward the center of the tissue. Frequency of current over the range of 0.4-3 MHz did not show any effect on this tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taheri
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - P Mansoori
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - K E Huang
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - S R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Williams KJ, Moore HM, Davies AH. Haemodynamic changes with the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation compared to intermittent pneumatic compression. Phlebology 2014; 30:365-72. [PMID: 24722790 DOI: 10.1177/0268355514531255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enhancement of peripheral circulation has been shown to be of benefit in many vascular disorders, and the clinical effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression is well established in peripheral vascular disease. This study compares the haemodynamic efficacy of a novel neuromuscular electrical stimulation device with intermittent pneumatic compression in healthy subjects. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers (mean age 27.1 ± 3.8 years, body mass index 24.8 ± 3.6 kg/m(2)) were randomised into two groups, in an interventional crossover trial. Devices used were the SCD Express™ Compression System, (Covidien, Ireland) and the geko™, (Firstkind Ltd, UK). Devices were applied bilaterally, and haemodynamic measurements taken from the left leg. Changes to haemodynamic parameters (superficial femory artery and femoral vein) and laser Doppler measurements from the hand and foot were compared. RESULTS Intermittent pneumatic compression caused 51% (p = 0.002), 5% (ns) and 3% (ns) median increases in venous peak velocity, time-averaged maximum velocity and volume flow, respectively; neuromuscular electrical stimulator stimulation caused a 103%, 101% and 101% median increases in the same parameters (all p = 0.002). The benefit was lost upon deactivation. Intermittent pneumatic compression did not improve arterial haemodynamics. Neuromuscular electrical stimulator caused 11%, 84% and 75% increase in arterial parameters (p < 0.01). Laser Doppler readings taken from the leg were increased by neuromuscular electrical stimulator (p < 0.001), dropping after deactivation. For intermittent pneumatic compression, the readings decreased during use but increased after cessation. Hand flux signal dropped during activation of both devices, rising after cessation. DISCUSSION The neuromuscular electrical stimulator device used in this study enhances venous flow and peak velocity in the legs of healthy subjects and is equal or superior to intermittent pneumatic compression. This warrants further clinical and economic evaluation for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis and exploration of the haemodynamic effect in venous pathology. It also enhances arterial time-averaged maximum velocity and flow rate, which may prove to be of clinical use in the management of peripheral arterial disease. The effect on the microcirculation as evidenced by laser Doppler fluximetry may reflect a clinically beneficial target in microvascular disease, such as in the diabetic foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H M Moore
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A H Davies
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chong SK, Azizan SNA, Chan KW, Nguyen HQ, Chiu WS, Aspanut Z, Dee CF, Rahman SA. Structure deformation of indium oxide from nanoparticles into nanostructured polycrystalline films by in situ thermal radiation treatment. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013; 8:428. [PMID: 24134646 PMCID: PMC3853438 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microstructure deformation of indium oxide (In2O3) nanoparticles by an in situ thermal radiation treatment in nitrous oxide plasma was investigated. The In2O3 nanoparticles were completely transformed into nanostructured In2O3 films upon 10 min of treatment time. The treated In2O3 nanoparticle sample showed improvement in crystallinity while maintaining a large surface area of nanostructure morphology. The direct transition optical absorption at higher photon energy and the electrical conductivity of the In2O3 nanoparticles were significantly enhanced by the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kong Chong
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nur Azieani Azizan
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kee Wah Chan
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hong-Quan Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wee Siong Chiu
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Aspanut
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chang Fu Dee
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Saadah Abdul Rahman
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Rossiter HE, Worthen SF, Witton C, Hall SD, Furlong PL. Gamma oscillatory amplitude encodes stimulus intensity in primary somatosensory cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:362. [PMID: 23874282 PMCID: PMC3711008 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma oscillations have previously been linked to pain perception and it has been hypothesized that they may have a potential role in encoding pain intensity. Stimulus response experiments have reported an increase in activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) with increasing stimulus intensity, but the specific role of oscillatory dynamics in this change in activation remains unclear. In this study, Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to investigate the changes in cortical oscillations during four different intensities of a train of electrical stimuli to the right index finger, ranging from low sensation to strong pain. In those participants showing changes in evoked oscillatory gamma in SI during stimulation, the strength of the gamma power was found to increase with increasing stimulus intensity at both pain and sub-pain thresholds. These results suggest that evoked gamma oscillations in SI are not specific to pain but may have a role in encoding somatosensory stimulus intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Rossiter
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK ; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology London, UK
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Abstract
Low back pain in patients with myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by painful active myofascial trigger points (ATPs) in muscles. This article reviews a novel, noninvasive modality that combines simultaneous imaging and treatment, thus taking advantage of the electrodermal information available from imaged ATPs to deliver localized neurostimulation, to stimulate peripheral nerve endings (Aδ fibers) and in turn, to release endogenous endorphins. "Hyperstimulation analgesia" with localized, intense, low-rate electrical pulses applied to painful ATPs was found to be effective in 95% patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain, in a clinical validation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gorenberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, B’nai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kobi Schwartz
- Department of Physical Therapy, B’nai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Smith HS. Neuromodulation and palliative medicine. Ann Palliat Med 2012; 1:58-64. [PMID: 25841431 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-5820.2012.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The palliative care population is generally vulnerable to experiencing medication-induced adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. Neuromodulation may offer particular advantages over systemic medications in this population. Although brain electrical stimulation has not been adequately trialed or in some cases even tried at all for management of a variety of symptoms, it is conceivable that in the future that it may be a potential therapeutic option in efforts to palliate various severe refractory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, 47 New Scotland Avenue; MC-131, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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Higgins TM, Warren H, Panhuis MIH. Films, Buckypapers and Fibers from Clay, Chitosan and Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2011; 1:3-19. [PMID: 28348277 PMCID: PMC5315051 DOI: 10.3390/nano1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical and electrical characteristics of films, buckypapers and fiber materials from combinations of clay, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and chitosan are described. The rheological time-dependent characteristics of clay are maintained in clay-carbon nanotube-chitosan composite dispersions. It is demonstrated that the addition of chitosan improves their mechanical characteristics, but decreases electrical conductivity by three-orders of magnitude compared to clay-CNT materials. We show that the electrical response upon exposure to humid atmosphere is influenced by clay-chitosan interactions, i.e., the resistance of clay-CNT materials decreases, whereas that of clay-CNT-chitosan increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Higgins
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Holly Warren
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Marc In Het Panhuis
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Runge MB, Dadsetan M, Baltrusaitis J, Ruesink T, Lu L, Windebank AJ, Yaszemski MJ. Development of electrically conductive oligo(polyethylene glycol) fumarate-polypyrrole hydrogels for nerve regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2845-53. [PMID: 20942380 PMCID: PMC3947846 DOI: 10.1021/bm100526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive hydrogel composites consisting of oligo(polyethylene glycol) fumarate (OPF) and polypyrrole (PPy) were developed for applications in nerve regeneration. OPF-PPy scaffolds were synthesized using three different anions: naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NSA), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSA), and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DOSS). Scaffolds were characterized by ATR-FTIR, XPS, AFM, dynamic mechanical analysis, electrical resistivity measurements, and swelling experiments. OPF-PPy scaffolds were shown to consist of up to 25 mol % polypyrrole with a compressive modulus ranging from 265 to 323 kPa and a sheet resistance ranging from 6 to 30 × 10(3) Ohms/square. In vitro studies using PC12 cells showed OPF-PPy materials had no cytotoxicity and PC12 cells showed distinctly better cell attachment and an increase in the percent of neurite bearing cells on OPF-PPy materials compared to OPF. The neurite lengths of PC12 cells were significantly higher on OPF-PPyNSA and OPF-PPyDBSA. These results show that electrically conductive OPF-PPy hydrogels are promising candidates for future applications in nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Brett Runge
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Mahrokh Dadsetan
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | - Terry Ruesink
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Lichun Lu
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery of Biomedical Engineering
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Fridman GY, Davidovics NS, Dai C, Migliaccio AA, Della Santina CC. Vestibulo-ocular reflex responses to a multichannel vestibular prosthesis incorporating a 3D coordinate transformation for correction of misalignment. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2010; 11:367-81. [PMID: 20177732 PMCID: PMC2914246 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-010-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective treatment available for individuals unable to compensate for bilateral profound loss of vestibular sensation, which causes chronic disequilibrium and blurs vision by disrupting vestibulo-ocular reflexes that normally stabilize the eyes during head movement. Previous work suggests that a multichannel vestibular prosthesis can emulate normal semicircular canals by electrically stimulating vestibular nerve branches to encode head movements detected by mutually orthogonal gyroscopes affixed to the skull. Until now, that approach has been limited by current spread resulting in distortion of the vestibular nerve activation pattern and consequent inability to accurately encode head movements throughout the full 3-dimensional (3D) range normally transduced by the labyrinths. We report that the electrically evoked 3D angular vestibulo-ocular reflex exhibits vector superposition and linearity to a sufficient degree that a multichannel vestibular prosthesis incorporating a precompensatory 3D coordinate transformation to correct misalignment can accurately emulate semicircular canals for head rotations throughout the range of 3D axes normally transduced by a healthy labyrinth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Y. Fridman
- Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Ross Bldg Rm 830, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, 11 MD 21205 USA
| | - Natan S. Davidovics
- Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Ross Bldg Rm 830, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, 11 MD 21205 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Chenkai Dai
- Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Ross Bldg Rm 830, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, 11 MD 21205 USA
| | - Americo A. Migliaccio
- Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Ross Bldg Rm 830, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, 11 MD 21205 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Charles C. Della Santina
- Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Ross Bldg Rm 830, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, 11 MD 21205 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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