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De Coninck H, Meyers S, Van Puyvelde P, Van Hooreweder B. On the Difference in Mechanical Behavior of Glass Bead-Filled Polyamide 12 Specimens Produced by Laser Sintering and Injection Molding. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2024; 11:419-433. [PMID: 38689903 PMCID: PMC11057535 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
An increasing demand for additively manufactured polymer composites with optimized mechanical properties is manifesting in different industries such as aerospace, biomedical, and automotive. Laser sintering (LS) is an additive manufacturing method that has the potential to produce reinforced polymers, which can meet the stringent requirements of these industries. For the development of a commercially viable LS nylon-based composite material, previous research studies worldwide have focused on adding glass beads to the powder material with the goal to produce fully dense parts with properties more representative of injection molded (IM) thermoplastic composites. This led to the development of a commercially available glass bead-filled polyamide 12 (PA12) powder. Although this powder has been on the market for quite a while, an in-depth comparison of the mechanical behavior of laser sintered versus IM glass bead-filled PA12 is lacking. In this study, laser-sintered glass bead-filled PA12 samples were built in different orientations and compared to IM counterparts. After sample production, the mechanical performance of the produced LS and IM parts was tested and compared to evaluate the quasistatic and dynamic mechanical performance and failure mechanisms at different load levels. In addition, the glass bead-filled PA12 properties were also compared to those of standard (unfilled) LS PA12 to assess whether glass beads actually improve the mechanical performance and fatigue lifetime of the final LS samples, as suggested in literature. Results in this work present and explain the increased stiffness but decreased fatigue life of glass bead-filled polyamide parts made by LS and IM. This research can be regarded as a "benchmark" study, in which samples produced from commercially available, filled and unfilled, PA12 powder grades are compared for both LS and conventional production techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen De Coninck
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Processes and Systems (MaPS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Meyers
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Processes and Systems (MaPS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brecht Van Hooreweder
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Processes and Systems (MaPS), Leuven, Belgium
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Khan A, Kumar Sahu N. Folate encapsulation in PEG-diamine grafted mesoporous Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for hyperthermia and in vitro assessment. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:881-888. [PMID: 33399122 PMCID: PMC8675971 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and targeted delivery of the antitumour drugs towards the specific cancer spot is the major motive of drug delivery. In this direction, suitably functionalised magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilised as a theranostic agent for imaging, hyperthermia and drug delivery applications. Herein, the authors reported the preparation of multifunctional polyethyleneglycol-diamine functionalised mesoporous superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPION) prepared by a facile solvothermal method for biomedical applications. To endow targeting ability towards tumour site, folic acid (FA) is attached to the amine groups which are present on the NPs surface by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. FA attached SPION shows good colloidal stability and possesses high drug-loading efficiency of ∼ 96% owing to its mesoporous nature and the electrostatic attachment of daunosamine (NH3+) group of doxorubicin (DOX) towards the negative surface charge of carboxyl and hydroxyl group. The NPs possess superior magnetic properties in result endowed with high hyperthermic ability under alternating magnetic field reaching the hyperthermic temperature of 43°C within 223 s at NP's concentration of 1 mg/ml. The functionalised NPs possess non-appreciable toxicity in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) which is triggered under DOX-loaded SPION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmaduddin Khan
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TN, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sahu
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TN, India.
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Katukam V, Rupula K, Rao Beedu S. Synthesis and characterisation of novel biopolymer stabilised organic Pt-nanocomposite: assessment of its antioxidant and antitumour properties. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:889-898. [PMID: 33399123 PMCID: PMC8676258 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of organic Pt-nanocomposite was accomplished using carboplatin as a precursor and novel biopolymer - gum kondagogu (GK) as a reducing agent. The synthesised GK stabilised organic Pt-nanocomposite (GKCPt NC) was characterised by different analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle analyser, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern established the amorphous nature of GKCPt NC. TEM analysis revealed the homogeneous, monodisperse and spherical nature, with Pt metal size of 3.08 ± 0.62 nm. The binding energy at 71.2 and 74.6 eV show the presence of metallic platinum, Pt(0) confirmed by XPS studies. Further, in vitro radical scavenging and antitumour activity of GKCPt NC have been investigated. In comparison to GK and carboplatin, GKCPt NC showed superior 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyle activity of 87.82%, whereas 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthinzoline-6-sulphonic acid) activity was 38.50%, respectively. In vitro studies of the antitumour property of GK, GKCPt NC and carboplatin were evaluated by potato disc tumour bioassay model. The efficacy of synthesised GKCPt NC concentration (IC50) on tumour inhibition was found to be 2.04-fold lower as compared to carboplatin. Overall, the synthesised GKCPt NC shows both antitumour and antioxidant properties when compared to the original drug - carboplatin and might have promising applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Katukam
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana State, India
| | - Karuna Rupula
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana State, India
| | - Sashidhar Rao Beedu
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana State, India.
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Uzair B, Akhtar N, Sajjad S, Bano A, Fasim F, Zafar N, Leghari SAK. Targeting microbial biofilms: by Arctium lappa l. synthesised biocompatible CeO 2-NPs encapsulated in nano-chitosan. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:217-223. [PMID: 32338630 PMCID: PMC8675978 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is planned to synthesise new biocompatible, nano antimicrobial formulation against biofilm producing strains. Aqueous root extract of Arctium lappa l. was used to synthesise ceria nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs). The synthesised nanoparticles were encapsulated with nano-chitosan by sol-gel method and characterised using standard techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer of Arctium lappa l. revealed the presence of ethanol, acetone, 1- propanol, 2-methylethane, 1,1-di-ethoxy, 1-Butanol, and oleic acid acted as reducing and surface stabilising agents for tailoring morphology of CeO2-NPs. Erythrocyte integrity after treatment with synthesised nanomaterials was evaluated by spectrophotometer measurement of haemoglobin release having biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of mono dispersed beads shaped particles with mean particle size of 26.2 nm. X-ray diffractometry revealed cubic crystalline structure having size of 28.0 nm. After encapsulation by nano-chitosan, the size of CeO2-NPs enhances to 48.8 nm making average coverage of about 22.6 nm. The synthesised nanomaterials were found effective to disrupt biofilm of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, encapsulated CeO2-NPs revealed powerful antibacterial and biofilm disruption activity examined by fluorescent live/dead staining using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The superior antibacterial activities exposed by encapsulated CeO2-NPs lead to the conclusion that they could be useful for controlling biofilm producing multidrug resistance pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nousheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Sajjad
- Department of Physics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Bano
- Department of Microbiology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Fehmida Fasim
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naheed Zafar
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wang Z, Zhu S, Wang L, Chang L, Wang J, Li J, Guan S. Preparing a novel magnesium-doped hyaluronan/polyethyleneimine nanoparticle to improve endothelial functionalisation. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:142-147. [PMID: 32433031 PMCID: PMC8676295 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, tissue engineering vascularisation has become an important means of organ repair and treatment of major traumatic diseases. Vascular endothelial layer regeneration and endothelial functionalisation are prerequisites and important components of tissue engineering vascularisation. The present researches of endothelial functionalisation mainly focus on tissue engineering scaffold preparation and implant surface modification. Few studies have reported the interaction of endothelial functionalisation and scaled materials, especially the nanomaterials. Magnesium (Mg), as an essential cytotropic active element in the human body, should promote the growth of endothelial cells. However, the authors' previous work found that the Mg in the alloys had a defect of delayed endothelialisation, which may be attributed to the non-uniform scales of the degradation products from Mg alloys. To validate this hypothesis and fabricate a novel nanomaterial for tissue engineering vascularisation, the authors prepared Mg-doped hyaluronan (HA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) nanoparticles for endothelial cells testing. Their data showed that the Mg-doped HA/PEI nanoparticle with small scales (diameter <150 nm) presented better ability on improving endothelial cells growth, functionalisation and nitric oxide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Wang
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chang
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingan Li
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaokang Guan
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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Du X, Lin WC, Su HH. Highly efficient polyethylene glycol-functionalised gold nanorods for photothermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:842-849. [PMID: 31625525 PMCID: PMC8676299 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) with exceptional photothermal properties have held promising potential for application in the biomedical field. In this study, the authors achieved photothermal ablation by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalised GNRs. Well-dispersed and uniform GNRs were produced through a seed-mediated growth method. A thermal camera was used to scrutinise the temperature distribution and efficiency of the photothermal properties of the GNRs, which were irradiated by an 808 nm laser on a silicon chip. They observed that the GNRs provided about a 5°C temperature increase and produced hyperthermia efficiently. Since GNRs need to be surface tailored with a biocompatible material rather than cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), they chose methoxyl PEG thiol to modify the GNRs. By taking advantage of the alkaline environment that assists this functionalisation, they accomplished about 89% removal of CTAB and identified a PEG layer on the surface of the GNRs. The GNR biocompatibility was considerably improved without any shift of the optical properties. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were incubated with GNRs for 24 h and then were irradiated with a near-infrared laser for 3 min. Few cells remained alive, which demonstrated the photothermal ablation ability of the GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Du
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Thangaraj V, Mahmud S, Li W, Yang F, Liu H. Greenly synthesised silver‐alginate nanocomposites for degrading dyes and bacteria. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 12:47-51. [PMCID: PMC8676198 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been achieved employing silver nitrate and sodium alginate (SA) without using other chemicals except for sodium hydrate. In the synthesis process, SA functions as both reductive and stabilising agent. The as‐synthesised AgNPs size can be controlled just changing the reactive parameters such as the concentration of silver nitrate and SA, the solution pH, the reaction temperature and time. Formation of AgNPs was observed by the colour change in the reaction medium which was further established with UV–Vis spectroscopy. The characterisation of AgNPs infers that the as‐synthesised AgNPs with an average size of 8.2 nm were spherical in shape and a face cubic crystal structure. The AgNPs‐SA beads were easily prepared using AgNPs‐SA nanocomposites due to SA crosslinking with metal ions. The catalytic efficiency of the resulting AgNPs beads is evaluated for the reduction of dyes such as 4‐nitrophenol, methylene blue and reactive red in the presence of NaBH4. Antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs was analysed against gram‐negative Escherichia Coli and gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus by measuring the zones of inhibition on the solid growth medium. The as‐synthesised AgNPs have shown efficient inhibitory activity against the tested bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Thangaraj
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan430200People's Republic of China
| | - Skail Mahmud
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan430200People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan430200People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan430200People's Republic of China
| | - Huihong Liu
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan430200People's Republic of China
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Ali A, Haq IU, Akhtar J, Sher M, Ahmed N, Zia M. Synthesis of Ag-NPs impregnated cellulose composite material: its possible role in wound healing and photocatalysis. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:477-484. [PMID: 28530199 PMCID: PMC8676316 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the natural biopolymer normally used as supporting agent with enhanced applicability and properties. In present study, cellulose isolated from citrus waste is used for silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) impregnation by a simple and reproducible method. The Ag-NPs fabricated cellulose (Ag-Cel) was characterised by powder X-rays diffraction, Fortier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability was studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis. The antibacterial activity performed by disc diffusion assay reveals good zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Ag-Cel as compared Ag-NPs. The discs also displayed more than 90% reduction of S. aureus culture in broth within 150 min. The Ag-Cel discs also demonstrated minor 2,2-diphenyl 1-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity and total reducing power ability while moderate total antioxidant potential was observed. Ag-Cel effectively degrades methylene-blue dye up to 63.16% under sunlight irradiation in limited exposure time of 60 min. The Ag-NPs impregnated cellulose can be effectively used in wound dressing to prevent bacterial attack and scavenger of free radicals at wound site, and also as filters for bioremediation and wastewater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attarad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Javeed Akhtar
- Polymers and Materials Synthesis (PMS) Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Department of chemistry, Science Complex, Alama Iqbal Open University, H-8 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Köhnke J, Fürst C, Unterweger C, Rennhofer H, Lichtenegger HC, Keckes J, Emsenhuber G, Mahendran AR, Liebner F, Gindl-Altmutter W. Carbon Microparticles from Organosolv Lignin as Filler for Conducting Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8060205. [PMID: 30979301 PMCID: PMC6432080 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon microparticles were produced from organosolv lignin at 2000 °C under argon atmosphere following oxidative thermostabilisation at 250 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electro-conductivity measurements revealed that the obtained particles were electrically conductive and were composed of large graphitic domains. Poly(lactic acid) filled with various amounts of lignin-derived microparticles showed higher tensile stiffness increasing with particle load, whereas strength and extensibility decreased. Electric conductivity was measured at filler loads equal to and greater than 25% w/w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janea Köhnke
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Christian Fürst
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 89, A-4020 Linz, Austria.
| | | | - Harald Rennhofer
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Peter Jordan Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Helga C Lichtenegger
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Peter Jordan Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Department Materials Physics, University of Leoben, Jahnstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Emsenhuber
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | - Falk Liebner
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Shirazi H, Ahmadi A, Darzianiazizi M, Kashanian S, Kashanian S, Omidfar K. Signal amplification strategy using gold/N-trimethyl chitosan/iron oxide magnetic composite nanoparticles as a tracer tag for high-sensitive electrochemical detection. IET Nanobiotechnol 2016; 10:20-7. [PMID: 26766869 PMCID: PMC8676129 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a novel signal amplification method for high-sensitive electrochemical immunosensing. Gold (Au)/N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC)/iron oxide (Fe3O4) (shell/shell/core) nanocomposite was used as a tracing tag to label antibody. The tag was shown to be capable of amplifying the recognition signal by high-density assembly of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on TMC/Fe3O4 particles. The remarkable conductivity of AuNPs provides a feasible pathway for electron transfer. The method was found to be simple, reliable and capable of high-sensitive detection of human serum albumin as a model, down to 0.2 pg/ml in the range of 0.25-1000 pg/ml. Findings of the present study would create new opportunities for sensitive and rapid detection of various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Shirazi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Anita Ahmadi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Maedeh Darzianiazizi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Susan Kashanian
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Department of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC) and Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, IR, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
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Abstract
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio have been measured simultaneously on a series of particulate composites containing volume fractions of filler up to 0.50. The composites consisted of small glass spheres imbedded in a rigid epoxy polymer matrix. The measured values were compared with theoretical values calculated from current theories. A recently generalized and simplified version of van der Poel's theory provided the best agreement. It predicted values of Young's modulus for composites with filler volume fractions up to 0.35. Measured values of Poisson's ratio exhibited scattering, but were consistent with values calculated from van der Poel's theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Smith
- Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
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12
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Abstract
The coefficients in van der Poel's equation for calculating the shear modulus of a particulate composite have been greatly simplified, making the calculation much less unwieldy. Approximate solutions of van der Poel's equation are also derived, and it is shown that one of the low order approximations is Kernels equation, or Mashin and Shtrikman's equation for the highest lower hound. The Kerner approximation is often too low in value when the volume fraction of filler exceeds 0.2, but it can he used to provide further simplification in van der Poel's equation, or it can be used as a first approximation in a Newton's method of solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Smith
- Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
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Smith JC. Correction and Extension of van der Poel's Method for Calculating the Shear Modulus of a Particulate Composite. J Res Natl Bur Stand A Phys Chem 1974; 78A:355-361. [PMID: 32189786 DOI: 10.6028/jres.078a.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Van der Poel's method (Rheol. Acta 1, 198 (1958)) for calculating the shear modulus of a particulate composite agrees well with experimental data, but its validity has been questioned, and it was applicable only to composites in which the matrix material is incompressible. These limitations are removed in this paper in which an error in the original derivation is corrected, and the method generalized to apply to any matrix material. Calculations using the corrected theory show that despite the error, a table of shear modulus values published with the original theory is sufficiently correct for most practical purposes. Applicability of the generalized method to the large class of composites having compressible matrices is discussed. Shear moduli calculated by the corrected and extended method are compared with corresponding values calculated by other methods currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Smith
- Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
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