1
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Yang C, Shitamukai A, Yang S, Kawaguchi A. Advanced Techniques Using In Vivo Electroporation to Study the Molecular Mechanisms of Cerebral Development Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14128. [PMID: 37762431 PMCID: PMC10531473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex undergoes a strictly regulated developmental process. Detailed in situ visualizations, imaging of these dynamic processes, and in vivo functional gene studies significantly enhance our understanding of brain development and related disorders. This review introduces basic techniques and recent advancements in in vivo electroporation for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral diseases. In utero electroporation (IUE) is extensively used to visualize and modify these processes, including the forced expression of pathological mutants in human diseases; thus, this method can be used to establish animal disease models. The advent of advanced techniques, such as genome editing, including de novo knockout, knock-in, epigenetic editing, and spatiotemporal gene regulation, has further expanded our list of investigative tools. These tools include the iON expression switch for the precise control of timing and copy numbers of exogenous genes and TEMPO for investigating the temporal effects of genes. We also introduce the iGONAD method, an improved genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery approach, as a novel genome-editing technique that has accelerated brain development exploration. These advanced in vivo electroporation methods are expected to provide valuable insights into pathological conditions associated with human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shucai Yang
- Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ayano Kawaguchi
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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2
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Hazra D, Yoshinaga S, Yoshida K, Takata N, Tanaka KF, Kubo KI, Nakajima K. Rhythmic activation of excitatory neurons in the mouse frontal cortex improves the prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive function. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5243-5258. [PMID: 35136976 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays essential roles in cognitive processes. Previous studies have suggested the layer and the cell type-specific activation for cognitive enhancement. However, the mechanism by which a temporal pattern of activation affects cognitive function remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated whether the specific activation of excitatory neurons in the superficial layers mainly in the PFC according to a rhythmic or nonrhythmic pattern could modulate the cognitive functions of normal mice. We used a C128S mutant of channelrhodopsin 2, a step function opsin, and administered two light illumination patterns: (i) alternating pulses of blue and yellow light for rhythmic activation or (ii) pulsed blue light only for nonrhythmic activation. Behavioral analyses were performed to compare the behavioral consequences of these two neural activation patterns. The alternating blue and yellow light pulses, but not the pulsed blue light only, significantly improved spatial working memory and social recognition without affecting motor activity or the anxiety level. These results suggest that the rhythmic, but not the nonrhythmic, activation could enhance cognitive functions. This study indicates that not only the population of neurons that are activated but also the pattern of activation plays a crucial role in the cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Hazra
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshinaga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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3
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Nguyen LH, Bordey A. Current Review in Basic Science: Animal Models of Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2022; 22:234-240. [PMID: 36187145 PMCID: PMC9483763 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221098230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of cortical development that is a prevalent cause of intractable epilepsy in children. Of the three FCD subtypes, understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of FCD type II has seen the most progress owing to the recent advances in identifying gene mutations along the mTOR signaling pathway as a frequent cause of this disorder. Accordingly, numerous animal models of FCD type II based on genetic manipulation of the mTOR signaling pathway have emerged to investigate the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and novel therapeutics for epilepsy. These include transgenic and in utero electroporation-based animal models. Here, we review the histopathological and electroclinical features of existing FCD type II animal models and discuss the scientific and technical considerations, clinical applications, and limitations of current models. We also highlight other models of FCD based on early life acquired factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H. Nguyen
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular
Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular
Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Bustos Plonka F, Sosa LJ, Quiroga S. Sec3 exocyst component knockdown inhibits axonal formation and cortical neuronal migration during brain cortex development. J Neurochem 2021; 160:203-217. [PMID: 34862972 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are the largest known cells, with complex and highly polarized morphologies and consist of a cell body (soma), several dendrites, and a single axon. The establishment of polarity necessitates initial axonal outgrowth in concomitance with the addition of new membrane to the axon's plasmalemma. Axolemmal expansion occurs by exocytosis of plasmalemmal precursor vesicles primarily at the neuronal growth cone membrane. The multiprotein exocyst complex drives spatial location and specificity of vesicle fusion at plasma membrane. However, the specific participation of its different proteins on neuronal differentiation has not been fully established. In the present work we analyzed the role of Sec3, a prominent exocyst complex protein on neuronal differentiation. Using mice hippocampal primary cultures, we determined that Sec3 is expressed in neurons at early stages prior to neuronal polarization. Furthermore, we determined that silencing of Sec3 in mice hippocampal neurons in culture precluded polarization. Moreover, using in utero electroporation experiments, we determined that Sec3 knockdown affected cortical neurons migration and morphology during neocortex formation. Our results demonstrate that the exocyst complex protein Sec3 plays an important role in axon formation in neuronal differentiation and the migration of neuronal progenitors during cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentyna Bustos Plonka
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas J Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Quiroga
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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5
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Nguyen LH, Xu Y, Mahadeo T, Zhang L, Lin TV, Born HA, Anderson AE, Bordey A. Expression of 4E-BP1 in juvenile mice alleviates mTOR-induced neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy. Brain 2021; 145:1310-1325. [PMID: 34849602 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway during fetal neurodevelopment alters neuron structure and function, leading to focal malformation of cortical development (FMCD) and intractable epilepsy. Recent evidence suggests a role for dysregulated cap-dependent translation downstream of mTOR in the formation of FMCD and seizures. However, it is unknown whether modifying translation once the developmental pathologies are established can reverse neuronal abnormalities and seizures. Addressing these issues is crucial with regards to therapeutics since these neurodevelopmental disorders are predominantly diagnosed during childhood, when patients present with symptoms. Here, we report increased phosphorylation of the mTOR effector and translational repressor, 4E-BP1, in patient FMCD tissue and in a mouse model of FMCD. Using temporally regulated conditional gene expression systems, we found that expression of a constitutively active form of 4E-BP1 that resists phosphorylation by mTOR in juvenile mice reduced neuronal cytomegaly and corrected several neuronal electrophysiological alterations, including depolarized resting membrane potential, irregular firing pattern, and aberrant expression of HCN4 channels. Further, 4E-BP1 expression in juvenile FMCD mice after epilepsy onset resulted in improved cortical spectral activity and decreased spontaneous seizure frequency in adults. Overall, our study uncovered a remarkable plasticity of the juvenile brain that facilitates novel therapeutic opportunities to treat FMCD-related epilepsy during childhood with potentially long-lasting effects in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Youfen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Travorn Mahadeo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Longbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tiffany V Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Heather A Born
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne E Anderson
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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6
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Kang J, Bishayee K, Huh SO. Azoxystrobin Impairs Neuronal Migration and Induces ROS Dependent Apoptosis in Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12495. [PMID: 34830376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicides often cause genotoxic stress and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism (ASD). Fungicide-azoxystrobin (AZOX) showed acute and chronic toxicity to various organisms, and remained a concern for ill effects in developing neurons. We evaluated the neurotoxicity of AZOX in developing mouse brains, and observed prenatal exposure to AZOX reduced neuronal viability, neurite outgrowth, and cortical migration process in developing brains. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of AZOX for acute (24 h) and chronic (7 days) exposures were 30 and 10 μM, respectively. Loss in viability was due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibited neurite outgrowth was due to the deactivation of mTORC1 kinase activity. Pretreatment with ROS scavenger- N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reserved the viability loss and forced activation of mTORC1 kinase revived the neurite outgrowth in AZOX treated neurons. Intra-amniotic injection of AZOX coupled with in utero electroporation of GFP-labelled plasmid in E15.5 mouse was performed and 20 mg/kg AZOX inhibited radial neuronal migration. Moreover, the accumulation of mitochondria was significantly reduced in AZOX treated primary neurons, indicative of mitochondrial deactivation and induction of apoptosis, which was quantified by Bcl2/Bax ratio and caspase 3 cleavage assay. This study elucidated the neurotoxicity of AZOX and explained the possible cure from it.
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7
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He CH, Zhang L, Song NN, Mei WY, Chen JY, Hu L, Zhang Q, Wang YB, Ding YQ. Satb2 Regulates EphA7 to Control Soma Spacing and Self-Avoidance of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2321-2331. [PMID: 34546353 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soma spacing and dendritic arborization during brain development are key events for the establishment of proper neural circuitry and function. Transcription factor Satb2 is a molecular node in regulating the development of the cerebral cortex, as shown by the facts that Satb2 is required for the regionalization of retrosplenial cortex, the determination of callosal neuron fate, and the regulation of soma spacing and dendritic self-avoidance of cortical pyramidal neurons. In this study, we explored downstream effectors that mediate the Satb2-implicated soma spacing and dendritic self-avoidance. First, RNA-seq analysis of the cortex revealed differentially expressed genes between control and Satb2 CKO mice. Among them, EphA7 transcription was dramatically increased in layers II/III of Satb2 CKO cortex. Overexpression of EphA7 in the late-born cortical neurons of wild-type mice via in utero electroporation resulted in soma clumping and impaired self-avoidance of affected pyramidal neurons, which resembles the phenotypes caused by knockdown of Satb2 expression. Importantly, the phenotypes by Satb2 knockdown was rescued by reducing EphA7 expression in the cortex. Finally, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays indicated a direct suppression of EphA7 expression by Satb2. These findings provide new insights into the complexity of transcriptional regulation of the morphogenesis of cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wan-Ying Mei
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Blazejewski SM, Bennison SA, Ha NT, Liu X, Smith TH, Dougherty KJ, Toyo-Oka K. Rpsa Signaling Regulates Cortical Neuronal Morphogenesis via Its Ligand, PEDF, and Plasma Membrane Interaction Partner, Itga6. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:770-795. [PMID: 34347028 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromorphological defects underlie neurodevelopmental disorders and functional defects. We identified a function for Rpsa in regulating neuromorphogenesis using in utero electroporation to knockdown Rpsa, resulting in apical dendrite misorientation, fewer/shorter extensions, and decreased spine density with altered spine morphology in upper neuronal layers and decreased arborization in upper/lower cortical layers. Rpsa knockdown disrupts multiple aspects of cortical development, including radial glial cell fiber morphology and neuronal layering. We investigated Rpsa's ligand, PEDF, and interacting partner on the plasma membrane, Itga6. Rpsa, PEDF, and Itga6 knockdown cause similar phenotypes, with Rpsa and Itga6 overexpression rescuing morphological defects in PEDF-deficient neurons in vivo. Additionally, Itga6 overexpression increases and stabilizes Rpsa expression on the plasma membrane. GCaMP6s was used to functionally analyze Rpsa knockdown via ex vivo calcium imaging. Rpsa-deficient neurons showed less fluctuation in fluorescence intensity, suggesting defective subthreshold calcium signaling. The Serpinf1 gene coding for PEDF is localized at chromosome 17p13.3, which is deleted in patients with the neurodevelopmental disorder Miller-Dieker syndrome. Our study identifies a role for Rpsa in early cortical development and for PEDF-Rpsa-Itga6 signaling in neuromorphogenesis, thus implicating these molecules in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders like Miller-Dieker syndrome and identifying them as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Blazejewski
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Sarah A Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Ngoc T Ha
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Trevor H Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Kimberly J Dougherty
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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9
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Cui X, Pertile RAN, Du Z, Wei W, Sun Z, Eyles DW, Kesby JP. Developmental Inhibition of Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNA, HOTAIRM1, Impairs Dopamine Neuron Differentiation and Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147268. [PMID: 34298885 PMCID: PMC8306845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic (DA) system is important for a range of brain functions and subcortical DA development precedes many cortical maturational processes. The dysfunction of DA systems has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. DA neuron cell fate is controlled by a complex web of transcriptional factors that dictate DA neuron specification, differentiation, and maturation. A growing body of evidence suggests that these transcriptional factors are under the regulation of newly discovered non-coding RNAs. However, with regard to DA neuron development, little is known of the roles of non-coding RNAs. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOX-antisense intergenic RNA myeloid 1 (HOTAIRM1) is present in adult DA neurons, suggesting it may have a modulatory role in DA systems. Moreover, HOTAIRM1 is involved in the neuronal differentiation in human stem cells suggesting it may also play a role in early DA neuron development. To determine its role in early DA neuron development, we knocked down HOTAIRM1 using RNAi in vitro in a human neuroblastoma cell line, and in vivo in mouse DA progenitors using a novel in utero electroporation technique. HOTAIRM1 inhibition decreased the expression of a range of key DA neuron specification factors and impaired DA neuron differentiation and maturation. These results provide evidence of a functional role for HOTAIRM1 in DA neuron development and differentiation. Understanding of the role of lncRNAs in the development of DA systems may have broader implications for brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia; (X.C.); (D.W.E.)
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
| | - Renata Ap. Nedel Pertile
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zilong Du
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
| | - Wei Wei
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zichun Sun
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
| | - Darryl W. Eyles
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia; (X.C.); (D.W.E.)
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
| | - James P. Kesby
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.A.N.P.); (Z.D.); (W.W.); (Z.S.)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3346-6363; Fax: +61-7-3346-6301
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10
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Nguyen LH, Bordey A. Corrigendum: Convergent and Divergent Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis in mTORopathies. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:715363. [PMID: 34295225 PMCID: PMC8290855 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.715363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lena H Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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11
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Gilet JG, Ivanova EL, Trofimova D, Rudolf G, Meziane H, Broix L, Drouot N, Courraud J, Skory V, Voulleminot P, Osipenko M, Bahi-Buisson N, Yalcin B, Birling MC, Hinckelmann MV, Kwok BH, Allingham JS, Chelly J. Conditional switching of KIF2A mutation provides new insights into cortical malformation pathogeny. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:766-784. [PMID: 31919497 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By using the Cre-mediated genetic switch technology, we were able to successfully generate a conditional knock-in mouse, bearing the KIF2A p.His321Asp missense point variant, identified in a subject with malformations of cortical development. These mice present with neuroanatomical anomalies and microcephaly associated with behavioral deficiencies and susceptibility to epilepsy, correlating with the described human phenotype. Using the flexibility of this model, we investigated RosaCre-, NestinCre- and NexCre-driven expression of the mutation to dissect the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental cortical abnormalities. We show that the expression of the p.His321Asp pathogenic variant increases apoptosis and causes abnormal multipolar to bipolar transition in newborn neurons, providing therefore insights to better understand cortical organization and brain growth defects that characterize KIF2A-related human disorders. We further demonstrate that the observed cellular phenotypes are likely to be linked to deficiency in the microtubule depolymerizing function of KIF2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Gilet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Ekaterina L Ivanova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Daria Trofimova
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Rudolf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Loic Broix
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Jeremie Courraud
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Valerie Skory
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Paul Voulleminot
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Osipenko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Maria-Victoria Hinckelmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Benjamin H Kwok
- Département de médecine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,Service de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Wang S, Li X, Zhang Q, Chai X, Wang Y, Förster E, Zhu X, Zhao S. Nyap1 Regulates Multipolar-Bipolar Transition and Morphology of Migrating Neurons by Fyn Phosphorylation during Corticogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:929-941. [PMID: 31609430 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of cytoskeletal regulation is a prerequisite for proper neuronal migration during mammalian corticogenesis. Neuronal tyrosine-phosphorylated adaptor for the phosphoinositide 3-kinase 1 (Nyap1) is a member of the Nyap family of phosphoproteins, which has been studied in neuronal morphogenesis and is involved in remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the precise role of Nyap1 in neuronal migration remains unknown. Here, overexpression and knockdown of Nyap1 in the embryonic neocortex of mouse by in utero electroporation-induced abnormal morphologies and multipolar-bipolar transitions of migrating neurons. The level of phosphorylated Nyap1 was crucial for neuronal migration and morphogenesis in neurons. Furthermore, Nyap1 regulated neuronal migration as a downstream target of Fyn, a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is a member of the Src family of kinases. Importantly, Nyap1 mediated the role of Fyn in the multipolar-bipolar transition of migrating neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that cortical radial migration is regulated by a molecular hierarchy of Fyn via Nyap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xuzhao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xuejun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'An Medical University, Xi'An, 710021, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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13
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Abstract
Hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) due to mutations in genes along the PI3K-mTOR pathway and the GATOR1 complex causes a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (termed mTORopathies) associated with malformation of cortical development and intractable epilepsy. Despite these gene variants’ converging impact on mTORC1 activity, emerging findings suggest that these variants contribute to epilepsy through both mTORC1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Here, we review the literature on in utero electroporation-based animal models of mTORopathies, which recapitulate the brain mosaic pattern of mTORC1 hyperactivity, and compare the effects of distinct PI3K-mTOR pathway and GATOR1 complex gene variants on cortical development and epilepsy. We report the outcomes on cortical pyramidal neuronal placement, morphology, and electrophysiological phenotypes, and discuss some of the converging and diverging mechanisms responsible for these alterations and their contribution to epileptogenesis. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for epilepsy, beyond mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin or everolimus, that could offer personalized medicine based on the gene variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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van Woerden GM, Bos M, de Konink C, Distel B, Avagliano Trezza R, Shur NE, Barañano K, Mahida S, Chassevent A, Schreiber A, Erwin AL, Gripp KW, Rehman F, Brulleman S, McCormack R, de Geus G, Kalsner L, Sorlin A, Bruel AL, Koolen DA, Gabriel MK, Rossi M, Fitzpatrick DR, Wilkie AOM, Calpena E, Johnson D, Brooks A, van Slegtenhorst M, Fleischer J, Groepper D, Lindstrom K, Innes AM, Goodwin A, Humberson J, Noyes A, Langley KG, Telegrafi A, Blevins A, Hoffman J, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Juusola J, Monaghan KG, Punj S, Simon M, Pfundt R, Elgersma Y, Kleefstra T. TAOK1 is associated with neurodevelopmental disorder and essential for neuronal maturation and cortical development. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:445-459. [PMID: 33565190 PMCID: PMC8248425 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thousand and one amino-acid kinase 1 (TAOK1) is a MAP3K protein kinase, regulating different mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, thereby modulating a multitude of processes in the cell. Given the recent finding of TAOK1 involvement in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), we investigated the role of TAOK1 in neuronal function and collected a cohort of 23 individuals with mostly de novo variants in TAOK1 to further define the associated NDD. Here, we provide evidence for an important role for TAOK1 in neuronal function, showing that altered TAOK1 expression levels in the embryonic mouse brain affect neural migration in vivo, as well as neuronal maturation in vitro. The molecular spectrum of the identified TAOK1 variants comprises largely truncating and nonsense variants, but also missense variants, for which we provide evidence that they can have a loss of function or dominant-negative effect on TAOK1, expanding the potential underlying causative mechanisms resulting in NDD. Taken together, our data indicate that TAOK1 activity needs to be properly controlled for normal neuronal function and that TAOK1 dysregulation leads to a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly comprising similar facial features, developmental delay/intellectual disability and/or variable learning or behavioral problems, muscular hypotonia, infant feeding difficulties, and growth problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeske M van Woerden
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Bos
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben Distel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natasha E Shur
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kristin Barañano
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonal Mahida
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Chassevent
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Angelika L Erwin
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Fatima Rehman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Brulleman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Róisín McCormack
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwynna de Geus
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louisa Kalsner
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arthur Sorlin
- UMR1231 GAD, Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic génomique des maladies rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Référence maladies rares «Anomalies du Développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- UMR1231 GAD, Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic génomique des maladies rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Référence maladies rares «Anomalies du Développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - David A Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa K Gabriel
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Mari Rossi
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Eduardo Calpena
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julie Fleischer
- Department of Pediatrics, SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Groepper
- Department of Pediatrics, SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristin Lindstrom
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison Goodwin
- VCU Medical Center, Clinical Genetics Services, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer Humberson
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marleen Simon
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Patel SK, Hartley RM, Wei X, Furnish R, Escobar-Riquelme F, Bear H, Choi K, Fuller C, Phoenix TN. Generation of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma mouse models by brainstem-targeted in utero electroporation. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:381-392. [PMID: 31638150 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are highly lethal childhood brain tumors. Their unique genetic makeup, pathological heterogeneity, and brainstem location all present challenges to treatment. Developing mouse models that accurately reflect each of these distinct features will be critical to advance our understanding of DIPG development, progression, and therapeutic resistance. The aims of this study were to generate new mouse models of DIPG and characterize the role of specific oncogenic combinations in DIPG pathogenesis. METHODS We used in utero electroporation (IUE) to transfect neural stem cells in the developing brainstem with PiggyBac DNA transposon plasmids. Combinations of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), PdgfraD842V, or PdgfraWT, combined with dominant negative Trp53 (DNp53) and H3.3K27M expression, induced fully penetrant brainstem gliomas. RESULTS IUE enabled the targeted transfection of brainstem neural stem cells. PDGFB + DNp53 + H3.3K27M induced the rapid development of grade IV gliomas. PdgfraD842V + DNp53 + H3.3K27M produced slower forming grade III gliomas. PdgfraWT + DNp53 + H3.3K27M produced high- and low-grade gliomas with extended latencies. PDGFB, PdgfraD842V, and PdgfraWT DIPG models display unique histopathological and molecular features found in human DIPGs. H3.3K27M induced both overlapping and unique gene expression changes in PDGFB and PdgfraD842V tumors. Paracrine effects of PDGFB promote disruption of pericyte-endothelial interactions and angiogenesis in PDGFB DIPG mouse models. CONCLUSION Brainstem-targeted IUE provides a rapid and flexible system to generate diverse DIPG mouse models. Using IUE to investigate mutation and pathohistological heterogeneity of DIPG will provide a valuable tool for future genetic and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti K Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Hartley
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xin Wei
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robin Furnish
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Fernanda Escobar-Riquelme
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heather Bear
- Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christine Fuller
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy N Phoenix
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
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16
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Moroni RF, Regondi MC, de Curtis M, Frassoni C, Librizzi L. Kir4.1 RNA Interference by In Utero Electroporation Fails to Affect Ictogenesis and Reveals a Possible role of Kir4.1 in Corticogenesis. Neuroscience 2020; 441:65-76. [PMID: 32590038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte dysfunction, and in particular impaired extracellular potassium spatial buffering, has been postulated to have a potential role in seizure susceptibility and ictogenesis. Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels, and specifically KIR4.1, have a predominant role in K+ homeostasis and their involvement in neuronal excitability control have been hypothesized. To avoid the severe side effects observed in Kir4.1 cKO, we studied the effects of Kir4.1 down-regulation in cortical astrocytes by using Kir4.1 RNA interference (RNAi) technique combined with in utero electroporation (IUE) at E16 and a piggyBac transposon system. Kir4.1 down-regulation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and field fraction analysis. To investigate if Kir4.1 silencing affects 4AP-induced seizure threshold and extracellular potassium homeostasis, simultaneous in vitro field potential and extracellular K+ recordings were performed on somatosensory cortex slices obtained from rats electroporated with a piggyBac-Kir4.1-shRNA (Kir4.1-) and scrambled shRNA (Kir4.1Sc). Electrophysiological data revealed no significant differences in terms of seizure onset and seizure-induced extracellular K+ changes between Kir4.1- and Kir4.1Sc rats. Intriguingly, immunohistochemical analysis performed on slices studied with electrophysiology revealed a reduced number of neurons generated from radial glial cells in Kir4.1- rats. We conclude that focal down-regulation of Kir4.1 channel in cortical astrocytes by Kir4.1 RNAi technique combined with IUE is not effective in altering potassium homeostasis and seizure susceptibility. This technique revealed a possible role of Kir4.1 during corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Frida Moroni
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Regondi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carolina Frassoni
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Librizzi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Taylor RJ, Carrington J, Gerlach LR, Taylor KL, Richters KE, Dent EW. Double UP: A Dual Color, Internally Controlled Platform for in utero Knockdown or Overexpression. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:82. [PMID: 32508591 PMCID: PMC7251070 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero electroporation (IUE) is a powerful tool for testing the role of genes in neuronal migration and function, but this technique suffers from high degrees of variability. Such variability can result from inconsistent surgery, developmental gradients along both rostral-caudal and medial-lateral axes, differences within littermates and from one litter to another. Comparisons between control and experimental electroporations rely on section matching, which is inherently subjective. These sources of variability are cumulative, leading to difficult to interpret data and an increased risk of both false positives and false negatives. To address these limitations, we developed two tools: (1) a new plasmid, termed Double UP, which combines LoxP-flanked reporters and limiting Cre dosages to generate internal controls, and (2) an automated program for unbiased and precise quantification of migration. In concert, these tools allow for more rigorous and objective experiments, while decreasing the mice, time, and reagents required to complete studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Taylor
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Justin Carrington
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Leah R Gerlach
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kendra L Taylor
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Karl E Richters
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erik W Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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18
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Barriola S, Pérez-Cerdá F, Matute C, Bribián A, López-Mascaraque L. A Clonal NG2-Glia Cell Response in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:E1279. [PMID: 32455842 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2-glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), have the potential to generate new mature oligodendrocytes and thus, to contribute to tissue repair in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Once activated in response to brain damage, NG2-glial cells proliferate, and they acquire a reactive phenotype and a heterogeneous appearance. Here, we set out to investigate the distribution and phenotypic diversity of NG2-glia relative to their ontogenic origin, and whether there is a clonal NG2-glial response to lesion in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS. As such, we performed in utero electroporation of the genomic lineage tracer, StarTrack, to follow the fate of NG2-glia derived from single progenitors and to evaluate their response to brain damage after EAE induction. We then analyzed the dispersion of the NG2-glia derived clonally from single pallial progenitors in the brain of EAE mice. In addition, we examined several morphological parameters to assess the degree of NG2-glia reactivity in clonally-related cells. Our results reveal the heterogeneity of these progenitors and their cell progeny in a scenario of autoimmune demyelination, revealing the ontogenic phenomena at play in these processes.
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19
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Sánchez-González R, Figueres-Oñate M, Ojalvo-Sanz AC, López-Mascaraque L. Cell Progeny in the Olfactory Bulb After Targeting Specific Progenitors with Different UbC-StarTrack Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030305. [PMID: 32183100 PMCID: PMC7140809 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large phenotypic variation in the olfactory bulb may be related to heterogeneity in the progenitor cells. Accordingly, the progeny of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells that are destined for the olfactory bulb is of particular interest, specifically as there are many facets of these progenitors and their molecular profiles remain unknown. Using modified StarTrack genetic tracing strategies, specific SVZ progenitor cells were targeted in E12 mice embryos, and the cell fate of these neural progenitors was determined in the adult olfactory bulb. This study defined the distribution and the phenotypic diversity of olfactory bulb interneurons from specific SVZ-progenitor cells, focusing on their spatial pallial origin, heterogeneity, and genetic profile.
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20
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Liang C, Carrel D, Omelchenko A, Kim H, Patel A, Fanget I, Firestein BL. Cortical Neuron Migration and Dendrite Morphology are Regulated by Carboxypeptidase E. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2890-2903. [PMID: 29982499 PMCID: PMC6611459 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher brain function relies on proper development of the cerebral cortex, including correct positioning of neurons and dendrite morphology. Disruptions in these processes may result in various neurocognitive disorders. Mutations in the CPE gene, which encodes carboxypeptidase E (CPE), have been linked to depression and intellectual disability. However, it remains unclear whether CPE is involved in early brain development and in turn contributes to the pathophysiology of neurocognitive disorders. Here, we investigate the effects of CPE knockdown on early brain development and explore the functional significance of the interaction between CPE and its binding partner p150Glued. We demonstrate that CPE is required for cortical neuron migration and dendrite arborization. Furthermore, we show that expression of CPE-C10 redistributes p150Glued from the centrosome and that disruption of CPE interaction with p150Glued leads to abnormal neuronal migration and dendrite morphology, suggesting that a complex between CPE and p150Glued is necessary for proper neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Damien Carrel
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8250, Paris, France
| | - Anton Omelchenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 683 Hoes Lane West, USA
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Aashini Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Isabelle Fanget
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8250, Paris, France
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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21
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Holley ZL, Bland KM, Casey ZO, Handwerk CJ, Vidal GS. Cross-Regional Gradient of Dendritic Morphology in Isochronically-Sourced Mouse Supragranular Pyramidal Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:103. [PMID: 30564104 PMCID: PMC6288488 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Architectonic heterogeneity in neurons is thought to be important for equipping the mammalian cerebral cortex with an adaptable network that can organize the manifold totality of information it receives. To this end, the dendritic arbors of supragranular pyramidal neurons, even those of the same class, are known to vary substantially. This diversity of dendritic morphology appears to have a rostrocaudal configuration in some brain regions of various species. For example, in humans and non-human primates, neurons in more rostral visual association areas (e.g., V4) tend to have more complex dendritic arbors than those in the caudal primary visual cortex. A rostrocaudal configuration is not so clear in any region of the mouse, which is increasingly being used as a model for neurodevelopmental disorders that arise from dysfunctional cerebral cortical circuits. Therefore, in this study we investigated the complexity of dendritic arbors of neurons distributed throughout a broad area of the mouse cerebral cortex. We reduced selection bias by labeling neurons restricted to become supragranular pyramidal neurons using in utero electroporation. While we observed that the simple rostrocaudal position, cortical depth, or even functional region of a neuron was not directly related to its dendritic morphology, a model that instead included a caudomedial-to-rostrolateral gradient accounted for a significant amount of the observed dendritic morphological variance. In other words, rostrolateral neurons from our data set were generally more complex when compared to caudomedial neurons. Furthermore, dividing the cortex into a visual area and a non-visual area maintained the power of the relationship between caudomedial-to-rostrolateral position and dendritic complexity. Our observations therefore support the idea that dendritic morphology of mouse supragranular excitatory pyramidal neurons across much of the tangential plane of the cerebral cortex is partly shaped by a developmental gradient spanning several functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Logan Holley
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Katherine M Bland
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Zachary O Casey
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | | | - George S Vidal
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
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22
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Hattori Y, Miyata T. Embryonic Neocortical Microglia Express Toll-Like Receptor 9 and Respond to Plasmid DNA Injected into the Ventricle: Technical Considerations Regarding Microglial Distribution in Electroporated Brain Walls. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO. [PMID: 30627652 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0312-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, play multiple roles during development. In the embryonic cerebral wall, microglia modulate the functions of neural stem/progenitor cells through their distribution in regions undergoing cell proliferation and/or differentiation. Previous studies using CX3CR1-GFP transgenic mice demonstrated that microglia extensively survey these regions. To simultaneously visualize microglia and neural-lineage cells that interact with each other, we applied the in utero electroporation (IUE) technique, which has been widely used for gene-transfer in neurodevelopmental studies, to CX3CR1-GFP mice (males and females). However, we unexpectedly faced a technical problem: although microglia are normally distributed homogeneously throughout the mid-embryonic cortical wall with only limited luminal entry, the intraventricular presence of exogenously derived plasmid DNAs induced microglia to accumulate along the apical surface of the cortex and aggregate in the choroid plexus. This effect was independent of capillary needle puncture of the brain wall or application of electrical pulses. The microglial response occurred at plasmid DNA concentrations lower than those routinely used for IUE, and was mediated by activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an innate immune sensor that recognizes unmethylated cytosine-phosphate guanosine motifs abundant in microbial DNA. Administration of plasmid DNA together with oligonucleotide 2088, the antagonist of TLR9, partially restored the dispersed intramural localization of microglia and significantly decreased luminal accumulation of these cells. Thus, via TLR9, intraventricular plasmid DNA administration causes aberrant distribution of embryonic microglia, suggesting that the behavior of microglia in brain primordia subjected to IUE should be carefully interpreted.
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23
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Chen YA, Lu IL, Tsai JW. Contactin-1/F3 Regulates Neuronal Migration and Morphogenesis Through Modulating RhoA Activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:422. [PMID: 30515076 PMCID: PMC6255823 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neocortical development, newborn neurons migrate along radial fibers from the germinal ventricular zone (VZ) toward the cortical plate (CP) to populate the cerebral cortex. This radial migration requires adhesion activities between neurons and radial fibers; however, past research has identified only a limited number of adhesion molecules involved in this process. Contactin-1/F3 (Cntn1), a cell adhesion molecule expressed in the developing nervous system is essential for many key developmental events including neural cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, axon guidance and myelination. However, the potential role of Cntn1 in neuronal migration during cortical development has not been investigated. Here we used in utero electroporation to introduce short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down (KD) Cntn1 in neural stem cells in vivo. We found that Cntn1 KD led to a delay in neuronal migration. The arrested cells presented abnormal morphology in their leading process and more multipolar cells were observed in the deep layers of the brain, suggestive of dysregulation in process formation. Intriguingly, Cntn1 KD also resulted in upregulation of RhoA, a negative regulator for neuronal migration. Interference of RhoA by expression of the dominant-negative RhoAN19 partially rescued the neuronal migration defects caused by Cntn1 KD. Our results showed that Cntn1 is a novel adhesion protein that is essential for neuronal migration and regulates process formation of newborn cortical neurons through modulating RhoA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Proietti Onori M, Koopal B, Everman DB, Worthington JD, Jones JR, Ploeg MA, Mientjes E, van Bon BW, Kleefstra T, Schulman H, Kushner SA, Küry S, Elgersma Y, van Woerden GM. The intellectual disability-associated CAMK2G p.Arg292Pro mutation acts as a pathogenic gain-of-function. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:2008-2024. [PMID: 30184290 PMCID: PMC6240363 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The abundantly expressed calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2), alpha (CAMK2A), and beta (CAMK2B) isoforms are essential for learning and memory formation. Recently, a de novo candidate mutation (p.Arg292Pro) in the gamma isoform of CAMK2 (CAMK2G) was identified in a patient with severe intellectual disability (ID), but the mechanism(s) by which this mutation causes ID is unknown. Here, we identified a second, unrelated individual, with a de novo CAMK2G p.Arg292Pro mutation, and used in vivo and in vitro assays to assess the impact of this mutation on CAMK2G and neuronal function. We found that knockdown of CAMK2G results in inappropriate precocious neuronal maturation. We further found that the CAMK2G p.Arg292Pro mutation acts as a highly pathogenic gain-of-function mutation, leading to increased phosphotransferase activity and impaired neuronal maturation as well as impaired targeting of the nuclear CAMK2G isoform. Silencing the catalytic site of the CAMK2G p.Arg292Pro protein reversed the pathogenic effect of the p.Arg292Pro mutation on neuronal maturation, without rescuing its nuclear targeting. Taken together, our results reveal an indispensable function of CAMK2G in neurodevelopment and indicate that the CAMK2G p.Arg292Pro protein acts as a pathogenic gain-of-function mutation, through constitutive activity toward cytosolic targets, rather than impaired targeting to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Proietti Onori
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Balwina Koopal
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Melissa A Ploeg
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Mientjes
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bregje W van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Steven A Kushner
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Küry
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, Nantes, France.,l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geeske M van Woerden
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Terrigno M, Bertacchi M, Pandolfini L, Baumgart M, Calvello M, Cellerino A, Studer M, Cremisi F. The microRNA miR-21 Is a Mediator of FGF8 Action on Cortical COUP-TFI Translation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:756-769. [PMID: 30174317 PMCID: PMC6135738 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogen FGF8 plays a pivotal role in neocortical area patterning through its inhibitory effect on COUP-TFI/Nr2f1 anterior expression, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. We established an in vitro model of mouse embryonic stem cell corticogenesis in which COUP-TFI protein expression is inhibited by the activation of FGF8 in a time window corresponding to cortical area patterning. Interestingly, overexpression of the COUP-TFI 3'UTR reduces the inhibitory effect of FGF8 on COUP-TFI translation. FGF8 induces the expression of few miRNAs targeting COUP-TFI 3'UTR in silico. We found that the functional inhibition of miR-21 can effectively counteract the inhibitory effect of FGF8 in vitro and regulate COUP-TFI protein levels in vivo. Accordingly, miR-21 expression is complementary to COUP-TFI expression during corticogenesis. These data support a translational control of COUP-TFI gradient expression by FGF8 via miR-21 and contribute to our understanding of how regionalized expression is established during neocortical area mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terrigno
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | | | - Luca Pandolfini
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Mario Baumgart
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, Pisa 56126, Italy; Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, Pisa 56126, Italy; Istituto di Biofisica CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Li G, Yin Y, Chen J, Fan Y, Ma J, Huang Y, Chen C, Dai P, Chen S, Zhao S. Coactosin-like protein 1 inhibits neuronal migration during mouse corticogenesis. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:21-26. [PMID: 28385010 PMCID: PMC5799395 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coactosin-like protein 1 (Cotl1), a member of the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family, was first purified from a soluble fraction of Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Neuronal migration requires cytoskeletal remodeling and actin regulation. Although Cotl1 strongly binds to F-actin, the role of Cotl1 in neuronal migration remains undescribed. In this study, we revealed that Cotl1 overexpression impaired migrationof both early- and late-born neurons during mouse corticogenesis. Moreover, Cotl1 overexpression delayed, rather than blocked, neuronal migration in late-born neurons. Cotl1 expression disturbed the morphology of migrating neurons, lengthening the leading processes. This study is the first to investigate the function of Cotl1, and the results indicate that Cotl1 is involved in the regulation of neuronal migration and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yupeng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanle Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Juhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingxue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengxiu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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27
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Nganou G, Silva CG, Gladwyn-Ng I, Engel D, Coumans B, Delgado-Escueta AV, Tanaka M, Nguyen L, Grisar T, de Nijs L, Lakaye B. Importin-8 Modulates Division of Apical Progenitors, Dendritogenesis and Tangential Migration During Development of Mouse Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:234. [PMID: 30042658 PMCID: PMC6048241 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The building of the brain is a multistep process that requires the coordinate expression of thousands of genes and an intense nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA and proteins. This transport is mediated by karyopherins that comprise importins and exportins. Here, we investigated the role of the ß-importin, importin-8 (IPO8) during mouse cerebral corticogenesis as several of its cargoes have been shown to be essential during this process. First, we showed that Ipo8 mRNA is expressed in mouse brain at various embryonic ages with a clear signal in the sub-ventricular/ventricular zone (SVZ/VZ), the cerebral cortical plate (CP) and the ganglionic eminences. We found that acute knockdown of IPO8 in cortical progenitors reduced both their proliferation and cell cycle exit leading to the increase in apical progenitor pool without influencing the number of basal progenitors (BPs). Projection neurons ultimately reached their appropriate cerebral cortical layer, but their dendritogenesis was specifically affected, resulting in neurons with reduced dendrite complexity. IPO8 knockdown also slowed the migration of cortical interneurons. Together, our data demonstrate that IPO8 contribute to the coordination of several critical steps of cerebral cortex development. These results suggest that the impairment of IPO8 function might be associated with some diseases of neuronal migration defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Nganou
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carla G Silva
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bernard Coumans
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Antonio V Delgado-Escueta
- GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Epilepsy Genetics/Genomics Lab, Neurology and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Miyabi Tanaka
- GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Epilepsy Genetics/Genomics Lab, Neurology and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Thierry Grisar
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laurence de Nijs
- GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,MHeNS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Lakaye
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GENESS International Consortium, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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28
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Huang B, Li X, Tu X, Zhao W, Zhu D, Feng Y, Si X, Chen JG. OTX1 regulates cell cycle progression of neural progenitors in the developing cerebral cortex. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2137-2148. [PMID: 29273633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The progenitor cells in the cerebral cortex coordinate proliferation and mitotic exit to generate the correct number of neurons and glial cells during development. However, mechanisms for regulating the mitotic cycle of cortical progenitors are not fully understood. Otx1 is one of the homeobox-containing transcription factors frequently implicated in the development of the central nervous system. Mice bearing a targeted deletion of Otx1 exhibit brain hypoplasia and a decrease in the number of cortical neurons. We hypothesized that Otx1 might be crucial to the proliferation and differentiation of cortical progenitors. Otx1 knockdown by in utero electroporation in the mouse brain reduced the proportion of the G1 phase while increasing the S and M phases of progenitor cells. The knockdown diminished Tbr1+ neurons but increased GFAP+ astrocytes in the early postnatal cortex as revealed by lineage tracing study. Tbr2+ basal progenitors lacking Otx1 were held at the transit-amplifying stage. In contrast, overexpression of wildtype Otx1 but not an astrocytoma-related mutant Y320C inhibited proliferation of the progenitor cells in embryonic cortex. This study demonstrates that Otx1 is one of the key elements regulating cortical neurogenesis, and a loss-of-function in Otx1 may contribute to the overproduction of astrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Huang
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xue Li
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tu
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yue Feng
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiang Si
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital.,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jie-Guang Chen
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, .,the State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and.,the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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29
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Matsumoto N, Shinmyo Y, Ichikawa Y, Kawasaki H. Gyrification of the cerebral cortex requires FGF signaling in the mammalian brain. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29132503 PMCID: PMC5685484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been believed that the evolution of cortical folds was a milestone, allowing for an increase in the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the mechanisms underlying the formation of cortical folds are largely unknown. Here we show regional differences in the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in the developing cerebral cortex of ferrets even before cortical folds are formed. By taking the advantage of our in utero electroporation technique for ferrets, we found that cortical folding was impaired in the ferret cerebral cortex when FGF signaling was inhibited. We also found that FGF signaling was crucial for producing Pax6-positive neural progenitors in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) of the developing cerebral cortex. Furthermore, we found that upper layers of the cerebral cortex were preferentially reduced by inhibiting FGF signaling. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of cortical folding in gyrencephalic mammalian brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ichikawa
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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30
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Bitzenhofer SH, Ahlbeck J, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Methodological Approach for Optogenetic Manipulation of Neonatal Neuronal Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:239. [PMID: 28848399 PMCID: PMC5554786 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated patterns of electrical activity are critical for the functional maturation of neuronal networks, yet their interrogation has proven difficult in the developing brain. Optogenetic manipulations strongly contributed to the mechanistic understanding of network activation in the adult brain, but difficulties to specifically and reliably express opsins at neonatal age hampered similar interrogation of developing circuits. Here, we introduce a protocol that enables to control the activity of specific neuronal populations by light, starting from early postnatal development. We show that brain area-, layer- and cell type-specific expression of opsins by in utero electroporation (IUE), as exemplified for the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP), permits the manipulation of neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. Both individual and population responses to different patterns of light stimulation are monitored by extracellular multi-site recordings in the medial PFC of neonatal mice. The expression of opsins via IUE provides a flexible approach to disentangle the cellular mechanism underlying early rhythmic network activity, and to elucidate the role of early neuronal activity for brain maturation, as well as its contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Bitzenhofer
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ahlbeck
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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Frotscher M, Zhao S, Wang S, Chai X. Reelin Signaling Inactivates Cofilin to Stabilize the Cytoskeleton of Migrating Cortical Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:148. [PMID: 28588454 PMCID: PMC5440592 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells. They give rise to several dendrites but only one axon. In addition, many neurons show a preferred orientation. For example, pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex extend their apical dendrites toward the cortical surface while their axons run in opposite direction toward the white matter. This characteristic orientation reflects the migratory trajectory of a pyramidal cell during cortical development: the leading process (the future apical dendrite) extends toward the marginal zone (MZ) and the trailing process (the future axon) toward the intermediate zone (IZ) while the cells migrate radially to reach their destination in the cortical plate (CP). In this review article, we summarize the function of Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein synthesized by Cajal-Retzius cells in the MZ, in the development of the characteristic orientation of the leading processes running perpendicular to the cortical surface. Reelin promotes migration toward the cortical surface since late-generated cortical neurons in the reeler mutant are unable to reach upper cortical layers. Likewise, Reelin is important for the orientation and maintenance of the leading processes of migrating neurons since they are misoriented in the developing reeler cortex, as are the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in the mature mutant. Reelin-induced phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-associated protein, is crucial since pyramidal neurons transfected by in utero electroporation (IUE) with a non-phosphorylatable form of cofilin (cofilinS3A) show severe migration defects reminiscent of those in the reeler mutant. Remarkably, migration of neurons in the cortex of reeler mice was partially rescued by transfecting them with LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), the kinase that induces phosphorylation of cofilin at serine3, or with a pseudo-phosphorylated cofilin mutant (cofilinS3E). Together these results indicate that Reelin-induced phosphorylation of cofilin is an important component in the orientation and directed migration of cortical neurons and in their correct lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frotscher
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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Kos A, de Mooij-Malsen AJ, van Bokhoven H, Kaplan BB, Martens GJ, Kolk SM, Aschrafi A. MicroRNA-338 modulates cortical neuronal placement and polarity. RNA Biol 2017; 14:905-913. [PMID: 28494198 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1325067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression orchestrates the many intricate processes during brain development. In the present study we examined the role of the brain-enriched microRNA-338 (miR-338) during mouse cortical development. Reduction of miR-338 levels in the developing mouse cortex, using a sequence-specific miR-sponge, resulted in a loss of neuronal polarity in the cortical plate and significantly reduced the number of neurons within this cortical layer. Conversely, miR-338 overexpression in developing mouse cortex increased the number of neurons, which exhibited a multipolar morphology. All together, our results raise the possibility for a direct role for this non-coding RNA, which was recently associated with schizophrenia, in the regulation of cortical neuronal polarity and layer placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Kos
- a Department of Cognitive Neuroscience , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Annetrude J de Mooij-Malsen
- b Department of Molecular Animal Physiology , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,f Institute of Physiology, CAU Kiel University , Germany
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- a Department of Cognitive Neuroscience , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- e Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Gerard J Martens
- b Department of Molecular Animal Physiology , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Kolk
- b Department of Molecular Animal Physiology , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- e Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Abstract
This unit describes a highly efficient and rapid procedure for brain-specific disruption of genes in the developing mouse brain using pX330 plasmids expressing humanized Cas9 and single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) against target genes. The pX330 plasmids are delivered into the rodent brain using in utero electroporation. Focusing on the Satb2 gene, which encodes an AT-rich DNA-binding transcription factor, we found that the introduction of pX330-Satb2 induced insertion/deletion (indel) mutations near the predicted cleavage site in the Satb2 gene, resulting in a dramatic reduction of Satb2 expression in post-mitotic neurons. Moreover, introduction of pX330-Satb2 induced abnormalities in axonal projection patterns, which was consistent with the phenotypes observed in Satb2 mutant mice. Thus, the procedure described here, combining the CRISPR/Cas9 system and in utero electroporation, is useful for knocking out genes of interest in the living rodent brain. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Koizumi H, Fujioka H, Togashi K, Thompson J, Yates JR, Gleeson JG, Emoto K. DCLK1 phosphorylates the microtubule-associated protein MAP7D1 to promote axon elongation in cortical neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:493-510. [PMID: 27503845 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a member of the neuronal microtubule-associated doublecortin (DCX) family and functions in multiple stages of neural development including radial migration and axon growth of cortical neurons. DCLK1 is suggested to play the roles in part through its protein kinase activity, yet the kinase substrates of DCLK1 remain largely unknown. Here we have identified MAP7D1 (microtubule-associated protein 7 domain containing 1) as a novel substrate of DCLK1 by using proteomic analysis. MAP7D1 is expressed in developing cortical neurons, and knockdown of MAP7D1 in layer 2/3 cortical neurons results in a significant impairment of callosal axon elongation, but not of radial migration, in corticogenesis. We have further defined the serine 315 (Ser 315) of MAP7D1 as a DCLK1-induced phosphorylation site and shown that overexpression of a phosphomimetic MAP7D1 mutant in which Ser 315 is substituted with glutamic acid (MAP7D1 S315E), but not wild-type MAP7D1, fully rescues the axon elongation defects in Dclk1 knockdown neurons. These data demonstrate that DCLK1 phosphorylates MAP7D1 on Ser 315 to facilitate axon elongation of cortical neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419-437, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fujioka
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory of Pediatric Brain Diseases, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10021-6399
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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Huang Y, Li G, An L, Fan Y, Cheng X, Li X, Yin Y, Cong R, Chen S, Zhao S. Fyn regulates multipolar-bipolar transition and neurite morphogenesis of migrating neurons in the developing neocortex. Neuroscience 2017; 352:39-51. [PMID: 28363782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fyn is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that belongs to Src family kinases. Fyn plays a critical role in neuronal migration, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reported that suppression of Fyn expression in mouse cerebral cortex led to migration defects of both early-born and late-born neurons. Morphological analysis showed that loss of Fyn function impaired multipolar-bipolar transition of newly generated neurons and neurite formation in the early phase of migration. Moreover, Fyn inhibition increased the length of leading process and decreased the branching number of the migrating cortical neurons. Together, these results indicate that Fyn controls neuronal migration by regulating the cytoskeletal dynamics and multipolar-bipolar transition of newly generated neurons during cortical development.
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Teng T, Gaillard A, Muzerelle A, Gaspar P. EphrinA5 Signaling Is Required for the Distinctive Targeting of Raphe Serotonin Neurons in the Forebrain. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO. [PMID: 28197551 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0327-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission in the brain relies on a widespread axon terminal network originating from the hindbrain raphe nuclei. These projections are topographically organized such that the dorsal (DR), and median raphe (MnR) nuclei have different brain targets. However, the guidance molecules involved in this selective targeting in development are unknown. Here, we show the implication of ephrinA5 signaling in this process. We find that the EphA5 gene is selectively expressed in a subset of 5-HT neurons during embryonic and postnatal development. Highest coexpression of EphA5 and the 5-HT marker Tph2 is found in the DR, with lower coexpression in the MnR, and hardly any colocalization of the caudal raphe in the medulla. Accordingly, ephrinA induced a dose-dependent collapse response of 5-HT growth cones cultured from rostral but not caudal raphe. Ectopic expression of ephrinA3, after in utero electroporation in the amygdala and piriform cortex, repelled 5-HT raphe fiber ingrowth. Conversely, misplaced DR 5-HT axons were found in ephrin A5 knockout mice in brain regions that are normally only targeted by MnR 5-HT axons. This causes an overall increase in the density of 5-HT innervation in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the olfactory bulb. All these brain areas have high expression of ephrinAs at the time of 5-HT fiber ingrowth. Present results show for the first time the role of a guidance molecule for the region-specific targeting of raphe neurons. This has important implications to understand how functional parsing of central 5-HT neurons is established during development.
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KAWASAKI H. Molecular investigations of development and diseases of the brain of higher mammals using the ferret. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2017; 93:259-269. [PMID: 28496051 PMCID: PMC5489433 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brains of higher mammals such as primates and carnivores contain well-developed unique brain structures. Uncovering the physiological functions, developmental mechanisms and evolution of these brain structures would greatly facilitate our understanding of the human brain and its diseases. Although the anatomical and electrophysiological features of these brain structures have been intensively investigated, our knowledge about their molecular bases is still limited. To overcome this limitation, genetic techniques for the brains of carnivores and primates have been established, and molecules whose expression patterns correspond to these brain structures were identified recently. To investigate the functional roles of these molecules, rapid and efficient genetic manipulation methods for higher mammals have been explored. In this review, recent advances in molecular investigations of the brains of higher mammals are discussed, mainly focusing on ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi KAWASAKI
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Robens
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Bonn, Germany
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39
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Fekete CD, Goz RU, Dinallo S, Miralles CP, Chiou TT, Bear J, Fiondella CG, LoTurco JJ, De Blas AL. In vivo transgenic expression of collybistin in neurons of the rat cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1291-1311. [PMID: 27804142 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Collybistin (CB) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor selectively localized to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glycinergic postsynapses. Active CB interacts with gephyrin, inducing the submembranous clustering and the postsynaptic accumulation of gephyrin, which is a scaffold protein that recruits GABAA receptors (GABAA Rs) at the postsynapse. CB is expressed with or without a src homology 3 (SH3) domain. We have previously reported the effects on GABAergic synapses of the acute overexpression of CBSH3- or CBSH3+ in cultured hippocampal (HP) neurons. In the present communication, we are studying the effects on GABAergic synapses after chronic in vivo transgenic expression of CB2SH3- or CB2SH3+ in neurons of the adult rat cerebral cortex. The embryonic precursors of these cortical neurons were in utero electroporated with CBSH3- or CBSH3+ DNAs, migrated to the appropriate cortical layer, and became integrated in cortical circuits. The results show that: 1) the strength of inhibitory synapses in vivo can be enhanced by increasing the expression of CB in neurons; and 2) there are significant differences in the results between in vivo and in culture studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1291-1311, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fekete
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Roman U Goz
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Sean Dinallo
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Celia P Miralles
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Tzu-Ting Chiou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - John Bear
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Christopher G Fiondella
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Joseph J LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Angel L De Blas
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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Torigoe M, Yamauchi K, Kimura T, Uemura Y, Murakami F. Evidence That the Laminar Fate of LGE/CGE-Derived Neocortical Interneurons Is Dependent on Their Progenitor Domains. J Neurosci 2016; 36:2044-56. [PMID: 26865626 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3550-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neocortical interneurons show tremendous diversity in terms of their neurochemical marker expressions, morphology, electrophysiological properties, and laminar fate. Allocation of interneurons to their appropriate regions and layers in the neocortex is thought to play important roles for the emergence of higher functions of the neocortex. Neocortical interneurons mainly originate from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE). The diversity and the laminar fate of MGE-derived interneurons depend on the location of their birth and birthdate, respectively. However, this relationship does not hold for CGE-derived interneurons. Here, using the method of in utero electroporation, which causes arbitrary occurrence of labeled progenitor domains, we tracked all descendants of the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)/CGE progenitors in mice. We provide evidence that neocortical interneurons with distinct laminar fate originate from distinct progenitor domains within the LGE/CGE. We find layer I interneurons are predominantly labeled in a set of animals, whereas other upper layer neurons are predominantly labeled in another set. We also find distinct subcortical structures labeled between the two sets. Further, interneurons labeled in layer I show distinct neurochemical properties from those in other layers. Together, these results suggest that the laminar fate of LGE/CGE-derived interneurons depends on their spatial origin. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diverse types of neocortical interneurons have distinct laminar fate, neurochemical marker expression, morphology, and electrophysiological properties. Although the specifications and laminar fate of medial ganglionic eminence-derived neocortical interneurons depend on their location of embryonic origin and birthdate, no similar causality of lateral/caudal ganglionic eminence (LGE/CGE)-derived neocortical interneurons is known. Here, we performed in utero electroporation on mouse LGE/CGE and found two groups of animals, one with preferential labeling of layer I and the other with preferential labeling of other layers. Interneurons labeled in these two groups show distinct neurochemical properties and morphologies and are associated with labeling of distinct subcortical structures. These findings suggest that the laminar fate of LGE/CGE-derived neocortical interneurons depends on their spatial origin.
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Figueres-Oñate M, López-Mascaraque L. Adult Olfactory Bulb Interneuron Phenotypes Identified by Targeting Embryonic and Postnatal Neural Progenitors. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:194. [PMID: 27242400 PMCID: PMC4860398 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are generated during embryonic development and in adulthood, although adult neurogenesis is restricted to two main brain regions, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles generates neural stem/progenitor cells that continually provide the olfactory bulb (OB) with new granule or periglomerular neurons, cells that arrive from the SVZ via the rostral migratory stream. The continued neurogenesis and the adequate integration of these newly generated interneurons is essential to maintain homeostasis in the olfactory bulb, where the differentiation of these cells into specific neural cell types is strongly influenced by temporal cues. Therefore, identifying the critical features that control the generation of adult OB interneurons at either pre- or post-natal stages is important to understand the dynamic contribution of neural stem cells. Here, we used in utero and neonatal SVZ electroporation along with a transposase-mediated stable integration plasmid, in order to track interneurons and glial lineages in the OB. These plasmids are valuable tools to study the development of OB interneurons from embryonic and post-natal SVZ progenitors. Accordingly, we examined the location and identity of the adult progeny of embryonic and post-natally transfected progenitors by examining neurochemical markers in the adult OB. These data reveal the different cell types in the olfactory bulb that are generated in function of age and different electroporation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Figueres-Oñate
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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Qu C, Bian D, Li X, Xiao J, Wu C, Li Y, Jiang T, Zhou X, Qu J, Chen JG. Transient Expression of Fez Family Zinc Finger 2 Protein Regulates the Brn3b Gene in Developing Retinal Ganglion Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7661-8. [PMID: 26861874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.689448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are projection neurons in the neural retina that relay visual information from the environment to the central nervous system. The early expression of MATH5 endows the post-mitotic precursors with RGC competence and leads to the activation ofBrn3bthat marks committed RGCs. Nevertheless, this fate commitment process and, specifically, regulation ofBrn3bremain elusive. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying RGC generation in the mouse retina, we analyzed the expression and function of Fez family zinc finger 2 (FEZF2), a transcription factor critical for the development of projection neurons in the cerebral cortex.Fezf2mRNA and protein were transiently expressed at embryonic day 16.5 in the inner neuroblast layer and the prospective ganglion cell layer of the retina, respectively. Knockout ofFezf2in the developing retina reduced BRN3B+ cells and increased apoptotic cell markers.Fezf2knockdown by retinalin uteroelectroporation diminished BRN3B but not the coexpressed ISLET1 and BRN3A, indicating that the BRN3B decrease was the cause, not the result, of the overall reduction of BRN3B+ RGCs in theFezf2knockout retina. Moreover, the mRNA and promoter activity ofBrn3bwere increasedin vitroby FEZF2, which bound to a 5' regulatory fragment in theBrn3bgenomic locus. These results indicate that transient expression ofFezf2in the retina modulates the transcription ofBrn3band the survival of RGCs. This study improves our understanding of the transcriptional cascade required for the specification of RGCs and provides novel insights into the molecular basis of retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Qu
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Clinical Laboratory of LiShui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, LiShui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Dandan Bian
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xue Li
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chunping Wu
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yue Li
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and
| | - Tian Jiang
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jia Qu
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jie-Guang Chen
- From the School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China, the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China,
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Chen F, Becker A, LoTurco J. Overview of Transgenic Glioblastoma and Oligoastrocytoma CNS Models and Their Utility in Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 72:14.37.1-14.37.12. [PMID: 26995546 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1437s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many animal models have been developed to investigate the sources of central nervous system (CNS) tumor heterogeneity. Reviewed in this unit is a recently developed CNS tumor model using the piggyBac transposon system delivered by in utero electroporation, in which sources of tumor heterogeneity can be conveniently studied. Their applications for studying CNS tumors and drug discovery are also reviewed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.,Current address: Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Albert Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn
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Kalebic N, Taverna E, Tavano S, Wong FK, Suchold D, Winkler S, Huttner WB, Sarov M. CRISPR/Cas9-induced disruption of gene expression in mouse embryonic brain and single neural stem cells in vivo. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:338-48. [PMID: 26758805 PMCID: PMC4772980 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have applied the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vivo to disrupt gene expression in neural stem cells in the developing mammalian brain. Two days after in utero electroporation of a single plasmid encoding Cas9 and an appropriate guide RNA (gRNA) into the embryonic neocortex of Tis21::GFP knock-in mice, expression of GFP, which occurs specifically in neural stem cells committed to neurogenesis, was found to be nearly completely (≈ 90%) abolished in the progeny of the targeted cells. Importantly, upon in utero electroporation directly of recombinant Cas9/gRNA complex, near-maximal efficiency of disruption of GFP expression was achieved already after 24 h. Furthermore, by using microinjection of the Cas9 protein/gRNA complex into neural stem cells in organotypic slice culture, we obtained disruption of GFP expression within a single cell cycle. Finally, we used either Cas9 plasmid in utero electroporation or Cas9 protein complex microinjection to disrupt the expression of Eomes/Tbr2, a gene fundamental for neocortical neurogenesis. This resulted in a reduction in basal progenitors and an increase in neuronal differentiation. Thus, the present in vivo application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in neural stem cells provides a rapid, efficient and enduring disruption of expression of specific genes to dissect their role in mammalian brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefania Tavano
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Dana Suchold
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Mihail Sarov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
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45
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Ishii K, Kubo K, Endo T, Yoshida K, Benner S, Ito Y, Aizawa H, Aramaki M, Yamanaka A, Tanaka K, Takata N, Tanaka KF, Mimura M, Tohyama C, Kakeyama M, Nakajima K. Neuronal Heterotopias Affect the Activities of Distant Brain Areas and Lead to Behavioral Deficits. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12432-45. [PMID: 26354912 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3648-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal heterotopia refers to brain malformations resulting from deficits of neuronal migration. Individuals with heterotopias show a high incidence of neurological deficits, such as epilepsy. More recently, it has come to be recognized that focal heterotopias may also show a range of psychiatric problems, including cognitive and behavioral impairments. However, because focal heterotopias are not always located in the brain areas responsible for the symptoms, the causal relationship between the symptoms and heterotopias remains elusive. In this study, we showed that mice with focal heterotopias in the somatosensory cortex generated by in utero electroporation exhibited spatial working memory deficit and low competitive dominance behavior, which have been shown to be closely associated with the activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in rodents. Analysis of the mPFC activity revealed that the immediate-early gene expression was decreased and the local field potentials of the mPFC were altered in the mice with heterotopias compared with the control mice. Moreover, activation of these ectopic and overlying sister neurons using the DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) system improved the working memory deficits. These findings suggest that cortical regions containing focal heterotopias can affect distant brain regions and give rise to behavioral abnormalities. Significance statement: Recent studies reported that patients with heterotopias have a variety of clinical symptoms, such as cognitive disturbance, psychiatric symptoms, and autistic behavior. However, the causal relationship between the symptoms and heterotopias remains elusive. Here we showed that mice with focal heterotopias in the somatosensory cortex generated by in utero electroporation exhibited behavioral deficits that have been shown to be associated with the mPFC activity in rodents. The existence of heterotopias indeed altered the neural activities of the mPFC, and direct manipulation of the neural activity of the ectopic neurons and their sister neurons in the overlying cortex improved the behavioral deficit. Thus, our results indicate that focal heterotopias could affect the activities of distant brain areas and cause behavioral abnormalities.
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46
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Kita Y, Tanaka K, Murakami F. Specific labeling of climbing fibers shows early synaptic interactions with immature Purkinje cells in the prenatal cerebellum. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:927-34. [PMID: 25529108 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During development, growing axons must locate target cells to form synapses. This is not easy, since target cells are also growing and even actively migrating. In some brain regions, such axons have been reported to wait for the timing when target cells become mature, without invading their target region. However, in the cerebellum climbing fibers (CFs), major afferent axons, arrive near their target neurons, Purkinje cells, when the neurons are still actively migrating. We, therefore, examined whether synaptic contacts are established at such early stages. To specifically label CFs, we introduced by in utero electroporation a mixture of genes encoding for Ptf1a-enhancer-driven Cre recombinase and Cre-dependent fluorescent protein into the mouse hindbrain at embryonic day (E) 10.5 and observed them during development. The earliest stages at which labeled CFs were observed in the cerebellar primordium were E15.5-E16.5. These fibers were fasciculated in the dorsal region and entered the cerebellar primordium. Some fibers defasciculated and reached the caudal region. At E17.5 and E18.5, fasciculated fibers were also found in the mantle region, and some grew toward the surface of the primordium to penetrate a mass of Purkinje cells. Interestingly, as early as E16.5, labeled fibers were found to run in close apposition to Purkinje cell dendrites and to express a presynaptic marker. These observations suggest that CFs form synapses with Purkinje cells as soon as the fibers enter the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tanaka
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fujio Murakami
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Wachi T, Cornell B, Marshall C, Zhukarev V, Baas PW, Toyo-oka K. Ablation of the 14-3-3gamma Protein Results in Neuronal Migration Delay and Morphological Defects in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:600-14. [PMID: 26297819 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitously-expressed and multifunctional proteins. There are seven isoforms in mammals with a high level of homology, suggesting potential functional redundancy. We previously found that two of seven isoforms, 14-3-3epsilon and 14-3-3zeta, are important for brain development, in particular, radial migration of pyramidal neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. In this work, we analyzed the function of another isoform, the protein 14-3-3gamma, with respect to neuronal migration in the developing cortex. We found that in utero 14-3-3gamma-deficiency resulted in delays in neuronal migration as well as morphological defects. Migrating neurons deficient in 14-3-3gamma displayed a thicker leading process stem, and the basal ends of neurons were not able to reach the boundary between the cortical plate and the marginal zone. Consistent with the results obtained from in utero electroporation, time-lapse live imaging of brain slices revealed that the ablation of the 14-3-3gamma proteins in pyramidal neurons slowed down their migration. In addition, the 14-3-3gamma deficient neurons showed morphological abnormalities, including increased multipolar neurons with a thicker leading processes stem during migration. These results indicate that the 14-3-3gamma proteins play an important role in radial migration by regulating the morphology of migrating neurons in the cerebral cortex. The findings underscore the pathological phenotypes of brain development associated with the disruption of different 14-3-3 proteins and will advance the preclinical data regarding disorders caused by neuronal migration defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Wachi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Brett Cornell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Courtney Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Vladimir Zhukarev
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
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Cánovas J, Berndt FA, Sepúlveda H, Aguilar R, Veloso FA, Montecino M, Oliva C, Maass JC, Sierralta J, Kukuljan M. The Specification of Cortical Subcerebral Projection Neurons Depends on the Direct Repression of TBR1 by CTIP1/BCL11a. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7552-64. [PMID: 25972180 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0169-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of distinct neuronal fates is fundamental for the function of the cerebral cortex. We find that the development of subcerebral projections from layer 5 neurons in the mouse neocortex depends on the high levels of expression of the transcription factor CTIP1; CTIP1 is coexpressed with CTIP2 in neurons that project to subcerebral targets and with SATB2 in those that project to the contralateral cortex. CTIP1 directly represses Tbr1 in layer 5, which appears as a critical step for the acquisition of the subcerebral fate. In contrast, lower levels of CTIP1 in layer 6 are required for TBR1 expression, which directs the corticothalamic fate. CTIP1 does not appear to play a critical role in the acquisition of the callosal projection fate in layer 5. These findings unravel a key step in the acquisition of cell fate for closely related corticofugal neurons and indicate that differential dosages of transcriptions factors are critical to specify different neuronal identities.
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Fekete CD, Chiou TT, Miralles CP, Harris RS, Fiondella CG, Loturco JJ, De Blas AL. In vivo clonal overexpression of neuroligin 3 and neuroligin 2 in neurons of the rat cerebral cortex: Differential effects on GABAergic synapses and neuronal migration. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1359-78. [PMID: 25565602 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of clonal overexpression of neuroligin 3 (NL3) or neuroligin 2 (NL2) in the adult rat cerebral cortex following in utero electroporation (IUEP) at embryonic stage E14. Overexpression of NL3 leads to a large increase in vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (vGAT) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 in the GABAergic contacts that the overexpressing neurons receive. Overexpression of NL2 produced a similar effect but to a lesser extent. In contrast, overexpression of NL3 or NL2 after IUEP does not affect vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGlut1) in the glutamatergic contacts that the NL3 or NL2-overexpressing neurons receive. The NL3 or NL2-overexpressing neurons do not show increased innervation by parvalbumin-containing GABAergic terminals or increased parvalbumin in the same terminals that show increased vGAT. These results indicate that the observed increase in vGAT and GAD65 is not due to increased GABAergic innervation but to increased expression of vGAT and GAD65 in the GABAergic contacts that NL3 or NL2-overexpressing neurons receive. The majority of bright vGAT puncta contacting the NL3-overexpressing neurons have no gephyrin juxtaposed to them, indicating that many of these contacts are nonsynaptic. This contrasts with the majority of the NL2-overexpressing neurons, which show plenty of synaptic gephyrin clusters juxtaposed to vGAT. Besides having an effect on GABAergic contacts, overexpression of NL3 interferes with the neuronal radial migration, in the cerebral cortex, of the neurons overexpressing NL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fekete
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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50
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Soares CA, Mason CA. Transient ipsilateral retinal ganglion cell projections to the brain: Extent, targeting, and disappearance. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1385-401. [PMID: 25788284 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During development of the mammalian eye, the first retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that extend to the brain are located in the dorsocentral (DC) retina. These RGCs extend to either ipsilateral or contralateral targets, but the ipsilateral projections do not survive into postnatal periods. The function and means of disappearance of the transient ipsilateral projection are not known. We have followed the course of this transient early ipsilateral cohort of RGCs, paying attention to how far they extend, whether they enter targets and if so, which ones, and the time course of their disappearance. The DC ipsilateral RGC axons were traced using DiI labeling at E13.5 and E15.5 to compare the proportion of ipsi- versus contralateral projections during the first period of growth. In utero electroporation of E12.5 retina with GFP constructs was used to label axons that could be visualized at succeeding time points into postnatal ages. Our results show that the earliest ipsilateral axons grow along the cellular border of the brain, and are segregated from the laterally positioned contralateral axons from the same retinal origin. In agreement with previous reports, although many early RGCs extend ipsilaterally, after E16 their number rapidly declines. Nonetheless, some ipsilateral axons from the DC retina enter the superior colliculus and arborize minimally, but very few enter the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and those that do extend only short branches. While the mechanism of selective axonal disappearance remains elusive, these data give further insight into establishment of the visual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia A Soares
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.,Life and Health Science Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carol A Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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