1
|
Pillai K, Akhter J, Mekkawy AH, Valle SJ, Morris DL. Development and Validation of Micro-Azocasein Assay for Quantifying Bromelain. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:25. [PMID: 38525783 PMCID: PMC10961761 DOI: 10.3390/mps7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The proteolytic activity of enzymes may be evaluated by a colorimetric method with azocasein. Hence, we developed a micro-assay to quantify bromelain using azocasein. A total of 250 µL of 1.0% azocasein in dH2O was added to 250 µL of test solution, vortexed and incubated at ambient room temperature/30 min. The reaction was terminated with 1500 µL of 5% trichloroacetic acid, vortexed and centrifuged. A total of 150 µL of 0.5M NaOH was added to 150 µL of supernatant in triplicates, and absorbance was recorded at 410 nm. The linearity of the calibration curve was tested with 200-800 µg/mL serial dilutions. The detection limit, precision, accuracy, and robustness were tested along with the substrate enzyme reaction time and solvent matrix effect. Good linearity was seen with serially diluted 200 µg/mL bromelain. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were 5.412 and 16.4 µg/mL, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day analyses showed a relative standard deviation below 2.0%. The assay was robust when tested over 400-450 nm wavelengths. The assays performed using dH2O or PBS diluents indicated a higher sensitivity in dH2O. The proteolytic activity of bromelain was enhanced with L-cysteine or N-acetylcysteine. Hence, this micro-azocasein assay is reliable for quantifying bromelain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Pillai
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; (K.P.); (J.A.); (A.H.M.); (S.J.V.)
- Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Javed Akhter
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; (K.P.); (J.A.); (A.H.M.); (S.J.V.)
- Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Ahmed H. Mekkawy
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; (K.P.); (J.A.); (A.H.M.); (S.J.V.)
- Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Valle
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; (K.P.); (J.A.); (A.H.M.); (S.J.V.)
- Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David L. Morris
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; (K.P.); (J.A.); (A.H.M.); (S.J.V.)
- Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Giangrieco I, Ciardiello MA, Tamburrini M, Tuppo L, Mari A, Alessandri C. Plant and Arthropod IgE-Binding Papain-like Cysteine Proteases: Multiple Contributions to Allergenicity. Foods 2024; 13:790. [PMID: 38472904 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases are widespread and can be detected in all domains of life. They share structural and enzymatic properties with the group's namesake member, papain. They show a broad range of protein substrates and are involved in several biological processes. These proteases are widely exploited for food, pharmaceutical, chemical and cosmetic biotechnological applications. However, some of them are known to cause allergic reactions. In this context, the objective of this review is to report an overview of some general properties of papain-like cysteine proteases and to highlight their contributions to allergy reactions observed in humans. For instance, the literature shows that their proteolytic activity can cause an increase in tissue permeability, which favours the crossing of allergens through the skin, intestinal and respiratory barriers. The observation that allergy to PLCPs is mostly detected for inhaled proteins is in line with the reports describing mite homologs, such as Der p 1 and Der f 1, as major allergens showing a frequent correlation between sensitisation and clinical allergic reactions. In contrast, the plant food homologs are often digested in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, they only rarely can cause allergic reactions in humans. Accordingly, they are reported mainly as a cause of occupational diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Giangrieco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Tamburrini
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lisa Tuppo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Mari
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology (CAAM), 00100 Rome, Italy
- Allergy Data Laboratories (ADL), 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Claudia Alessandri
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology (CAAM), 00100 Rome, Italy
- Allergy Data Laboratories (ADL), 04100 Latina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mangia NP, Cottu M, Aponte M, Murgia MA, Mura ME, Blaiotta G. Technological and Safety Characterization of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Sardinian Fermented Sausage Made by Ovine Meat. Foods 2024; 13:633. [PMID: 38397610 PMCID: PMC10888299 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ripened sheep sausages are widely consumed in Italy, particularly in Sardinia. Despite their driving role in flavor and color development, coagulase-negative staphylococci in these products have been rarely investigated. A total of 70 CoNS cultures isolated from Sardinian sheep sausages were characterized by rep-PCR and M13-RAPD typing and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. S. xylosus and S. equorum accounted for more than 70% of the total isolates, whilst S. pasteuri (8.5%), S. succinus (2.8%), and S. haemolyticus (2.8%) were less represented. The genes encoding the synthesis of putrescine, tyramine, cadaverine, and histamine were evaluated by PCR. None of the strains hosted genes for decarboxylases, except one S. pasteuri strain that was potentially a tyramine-producer. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated, along with nitrate reductase, lipolytic, and proteolytic activity, in a pool of selected cultures. Resistance to the primary antibiotics was rather widespread. S. xylosus, S. equorum, and S. pasteuri strains were all resistant to amoxicillin and kanamycin. S. equorum strains were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. S. xylosus strains were all resistant to penicillin B. Conversely, all S. pasteuri strains were resistant to both ampicillin and penicillin B, and four out of five strains exhibited tetracycline resistance. The high variability in the production of sheep sausages makes the search for adjunct cultures of crucial relevance. According to this perspective, the characterization of the autochthonous CSN population represents the first step to approach a starter selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta P. Mangia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (N.P.M.); (M.A.M.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Michele Cottu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (N.P.M.); (M.A.M.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Maria Aponte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marco A. Murgia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (N.P.M.); (M.A.M.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Maria E. Mura
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (N.P.M.); (M.A.M.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Blaiotta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Innocente N, Renoldi N, Moret E, Maifreni M, Marino M. Volatilome of brine-related microorganisms in a curd-based medium. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8404-8414. [PMID: 37641243 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The possible contribution of brine-derived microflora to the sensory attributes of cheese is still a rather unexplored field. In this study, 365 bacteria and 105 yeast strains isolated from 11 cheese brines were qualitatively tested for proteolytic and lipolytic activities, and positive strains were identified by sequencing. Among bacteria, Staphylococcus equorum was the most frequent, followed by Macrococcus caseolyticus and Corynebacterium flavescens. As for yeasts, Debaryomyces hansenii, Clavispora lusitaniae, and Torulaspora delbrueckii were most frequently identified. A total of 38% of bacteria and 59% of yeasts showed at least 1 of the metabolic activities tested, with lipolytic activity being the most widespread (81% of bacteria and 95% of yeasts). Subsequently 15 strains of bacteria and 10 yeasts were inoculated in a curd-based medium and assessed via headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine their volatilome. After a 30-d incubation at 12°C, most strains showed a viability increase of about 2 log cfu/mL, suggesting good adaptability to the cheese environment. A total of 26 compounds were detected in the headspace, carbonyl compounds and alcohols being the major contributors to the volatile profile of the curd-based medium. Multivariate analysis was carried out to elucidate the overall differences in volatiles produced by selected strains. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that the brine-related microorganisms were separated into 3 different groups, suggesting their different abilities to produce volatile compounds. Some of the selected strains have been shown to have interesting aromatic potential and to possibly contribute to the sensory properties of cheese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Innocente
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Renoldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Erica Moret
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Michela Maifreni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marilena Marino
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva BN, Fernandes N, Carvalho L, Faria AS, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues C, Gonzales-Barron U, Cadavez V. Lactic acid bacteria from artisanal raw goat milk cheeses: technological properties and antimicrobial potential. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11559. [PMID: 38116370 PMCID: PMC10726393 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In cheese-making, a starter culture composed of adequately chosen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may be suitable to ensure the rapid acidification of milk, improve textural and sensory characteristics, and avoid pathogen proliferation. In this work, 232 LAB isolates collected from artisanal goat's raw milk cheeses produced in Portugal were evaluated for their antimicrobial capacity (at 10 and 37°C), as well as their acidifying and proteolytic properties. Among the 232 isolates, at least 98% of those isolated in De Man- Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) agar presented antagonism against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, or Staphylococcus aureus, whereas less than 28.1% of M17-isolated LAB showed antagonism against these pathogens. M17-isolated LAB displayed better results than MRS ones in terms of acidifying capacity. As for the proteolytic assay, only 2 MRS isolates showed casein hydrolysis capacity. Principal component analyses and molecular characterization of a subset of selected isolates were conducted to identify those with promising capacities and to correlate the identified LAB genera and species with their antimicrobial, acidifying, and/or proteolytic properties. Lactococcus strains were associated with the highest acidifying capacity, whereas Leuconostoc and Lacticaseibacillus strains were more related to antimicrobial capacities. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei were the predominant organisms found. The results of this work highlight various strains with pathogen inhibition capacity and suitable technological properties to be included in a customized starter culture. In future work, it is necessary to appropriately define the starter culture and implement it in the cheese-making process to evaluate if the in-vitro capacities are observable in a real food system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathália Fernandes
- Mountain Research Center, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
| | - Laís Carvalho
- Mountain Research Center, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
| | - Ana Sofia Faria
- Mountain Research Center, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
| | - José António Teixeira
- Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga
- Labbels - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Rodrigues
- Mountain Research Center, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
| | - Ursula Gonzales-Barron
- Mountain Research Center, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
| | - Vasco Cadavez
- Mountain Research Center, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountain Regions, Campus of Santa Apolónia, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balabova DV, Belash EA, Belenkaya SV, Shcherbakov DN, Belov AN, Koval AD, Mironova AV, Bondar AA, Volosnikova EA, Arkhipov SG, Sokolova OO, Chirkova VY, Elchaninov VV. Biochemical Properties of a Promising Milk-Clotting Enzyme, Moose ( Alces alces) Recombinant Chymosin. Foods 2023; 12:3772. [PMID: 37893665 PMCID: PMC10606240 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Moose (Alces alces) recombinant chymosin with a milk-clotting activity of 86 AU/mL was synthesized in the Kluyveromyces lactis expression system. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatographic purification, a sample of genetically engineered moose chymosin with a specific milk-clotting activity of 15,768 AU/mg was obtained, which was used for extensive biochemical characterization of the enzyme. The threshold of the thermal stability of moose chymosin was 55 °C; its complete inactivation occurred after heating at 60 °C. The total proteolytic activity of moose chymosin was 0.332 A280 units. The ratio of milk-clotting and total proteolytic activities of the enzyme was 0.8. The Km, kcat and kcat/Km values of moose chymosin were 4.7 μM, 98.7 s-1, and 21.1 μM-1 s-1, respectively. The pattern of change in the coagulation activity as a function of pH and Ca2+ concentration was consistent with the requirements for milk coagulants for cheese making. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was 50-55 °C. The introduction of Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+ into milk activated the coagulation ability of moose chymosin, while Ni ions on the contrary inhibited its activity. Using previously published data, we compared the biochemical properties of recombinant moose chymosin produced in bacterial (Escherichia coli) and yeast (K. lactis) producers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina V. Balabova
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Belash
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Belenkaya
- State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
- State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Belov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Anatoly D. Koval
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Anna V. Mironova
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Bondar
- JCF “Genomics”, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Volosnikova
- State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Sergey G. Arkhipov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberan Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga O. Sokolova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberan Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Varvara Y. Chirkova
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Elchaninov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murashkin DE, Belenkaya SV, Bondar AA, Elchaninov VV, Shcherbakov DN. Analysis of Some Biochemical Properties of Recombinant Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus) Chymosin Obtained in the Mammalian Cell Culture (CHO-K1). Biochemistry (Mosc) 2023; 88:1284-1295. [PMID: 37770395 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Structure of the chymosin gene of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) was established for the first time and its exon/intron organization was determined. Coding part of the chymosin gene of C. pygargus was reconstructed by the Golden Gate method and obtained as a DNA clone. Comparative sequence analysis of the roe deer, cow, and one-humped camel prochymosins revealed a number of amino acid substitutions at the sites forming the substrate-binding cavity of the enzyme and affecting the S4 and S1' + S3' specificity subsites. Integration vector pIP1 was used to construct a plasmid pIP1-Cap in order to express recombinant roe deer prochymosin gene in CHO-K1 cells. CHO-K1-CYM-Cap pool cells were obtained, allowing synthesis and secretion of recombinant prochymosin into the culture fluid. As a result of zymogen activation, a recombinant roe deer chymosin was obtained and its total milk-clotting activity was estimated to be 468.4 ± 11.1 IMCU/ml. Yield of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 500 mg/liter or ≈468,000 IMCU/liter, which exceeds the yields of genetically engineered chymosins in most of the expression systems used. Basic biochemical properties of the obtained enzyme were compared with the commercial preparations of recombinant chymosins from one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and cow (Bos taurus). Specific milk-clotting activity of the recombinant chymosin of C. pygargus was 938 ± 22 IMCU/mg, which was comparable to that of the reference enzymes. Non-specific proteolytic activity of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 1.4-4.5 times higher than that of the cow and camel enzymes. In terms of coagulation specificity, recombinant chymosin of C. pygargus occupied an intermediate position between the genetically engineered analogs of B. taurus and C. dromedarius chymosins. Thermostability threshold of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 55°C. At 60°C, the enzyme retained <1% of its initial milk-clotting activity, and its complete thermal inactivation was observed at 65°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Murashkin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Belenkaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Bondar
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim V Elchaninov
- Federal Altaic Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology, Barnaul, 656910, Russia
| | - Dmitrii N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
- Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tene ST, Adebo OA, Ndinteh DT, Olusegun Obilana A, Foffe HAK, Kenfack JO, Kamdem MHK, Klang JM, Womeni HM. Effect of variety and malting conditions on proteolytic activity, free amino nitrogen, and soluble protein contents of two maize varieties ( Atp-Y and Coca-sr): amylolytic activity and physico-chemical and functional properties of optimal sample. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1163915. [PMID: 37609486 PMCID: PMC10440425 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1163915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The utilization of sprouted meals in beer production and enhancing the physicochemical properties of supplementary foods is widespread in Africa. This work aimed to determine the influence of soaking, germination, maturation and variety conditions on the physicochemical properties, proteolytic activity, free amino nitrogen (FAN) and soluble protein contents of Coca-sr and Atp-Y maize varieties. Methods To achieve this, the central composite design (CCD) was used for the optimization of five parameters, namely soaking time (18-42 h), plant salt concentration (0.5-1.2%), soaking temperature (25-41°C), sprouting time (80-195 h) and ripening time (17.50-42 h), and following dependent variables were investigated: proteolytic activity, FAN content and soluble protein. Optimal samples flours obtained were then subsequently subjected to physicochemical and functional analysis. Results The analysis of results showed that the linear, interactive and quadratic effects of the factors significantly (p<0.05) affected the proteolytic activity, FAN and soluble protein contents of both varieties. The direction of each factor's variation and its effects were not similar in the two varieties. The optimal malting conditions were 7.31 h soaking with 1.678% vegetable salt at a temperature of 34.65°C followed by sprouting for 245.59 h and maturation for 0.765 h for the Atp-Y variety. For the Coca-sr variety, it requires 1.608 h of soaking with 1.678% vegetable salt at a temperature of 51.93°C followed by 273.94 h and 58.73 h for sprouting and ripening time respectively. The meals of Coca-sr produces using these optimal conditions showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher proteolytic activity, FAN and soluble protein content. The amylolytic activity was more pronounced in the Atp-Y variety, as was the content of essential amino acids. The above optimal conditions reduced the content of anti-nutrients (phytates, saponins, oxalates, condensed and hydrolysable tannins), improved the availability of minerals (Ca and Mg), reduced the pH, mass density, water retention capacity and swelling rate. Conclusion As a result, the optimal flours of these two maize varieties could be applied in the formulation of supplementary foods, bakery products and beer by industrialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephano Tambo Tene
- Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Centre for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anthony Olusegun Obilana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Hermann Arantes Kohole Foffe
- Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Justine Odelonne Kenfack
- Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Michael Hermann Kengne Kamdem
- Centre for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Julie Mathilde Klang
- Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Hilaire Macaire Womeni
- Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Noskova Y, Son O, Tekutyeva L, Balabanova L. Purification and Characterization of a DegP-Type Protease from the Marine Bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1852. [PMID: 37513024 PMCID: PMC10383082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new member of the DegP-type periplasmic serine endoproteases of the S1C family from the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CamSP) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The calculated molecular weight, number of amino acids, and isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein CamSP are 69.957 kDa, 666, and 4.84, respectively. The proteolytic activity of the purified recombinant protease CamSP was 2369.4 and 1550.9 U/mg with the use of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein as the substrates, respectively. The enzyme CamSP exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0-6.2, while it was stable over a wide pH range from 5.8 to 8.5. The optimal temperature for the CamSP protease activity was 50 °C. The enzyme required NaCl or KCl at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 M, respectively, for its maximum activity. The Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax for BSA were determined to be 41.7 µg/mL and 0.036 µg/mL min-1, respectively. The metal ions Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Li2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ slightly activated CamSP, while the addition of CoCl2 to the incubation mixture resulted in a twofold increase in its protease activity. Ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol, and Triton-X-100 increased the activity of CamSP from two- to four-times. The protease CamSP effectively degraded the wheat flour proteins but had no proteolytic activity towards soybean, corn, and the synthetic substrates, α-benzoyl-Arg-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide (SAPNA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Noskova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oksana Son
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Larissa Balabanova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sorokin AV, Goncharova SS, Lavlinskaya MS, Holyavka MG, Faizullin DA, Zuev YF, Kondratyev MS, Artyukhov VG. Complexation of Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain with the Graft Copolymer of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium Salt and N-Vinylimidazole Enhances Enzyme Proteolytic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11246. [PMID: 37511006 PMCID: PMC10379864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the features of interactions between cysteine proteases (bromelain, ficin, and papain) and a graft copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt with N-vinylimidazole. The objective is to understand the influence of this interactions on the proteolytic activity and stability of the enzymes. The enzymes were immobilized through complexation with the carrier. The interaction mechanism was examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and flexible molecular docking simulations. The findings reveal that the enzymes interact with the functional groups of the carrier via amino acid residues, resulting in the formation of secondary structure elements and enzyme's active sites. These interactions induce modulation of active site of the enzymes, leading to an enhancement in their proteolytic activity. Furthermore, the immobilized enzymes demonstrate superior stability compared to their native counterparts. Notably, during a 21-day incubation period, no protein release from the conjugates was observed. These results suggest that the complexation of the enzymes with the graft copolymer has the potential to improve their performance as biocatalysts, with applications in various fields such as biomedicine, pharmaceutics, and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Sorokin
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Bioresource Potential of the Seaside Territory Laboratory, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Goncharova
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Maria S Lavlinskaya
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Bioresource Potential of the Seaside Territory Laboratory, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Marina G Holyavka
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Bioresource Potential of the Seaside Territory Laboratory, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Dzhigangir A Faizullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuriy F Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maxim S Kondratyev
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valeriy G Artyukhov
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Egorova VS, Kolesova EP, Lopus M, Yan N, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. Smart Delivery Systems Responsive to Cathepsin B Activity for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1848. [PMID: 37514035 PMCID: PMC10386206 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease, contributing to vital cellular homeostatic processes including protein turnover, macroautophagy of damaged organelles, antigen presentation, and in the extracellular space, it takes part in tissue remodeling, prohormone processing, and activation. However, aberrant overexpression of cathepsin B and its enzymatic activity is associated with different pathological conditions, including cancer. Cathepsin B overexpression in tumor tissues makes this enzyme an important target for smart delivery systems, responsive to the activity of this enzyme. The generation of technologies which therapeutic effect is activated as a result of cathepsin B cleavage provides an opportunity for tumor-targeted therapy and controlled drug release. In this review, we summarized different technologies designed to improve current cancer treatments responsive to the activity of this enzyme that were shown to play a key role in disease progression and response to the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Egorova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Kolesova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Manu Lopus
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai Kalina Campus, Vidyanagari, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Neng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Basic A, Dahlén G. Microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases: a narrative review. Front Oral Health 2023; 4:1210200. [PMID: 37388417 PMCID: PMC10300593 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These diseases, involving gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions initiated and maintained by the polymicrobial dental plaque/biofilm. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition while periodontitis involves also irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues including the alveolar bone. The inflammatory response of the host is a natural reaction to the formation of plaque and the continuous release of metabolic waste products. The microorganisms grow in a nutritious and shielded niche in the periodontal pocket, protected from natural cleaning forces such as saliva. It is a paradox that the consequences of the enhanced inflammatory reaction also enable more slow-growing, fastidious, anaerobic bacteria, with often complex metabolic pathways, to colonize and thrive. Based on complex food chains, nutrient networks and bacterial interactions, a diverse microbial community is formed and established in the gingival pocket. This microbiota is dominated by anaerobic, often motile, Gram-negatives with proteolytic metabolism. Although this alternation in bacterial composition often is considered pathologic, it is a natural development that is promoted by ecological factors and not necessarily a true "dysbiosis". Normal commensals are adapting to the gingival crevice when tooth cleaning procedures are absent. The proteolytic metabolism is highly complex and involves a number of metabolic pathways with production of a cascade of metabolites in an unspecific manner. The metabolites involve short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid), amines (indole, scatole, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine) and gases (NH3, CO, NO, H2S, H2). A homeostatic condition is often present between the colonizers and the host response, where continuous metabolic fluctuations are balanced by the inflammatory response. While it is well established that the effect of the dental biofilm on the host response and tissue repair is mediated by microbial metabolites, the mechanisms behind the tissue destruction (loss of clinical attachment and bone) are still poorly understood. Studies addressing the functions of the microbiota, the metabolites, and how they interplay with host tissues and cells, are therefore warranted.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bande-De León C, Buendía-Moreno L, Abellán A, Manzi P, Al Mohandes Dridi B, Essaidi I, Aquilanti L, Tejada L. Clotting and Proteolytic Activity of Freeze-Dried Crude Extracts Obtained from Wild Thistles Cynara humilis L. and Onopordum platylepis Murb. Foods 2023; 12:2325. [PMID: 37372535 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising interest in finding alternatives to animal rennet in cheese production has led to studying the technological feasibility of using and exploiting new species of herbaceous plants. In this research work, and for the first time, freeze-dried extracts from Cynara humilis L. (CH) and Onopordum platylepis Murb. (OP) were studied for mineral and protein content, and their clotting and proteolytic activity were compared to those of Cynara cardunculus L. (CC). The effect of extract concentration (5-40 mg extract/mL), temperature (20-85 °C), pH (5-8), and CaCl2 concentration (5-70 mM) on the milk clotting activity (MCA) of CC, CH and OP extracts was evaluated. The MCA values were significantly higher in CC at the same extract concentration. The extract that showed the most significant increase in clotting activity due to increased temperature was OP, with maximum activity at 70 °C. The pH value for maximum milk clotting was 5.0 for both CC and CH, whereas, in the case of OP, the pH value was 5.5. CaCl2 enhanced the clotting capacity of the extracts, particularly for OP and CH. Furthermore, proteolytic activity (PA) and the hydrolysis rate increased with increasing time and enzyme concentration, with CC being the extract that achieved the highest caseinolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bande-De León
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad Católica de Murcia-UCAM, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Buendía-Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adela Abellán
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad Católica de Murcia-UCAM, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pamela Manzi
- CREA, Centro di Ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Bouthaina Al Mohandes Dridi
- Research Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR21AGR02, High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Sousse 4042, Tunisia
| | - Ismahen Essaidi
- Research Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR21AGR02, High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Sousse 4042, Tunisia
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Departament of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luis Tejada
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad Católica de Murcia-UCAM, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wette SG, Lamb GD, Murphy RM. Calpain-3 Is Not a Sodium Dependent Protease and Simply Requires Calcium for Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119405. [PMID: 37298357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain-3 (CAPN3) is a muscle-specific member of the calpain family of Ca2+-dependent proteases. It has been reported that CAPN3 can also be autolytically activated by Na+ ions in the absence of Ca2+, although this was only shown under non-physiological ionic conditions. Here we confirm that CAPN3 does undergo autolysis in the presence of high [Na+], but this only occurred if all K+ normally present in a muscle cell was absent, and it did not occur even in 36 mM Na+, higher than what would ever be reached in exercising muscle if normal [K+] was present. CAPN3 in human muscle homogenates was autolytically activated by Ca2+, with ~50% CAPN3 autolysing in 60 min in the presence of 2 µM Ca2+. In comparison, autolytic activation of CAPN1 required about 5-fold higher [Ca2+] in the same conditions and tissue. After it was autolysed, CAPN3 unbound from its tight binding on titin and became diffusible, but only if the autolysis led to complete removal of the IS1 inhibitory peptide within CAPN3, reducing the C-terminal fragment to 55 kDa. Contrary to a previous report, activation of CAPN3, either by raised [Ca2+] or Na+ treatment, did not cause proteolysis of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel-ryanodine receptor, RyR1, in physiological ionic conditions. Treatment of human muscle homogenates with high [Ca2+] caused autolytic activation of CAPN1, accompanied by proteolysis of some titin and complete proteolysis of junctophilin (JP1, full length ~95 kDa), generating an equimolar amount of a diffusible ~75 kDa N-terminal JP1 fragment, but without any proteolysis of RyR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Wette
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Graham D Lamb
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Myszka K, Tomaś N, Juzwa W, Wolko Ł. Chlorogenic Acid Inhibits Rahnella aquatilis KM25 Growth and Proteolytic Activity in Fish-Based Products. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1367. [PMID: 37374869 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work verified the antiproliferative and antiproteolytic activities of chlorogenic acid against Rahnella aquatilis KM25, a spoilage organism of raw salmon stored at 4 °C. Chlorogenic acid limited the growth of R. aqatilis KM25 in vitro at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. The dead (46%), viable (25%), and injured (20%) cell subpopulations were identified by flow cytometry following treatment of R. aquatilis KM25 with the examined agent. The exposure of R. aquatilis KM25 to chlorogenic acid altered its morphology. Changes in cell dimensions, mostly in length parameters from 0.778 µm to 1.09 µm, were found. The length of untreated cells ranged from 0.958 µm to 1.53 µm. The RT-qPCR experiments revealed changes in the expression of genes responsible for the proliferation and proteolytic activity of cells. Chlorogenic acid caused a significant reduction in the mRNA levels of the ftsZ, ftsA, ftsN, tolB, and M4 genes (-2.5, -1.5, -2.0, -1.5, and -1.5, respectively). In situ experiments confirmed the potential of chlorogenic acid to limit bacterial growth. A similar effect was noted in samples treated with benzoic acid, where the growth inhibition of R. aquatilis KM25 was 85-95%. Reduction of microbial R. aquatilis KM25 proliferation significantly limited total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine (TMA-N) formation during storage, extending the shelf life of model products. The TVB-N and TMA-N parameters did not exceed the upper levels of the maximum permissible limit of acceptability. In this work, the TVB-N and TMA-N parameters were 10-25 mg/100 g and 2.5-20.5 mg/100 g, respectively; for samples with benzoic acid-supplemented marinades, the parameters TVB-N and TMA-N were 7.5-25.0 mg/100 g and 2.0-20.0 mg/100 g, respectively. Based on the results of this work, it can be concluded that chlorogenic acid can increase the safety, shelf life, and quality of fishery products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Myszka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Tomaś
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Juzwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wolko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rigo GV, Cardoso FG, Pereira MM, Devereux M, McCann M, Santos ALS, Tasca T. Peptidases Are Potential Targets of Copper(II)-1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione Complex, a Promising and Potent New Drug against Trichomonas vaginalis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050745. [PMID: 37242415 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for 156 million new cases per year worldwide. When present asymptomatically, the parasite can lead to serious complications, such as development of cervical and prostate cancer. As infection increases the acquisition and transmission of HIV, the control of trichomoniasis represents an important niche for the discovery and development of new antiparasitic molecules. This urogenital parasite synthesizes several molecules that allow the establishment and pathogenesis of infection. Among them, peptidases occupy key roles as virulence factors, and the inhibition of these enzymes has become an important mechanism for modulating pathogenesis. Based on these premises, our group recently reported the potent anti-T. vaginalis action of the metal-based complex [Cu(phendione)3](ClO4)2.4H2O (Cu-phendione). In the present study, we evaluated the influence of Cu-phendione on the modulation of proteolytic activities produced by T. vaginalis by biochemical and molecular approaches. Cu-phendione showed strong inhibitory potential against T. vaginalis peptidases, especially cysteine- and metallo-type peptidases. The latter revealed a more prominent effect at both the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Molecular Docking analysis confirmed the interaction of Cu-phendione, with high binding energy (-9.7 and -10.7 kcal·mol-1, respectively) at the active site of both TvMP50 and TvGP63 metallopeptidases. In addition, Cu-phendione significantly reduced trophozoite-mediated cytolysis in human vaginal (HMVII) and monkey kidney (VERO) epithelial cell lineages. These results highlight the antiparasitic potential of Cu-phendione by interaction with important T. vaginalis virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gomes Cardoso
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Mendonça Pereira
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Michael Devereux
- The Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Biomimetic Research Centre, Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Malachy McCann
- Chemistry Department, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Wang Q, Zou S, Song J, Zhang P, Wang F, Huang Y, He Q, Zhang L. Protective Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against the Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Envenoming. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:283. [PMID: 37104221 PMCID: PMC10142270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stings are the most common marine animal injuries worldwide, with approximately 150 million envenomation cases annually, and the victims may suffer from severe pain, itching, swelling, inflammation, arrhythmias, cardiac failure, or even death. Consequently, identification of effective first aid reagents for jellyfish envenoming is urgently needed. Here, we found that the polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) markedly antagonized the hemolytic toxicity, proteolytic activity, and cardiomyocyte toxicity of the jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai venom in vitro and could prevent and treat systemic envenoming caused by N. nomurai venom in vivo. Moreover, EGCG is a natural plant active ingredient and widely used as a food additive without toxic side effects. Hence, we suppose that EGCG might be an effective antagonist against systemic envenoming induced by jellyfish venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| | - Shuaijun Zou
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| | - Juxingsi Song
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Marine Biological Injury and Dermatology, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| | - Qian He
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Y, Tomko RJ, Hochstrasser M. Proteasomes: Isolation and Activity Assays. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e717. [PMID: 37026813 PMCID: PMC10337785 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, damaged or unneeded proteins are typically degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this system, the protein substrate is often first covalently modified with a chain of ubiquitin polypeptides. This chain serves as a signal for delivery to the 26S proteasome, a 2.5-MDa, ATP-dependent multisubunit protease complex. The proteasome consists of a barrel-shaped 20S core particle (CP) that is capped on one or both of its ends by a 19S regulatory particle (RP). The RP is responsible for recognizing the substrate, unfolding it, and translocating it into the CP for destruction. Here we describe simple, one-step purification schemes for isolating the 26S proteasome and its 19S RP and 20S CP subcomplexes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A gel filtration step can be added to further enhance purity. We also describe assays for measuring ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent proteolytic activity in vitro. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Purification of active 26S proteasomes Support Protocol 1: Growth of yeast strains and production of yeast cell powder Support Protocol 2: Regeneration of anti-flag M2 affinity gel Basic Protocol 2: Purification of the 19S regulatory particle (RP) Basic Protocol 3: Purification of active 20S CP Basic Protocol 4: In-gel peptidase activity assay for 20S CP and 26S proteasomes Basic Protocol 5: In-solution peptidase activity assay for 20S and 26S proteasomes Basic Protocol 6: Measuring degradation of polyubiquitinated SIC1PY Basic Protocol 7: Gel filtration of purified proteasomes and subcomplexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert J. Tomko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sorokin AV, Goncharova SS, Lavlinskaya MS, Holyavka MG, Faizullin DA, Kondratyev MS, Kannykin SV, Zuev YF, Artyukhov VG. Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Polymers as Promising Matrices for Ficin Immobilization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030649. [PMID: 36771951 PMCID: PMC9920955 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work is devoted to research on the interaction between carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt and its derivatives (graft copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt and N,N-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) with cysteine protease (ficin). The interaction was studied by FTIR and by flexible molecular docking, which have shown the conjugates' formation with both matrices. The proteolytic activity assay performed with azocasein demonstrated that the specific activities of all immobilized ficin samples are higher in comparison with those of the native enzyme. This is due to the modulation of the conformation of ficin globule and of the enzyme active site by weak physical interactions involving catalytically valuable amino acids. The results obtained can extend the practical use of ficin in biomedicine and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Sorokin
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnologies, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolutsii Avenue, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Goncharova
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Maria S. Lavlinskaya
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnologies, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolutsii Avenue, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Marina G. Holyavka
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Dzhigangir A. Faizullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of the RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maxim S. Kondratyev
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Structure and Dynamics of Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kannykin
- Material Science and Nanosystem Industry Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yuriy F. Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of the RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeriy G. Artyukhov
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sağiroğlu A, Özdemir N, Çon AH. Multifunctional potentials of lactic acid bacterial isolates from Turkish traditional fermented foods. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:6887827. [PMID: 36688744 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate LAB strains with antimicrobial activity that can be used as bio-protective agents, from yogurt, pickle, and cheese samples, which are Turkish traditional fermented foods, and to reveal the potential probiotic properties of these isolates with antimicrobial activity. In addition, it was aimed for the first time to examine the potential and uniqueness of these domestic and local traditional fermented foods. In the study, a total of 682 LAB isolates from Turkish traditional fermented samples were isolated. Thirteen isolates with both high and antifungal activities were selected; four Lactiplantibacillus pentosus strains, six Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, and one each Enterococcus lactis, Enterococcus durans, and Enterococcus faecalis strains. Ten isolates of them were suggested as potential probiotics (excluding 1Y2-1, 1Y7-3, and 3Y12-4). It was thought that the L. pentosus 2Y7-1, which was slow to produce acid, could be used as a co-culture in fermented products with a long ripening stage, supported by enriching the product of its milk coagulation, β-galactosidase, proteolytic, and cholesterol assimilation abilities in terms of bioactive peptide and prebiotics. Another strain, E. faecalis 3Y4-3, which was high proteolytic activity, was suggested as a co-culture in fermented products to improve both organoleptic properties and increase bioactive peptides. On the other hand, among non-probiotics, L. plantarum 3Y12-4 can be used as a starter culture in fermented milk products in order to evaluate its milk coagulation, cholesterol assimilation, and proteolytic abilities. As a result, these three strains can be used in many areas, such as fermented and/or functional food production and enzyme production. In addition, this has been the first study to examine the potential and uniqueness of Turkish domestic and local traditional fermented foods in Samsun, Turkey, together, in terms of both antimicrobial and probiotic LAB isolate (multifunctional) potential and diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşen Sağiroğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Özdemir
- Department of Food Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hilmi Çon
- Department of Food Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moiseenko KV, Begunova AV, Savinova OS, Glazunova OA, Rozhkova IV, Fedorova TV. Biochemical and Genomic Characterization of Two New Strains of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Isolated from the Traditional Corn-Based Beverage of South Africa, Mahewu, and Their Comparison with Strains Isolated from Kefir Grains. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36613437 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (formerly Lactobacillus paracasei) is a nomadic lactic acid bacterium (LAB) that inhabits a wide variety of ecological niches, from fermented foodstuffs to host-associated microenvironments. Many of the isolated L. paracasei strains have been used as single-strain probiotics or as part of a symbiotic consortium within formulations. The present study contributes to the exploration of different strains of L. paracasei derived from non-conventional isolation sources-the South African traditional fermented drink mahewu (strains MA2 and MA3) and kefir grains (strains KF1 and ABK). The performed microbiological, biochemical and genomic comparative analyses of the studied strains demonstrated correlation between properties of the strains and their isolation source, which suggests the presence of at least partial strain adaptation to the isolation environments. Additionally, for the studied strains, antagonistic activities against common pathogens and against each other were observed, and the ability to release bioactive peptides with antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) properties during milk fermentation was investigated. The obtained results may be useful for a deeper understanding of the nomadic lifestyle of L. paracasei and for the development of new starter cultures and probiotic preparations based on this LAB in the future.
Collapse
|
22
|
Santiago A, Hann A, Constante M, Rahmani S, Libertucci J, Jackson K, Rueda G, Rossi L, Rithwick R, Ruf W, Schertzer J, Caminero A, Bercik P, Galipeau HJ, Verdu EF. Crohn's disease proteolytic microbiota enhances inflammation through PAR2 pathway in gnotobiotic mice. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2205425. [PMID: 37131291 PMCID: PMC10158566 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2205425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates microbial proteolytic activity in ulcerative colitis (UC), but whether it also plays a role in Crohn's disease (CD) remains unclear. We investigated the effects of colonizing adult and neonatal germ-free C57BL/6 mice with CD microbiota, selected based on high (CD-HPA) or low fecal proteolytic activity (CD-LPA), or microbiota from healthy controls with LPA (HC-LPA) or HPA (HC-HPA). We then investigated colitogenic mechanisms in gnotobiotic C57BL/6, and in mice with impaired Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-2 (NOD2) and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) cleavage resistant mice (Nod2-/-; R38E-PAR2 respectively). At sacrifice, total fecal proteolytic, elastolytic, and mucolytic activity were analyzed. Microbial community and predicted function were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt2. Immune function and colonic injury were investigated by inflammatory gene expression (NanoString) and histology. Colonization with HC-LPA or CD-LPA lowered baseline fecal proteolytic activity in germ-free mice, which was paralleled by lower acute inflammatory cell infiltrate. CD-HPA further increased proteolytic activity compared with germ-free mice. CD-HPA mice had lower alpha diversity, distinct microbial profiles and higher fecal proteolytic activity compared with CD-LPA. C57BL/6 and Nod2-/- mice, but not R38E-PAR2, colonized with CD-HPA had higher colitis severity than those colonized with CD-LPA. Our results indicate that CD proteolytic microbiota is proinflammatory, increasing colitis severity through a PAR2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Amber Hann
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Marco Constante
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sara Rahmani
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josie Libertucci
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kyle Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaston Rueda
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Laura Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ramachandran Rithwick
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon Schertzer
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Heather Jean Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Elena Francisca Verdu
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang Y, Zou W, Niu Y, Wang S, Chen B, Xiong R, Zhang P, Luo Z, Wu Y, Fan C, Zhong Z, Xu P, Peng Y. Phosphorylation of enteroviral 2A pro at Ser/Thr125 benefits its proteolytic activity and viral pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28400. [PMID: 36511115 PMCID: PMC10107306 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviral 2A proteinase (2Apro ), a well-established and important viral functional protein, plays a key role in shutting down cellular cap-dependent translation, mainly via its proteolytic activity, and creating optimal conditions for Enterovirus survival. Accumulated data show that viruses take advantage of various signaling cascades for their life cycle; studies performed by us and others have demonstrated that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is essential for enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and other viruses replication. We recently showed that ERK1/2 is required for the proteolytic activity of viral 2Apro ; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of 2Apro remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the 125th residue Ser125 of EV-A71 2Apro or Thr125 of coxsackievirus B3 2Apro , which is highly conserved in the Enterovirus, was phosphorylated by ERK1/2. Importantly, 2Apro with phosphor-Ser/Thr125 had much stronger proteolytic activity toward eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI and rendered the virus more efficient for multiplication and pathogenesis in hSCARB2 knock-in mice than that in nonphospho-Ser/Thr125A (S/T125A) mutants. Notably, phosphorylation-mimic mutations caused deleterious changes in 2Apro catalytic function (S/T125D/E) and in viral propagation (S125D). Crystal structure simulation analysis showed that Ser125 phosphorylation in EV-A71 2Apro enabled catalytic Cys to adopt an optimal conformation in the catalytic triad His-Asp-Cys, which enhances 2Apro proteolysis. Therefore, we are the first to report Ser/Thr125 phosphorylation of 2Apro increases enteroviral adaptation to the host to ensure enteroviral multiplication, causing pathogenicity. Additionally, weakened viruses containing a S/T125A mutation could be a general strategy to develop attenuated Enterovirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Zou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sanyuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bangtao Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Darwish AMG, Abd El-Wahed AA, Shehata MG, El-Seedi HR, Masry SHD, Khalifa SAM, Mahfouz HM, El-Sohaimy SA. Chemical Profiling and Nutritional Evaluation of Bee Pollen, Bee Bread, and Royal Jelly and Their Role in Functional Fermented Dairy Products. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Honeybee products, as multicomponent substances, have been a focus of great interest. The present work aimed to perform the nutritional and chemical profiling and biochemical characterization of bee pollen (BP), bee bread (BB), and royal jelly (RJ) and study their applications in the fortification of functional fermented dairy products. Their effects on starter cultures and the physicochemical and sensorial quality of products were monitored. A molecular networking analysis identified a total of 46 compounds in the three bee products that could be potential medicines, including flavonoids, fatty acids, and peptides. BB showed the highest protein and sugar contents (22.57 and 26.78 g/100 g), which cover 45.14 and 53.56% of their daily values (DVs), with considerable amounts of the essential amino acids threonine and lysine (59.50 and 42.03%). BP, BB, and RJ can be considered sources of iron, as 100 g can cover 141, 198.5, and 94.94% of DV%, respectively. BP was revealed to have the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (105.68 and 43.91 µg/g) and showed a synergetic effect when mixed with RJ, resulting in increased antioxidant activity, while BB showed a synergetic effect when mixed with RJ in terms of both antioxidant and proteolytic powers (IC50 7.54, 11.55, 12.15, 12.50, and 12.65 cP compared to the control (10.55 cP)), reflecting their organoleptic properties and highlighting these health-oriented products as promising natural products for human health care.
Collapse
|
25
|
Krylov VV, Papchenkova GA, Golovanova IL. Influence of Calcium Resonance-Tuned Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Daphnia magna. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415727. [PMID: 36555367 PMCID: PMC9779586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A biophysical model for calculating the effective parameters of low-frequency magnetic fields was developed by Lednev based on summarized empirical data. According to this model, calcium ions as enzyme cofactors can be the primary target of low-frequency magnetic fields with different parameters tuned to calcium resonance. However, the effects of calcium-resonant combinations of static and alternating magnetic fields that correspond to Lednev's model and differ by order in frequency and intensity were not studied. It does not allow for confidently discussing the primary targets of low-frequency magnetic fields in terms of the magnetic influence on ions-enzyme cofactors. To clarify this issue, we examined the response of freshwater crustaceans Daphnia magna to the impact of combinations of magnetic fields targeted to calcium ions in enzymes according to Lednev's model that differ in order of magnitude. Life-history traits and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Exposure of daphnids to both combinations of magnetic fields led to a long-term delay of the first brood release, an increase in the brood size, a decrease in the number of broods, and the period between broods. The amylolytic activity, proteolytic activity, and sucrase activity significantly decreased in whole-body homogenates of crustaceans in response to both combinations of magnetic fields. The similarity in the sets of revealed effects assumes that different magnetic fields tuned to calcium ions in biomolecules can affect the same primary molecular target. The results suggest that the low-frequency magnetic fields with parameters corresponding to Lednev's model of interaction between biological molecules and ions can remain effective with a significant decrease in the static magnetic background.
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang B, Stewart CA, McCulloch CA, Santerre JP, Cvitkovitch DG, Finer Y. Streptococcus mutans Proteases Degrade Dentinal Collagen. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36547039 DOI: 10.3390/dj10120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we explored the role of S. mutans’s whole cell and discrete fractions in the degradation of type I collagen and dentinal collagen. Type I collagen gels and human demineralized dentin slabs (DS) were incubated in media alone or with one of the following: overnight (O/N) or newly inoculated (NEW) cultures of S. mutans UA159; intracellular proteins, supernatant or bacterial membranes of O/N cultures. Media from all groups were analyzed for protease-mediated release of the collagen-specific imino acid hydroxyproline. Images of type I collagen and DS were analyzed, respectively. Type I collagen degradation was highest for the supernatant (p < 0.05) fractions, followed by intracellular components and O/N cultures. Collagen degradation for DS samples was highest for O/N samples, followed by supernatant, and intracellular components (p < 0.05). There was lower detectable degradation for both type I collagen and DS from NEW culture samples (p < 0.05), and there was no type I collagen or DS degradation detected for bacterial membrane samples. Structural changes to type I collagen gel and dentinal collagen were observed, respectively, following incubation with S. mutans cultures (O/N and NEW), intracellular components, and supernatant. This study demonstrates that intracellular and extracellular proteolytic activities from S. mutans enable this cariogenic bacterium to degrade type I and dentinal collagen in a growth-phase dependent manner, potentially contributing to the progression of dental caries.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aronova E, Dmitrienko M, Ivanova A, Gaykova Y, Kurochkina A, Blinova A, Bazarnova J, Paponova E. Express Diagnostics of Proteolytic Activity of Periodontopathogens-Methodological Approach. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10110217. [PMID: 36421404 PMCID: PMC9689137 DOI: 10.3390/dj10110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The species spectrum of the oral microbiome is considered to be the key factor in the development and progression of periodontal inflammatory disorders. The “red complex” including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola has the highest pathogenic potential. These bacteria have several biochemical mechanisms that allow them to colonize and destroy periodontal tissues. Proteolytic enzymes play a crucial role in this process. Early diagnosis of pathological conditions induced by microbial contamination allows for the timely treatment of periodontitis. Otherwise, the development of the disease may lead to tooth loss. A total of 48 patients aged 18 to 65 years old who required professional oral hygiene were recruited for this clinical study. Microbial content analysis of dental plaque from the interdental space and the back of the tongue was performed using real-time PCR. To determine the proteolytic activity of oral bacteria, the new express diagnostic method was applied (diagnostic sensitivity, 0.875; specificity, 0.928). The results demonstrate a strong and significant correlation between the new method and the PCR analysis (r = 0.785, p < 0.001). These results show that the new express method can be valuable as an early diagnostic method for periodontal inflammatory disorders caused by the “red complex” bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Aronova
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Marina Dmitrienko
- Association of Medicine and Analytics Co., Ltd., 17 line V.O. 4-6, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasija Ivanova
- Association of Medicine and Analytics Co., Ltd., 17 line V.O. 4-6, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Yulia Gaykova
- Association of Medicine and Analytics Co., Ltd., 17 line V.O. 4-6, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Kurochkina
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alisa Blinova
- Department of Periodontology, Tver State Medical University, Sovietskaya Street 4, 170100 Tver, Russia
| | - Julia Bazarnova
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Paponova
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ke K, Pillai K, Mekkawy AH, Akhter J, Badar S, Valle SJ, Morris DL. Physical and chemical factors affecting the loading and release of bromelain from DC beads. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7135-7146. [PMID: 36398211 PMCID: PMC9641495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin loaded DC beads (microspheres) has been used for treating un-resectable tumours by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). We have shown that bromelain, an enzyme from the pineapple plant, enhances the cytotoxic effect of a number of chemotherapeutic drugs and in an earlier study we have demonstrated that it can be loaded into DC beads. Therefore, in the current study we have investigated how certain physical and chemical parameters affect its loading and release for future development of DC beads in cancer therapy. Aliquots of 40-60 µL of DC beads (100-300 µm) were treated to bromelain in distilled water and various parameters such as pH of solution, bromelain concentration, temperature, loading period, presence/absence of agitation and the cytotoxic effect of bromelain loaded beads were investigated. Further release kinetics was also studied with additional investigation of pH effect on the proteolytic activity of bromelain. Results indicate that higher loading of bromelin was achieved in the beads at lower pH, higher concentration of bromelain, with agitation, 24 hours loading and ambient room temperature. Proteolytic activity of bromelain was maximal at pH 4.5 whilst cytotoxicity was at par if not better in the bromelain loaded DC beads. Release kinetics indicated that bromelain can be delivered over several hours. Hence, we conclude that bromelain can be loaded more efficiently with manipulation of certain parameters with noticeable cytotoxicity in tumour cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ke
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- University of New South Wales, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolSydney NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Krishna Pillai
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalKogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalKogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Javed Akhter
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalKogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Samina Badar
- University of New South Wales, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolSydney NSW 2217, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalKogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valle
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalKogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Mucpharm Pty LtdAustralia
- University of New South Wales, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolSydney NSW 2217, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St. George HospitalKogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ceuleers H, Hanning N, De Bruyn M, De Man JG, De Schepper HU, Li Q, Liu L, Abrams S, Smet A, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Meester I, Pasricha PJ, De Winter BY. The Effect of Serine Protease Inhibitors on Visceral Pain in Different Rodent Models With an Intestinal Insult. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:765744. [PMID: 35721192 PMCID: PMC9201642 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.765744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serine proteases are believed to play a key role in the origin of abdominal pain in IBD and IBS. We previously demonstrated a reduction of visceral pain in a post-inflammatory IBS rat model after a single intraperitoneal or intracolonic administration of a serine protease inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of serine protease inhibition on visceral pain in two different animal models involving a colonic insult based either on acute inflammation or on neonatal irritation. Moreover, protease profiling was explored in the acute colitis model. Methods: An acute 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis rat model and a chronic neonatal acetic acid mouse model were used in this study. Visceral sensitivity was quantified by visceromotor responses (VMRs) to colorectal distension, 30 min after intraperitoneal administration of the serine protease inhibitors nafamostat, UAMC-00050 or their vehicles. Colonic samples from acute colitis rats were used to quantify the mRNA expression of a panel of serine proteases and mast cell tryptase by immunohistochemistry. Finally, proteolytic activities in colonic and fecal samples were characterized using fluorogenic substrates. Key Results: We showed a significant and pressure-dependent increase in visceral hypersensitivity in acute colitis and neonatal acetic acid models. UAMC-00050 and nafamostat significantly reduced VMRs in both animal models. In acute colitis rats, the administration of a serine protease inhibitor did not affect the inflammatory parameters. Protease profiling of these acute colitis animals revealed an increased tryptase immunoreactivity and a downregulation of matriptase at the mRNA level after inflammation. The administration of UAMC-00050 resulted in a decreased elastase-like activity in the colon associated with a significantly increased elastase-like activity in fecal samples of acute colitis animals. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results suggest that serine proteases play an important role in visceral hypersensitivity in an acute TNBS colitis model in rats and a neonatal acetic acid model in mice. Moreover, we hypothesize a potential mechanism of action of UAMC-00050 via the alteration of elastase-like proteolytic activity in acute inflammation. Taken together, we provided fundamental evidence for serine protease inhibitors as a promising new therapeutic strategy for abdominal pain in gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ceuleers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikita Hanning
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michelle De Bruyn
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Heiko U De Schepper
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven Abrams
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Data Science Institute, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Acosta GA, Fonseca MI, Fariña JI, Zapata PD. Exploring Agaricomycetes from the Paranaense rainforest (Misiones, Argentina) as an unconventional source of fibrinolytic enzymes. Mycologia 2022; 114:242-253. [PMID: 35394849 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2035148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungal fibrinolytic enzymes, secreted by some Agaricomycetes, are recognized as important thrombolytic agents due to their ability to rapidly dissolve thromboembolic clots. The present work evaluated fibrinolytic and proteolytic secretion abilities of 35 Agaricomycetes isolates from the Paranaense rainforest (Misiones, Argentina). We detected proteolytic activity in 40% of the strains while nine strains showed fibrinolytic activity. Schizophyllum commune LBM 026, Schizophyllum commune LBM 223, and Hornodermoporus martius LBM 224 exhibited the highest levels of fibrinolytic activity. Fibrin zymography from S. commune LBM 026 and LBM 223 showed an enzyme of 27.5 kDa, while H. martius LBM 224 presented an enzyme of 29 kDa. The evaluation of the enzymatic stability of culture supernatant of these strains revealed that the fibrinolytic activity was highly stable over a wide temperature and pH range. Long-term stability of fibrinolytic activity at physiological conditions evidenced that the strains had a half-life of at least 72 h. Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by S. commune LBM 026 and LBM 223 were inhibited in the presence of EDTA indicating that they are metalloproteases. This work reveals the potential of S. commune LBM 026, S. commune LBM 223, and H. martius LBM 224 as an unconventional source of thrombolytic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alejandra Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Julia Inés Fariña
- Laboratorio de Micodiversidad y Micoprospección, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PROIMI-CONICET), S.M. Tucumán, Tucumán 4001, Argentina
| | - Pedro Darío Zapata
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yaacoub C, Wehbe R, Salma Y, El-Obeid D, El Bersaoui R, Coutard B, Fajloun Z. Apis mellifera syriaca Venom: Evaluation of Its Anticoagulant Effect, Proteolytic Activity, and Cytotoxicity along with Its Two Main Compounds-MEL and PLA2-On HeLa Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:1653. [PMID: 35268753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) is one of the most remarkable natural products that has been a subject of studies since ancient times. Recent studies have shown that Apis mellifera syriaca venom possesses antibacterial as well as cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. The venom contains a variety of bioactive molecules—mainly melittin (MEL) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), as well as other compounds that are not well characterized. In this work, we continue the biological characterization of A. mellifera syriaca venom by testing its anticoagulant effect on human plasma using the prothrombin time (PT) test, as well as assessing its proteolytic activity. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the crude venom—and of its two main components, MEL and PLA2—was tested on HeLa cancer cell lines for the first time. The results obtained showed the capacity of A. mellifera syriaca venom to increase clotting time, thereby proving its anticoagulant effect. Moreover, the venom did not demonstrate a significant proteolytic activity unless administrated at concentrations ≥ 5 mg/mL. Finally, we showed that crude A. mellifera syriaca venom, along with MEL, exhibit a strong in vitro cytotoxic effect on HeLa cancer cell lines, even at low concentrations. In summary, our findings could serve as a basis for the development of new natural-based drug candidates in the therapeutic field.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kum SL, Ho JCS, Parikh AN, Liedberg B. Amphiphilic Membrane Environments Regulate Enzymatic Behaviors of Salmonella Outer Membrane Protease. ACS Bio Med Chem Au 2022; 2:73-83. [PMID: 37102179 PMCID: PMC10114716 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of an amphiphilic environment in the functional regulation of integral membrane proteins is well appreciated but how specific amphiphilic surrounding influences the conformational plasticity and function of a protein is less obvious. We focus on the Salmonella phosphoglycerate transport system (pgt)-encoded outer membrane protease E (PgtE), which plays an important role in tissue infiltration and survival of Salmonella enterica. Despite our understanding of its physiological functions, elucidation of its enzymatic behavior in response to the immediate amphiphilic surrounding is lacking. We monitor the proteolytic activity of PgtE reconstituted in Zwittergent 3-12 detergent micelles or a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayer and examine factors that influence its activity. We find, to our surprise, that PgtE, which is thought to elicit a rapid response toward various substrates, showed hysteretic enzymatic behavior, characterized by a prominent lag phase prior to achieving the exponential steady state in its detergent-stabilized form as well as in the outer membrane embedded native state in live bacteria. The lag phase was abolished under three conditions: preformation of an inactive detergent-stabilized PgtE-substrate complex without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-bound detergent-stabilized PgtE that had reached steady state velocity, or PgtE reconstituted into a POPC bilayer environment. Interestingly, detergent- and bilayer-stabilized PgtE showed comparable steady-state activity. And strikingly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) becomes nonessential for the activation of PgtE when the protein is reconstituted in the phospholipid bilayer, contrasting a long-standing notion that LPS is required for proteases belonging to the omptin family to be proteolytically active. These findings suggest intriguing biological nuances for the proteolytic function of PgtE that were not well appreciated previously and offer new perspectives that may generally be applicable for omptins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siau Ling Kum
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological
University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798 Singapore
| | - James C. S. Ho
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological
University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798 Singapore
| | - Atul N. Parikh
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological
University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and Department of
Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological
University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hossain TJ, Das M, Ali F, Chowdhury SI, Zedny SA. Substrate preferences, phylogenetic and biochemical properties of proteolytic bacteria present in the digestive tract of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). AIMS Microbiol 2022; 7:528-545. [PMID: 35071947 PMCID: PMC8712536 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate intestine appears to be an excellent source of proteolytic bacteria for industrial and probiotic use. We therefore aimed at obtaining the gut-associated proteolytic species of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We have isolated twenty six bacterial strains from its intestinal tract, seven of which showed exoprotease activity with the formation of clear halos on skim milk. Their depolymerization ability was further assessed on three distinct proteins including casein, gelatin, and albumin. All the isolates could successfully hydrolyze the three substrates indicating relatively broad specificity of their secreted proteases. Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the proteolytic isolates were determined based on their 16S rRNA gene barcoding, which suggested that the seven strains belong to three phyla viz. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, distributed across the genera Priestia, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia, Providencia, and Micrococcus. The isolates were further characterized by a comprehensive study of their morphological, cultural, cellular and biochemical properties which were consistent with the phylogenetic annotations. To reveal their proteolytic capacity alongside substrate preferences, enzyme-production was determined by the diffusion assay. The Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Micrococcus isolates appeared to be most promising with maximum protease production on casein, gelatin, and albumin media respectively. Our findings present valuable insights into the phylogenetic and biochemical properties of gut-associated proteolytic strains of Nile tilapia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanim Jabid Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mukta Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Islam Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Subrina Akter Zedny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee S, Zhang Z, Yu Y. Real-Time Simultaneous Imaging of Acidification and Proteolysis in Single Phagosomes Using Bifunctional Janus-Particle Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26734-26739. [PMID: 34624158 PMCID: PMC8648996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The digestion of pathogens inside phagosomes by immune cells occurs through a sequence of reactions including acidification and proteolysis, but how the reactions are orchestrated in the right order is unclear due to a lack of methods to simultaneously measure more than one reaction in phagosomes. Here we report a bifunctional Janus-particle probe to simultaneously monitor acidification and proteolysis in single phagosomes in live cells. Each probe consists of a pH reporter and a proteolysis reporter that are spatially separated but function concurrently. Using the Janus probes, we found the acidic pH needed to initiate and maintain proteolysis, revealing the mechanism for the sequential occurrence of both reactions during pathogen digestion. We showed how bacterium-derived lipopolysaccharides alter the acidification and proteolysis in phagosomes. This study showcases Janus-particle probes as a generally applicable tool for monitoring multiple reactions in intracellular vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Galipeau
- From the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alberto Caminero
- From the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Elena F Verdu
- From the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gruba N, Rachubik P, Piwkowska A, Lesner A. Analysis of urinary kallikrein-related peptidase 13 for monitoring bladder cancer. Biomarkers 2021; 26:770-779. [PMID: 34704886 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1999502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the 10 most common types of cancer worldwide, with approximately 550,000 new cases each year. Early detection and appropriate diagnosis are important factors in successful treatment of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used specific fluorogenic substrate for the quantitative determination of urine kallikrein 13 (KLK13) activity in healthy (n = 15) and BC (n = 54) patients. The proteolytic activity in individual urine samples was determined by fluorescence measurements. Then, immunoenzymatic analyses (ELISA, Western blot) were performed to confirm the presence of KLK13 in the tested samples. RESULTS Urine samples from patients with G2 and G3 grade BC contained proteolytically active KLK13, as confirmed by kinetic analysis and immunochemical detection. KLK13 was not detected in the urine of patients with G1 grade BC. DISCUSSION Previous clinical study reveals the KLK13 significance for BC prognosis as increased KLK13 expression was highlighted in bladder tumours compared to normal adjacent tissues. Our findings correlate to the report. KLK13 activity was confirmed in BC patients with G2 and G3 stage of disease development. CONCLUSIONS Using specific chromogenic/fluorogenic peptides could be useful for the non-invasive disease monitoring of BC progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yosef G, Hayun H, Papo N. Simultaneous targeting of CD44 and MMP9 catalytic and hemopexin domains as a therapeutic strategy. Biochem J 2021; 478:1139-57. [PMID: 33600567 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk of the oncogenic matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and one of its ligands, CD44, involves cleavage of CD44 by the MMP9 catalytic domain, with the CD44–MMP9 interaction on the cell surface taking place through the MMP9 hemopexin domain (PEX). This interaction promotes cancer cell migration and invasiveness. In concert, MMP9-processed CD44 induces the expression of MMP9, which degrades ECM components and facilitates growth factor release and activation, cancer cell invasiveness, and metastasis. Since both MMP9 and CD44 contribute to cancer progression, we have developed a new strategy to fully block this neoplastic process by engineering a multi-specific inhibitor that simultaneously targets CD44 and both the catalytic and PEX domains of MMP9. Using a yeast surface display technology, we first obtained a high-affinity inhibitor for the MMP9 catalytic domain, which we termed C9, by modifying a natural non-specific MMP inhibitor, N-TIMP2. We then conjugated C9 via a flexible linker to PEX, thereby creating a multi-specific inhibitor (C9-PEX) that simultaneously targets the MMP9 catalytic and PEX domains and CD44. It is likely that, via its co-localization with CD44, C9-PEX may compete with MMP9 localization on the cell surface, thereby inhibiting MMP9 catalytic activity, reducing MMP9 cellular levels, interfering with MMP9 homodimerization, and reducing the activation of downstream MAPK/ERK pathway signaling. The developed platform could be extended to other oncogenic MMPs as well as to other important target proteins, thereby offering great promise for creating novel multi-specific therapeutics for cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Barzegar H, Alizadeh Behbahani B, Falah F. Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4094-4107. [PMID: 34401061 PMCID: PMC8358388 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate probiotic, antimicrobial, technological and safety properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from local Iranian cheese made from raw milk. Six different samples were prepared, after serial dilution, culture was performed on MRS culture medium. The gram-positive and catalase-negative lactobacillus strains were subjected to grouping and identifying using biochemical tests, carbohydrates fermentation profiles, and 16S rDNA analysis. The results of sequence analysis showed the Lactobacillus spp. belonged to Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei. After 3 hr incubation at pH=2, 3-6 log units of strains decreased which Lactobacillus acidophilus (B14) and Lactobacillus brevis (B2) showed highest resistance to low pH as well as simulated GIT juices. The highest and lowest hydrophobicity degree was belonged to L. acidophilus (B14) (65.9%) and L. casei (B22) (25.6%), respectively. Also, the highest auto-aggregation and coaggregation were observed in L. acidophilus (B14) (51.3%) and L. plantarum (B20) (43.6%). The adhered percentage of strains varied from 2.5% to 14.6%. L. plantarum (B20) showed highest proteolytic activity followed by L. acidophilus (B14). Also, the highest autolytic activity belonged to L. acidophilus (B14). All of the strains showed low acidifying potential, except for L. acidophilus (B17) which decreased 2.05 unit of pH after 24 hr. The isolates did not show lipolytic activity as well as biogenic amines production (except L. brevis B3). All of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and erythromycin except L. acidophilus (B15) and L. casei (B22). All strains showed no hemolysis activity which make them safe for consumption. Based on the obtained results, L. acidophilus (B14) presented the best probiotic and technological characteristics and is proposed for using as coculture in the dairy industrial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of Animal Science and Food TechnologyAgricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of KhuzestanMollasaniIran
| | - Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of Animal Science and Food TechnologyAgricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of KhuzestanMollasaniIran
| | - Fereshteh Falah
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of AgricultureFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin SS, Su YA, Chuang MC, Liu YW. Probing invadosomes: technologies for the analysis of invadosomes. FEBS J 2021; 289:5850-5863. [PMID: 34196119 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invadosomes are protrusive and mechanosensitive actin devices critical for cell migration, invasion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. The dynamic, proteolytic, and protrusive natures of invadosomes have made these structures fascinating and attracted many scientists to develop new technologies for their analysis. With these exciting methodologies, many biochemical and biophysical properties of invadosomes have been well characterized and appreciated, and those discoveries elegantly explained the biological and pathological effects of invadosomes in human health and diseases. In this review, we focus on these commonly used or newly developed methods for invadosome analysis and effort to reason some discrepancies among those assays. Finally, we explore the opposite regulatory mechanisms among invadosomes and focal adhesions, another actin-rich adhesive structures, and speculate a potential rule for their switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-An Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hanning N, De bruyn M, Ceuleers H, Boogaerts T, Berg M, Smet A, De Schepper HU, Joossens J, van Nuijs ALN, De Man JG, Augustyns K, De Meester I, De Winter BY. Local Colonic Administration of a Serine Protease Inhibitor Improves Post-Inflammatory Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060811. [PMID: 34072320 PMCID: PMC8229129 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the protease–antiprotease balance in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a mechanism underlying visceral hypersensitivity in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to study the potential therapeutic role of an intracolonically administered serine protease inhibitor for the treatment of abdominal pain in a post-inflammatory rat model for IBS. An enema containing 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to induce colitis in male Sprague–Dawley rats, whereas controls received a saline solution. Colonoscopies were performed to confirm colitis and follow-up mucosal healing. In the post-inflammatory phase, the serine protease inhibitor UAMC-00050 (0.1–5 mg/kg) or its vehicle alone (5% DMSO in H2O) was administered in the colon. Thirty minutes later, visceral mechanosensitivity to colorectal distensions was quantified by visceromotor responses (VMRs) and local effects on colonic compliance and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Specific proteolytic activities in fecal and colonic samples were measured using fluorogenic substrates. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using bioanalytical measurements with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Post-inflammatory rats had increased trypsin-like activity in colonic tissue and elevated elastase-like activity in fecal samples compared to controls. Treatment with UAMC-00050 decreased trypsin-like activity in colonic tissue of post-colitis animals. Pharmacokinetic experiments revealed that UAMC-00050 acted locally, being taken up in the bloodstream only minimally after administration. Local administration of UAMC-00050 normalized visceral hypersensitivity. These results support the role of serine proteases in the pathophysiology of visceral pain and the potential of locally administered serine protease inhibitors as clinically relevant therapeutics for the treatment of IBS patients with abdominal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Hanning
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (N.H.); (H.C.); (A.S.); (H.U.D.S.); (J.G.D.M.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Michelle De bruyn
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hannah Ceuleers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (N.H.); (H.C.); (A.S.); (H.U.D.S.); (J.G.D.M.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (T.B.); (A.L.N.v.N.)
| | - Maya Berg
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (N.H.); (H.C.); (A.S.); (H.U.D.S.); (J.G.D.M.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Heiko U. De Schepper
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (N.H.); (H.C.); (A.S.); (H.U.D.S.); (J.G.D.M.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | | | - Joris G. De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (N.H.); (H.C.); (A.S.); (H.U.D.S.); (J.G.D.M.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (N.H.); (H.C.); (A.S.); (H.U.D.S.); (J.G.D.M.)
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.D.b.); (M.B.); (K.A.); (I.D.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-2652710
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hiraga Y, Ara T, Sato N, Akimoto N, Sugiyama K, Suzuki H, Kera K. Metabolic analysis of unripe papaya (Carica papaya L.) to promote its utilization as a functional food. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1194-1204. [PMID: 33704369 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. While ripe fruit is a popular food item globally, the unripe fruit is only consumed in some Asian countries. To promote the utilization of unripe papaya based on the compositional changes of biological active metabolites, we performed liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry-based analysis to reveal the comprehensive metabolite profile of the peel and pulp of unripe and ripe papaya fruits. The number of peaks annotated as phenolics and aminocarboxylic acids increased in the pulp and peel of ripe fruit, respectively. Putative carpaine derivatives, known alkaloids with cardiovascular effects, decreased, while carpamic acid derivatives increased in the peel of ripe fruit. Furthermore, the functionality of unripe fruit, the benzyl glucosinolate content, total polyphenol content, and proteolytic activity were detectable after heating and powder processing treatments, suggesting a potential utilization in powdered form as functional material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Hiraga
- Research and Development Department, Hirata Corporation, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nayumi Akimoto
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Research and Development Department, Hirata Corporation, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Kera
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Non-ATPase regulatory subunits (Rpns) are components of the 26S proteasome involved in polyubiquitinated substrate recognition and deubiquitination in eukaryotes. Here, we identified 15 homologues sequences of Rpn and associated genes by searching the genome and transcriptome databases of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, a hemipteran rice pest. Temporospatial analysis showed that NlRpn genes were significantly highly expressed in eggs and ovaries but were less-highly expressed in males. RNA interference-mediated depletion of NlRpn genes decreased the proteolytic activity of proteasome and impeded the transcription of lipase and vitellogenin genes in the fat bodies and ovaries in adult females, and reduced the triglyceride content in the ovaries. Decrease of the proteolytic activity of the proteasome via knockdown of NlRpns also inhibited the transcription of halloween genes, including NlCYP307A2, NlCYP306A2 and NlCYP314A1, in the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) biosynthetic pathway in the ovaries, reduced 20E production in adult females, and impaired ovarian development and oocyte maturation, resulting in reduced fecundity. These novel findings indicate that the proteolytic activity of the proteasome is required for female reproductive processes in N. lugens, thus furthering our understanding of the reproductive and developmental strategies in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mayta-Apaza AC, García-Cano I, Dabrowski K, Jiménez-Flores R. Bacterial Diversity Analysis and Evaluation Proteins Hydrolysis During the Acid Whey and Fish Waste Fermentation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:E100. [PMID: 33406784 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposal of acid whey (Aw), a by-product from fermented products, is a problem for the dairy industry. The fishery industry faces a similar dilemma, disposing of nearly 50% of fish processed for human consumption. Economically feasible and science-based alternatives are needed to overcome this problem. One possible solution is to add value to the remaining nutrients from these by-products. This study focuses on the breakdown of nutrients in controlled fermentations of Aw, fish waste (F), molasses (M), and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain (Lr). The aim was to assess the dynamic variations in microbial diversity and the biochemical changes that occur during fermentation. Four treatments were compared (AwF, AwFM, AwFLr, and AwFMLr), and the fermentation lasted 14 days at 22.5 °C. Samples were taken every other day. Colorimetric tests for peptide concentrations, pH, and microbial ecology by 16S-v4 rRNA amplicon using Illumina MiSeq were conducted. The results of the microbial ecology showed elevated levels of alpha and beta diversity in the samples at day zero. By day 2 of fermentation, pH dropped, and the availability of a different set of nutrients was reflected in the microbial diversity. The fermentation started to stabilize and was driven by the Firmicutes phylum, which dominated the microbial community by day 14. Moreover, there was a significant increase (3.6 times) in peptides when comparing day 0 with day 14, making this treatment practical and feasible for protein hydrolysis. This study valorizes two nutrient-dense by-products and provides an alternative to the current handling of these materials.
Collapse
|
44
|
Date I, Koya T, Sakamoto T, Togi M, Kawaguchi H, Watanabe A, Kato T Jr, Shimodaira S. Interferon-α-Induced Dendritic Cells Generated with Human Platelet Lysate Exhibit Elevated Antigen Presenting Ability to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:10. [PMID: 33374342 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the recent advancements of immune checkpoint inhibitors, there is considerable interest in cancer immunotherapy provided through dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination. Although many studies have been conducted to determine the potency of DC vaccines against cancer, the clinical outcomes are not yet optimal, and further improvement is necessary. In this study, we evaluated the potential ability of human platelet lysate (HPL) to produce interferon-α-induced DCs (IFN-DCs). In the presence of HPL, IFN-DCs (HPL-IFN-DCs) displayed high viability, yield, and purity. Furthermore, HPL-IFN-DCs displayed increased CD14, CD56, and CCR7 expressions compared with IFN-DCs produced without HPL; HPL-IFN-DCs induced an extremely higher number of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) than IFN-DCs, which was evaluated with a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1) peptide. Additionally, the endocytic and proteolytic activities of HPL-IFN-DCs were increased. Cytokine production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was also elevated in HPL-IFN-DCs, which may account for the enhanced CTL, endocytic, and proteolytic activities. Our findings suggest that ex-vivo-generated HPL-IFN-DCs are a novel monocyte-derived type of DC with high endocytic and proteolytic activities, thus highlighting a unique strategy for DC-based immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
45
|
Begunova AV, Savinova OS, Glazunova OA, Moiseenko KV, Rozhkova IV, Fedorova TV. Development of Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Properties during Growth of Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on Cow's Milk: Fermentation and Peptidomics Study. Foods 2020; 10:E17. [PMID: 33374625 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are an active research area. Exhibiting numerous positive physiological effects on digestive, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, these peptides thought to be one of the most promising ingredients for functional food. Generally, these peptides are inactive within the parent proteins and can be liberated during milk fermentation by the specific proteolytic systems of various Lactobacillus spp. Here we present the study of milk fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus NK1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus F and Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 strains. It was demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of the milk fermented by these strains concomitantly increased with the strains’ proteolytic activity. For the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, the same tendency was not observed. Although the proteolytic activity of L. helveticus NK1 was two times higher than that of L. rhamnosus F, the milk fermented by these strains showed comparable ACE inhibition. The analysis of the peptide profiles of the fermented milk samples allowed us to hypothesize that some previously unreported peptides can be produced by L. rhamnosus F. In addition, it was demonstrated that these potential ACE-inhibiting peptides originated from the C-terminus of αS2-casein.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bohacz J, Możejko M, Kitowski I. Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma multifidum Isolated from Soils in Rook ( Corvus frugilegus) Colonies as Producers of Keratinolytic Enzymes and Mineral Forms of N and S. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9162. [PMID: 33302453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinolytic fungi representing the genus Arthroderma that were isolated from the soils of a rook (Corvus frugilegus) colony were used as biological agents for the disposal of waste feathers. The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma multifidum fungi with a varied inflow of keratin matter to biodegrade waste feathers. The evaluation was based on the determination of feather mass loss, the activity of keratinolytic enzymes, and the content of mineral N and S forms. It was found that the activity of protease released by the fungi contributed to an increase in the level of soluble proteins and peptides and the concentration of ammonium ions, as well as alkalization of the culture medium. Keratinase activity was significantly correlated with sulfate release, especially in A. tuberculatum cultures. The strains of A. tuberculatum fungi isolated from the soil with the highest supply of organic matter, i.e., strains III, IV, and V, had the lowest enzymatic activity, compared to the A. multifidum strains, but they released mineral nitrogen and sulfur forms that are highly important for fertilization, as well as nutritionally important peptides and amino acids. A. tuberculatum strains can be used for the management of waste feathers that can be applied in agricultural practice.
Collapse
|
47
|
Aboudoulaye MCD, Kaya S. Characterisation and standardisation of Wangashi cheese production steps. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 2020; 19:375-386. [PMID: 33179478 DOI: 10.17306/j.afs.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ch aims to assess the effect of Calotropis procera plant stems as a coagulant treatment on the Wangashi cheese in order to characterize and standardize its production. Crude extract obtained from the Calotropis plant stems added to milk powder were used as a solution dissolved at various pH (4-8) and temperature (35-80°C) in order to examine the effect of pH and temperature on milk clotting and proteolytic activities. The pH 5.5 and temperature of 70°C were recorded as optimum pH and temperature. After that the concentration of the crude extract enzyme was assayed to purify it using ammonium sulfate precipitation at various percentage of saturation (20-80%) at determined optimum pH and temperature, whereby the saturation of 70% was detected to be the best because of its high specific activity, yield and purification fold. Two types of Wangashi cheese were produced in laboratory, one using directly the crude extract and the other the purified crude extract from Calotropis procera at optimum condition. Their chemical, textural and color properties were determined using standard methods. A significant difference between parameters tested was observed (p < 0.05). A decrease in moisture content, increase in protein content and also an improvement of color and textural parameters were recorded for the cheese obtained using purified crude extract Calotropis procer. METHODS earch aims to assess the effect of Calotropis procera plant stems as a coagulant treatment on the Wangashi cheese in order to characterize and standardize its production. Crude extract obtained from the Calotropis plant stems added to milk powder were used as a solution dissolved at various pH (4-8) and temperature (35-80°C) in order to examine the effect of pH and temperature on milk clotting and proteolytic activities. The pH 5.5 and temperature of 70°C were recorded as optimum pH and temperature. After that the concentration of the crude extract enzyme was assayed to purify it using ammonium sulfate precipitation at various percentage of saturation (20-80%) at determined optimum pH and temperature, whereby the saturation of 70% was detected to be the best because of its high specific activity, yield and purification fold. Two types of Wangashi cheese were produced in laboratory, one using directly the crude extract and the other the purified crude extract from Calotropis procera at optimum condition. Their chemical, textural and color properties were determined using standard methods. A significant difference between parameters tested was observed (p < 0.05). A decrease in moisture content, increase in protein content and also an improvement of color and textural parameters were recorded for the cheese obtained using purified crude extract Calotropis procera s. RESULTS earch aims to assess the effect of Calotropis procera plant stems as a coagulant treatment on the Wangashi cheese in order to characterize and standardize its production. Crude extract obtained from the Calotropis plant stems added to milk powder were used as a solution dissolved at various pH (4-8) and temperature (35-80°C) in order to examine the effect of pH and temperature on milk clotting and proteolytic activities. The pH 5.5 and temperature of 70°C were recorded as optimum pH and temperature. After that the concentration of the crude extract enzyme was assayed to purify it using ammonium sulfate precipitation at various percentage of saturation (20-80%) at determined optimum pH and temperature, whereby the saturation of 70% was detected to be the best because of its high specific activity, yield and purification fold. Two types of Wangashi cheese were produced in laboratory, one using directly the crude extract and the other the purified crude extract from Calotropis procera at optimum condition. Their chemical, textural and color properties were determined using standard methods. A significant difference between parameters tested was observed (p < 0.05). A decrease in moisture content, increase in protein content and also an improvement of color and textural parameters were recorded for the cheese obtained using purified crude extract Calotropis procera staems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevim Kaya
- Food Engineering Department, Gaziantep University, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ohde D, Walz M, Walz C, Noce A, Brenmoehl J, Langhammer M, Hoeflich A. Sex-Specific Control of Muscle Mass: Elevated IGFBP Proteolysis and Reductions of IGF-1 Levels Are Associated with Substantial Loss of Carcass Weight in Male DU6PxIGFBP-2 Transgenic Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102174. [PMID: 32993096 PMCID: PMC7600981 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In farmed animals, carcass weight represents an important economic trait. Since we had demonstrated that IGFBP-2 represents a potent inhibitor of muscle accretion in inbred mice, we wanted to quantify the inhibitory effects of IGFBP-2 under conditions of elevated protein mass in growth selected non-inbred mice (DU6P). Therefore, we crossed male DU6P mice with female IGFBP-2 transgenic mice. Male IGFBP-2 transgenic offspring (DU6P/IGFBP-2) were characterized by more than 20% reductions of carcass mass compared to male non-transgenic littermates. The carcass mass in males was also significantly lower (p < 0.001) than in transgenic female DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice, which showed a reduction of less than 10% (p < 0.05) compared to non-transgenic female DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice. Although transgene expression was elevated in the muscle of both sexes (p < 0.001), serum levels were normal in female, but significantly reduced in male transgenic DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice (p < 0.001). In this group, also IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 were significantly reduced in the circulation (p < 0.01). Particularly in male transgenic mice, we were able to identify proteolytic activity against recombinant IGFBP-2 included in diluted serum. IGFBP-proteolysis in males correlated with massive reductions of IGF-1 in serum samples and the presence of elevated levels of IGFBP-2 fragments. From our data, we conclude that elevated tissue expression of IGFBP-2 is an essential effector of muscle accretion and may block more than 20% of carcass mass. However, in the circulation, intact IGFBP-2 contained no reliable biomarker content. Notably, for the estimation of breeding values in meat-producing animal species, monitoring of IGFBP-2 expression in muscle appears to be supported by the present study in a model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ohde
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Michael Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Antonia Noce
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Martina Langhammer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68744
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zarei M, Mohammadpour H, Gharibi D, Pourmahdi Borujeni M. Identification of Pseudomonas jessenii and Pseudomonas gessardii as the most proteolytic Pseudomonas isolates in Iranian raw milk and their impact on stability of sterilized milk during storage. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:368-74. [PMID: 32893770 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029920000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the most proteolytic Pseudomonas strains that can produce heat-resistant proteases and contribute to the Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk destabilization is of great interest. In the present study, among the 146 Pseudomonas isolates that encoded the aprX gene, five isolates with the highest proteolytic activity were selected and identified based on 16S rRNA, rpoD and gyrB gene sequences data. The identification results were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on multilocus sequence analysis and identified the representative isolates as P. jessenii (two isolates) and P. gessardii (three isolates). Casein zymography demonstrated the ability of these species to produce heat-resistant enzymes, AprX, with molecular mass of about 48 kDa during storage at 7° C for 72 h. In sterilized milk samples, the residual activity of AprX caused a considerable enhancement in the degree of protein hydrolysis, non-protein nitrogen and non-casein nitrogen contents of the samples during a two-month storage. This enhancement was slightly higher in samples containing enzyme produced by P. jessenii compared to P. gessardii ones, resulting in earlier onset of sterilized milk destabilization. Hence, this study revealed that P. jessenii and P. gessardii can play a considerable role in deterioration of Iranian commercial long-life milk.
Collapse
|
50
|
Elean M, Albarracín L, Cataldo PG, Londero A, Kitazawa H, Saavedra L, Villena J, Hebert EM. New immunobiotics from highly proteolytic Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains: their impact on intestinal antiviral innate immune response. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:375-390. [PMID: 32755264 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic starter cultures with intrinsic immunomodulatory activities are desirably features for the development of functional foods, which would significantly reduce the cost of their production (one-strain starter) having an additional beneficial effect on the host. In this work, Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains were selected according to their ability to efficiently hydrolyse β-casein and to modulate the immune system. Among 36 strains evaluated, the highest proteolytic activities were found for L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL581 and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL656. The immunomodulatory effect of both strains and their β-casein hydrolysates (CRL581 and CRL656 hydrolysates, respectively) were studied in a murine model. Balb/c mice were fed lactobacilli or their hydrolysates for three days. One day after the last lactobacilli or hydrolysate treatments, mice were challenged with the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist poly(I:C) by intraperitoneal injection. Before and after poly(I:C) challenge the phagocytic and microbicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages, intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA), cytokine profile, and histological analysis of the intestine were analysed. L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL581 significantly increased the activation of peritoneal macrophages as well as the levels of intestinal IgA, interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ when compared to untreated controls. In addition, the CRL581 strain was able to significantly reduce the intestinal inflammatory damage triggered by TLR3 activation. L. delbrueckii CRL581 increased the levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and IFN-β, and reduced tumour necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 concentrations in the intestine of poly(I:C)-challenged mice. No immunomodulatory effects were observed for the CRL656 strain or for the CRL581 or CRL656 hydrolysates. The results of this work show that the technologically relevant and high proteolytic strain L. delbrueckii CRL581 is able to beneficially modulate the intestinal innate antiviral immune response. Although further studies with the CRL581 strain are required to corroborate and deepen its immunological effects, this bacterium is an interesting alternative for the development of new functional foods with antiviral capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Elean
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Calle Batalla de Chacabuco 145, Tucuman, 4000, Argentina
| | - L Albarracín
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Calle Batalla de Chacabuco 145, Tucuman, 4000, Argentina.,Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 984-0051, Japan
| | - P G Cataldo
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Calle Batalla de Chacabuco 145, Tucuman, 4000, Argentina
| | - A Londero
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria 'Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout', Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - H Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 984-0051, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 984-0051, Japan
| | - L Saavedra
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Calle Batalla de Chacabuco 145, Tucuman, 4000, Argentina
| | - J Villena
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Calle Batalla de Chacabuco 145, Tucuman, 4000, Argentina.,Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 984-0051, Japan
| | - E M Hebert
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Calle Batalla de Chacabuco 145, Tucuman, 4000, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|