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Khodak YA, Shaifutdinov RR, Khasanov DS, Orlova NA, Vorobiev II. Location and Orientation of the Genetic Toxin-Antitoxin Element hok/sok in the Plasmid Affect Expression of Pharmaceutically Significant Proteins in Bacterial Cells. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2023; 88:1326-1337. [PMID: 37770399 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic toxin-antitoxin element hok/sok from the natural Escherichia coli R1 plasmid ensures segregational stability of plasmids. Bacterial cells that have lost all copies of the plasmid encoding the short-lived antitoxin are killed by the stable toxin. When introduced into bacterial expression vectors, the hok/sok element can increase the productive time of recombinant protein biosynthesis by slowing down accumulation of non-producing cells lacking the expression plasmid. In this work, we studied the effects of position and orientation of the hok/sok element in the standard pET28a plasmid with the inducible T7lac promoter and kanamycin resistance gene. It was found that the hok/sok element retained its functional activity regardless of its location and orientation in the plasmid. Bacterial cells retained the hok/sok-containing plasmids after four days of cultivation without antibiotics, while the control plasmid without this element was lost. Using three target proteins - E. coli type II asparaginase (ASN), human growth hormone (HGH), and SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleoprotein (NP) - it was demonstrated that the maximum productivity of bacteria for the cytoplasmic proteins (HGH and NP) was observed only when the hok/sok element was placed upstream of the target gene promoter. In the case of periplasmic protein localization (ASN), the productivity of bacteria during cultivation with the antibiotic decreased for all variants of the hok/sok location. When the bacteria were cultivated without the antibiotic, the productivity was better preserved when the hok/sok element was located upstream of the target gene promoter. The use of the pEHU vector with the upstream location of the hok/sok element allowed to more than double the yield of HGH (produced as inclusion bodies) in the absence of antibiotic and to maintain ASN biosynthesis at the level of at least 10 mg/liter for four days during cultivation without antibiotics. The developed segregation-stabilized plasmid vectors can be used to obtain various recombinant proteins in E. coli cells without the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Khodak
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Rolan R Shaifutdinov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Danila S Khasanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Orlova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Ivan I Vorobiev
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
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Al Balwi R, Al-Qahtani M, Alrowished AK, Shash HA, Alatrash R, Alhareth A, Aldossary R, Alahmari M, Hejazi Y, Alammari A, AlShawaf S, Al Balwi R, AlKhater S. Reliability of Agreement between Insulin, Clonidine, and Glucagon Stimulation Tests for the Diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:1381. [PMID: 37628380 PMCID: PMC10453453 DOI: 10.3390/children10081381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) is a rare disorder. The diagnosis of GHD requires a combination of two provocative GH tests. This study aimed to find agreement between commonly used medications to determine which combined tests have high reliability of agreement. This retrospective cohort included 201 children who underwent GH provocation testing from January 2012 to December 2022. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) with the clonidine stimulation test (CST) or glucagon stimulation test (GST) with the CST were performed. We calculated Cohen's kappa to determine the agreement between the test medications by considering the post-stimulation peak GH level with a cut-off value of 10 ng/mL as the primary outcome. A total of 151 patients underwent the two provocative tests and were included in the analysis. Of these patients, 119 underwent the ITT and CST and 54 (45.3%) were diagnosed with GHD. However, 32 patients underwent the GST and CST and 18 (56.2%) were diagnosed with GHD. The kappa value for ITT and CST was 0.258 (25.8%), indicating fair agreement between clonidine and insulin (p = 0.005). However, the kappa value for CST and GST was 0.178 (17.8%), representing slight agreement. The correlation coefficient revealed a very strong relationship between ITT and CST. Clonidine has fair agreement and a very strong correlation coefficient with ITT when used to diagnose GHD in children. Among the commonly used pharmacological tests for GH provocation in our unit, the CST was considered the best pharmacological test in terms of safety and reduced parental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al Balwi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University in AL Khobar, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al-Qahtani
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University in AL Khobar, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani K. Alrowished
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University in AL Khobar, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hwazen A. Shash
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alatrash
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud Alhareth
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roba Aldossary
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alahmari
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Hejazi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University in AL Khobar, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Alammari
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah AlShawaf
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Al Balwi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Fahad Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzan AlKhater
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
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Kamrani S, Yaghmaei P, Nikkhah M, Hosseinkhani S. Spectroscopic analysis of recombinant human growth hormone in the presence of sucrose and trehalose. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1543-1553. [PMID: 36807340 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is a therapeutic protein, associated with various human diseases, such as growth hormone deficiency. One of the interesting issues in the formulation of therapeutic proteins is excipients like disaccharides. In the current study, we try to compare the effect of sucrose and trehalose on the structure of rhGH in the liquid state at 25°C and 55°C. We use spectroscopic techniques including intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and time-resolved fluorescence. FTIR shows a slight change in the secondary structure of rhGH in presence of the sugars as sucrose is more effective than trehalose. Fluorescence investigations also confirm the enhancements of folding of rhGH and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-rhGH in presence of sucrose (1.5-fold more than trehalose). Also, we studied sucrose's effect on the rete of aggregation of rhGH using spectroscopy of Congo red, and fluorescence imaging of thioflavin T (ThT)-treated samples. It can be suggested that sucrose facilitates the amyloid formation of rhGH during 20 days of incubation at 37°C. This study will help to understand the growth hormone structural behavior in the liquid state in the presence of sucrose and trehalose in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Kamrani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Hanling HH, McGilliard ML, Corl BA. The Enhanced Milk Yield Effect of Early Lactation Increased Milking Frequency and Bovine Somatotropin Is Additive and Not Synergistic. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2202. [PMID: 37444000 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy farm profitability depends on milk yield, so the dairy industry manages cows to improve their productivity. Both bovine somatotropin (bST) and early lactation increased milking frequency (IMF) and milk yield (MY) in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mid-lactation bST administration on milk production in established lactation when combined with the milk yield carry-over effect from early lactation IMF. Thirteen multiparous Holstein cows were milked unilaterally for 20 days in early lactation. The left udder halves were milked twice daily (2X) and the right udder halves were milked four times daily (4X). Udder halves milked 4X produced 8.60 ± 1.40 kg more than 2X on the final day of IMF treatment. Cows were then returned to 2X milking for the remainder of lactation and sampled on alternate days from 74-94 days in milk (DIM). Bovine somatotropin was administered to all cows at 80 DIM. The 4X halves continued to make 2.66 ± 0.12 kg/d more milk than 2X through 94 DIM. Fat, protein, and lactose yields were significantly greater in the 4X halves compared to the 2X from 74-94 DIM. Overall milk yield increased by 2.71 kg/d with bST administration. However, there was no significant interaction between MF and bST administration. We can infer from these data that the mechanisms by which bST and IMF in early lactation increase milk yield are complementary due to their non-synergistic nature of enhancing MY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haylee H Hanling
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Brill G, Manor I, Bril Paroz R, Ashkenazi S, Cohen S, Golan-Cohen A, Green I, Israel A, Vinker S, Weizman A, Merzon E. The Association between Somatotropin Therapy and the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children with Short Stature: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Children (Basel) 2022; 9:children9121844. [PMID: 36553288 PMCID: PMC9777504 DOI: 10.3390/children9121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, to which adults are usually more susceptible than children. Growth hormone (GH) levels differ between children and adults and decrease with age. There is bidirectional crosstalk between the GH/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway and the immune system that plays a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluated the association between somatotropin treatment (GH replacement therapy) and the risk for SARS-CoV-2 positivity (a marker for COVID-19 infection) in children with growth hormone issues (GHI): growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS). A population-based cross-sectional study in Leumit Health Services (LHS) was performed using the electronic health record (EHR) database. The rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity were evaluated among children with GHI, treated or untreated with somatotropin. Higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity were found in GHI children, influenced by the same confounders reported in the pediatric population. A lower prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity was found among the somatotropin-treated children. A multivariate analysis documented that somatotropin treatment was associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 positivity (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.47, Confidence Interval (CI) 0.24-0.94, p = 0.032). Thus, somatotropin might be a protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infections, possibly related to its immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gherta Brill
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Leumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, Israel
| | - Iris Manor
- ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Clalit Health Services, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roberta Bril Paroz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel
| | - Shira Cohen
- ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Clalit Health Services, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Medical Division, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
| | - Ilan Green
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Medical Division, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
| | - Ariel Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Medical Division, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Medical Division, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Clalit Health Services, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Medical Division, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
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Mochón-Benguigui S, Carneiro-Barrera A, Dote-Montero M, Castillo MJ, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Sleep and Anabolic/Catabolic Hormonal Profile in Sedentary Middle-Aged Adults: The FIT-AGEING Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314709. [PMID: 36499035 PMCID: PMC9739476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep quality plays an important role in the modulation of several aging markers. This influence could be explained by aging-induced hormonal changes. Indeed, poor sleep quality has been associated with the development of several endocrine-related health complications. This study examined the relationship of both subjective and objective sleep quantity and quality, with basal levels of selected plasma anabolic and catabolic hormones in sedentary middle-aged adults. A total of 74 volunteers (52.7% women; aged 53.7 ± 5.1) were recruited for this study. Subjective sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; higher scores indicate worse sleep quality), and objective sleep quality parameters (total sleep time [TST], wake after sleep onset [WASO], and sleep efficiency [SE]) were measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer. Basal levels of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), somatotropin, and cortisol levels, were determined. Free testosterone was calculated from the total testosterone and SHBG levels. No associations of global PSQI score, TST, WASO, and SE with DHEAS, free testosterone, and somatotropin plasma levels were found, neither in men nor in women (all p ≥ 0.05). Global PSQI score was inversely related to cortisol plasma levels in women (p = 0.043). WASO was positively associated with cortisol plasma levels, while SE was negatively associated with cortisol plasma levels in women (all p ≤ 0.027). Sleep quality is not related to levels of plasma anabolic hormones, but to levels of catabolic hormones, in sedentary middle-aged adults. Therefore, these results suggest that potential changes in aging biomarkers associated with sleep disturbances, could be mediated by age-related changes in the catabolic endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Mochón-Benguigui
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Carneiro-Barrera
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Seville, Spain
- Sleep and Health Promotion Laboratory, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Dote-Montero
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J. Castillo
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Bhattacharya R, Daoud I, Chatterjee A, Chatterjee S, Saha NC. An integrated in silico and in vivo approach to determine the effects of three commonly used surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate, cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium laureth sulphate on growth rate and hematology in Cyprinus carpio L. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:132-144. [PMID: 34445924 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1973633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the homology modeling, in silico prediction, and characterization of somatotropin and erythropoietin from Cyprinus carpio as well as molecular docking and simulation experiments between the modeled proteins and surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Using the best fit template structure, homology modeling of somatotropin and erythropoietin of Cyprinus carpio respectively was conducted. The model structures were improved further with 3Drefine, and the final 3D structures were verified with PROCHEK, ERRATA and ProQ. The physiochemical, as well as the stereochemical parameters of the modeled proteins, were evaluated using ExPASy's ProtParam. Molecular docking calculations, protein-ligand interactions, and protein flexibility analysis were carried out to determine the binding pattern of each ligand to the targeted proteins and their effect on the overall proteins' conformation. Our in silico analysis showed that hydrophobic interactions with the active site amino acid residues of the modeled proteins (somatotropin and erythropoietin) were more prevalent than hydrogen bonds and salt bridges that affect the flexibility and stability of the somatotropin and erythropoietin as revealed from our protein flexibility analysis. The in vivo analysis showed that sublethal concentrations of SDS, SLES, and CPC negatively affected the growth and hematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio. Hence, it may be inferred from the study that the alterations in the flexibility of somatotropin and erythropoietin of Cyprinus carpio upon addition of SDS, CPC and SLES might be attributable to the reduction in growth and hematological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwick Bhattacharya
- Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor's Research Group), Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Ismail Daoud
- Laboratory of Natural and Bioactive Substances, University of Abou-Bakr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria.,Department of Matter Sciences, University of Mohamed Khider Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Arnab Chatterjee
- Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor's Research Group), Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Soumendranath Chatterjee
- Parasitology & Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor's Research Group), Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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Gulick CN, Peddie MC, Jowett T, Hackney AC, Rehrer NJ. Exercise, Dietary Protein, and Combined Effect on IGF-1. Int J Sci Res Methodol 2020; 16:61-77. [PMID: 33564731 PMCID: PMC7869853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a dichotomous hormone. While beneficial for growth/repair, and regulating muscle hypertrophy, high concentrations of IGF-1 are associated with increased risk of cancer and mortality. Factors thought to mediate IGF-1 include dietary protein and exercise. The purpose of this study was to analyze acute effects of dietary protein and/or exercise on plasma free IGF-1 and the time-course thereof to inform individuals who may benefit from increased IGF-1 (muscle growth/repair) or reduced IGF-1 (risk/diagnosis of cancer). Twenty-four participants (11 females, 24.9±4.6y) completed the three-way crossover study consisting of: (1)a high protein (42g) meal; (2)exercise (20min with four 30sec sprints); and (3)exercise followed by a high protein meal. Blood samples were collected fasted at rest, immediately after rest (or 5min after exercise), and at regular intervals throughout a 5h recovery. An additional fasted venipuncture was performed the morning following each condition (24h after baseline). Free IGF-1 was higher at immediately after exercise in the exercise condition (p=0.04). In the protein condition the 24h IGF-1 was 17.5% higher (p=0.02) than baseline. IGF-1 did not change over time in response to exercise with protein. The data gleaned from this study can enhance the knowledge of the time-course effects from protein and/or exercise on IGF-1. This study can provide a foundation for future research to investigate optimal timing and dosage to enhance muscle protein synthesis for athletes, as well as investigate whether consistent high protein meals may chronically elevate IGF-1 and increase the risk of deleterious health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Gulick
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - M C Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - T Jowett
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - A C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - N J Rehrer
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Kong X, Cao Y, Yang D, Zhang X. Continuous irrigation and suction with a triple-cavity drainage tube in combination with sequential somatostatin- somatotropin administration for the management of postoperative high-output enterocutaneous fistulas: Three case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18010. [PMID: 31725672 PMCID: PMC6867794 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterocutaneous fistula is considered one of the most serious complications in general surgery and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although various treatments are reported to have varying success, high-output enterocutaneous fistulas (output over 500 ml/day) continue to be associated with high mortality, and few papers on this topic exist in the literature. The aim of this study is to describe an effective multidisciplinary treatment method for postoperative high-output enterocutaneous fistula and discuss the clinical development of the therapeutic strategy. PATIENT CONCERNS Three patients suffered high-output enterocutaneous fistulas, in which case 1 presented with duodenal fistula, case 2 with ileal fistula, and case 3 with small bowel fistula. DIAGNOSIS All 3 cases were diagnosed with high-output enterocutaneous fistulas by drainage of intestinal contents. INTERVENTIONS With the exception of routine treatment including fluid resuscitation, correction of the electrolyte balance, control of infection, and optimal nutrition, all the cases accepted continuous irrigation and suction with triple-cavity drainage tubes in combination with sequential somatostatin-somatotropin administration were given. With regard to establishing effective drainage, the triple-cavity tube placement was performed by insertion through the initial drainage channel in case 1, percutaneous puncture with dilation by graduated dilators in case 2, and tract reconstruction in case 3. The technical details of the approach are described and clinical characteristics including fistula location, defect size, output volume, approach of triple-cavity tube placement, length of fistula tract, somatostatin and somatotropin administration time, and fistula healing time were recorded and compared. In addition, other various techniques reported in the literature are reviewed and discussed. OUTCOMES All the patients were cured by the multidisciplinary treatments and were followed up without fistula recurrence and other relevant complications at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the treatments. CONCLUSION The strategy involving continuous irrigation and suction with a triple-cavity drainage tube in combination with sequential somatostatin-somatotropin administration may be a safe and effective alternative treatment for postoperative high-output enterocutaneous fistula and a more practical method that is easy to execute to manage this problem. Long-term studies, involving more patients, are still necessary to confirm this suggestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuning Cao
- Department of Digestion, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Provence
| | | | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Wanshan Branch of Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei Provence, China
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Moriel P, Cappellozza BI, Piccolo MB, Cooke RF, Miranda MF, Batista LFD, Carvalho RS, Colombo EA, Santili FV, Filho RVO, Ferreira VSM, Vasconcelos JLM. Pre- and post-weaning injections of bovine somatotropin to optimize puberty achievement of Bos indicus beef heifers. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:443-455. [PMID: 32704815 PMCID: PMC7200584 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the growth and puberty attainment of Bos indicus heifers administered recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) or saline injections during preweaning and/or postweaning. On day 0, 177 suckling Nellore heifers were stratified by initial age and body weight (BW) (80 ± 10 d; 97 ± 16 kg), and randomly assigned, in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 44 to 45 heifers/treatment), to receive s.c. injections of saline (5 mL 0.9% NaCl) or sometribove zinc (Posilac; Elanco, Greenfield, IN; 6.14 mg/kg of BW0.75) on days 0 and 10 (PRE) and/or days 167 and 177 (POS). All heifers were managed as a single group in Brachiaria decumbens pastures from day 0 until 24 d postweaning (day 191), and then provided a corn silage–based TMR from days 191 to 380 to achieve 65% to 70% of mature BW at the end of the study (day 380). Heifer full BW was collected on days 0, 10, 167, 177, and monthly from days 191 to 380. Transrectal ultrasonography of ovaries was performed on days 1 and 10 of each month from days 229 to 380 to assess the percentage of pubertal heifers. Liver biopsies and blood samples from jugular vein were collected on days 0, 10, 167, 177, and 380. Additional blood samples were collected monthly from days 259 to 380 (n = 10 to 15 heifers/treatment). No interactions among day of the study, PRE, and POS injections of saline or bST were detected (P ≥ 0.11). Preweaning bST injections increased heifer average daily gain (ADG) from days 0 to 10 and plasma IGF-1 on day 10 (P ≤ 0.03), did not affect ADG from days 0 to 177, plasma IGF-1 from days 259 to 380, and any liver gene mRNA expression (P ≥ 0.19), but tended to decrease ADG from days 191 to 380 (P = 0.07) and percentage of pubertal heifers on days 349 (P = 0.07), 359 (P = 0.002), and 380 (P = 0.0001) compared with saline injections. Postweaning bST injections increased plasma IGF-1 on day 177 and overall liver mRNA expression of GHR-1A (P ≤ 0.05), decreased plasma IGF-1 from days 259 to 380 (P = 0.03), tended to decrease liver mRNA expression of GHR-1B on day 177 (P = 0.08), but did not affect ADG from days 167 to 177 and 191 to 380, and puberty attainment from days 229 to 380 (P ≥ 0.12) compared with saline injections. Thus, preweaning and postweaning injections of bST successfully increased heifer plasma IGF-1 concentrations 10 d after first injection. Postweaning injections of bST had no impact on puberty attainment, whereas preweaning bST injections of bST impaired puberty attainment of Nellore beef heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe Moriel
- University of Florida, IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, FL
| | | | - Matheus B Piccolo
- University of Florida, IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, FL
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Miguel F Miranda
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis F D Batista
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Carvalho
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Santili
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ramiro V O Filho
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vitor S M Ferreira
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Belli AL, Reis RB, Veronese A, Moreira R, Flanagan K, Driver J, Nelson CD, Clapper JA, Ballou MA, Jeong KC, Chebel RC. Effects of treatment of preweaning dairy calves with recombinant bovine somatotropin on immune responses and somatotropic axis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6602-6615. [PMID: 29655555 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Weaning may be associated with negative energy balance and body weight loss when calves are still immunologically immature, predisposing them to infectious diseases. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of treatment of preweaning dairy calves with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on the somatotropic axis, selected immune parameters, and hematology of calves around weaning. Thirty-six Holstein female calves were randomly assigned to receive 1.5 to 1.8 mg of rbST (Posilac, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) per kilogram of body weight or to receive injections of saline (saline solution 0.9%, Valley Vet Supply, Marysville, KS) every 7 d from 21 to 63 d of life. Calves were fed milk replacer ad libitum from birth to 38 d of age (d -11), when progressive weaning started, and calves were weaned at 49 d of age (d 0). Calves were weighed at birth and weekly from 21 to 63 d of age, when wither height also was measured. Calves were vaccinated with 0.5 mg of ovalbumin on study d -28 and -7. Blood samples were collected on d -28, -25, -21, -11, 0, 3, 7, and 14. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated and challenged ex vivo with Escherichia coli to determine phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity. Additionally, expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)62L and CD18 by granulocyte, lymphocyte, and CD14+ monocyte were determined. Blood samples were also used to determine hematological parameters and concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, glucose, fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, and anti-ovalbumin IgG. Calves treated with rbST had greater concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 from d -25 to 14 than control calves, whereas insulin, fatty acid, and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations did not differ. On d -11, glucose concentration was greater for rbST-treated calves. Treatment did not affect polymorphonuclear lymphocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst, but intensity of expression of CD62L and CD18 by granulocytes tended to be increased by rbST treatment. Treatment did not affect the concentration of anti-ovalbumin IgG in serum. Haptoglobin concentration was reduced in rbST treated calves on d 3 and we noted a tendency for hematocrit to be lower in rbST-treated calves. Treatment did not affect body weight, wither height, and average daily gain, despite the fact that rbST-treated calves had lower daily milk replacer intake. The relatively minor improvements in immune responses resulting from rbST treatment of weaning calves may not be sufficient to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Belli
- Department of Animal Science, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 567; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R B Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 567
| | - A Veronese
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R Moreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - K Flanagan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J A Clapper
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - K C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
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12
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Galescu OA, Crocker MK, Altschul AM, Marwitz SE, Brady SM, Yanovski JA. A pilot study of the effects of niacin administration on free fatty acid and growth hormone concentrations in children with obesity. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:30-37. [PMID: 27654882 PMCID: PMC5360541 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Children with obesity have low spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion. High circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentration is believed to inhibit GH secretion in those with obesity. In adults, lipolytic inhibition with niacin lowers FFA and increases GH, but there are no prior studies in children with obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the dose and frequency of niacin administration required to lower FFA and stimulate GH in children with obesity. DESIGN Dose-finding study of nondiabetic children ages 6-12 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile given niacin 250 mg q2h × 3 doses (n = 2), 500 mg q2h × 3 doses (n = 5) or 500 mg q1h × 4 doses (n = 5). PARTICIPANTS Eight boys and four girls (age 9.7 ± 1.8 years; BMI 26.4 ± 3.1 kg m-2 ; BMIz 2.2 ± .25) were studied. MAIN OUTCOME Percentage of serum FFA values that were below 0.2 mEq L-1 . GH, insulin and glucose were also measured serially. RESULTS FFA decreased as the dose and frequency of niacin increased (p = .01). Niacin 500 mg q1h 4 doses suppressed FFA < 0.2 mEq L-1 and significantly increased GH (p = .04). Adverse effects were flushing/warmth (100%), tingling (60%) and GI complaints (20-40%). CONCLUSIONS Niacin 500 mg q1h significantly lowered serum FFA and increased GH. These pilot data suggest that high FFA is an important suppressor of GH secretion in children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu A. Galescu
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1103
| | - Melissa K. Crocker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1103
| | - Anne M. Altschul
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1103
| | - Shannon E. Marwitz
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1103
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1103
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1103
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Yurdakul OV, Aytüre L, Yalçinkaya EY. Persistent de Quervain tenosynovitis induced by somatotropin treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:1223-1226. [PMID: 28988225 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone deficiency is a well-known clinical entity that is usually treated with somatotropin (growth hormone). Growth hormone has some frequent side effects such as intracranial hypertension, lymphedema and diabetes mellitus. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 14-year-old girl with a history of wrist pain and clumsiness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed de Quervain tenosynovitis. The patient had a history of using growth hormones for 12 months. We conservatively managed the patient with corticosteroid injections and oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and followed the course. However, the conservative treatment methods failed, and we recommended surgery, which was rejected. She was given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and was followed up for 2 years, at the end of which her visual analog scale had decreased from 80 to 50. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of de Quervain tenosynovitis related to somatotropin treatment. Physicians should consider the possibility of musculoskeletal side effects after somatotropin treatment.
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14
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Silva PRB, Machado KS, Da Silva DNL, Moraes JGN, Keisler DH, Chebel RC. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin during the periparturient period on innate and adaptive immune responses, systemic inflammation, and metabolism of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4449-64. [PMID: 25912866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of treating peripartum dairy cows with body condition score ≥3.75 with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on immune, inflammatory, and metabolic responses. Holstein cows (253±1d of gestation) were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments: untreated control (n=53), rbST87.5 (n=56; 87.5mg of rbST), and rbST125 (n=57; 125mg of rbST). Cows in the rbST87.5 and rbST125 treatments received rbST weekly from -21 to 28d relative to calving. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor α, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, and cortisol concentrations were determined weekly from -21 to 21d relative to calving. Blood sampled weekly from -14 to 21d relative to calving was used for hemogram and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) expression of adhesion molecules, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst. Cows were vaccinated with ovalbumin at -21, -7, and 7d relative to calving, and blood was collected weekly from -21 to 21d relative to calving to determine IgG anti-ovalbumin concentrations. A subsample of cows had liver biopsied -21, -7, and 7d relative to calving to determine total lipids, triglycerides, and glycogen content. Growth hormone concentrations prepartum (control=11.0±1.2, rbST87.5=14.1±1.2, rbST125=15.1±1.3ng/mL) and postpartum (control=14.4±1.1, rbST87.5=17.8±1.2, rbST125=21.8±1.1ng/mL) were highest for rbST125 cows. Cows treated with rbST had higher insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations than control cows (control=110.5±4.5, rbST87.5=126.2±4.5, rbST125=127.2±4.5ng/mL) only prepartum. Intensity of L-selectin expression was higher for rbST125 than for control and rbST87.5 cows [control=3,590±270, rbST87.5=3,279±271, rbST125=4,371±279 geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI)] in the prepartum period. The PMNL intensities of phagocytosis (control=3,131±130, rbST87.5=3,391±133, rbST125=3,673±137 GMFI) and oxidative burst (control=9,588±746, rbST87.5=11,238±761, rbST125=12,724±781 GMFI) were higher for rbST125 cows than for control cows during the prepartum period. Concentrations of serum IgG anti-ovalbumin tended to be higher for rbST125 cows than for control cows (control=0.75±0.11, rbST87.5=0.94±0.10, rbST125=1.11±0.11 optical density) in the prepartum period. Haptoglobin concentration was significantly reduced 7d postpartum for rbST125 treatment compared with control and rbST87.5 treatments (control=2.74±0.28, rbST87.5=2.81±0.28, rbST125=1.87±0.28 optical density). Although treatment tended to affect postpartum β-hydroxybutyrate (control=747.5±40.2, rbST87.5=753.2±40.1, rbST125=648.8±39.7 µmol/L), it did not affect liver contents of total lipids, triglycerides, or glycogen. Incidence of metritis among rbST125 cows was reduced compared with that in control cows (control=23.1, rbST87.5=18.0, rbST125=7.8%). Treatment of dairy cows with 125mg of rbST improved innate immune responses and IgG concentration, with limited effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R B Silva
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108; Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - K S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | | | - J G N Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108; Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - D H Keisler
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108; Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108.
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15
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López EG, Ramírez EGR, Gúzman OG, Calva GC, Ariza-Castolo A, Pérez-Vargas J, Rodríguez HGM. MALDI-TOF characterization of hGH1 produced by hairy root cultures of Brassica oleracea var. italica grown in an airlift with mesh bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:161-71. [PMID: 24124083 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression systems based on plant cells, tissue, and organ cultures have been investigated as an alternative for production of human therapeutic proteins in bioreactors. In this work, hairy root cultures of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) were established in an airlift with mesh bioreactor to produce isoform 1 of the human growth hormone (hGH1) as a model therapeutic protein. The hGH1 cDNA was cloned into the pCAMBIA1105.1 binary vector to induce hairy roots in hypocotyls of broccoli plantlets via Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Most of the infected plantlets (90%) developed hairy roots when inoculated before the appearance of true leaves, and keeping the emerging roots attached to hypocotyl explants during transfer to solid Schenk and Hildebrandt medium. The incorporation of the cDNA into the hairy root genome was confirmed by PCR amplification from genomic DNA. The expression and structure of the transgenic hGH1 was assessed by ELISA, western blot, and MALDITOF-MS analysis of the purified protein extracted from the biomass of hairy roots cultivated in bioreactor for 24 days. Production of hGH1 was 5.1 ± 0.42 µg/g dry weight (DW) for flask cultures, and 7.8 ± 0.3 µg/g DW for bioreactor, with productivity of 0.68 ± 0.05 and 1.5 ± 0.06 µg/g DW*days, respectively, indicating that the production of hGH1 was not affected by the growth rate, but might be affected by the culture system. These results demonstrate that hairy root cultures of broccoli have potential as an alternative expression system for production of hGH1, and might also be useful for production of other therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar García López
- Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, México Distrito Federal, CP, 07360
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) was first used to treat a patient in 1958. For the next 25 years it was available only from cadaver sources, which was of concern because of safety considerations and short supply. In 1985, GH produced by recombinant DNA techniques became available, expanding its possible uses. Since that time there have been three indications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for GH-deficiency states and nine indications approved for non-GH-deficiency states. In 2003 the FDA approved GH for use in idiopathic short stature (ISS), which may indirectly cover other diagnoses that have short stature as a feature. However, coverage for GH therapy is usually more reliably obtainable for a specific indication, rather than the ISS indication. Possible future uses for GH therapy could include the treatment of syndromes such as Russell-Silver syndrome or chondrodystrophy. Other non-short-stature indications could include wound healing and burns. Other uses that have been poorly studied include aging and physical performance, in spite of the interest already shown by elite athletes in using GH. The safety profile of GH developed over the past 25 years has shown it to be a very safe hormone with few adverse events associated with it. The challenge for the future is to follow these patients into adulthood to determine whether GH therapy poses any long-term risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Kemp
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202-3591, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Somatotropin (growth hormone, GH) of recombinant DNA origin has provided a readily available and safe drug that has greatly improved management of children and adolescents with GH deficiency (GHD) and other disorders of growth. In the US and Europe, regulatory agencies have given approval for the use of GH in children and adults who meet specific criteria. However, clinical and ethical controversies remain regarding the diagnosis of GHD, dosing of GH, duration of therapy and expected outcomes. Areas which also require consensus include management of pubertal patients, transitioning pediatric patients to adulthood, management of children with idiopathic short stature and the role of recombinant IGF-1 in treatment. Additionally, studies have demonstrated anabolic benefits of GH in children who have inflammatory-based underlying disease and efficacy of GH in overcoming growth delays in people treated chronically with corticosteroids. These areas are open for possible new uses of this drug. This review summarizes current indications for GH use in children and discusses areas of clinical debate and potential anabolic uses in chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Hardin
- Ohio State University and Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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18
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Bruno JG, Carrillo MP, Phillips T, Edge A. Discrimination of recombinant from natural human growth hormone using DNA aptamers. J Biomol Tech 2011; 22:27-36. [PMID: 21455479 PMCID: PMC3059541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Detection of athletes who use synthetic human growth hormone (hGH; or somatotropin) to enhance physical strength and obtain an advantage in competitive sports is a formidable problem, as rhGH is virtually identical to the natural pituitary hormone. However, some post-translational and other modifications have been documented by chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry (MS) in a small percentage of rhGH. In the present work, development of DNA aptamers against research-grade rhGH and natural hGH with adsorption of the rhGH aptamers against natural hGH was shown to produce a small family of aptamer sequences that bound consistently with greater affinity to rhGH over a low nanogram-to-microgram range in ELISA-like microplate assays. This collection of rhGH discriminatory aptamer sequences shared some short sequence segments and secondary structural features. The top rhGH discriminatory aptamers also appeared to cross-react with human myoglobin and BSA but not with bone collagen peptides and an unrelated viral envelope peptide. The cross-reactivity results suggested several strings of up to five consecutive amino acids that might serve as common epitopes for aptamer binding. SDS-PAGE revealed that the rhGH existed largely as a 45-kDa dimer, and the natural hGH was almost exclusively monomeric. The existence of the rhGH dimer suggests that a discontinuous "bridge" epitope may exist on the rhGH, which spans the subunits, thereby accounting somewhat for the difference in detection. Overall, these results suggest that aptamers might be useful for routine, presumptive laboratory screening to identify athletes who are potentially cheating by administration of rhGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Bustamante JJ, Grigorian AL, Muñoz J, Aguilar RM, Treviño LR, Martinez AO, Haro LS. Human growth hormone: 45-kDa isoform with extraordinarily stable interchain disulfide links has attenuated receptor-binding and cell-proliferative activities. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:298-304. [PMID: 20472479 PMCID: PMC2918732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human growth hormone (hGH) is a complex mixture of molecular isoforms. Gaps in our knowledge exist regarding the structures and biological significances of the uncharacterized hGH molecular variants. Mercaptoethanol-resistant 45-kDa human growth hormone (MER-45 kDa hGH) is an extraordinarily stable disulfide-linked hGH homodimer whose biological significance is unknown. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the pharmacokinetic abilities of dimeric MER-45-kDa hGH to bind to GH and prolactin (PRL) receptors and to elucidate its abilities to stimulate cell proliferation in lactogen-induced and somatogen-induced in vitro cell proliferation bioassays. DESIGN The binding of MER-45-kDa hGH to GH and PRL receptors was tested in radioreceptor assays (RRAs). Competitive displacements of [(125)I]-bovine GH from bovine liver membranes, [(125)I]-ovine PRL from lactating rabbit mammary gland membranes and [(125)I]-hGH from human IM-9 lymphocytes by unlabelled GHs, PRLs or dimeric MER-45-kDa hGH were evaluated. The abilities of dimeric MER-45-kDa hGH to stimulate proliferation of lactogen-responsive Nb2 lymphoma cells and to stimulate proliferation of somatogen-responsive T47-D human breast cancer cells were assessed by incubation of cells with GHs or PRLs and subsequently measuring growth using the MTS cell proliferation assay. RESULTS Dimeric MER-45-kDa hGH, compared to monomeric hGH, had reduced binding affinities to both GH and prolactin receptors. In a bovine liver GH radioreceptor assay its ED(50) (197.5 pM) was 40.8% that of monomeric hGH. In a human IM-9 lymphocyte hGH RRA its ED(50) (2.96 nM) was 26.2% that of monomeric hGH. In a lactating rabbit mammary gland prolactin RRA its ED(50) (3.56 nM) was 16.8% that of a monomeric hGH. Dimeric MER-45-kDa hGH, compared to monomeric hGH, had a diminished capacity to stimulate proliferation of cells in vitro. In a dose-response relationship assessing proliferation of Nb2 lymphoma cells its ED(50) (191 pM) was 18.0% that of monomeric hGH. While monomeric hGH stimulated a 2.2-fold proliferation of T47-D human breast cancer cells above vehicle control, dimeric MER-45-kDa hGH was unable to stimulate the cells to proliferate and slightly inhibited their proliferation to 77.6% that of control. CONCLUSIONS The topological arrangement of monomeric hGHs to form an unusually stable disulfide-linked dimer markedly diminishes hGH's binding affinities to both GH and PRL receptors and also drastically attenuates its ability to stimulate proliferation of cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Bustamante
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1010 West Avenue B, MSC 131, Kingsville, Texas 78363
| | - Alexei L. Grigorian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-4400
| | - Jesus Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0609
| | - Roberto M. Aguilar
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California at Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-4292
| | - Lisa R. Treviño
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794
| | - Andrew O. Martinez
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0609
| | - Luis S. Haro
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0609
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Abstract
Idiopathic short stature (ISS) is a term that describes short stature in children who do not have growth hormone (GH) deficiency and in whom the etiology of the short stature is not identified. Between 1985 and 2000, more than 40 studies were published regarding GH therapy for ISS. Only 12 of these had data to adult height, of which only 4 were controlled studies. A subsequent placebo-controlled study that followed subjects to adult height indicated that there was a gain of 3.7–7.5 cm in height with GH treatment. In 2003, the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved GH for treatment of short stature. Even before FDA approval, patients with ISS made up about 20% of patients in GH databases, which is largely unchanged since FDA approval. There remains some controversy as to whether GH should be used to treat ISS. This controversy centers on the fact that there has been no definitive demonstration that short stature results in a disadvantage or problems with psychological adjustment, and thus, no demonstration that GH therapy results in improvement in quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Frindik
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, AR, USA
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21
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that is synthesized and secreted by the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. The main action of GH is to stimulate linear growth in children; however, it also fosters a healthy body composition by increasing muscle and reducing fat mass, maintains normal blood glucose levels, and promotes a favorable lipid profile. This article provides an overview of the normal pathophysiology of GH production and action. We discuss the history of GH therapy and the development of the current formulation of recombinant human GH given as daily subcutaneous injections. This paper reviews two of the longest standing FDA-approved indications for GH treatment, GH deficiency and Turner syndrome. We will highlight the pathogenesis of these disorders, including presentations, presumed mechanism(s) for the associated short stature, and diagnostic criteria, with a review of stimulation test benefits and pitfalls. This review also includes current recommendations for GH therapy to help maximize final height in these children, as well as data demonstrating the efficacy and safety of GH treatment in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Southern Reh
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Veldhuis JD, Hudson SA, Bailey JN, Erickson D. Regulation of basal, pulsatile, and entropic (patterned) modes of GH secretion in a putatively low-somatostatin milieu in women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E483-9. [PMID: 19491298 PMCID: PMC2724111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00136.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SS) released by hypothalamic neurons inhibits GH exocytosis noncompetitively. Therefore, we postulated that attenuation of GH feedback-induced SS outflow would help to unmask covariates of endogenous secretagogue drive. To this end, 42 healthy pre- and postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive leuprolide plus estradiol (E(2)) or leuprolide plus placebo. A putatively low-SS milieu was imposed by L-arginine infusion. Deconvolution and regularity analyses were applied to 6-h GH concentration-time profiles. By two-way ANOVA, age negatively (P < 0.001) and E(2) positively (P = 0.001) determined pulsatile GH secretion in the presumptively SS-deficient milieu (P < 0.001). Comparable effects were exerted on the mass of GH secreted per burst per unit distribution volume (age P = 0.001, E(2) P < 0.001, overall P < 0.001). E(2) alone predicted basal (nonpulsatile) GH secretion (P = 0.004). Stepwise forward-selection multivariate regression demonstrated that age (P = 0.0017) and E(2) (P = 0.0002) together explained 46% of intersubject variability in pulsatile GH secretion (P < 0.001) and fully replaced the negative univariate effect of abdominal visceral fat (r(2) = 0.32, P < 0.001). Moreover, age and E(2) (but not AVF) interacted to supervise GH regularity (P = 0.007). We conclude that age and E(2) availability individually and together constitute primary predictors of basal, pulsatile, and patterned GH secretion in an inferentially feedback-silenced context in healthy women. Therefore, both factors must be considered in framing hypotheses of endogenous GH drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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23
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Veldhuis JD, Hudson SB, Erickson D, Bailey JN, Reynolds GA, Bowers CY. Relative effects of estrogen, age, and visceral fat on pulsatile growth hormone secretion in healthy women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E367-74. [PMID: 19470834 PMCID: PMC2724113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretion is subject to complex regulation. How pre- and postmenopausal age (PRE, POST), estradiol (E(2)) availability, and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) jointly affect peptidyl-secretagogue drive of GH secretion is not known. To this end, healthy PRE (n = 20) and POST (n = 22) women underwent a low- vs. high-E(2) clamp before receiving a continuous intravenous infusion of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) or GH-releasing peptide (GHRP-2). According to analysis of covariance, PRE and POST women achieved age-independent hypo- and euestrogenemia under respective low- and high-E(2) clamps. All four of age (P < 0.001), E(2) status (P = 0.006), secretagogue type (P < 0.001), and an age x peptide interaction (P = 0.014) controlled pulsatile GH secretion. Independently of E(2) status, POST women had lower GH responses to both GHRH (P = 0.028) and GHRP-2 (P < 0.001) than PRE women. Independently of age, GHRP-2 was more stimulatory than GHRH during low E(2) (P = 0.011) and high E(2) (P < 0.001). Stepwise forward-selection multivariate analysis revealed that computerized tomographic estimates of AVF explained 22% of the variability in GHRH action (P = 0.002), whereas age and E(2) together explained 60% of the variability in GHRP-2 drive (P < 0.001). These data establish that age, estrogen status, and AVF are triple covariates of continuous peptide-secretagogue drive of pulsatile GH secretion in women. Each factor must be controlled for to allow valid comparisons of GH-axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Clinical Translational Research Unit, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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24
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the individual and the combined effects of glutamine, dietary fiber, and growth hormone on the structural adaptation of the remnant small bowel.
METHODS: Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 85% mid-small bowel resection and received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) support during the first three postoperational days. From the 4th postoperational day, animals were randomly assigned to receive 7 different treatments for 8 d: TPNcon group, receiving TPN and enteral 20 g·L-1 glycine perfusion; TPN + Gln group, receiving TPN and enteral 20 g·L-1 glutamine perfusion; ENcon group, receiving enteral nutrition (EN) fortified with 20 g·L-1 glycine; EN + Gln group, enteral nutrition fortified with 20 g·L-1 glutamine; EN + Fib group, enteral nutrition and 2 g·L-1 oral soybean fiber; EN + GH group, enteral nutrition and subcutaneous growth hormone (GH) (0.3IU) injection twice daily; and ENint group, glutamine-enriched EN, oral soybean fiber, and subcutaneous GH injection.
RESULTS: Enteral glutamine perfusion during TPN increased the small intestinal villus height (jejunal villus height 250 µm ± 29 µm in TPNcon vs 330 µm ± 54 µm in TPN + Gln, ileal villus height 260 µm ± 28 µm in TPNcon vs 330 µm ± 22 µm in TPN + Gln, P < 0.05) and mucosa thickness (jejunal mucosa thickness 360 µm ± 32 µm in TPNcon vs 460 µm ± 65 µm in TPN +Gln, ileal mucosa thickness 400 µm ± 25 µm in TPNcon vs 490 µm ± 11 µm in TPN + Gln, P < 0.05) in comparison with the TPNcon group. Either fiber supplementation or GH administration improved body mass gain (end body weight 270 g ± 3.6 g in EN + Fib, 265.7 g ± 3.3 g in EN + GH, vs 257 g ± 3.3 g in ENcon, P < 0.05), elevated plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) level (880 µg·L-1± 52 µg·L-1 in EN + Fib, 1200 µg·L-1± 96 µg·L-1 in EN ± GH, vs 620 µg·L-1± 43 µg·L-1 in ENcon, P < 0.05), and increased the villus height (jejunum 560 µm ± 44 µm in EN ± Fib, 530 µm ± 30 µm in EN ± GH, vs 450 µm ± 44 µm in ENcon, ileum 400 µm ± 30 µm in EN + Fib, 380 µm ± 49 µm in EN ± GH, vs 320 µm ± 16 µm in ENcon, P < 0.05) and the mucosa thickness (jejunum 740 µm ± 66 µm in EN ± Fib, 705 µm ± 27 µm in ENGH, vs 608 µm ± 58 µm in ENcon, ileum 570 µm ± 27 µm in EN ± Fib, 560 µm ± 56 µm in EN ± GH, vs 480 µm ± 40 µm in ENcon, P < 0.05) in remnant jejunum and ileum. Glutamine-enriched EN produced little effect in body mass, plasma IGF-I level, and remnant small bowel mucosal structure. The ENint group had greater body mass (280 g ± 2.2 g), plasma IGF-I level (1450 µg·L-1± 137 µg·L-1), and villus height (jejunum 620 µm ± 56 µm, ileum 450 µm ± 31 µm) and mucosal thickness (jejunum 800 µm ± 52 µm, ileum 633 µm ± 33 µm) than those in ENcon, EN + Gln (jejunum villus height and mucosa thickness 450 µm ± 47 µm and 610 µm ± 63 µm, ileum villus height and mucosa thickness 330 µm ± 39 µm and 500 µm ± 52 µm), EN + GH groups (P < 0.05), and than those in EN + Fib group although no statistical significance was attained.
CONCLUSION: Both dietary fiber and GH when used separately can enhance the postresectional small bowel structural adaptation. Simultaneous use of these two gut-trophic factors can produce synergistic effects on small bowel structural adaptation. Enteral glutamine perfusion is beneficial in preserving small bowel mucosal structure during TPN, but has little beneficial effect during EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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25
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Janssen YJ, Frölich M, Roelfsema F. The absorption profile and availability of a physiological subcutaneously administered dose of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adults with GH deficiency. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47:273-8. [PMID: 10215751 PMCID: PMC2014216 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the absorption profile and estimate the bioavailability of three doses of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) smaller than 2 IU in females with GH deficiency (GHD). A second aim of the study was to compare the mean 24 h GH concentrations after s.c. injection of rhGH with the physiological mean 24 h GH concentration of healthy females of comparable age, height, and BMI. METHODS Fourteen female patients with substituted GHD, and 14 healthy females of comparable age, height, and BMI were studied. All GHD patients underwent 24 h GH sampling after s.c. injection of rhGH in doses of 0.6, 1.2, or 1.8 IU. In addition, these patients underwent a 4 h GH sampling after i.v. injection of rhGH (1 IU). In healthy subjects, blood was withdrawn every 10 min for 24 h to determine the physiological GH profile. RESULTS A s.c. dose of 0.6 IU resulted in a mean and maximum GH concentration of 0.95+/-0.04 mU l(-1) and 2.62+/-0.09 mU l(-1). A doubling (or tripling) of the rhGH dose resulted in a doubling (or tripling) of the mean and maximum GH concentration. The time of maximum GH concentration was reached on average after 261+/-27 min. Mean GH concentration in healthy females was comparable with the mean GH concentration after a s.c. dose of 1.2 IU. Mean availability of the s.c. injected dose was 63%+/-4%. CONCLUSIONS A dose of 1.2 IU resulted in a mean GH concentration comparable with the mean physiological GH concentration in healthy females of comparable age, height, and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Janssen
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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26
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Gabriel K, Hofmann C, Glavas M, Weinberg J. The hormonal effects of alcohol use on the mother and fetus. Alcohol Health Res World 1998; 22:170-7. [PMID: 15706792 PMCID: PMC6761898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the hormonal systems of the mother and fetus are intricately interconnected to ensure normal fetal development. Accordingly, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy can interfere with fetal development, not only directly, through adverse effects exerted by alcohol that crosses the placenta and enters the fetal bloodstream, but also indirectly, by disturbing the functions and interactions of maternal and fetal hormones. In both the mother and the fetus, alcohol exposure can impair the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which regulates the body's response to stress; the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which controls reproductive functions; and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which regulates the metabolism of almost all tissues. In addition, alcohol can interfere with the activities of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors, which promote body growth and activity. Some of the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal hormone systems may contribute to the adverse effects observed in children with fetal alcohol syndrome and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gabriel
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Middleton DJ, Culvenor JA, Vasak E, Mintohadi K. Growth Hormone-producing Pituitary Adenoma, Elevated Serum Somatomedin C Concentration and Diabetes Mellitus in a Cat. Can Vet J 1985; 26:169-71. [PMID: 17422532 PMCID: PMC1679985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A pituitary acidophil adenoma in a domestic shorthaired cat with diabetes mellitus and elevated serum somatomedin C level is described. Growth hormone production by the neoplasm was confirmed by an appropriate reaction using an immunoperoxidase technic.
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