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Durbano HW, Halloran D, Nguyen J, Stone V, McTague S, Eskander M, Nohe A. Aberrant BMP2 Signaling in Patients Diagnosed with Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186909. [PMID: 32967078 PMCID: PMC7555210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common bone disease in humans is osteoporosis (OP). Current therapeutics targeting OP have several negative side effects. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is a potent growth factor that is known to activate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It completes these actions through both SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling. A novel interaction between the BMP type Ia receptor (BMPRIa) and casein kinase II (CK2) was discovered, and several CK2 phosphorylation sites were identified. A corresponding blocking peptide (named CK2.3) was designed to further elucidate the phosphorylation site’s function. Previously, CK2.3 demonstrated an increased osteoblast activity and decreased osteoclast activity in a variety of animal models, cell lines, and isolated human osteoblasts. It is hypothesized that CK2.3 completes these actions through the BMP signaling pathway. Furthermore, it was recently discovered that BMP2 did not elicit an osteogenic response in osteoblasts from patients diagnosed with OP, while CK2.3 did. In this study, we explore where in the BMP pathway the signaling disparity or defect lies in those diagnosed with OP. We found that osteoblasts isolated from patients diagnosed with OP did not activate SMAD or ERK signaling after BMP2 stimulation. When OP osteoblasts were stimulated with BMP2, both BMPRIa and CK2 expression significantly decreased. This indicates a major disparity within the BMP signaling pathway in patients diagnosed with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary W. Durbano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (H.W.D.); (D.H.); (J.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Daniel Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (H.W.D.); (D.H.); (J.N.); (V.S.)
| | - John Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (H.W.D.); (D.H.); (J.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Victoria Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (H.W.D.); (D.H.); (J.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Sean McTague
- Christiana Care Hospital, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Mark Eskander
- Christiana Care Hospital, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (H.W.D.); (D.H.); (J.N.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-2959
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Jiang M, Ku WY, Zhou Z, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Nakagawa H, Wang ML, Liu K, Wang J, Katzka DA, Peters JH, Lan X, Que J. BMP-driven NRF2 activation in esophageal basal cell differentiation and eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1557-68. [PMID: 25774506 DOI: 10.1172/jci78850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires balanced self-renewal and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells, especially in tissues that are constantly replenished like the esophagus. Disruption of this balance is associated with pathological conditions, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), in which basal progenitor cells become hyperplastic upon proinflammatory stimulation. However, how basal cells respond to the inflammatory environment at the molecular level remains undetermined. We previously reported that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is critical for epithelial morphogenesis in the embryonic esophagus. Here, we address how this pathway regulates tissue homeostasis and EoE development in the adult esophagus. BMP signaling was specifically activated in differentiated squamous epithelium, but not in basal progenitor cells, which express the BMP antagonist follistatin. Previous reports indicate that increased BMP activity promotes Barrett's intestinal differentiation; however, in mice, basal progenitor cell-specific expression of constitutively active BMP promoted squamous differentiation. Moreover, BMP activation increased intracellular ROS levels, initiating an NRF2-mediated oxidative response during basal progenitor cell differentiation. In both a mouse EoE model and human biopsies, reduced squamous differentiation was associated with high levels of follistatin and disrupted BMP/NRF2 pathways. We therefore propose a model in which normal squamous differentiation of basal progenitor cells is mediated by BMP-driven NRF2 activation and basal cell hyperplasia is promoted by disruption of BMP signaling in EoE.
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Wellbrock J, Sheikhzadeh S, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Stamm H, Hillebrand M, Keyser B, Klokow M, Vohwinkel G, Bonk V, Otto B, Streichert T, Balabanov S, Hagel C, Rybczynski M, Bentzien F, Bokemeyer C, von Kodolitsch Y, Fiedler W. Overexpression of Gremlin-1 in patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome: implications on pathophysiology and early disease detection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104742. [PMID: 25116393 PMCID: PMC4130545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Most patients with LDS develop severe aortic aneurysms resulting in early need of surgical intervention. In order to gain further insight into the pathophysiology of the disorder, we investigated circulating outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC) from the peripheral blood of LDS patients from a cohort of 23 patients including 6 patients with novel TGF-β receptor mutations. Methods and Results We performed gene expression profiling of OECs using microarray analysis followed by quantitative PCR for verification of gene expression. Compared to OECs of age- and sex-matched healthy controls, OECs isolated from three LDS patients displayed altered expression of several genes belonging to the TGF-β pathway, especially those affecting bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signalling including BMP2, BMP4 and BMPR1A. Gene expression of BMP antagonist Gremlin-1 (GREM1) showed the most prominent up-regulation. This increase was confirmed at the protein level by immunoblotting of LDS-OECs. In immunohistochemistry, abundant Gremlin-1 protein expression could be verified in endothelial cells as well as smooth muscle cells within the arterial media. Furthermore, Gremlin-1 plasma levels of LDS patients were significantly elevated compared to healthy control subjects. Conclusions These findings open new avenues in the understanding of the pathogenesis of Loeys-Dietz syndrome and the development of new diagnostic serological methods for early disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Wellbrock
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara Sheikhzadeh
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Stamm
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hillebrand
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Keyser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marianne Klokow
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabi Vohwinkel
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Bonk
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Rybczynski
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bentzien
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yskert von Kodolitsch
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Self M, Geng X, Oliver G. Six2 activity is required for the formation of the mammalian pyloric sphincter. Dev Biol 2009; 334:409-17. [PMID: 19660448 PMCID: PMC2792912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The functional activity of Six2, a member of the so/Six family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors, is required during mammalian kidney organogenesis. We have now determined that Six2 activity is also necessary for the formation of the pyloric sphincter, the functional gate at the stomach-duodenum junction that inhibits duodenogastric reflux. Our data reveal that several genes known to be important for pyloric sphincter formation in the chick (e.g., Bmp4, Bmpr1b, Nkx2.5, Sox9, and Gremlin) also appear to be required for the formation of this structure in mammals. Thus, we propose that Six2 activity regulates this gene network during the genesis of the pyloric sphincter in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Self
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Watanabe H, Shionyu M, Kimura T, Kimata K, Watanabe H. Splicing factor 3b subunit 4 binds BMPR-IA and inhibits osteochondral cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20728-38. [PMID: 17513295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703292200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/4 play critical roles in early embryogenesis and skeletal development. BMP-2/4 signals conduct into cells via two types of serine/threonine kinase receptors, known as BMPR-I (IA and IB) and BMPR-II. Here we identified splicing factor 3b subunit 4 (SF3b4) as a molecule that interacts with BMPR-IA, using a yeast two-hybrid screening with a human fetal brain cDNA library. Co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblot analysis confirmed their interaction in mammalian cells. By separation of the cell components, SF3b4 was present in the cell membrane fraction with BMPR-IA as well as in the nucleus. Overexpression of SF3b4 inhibited BMP-2-mediated osteogenic and chondrocytic differentiation of C2C12 and ATDC5 cells, respectively, and the endogenous expression level of SF3b4 decreased during differentiation in ATDC5 cells. By reporter gene assay, SF3b4 suppressed Id reporter gene activity, specific to the Smad1/5/8 pathway, but not TGFbeta-mediated reporter gene activity. Biotin labeling of the cell surface proteins followed by their immunoblot revealed that SF3b4 decreased the cell surface BMPRI-A levels. Further analysis by molecular modeling of the intracellular domain of BMPR-IA, coupled with binding studies of its several mutants, indicated that the site(s) for SF3b4 binding is not directly associated with the C-terminal lobe and the activation segment. Taken together, these results suggest that SF3b4, known to be localized in the nucleus and involved in RNA splicing, binds BMPR-IA and specifically inhibits BMP-mediated osteochondral cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Kurland JE, Beck SE, Solomon CJ, Brann OS, Carethers JM, Huang SC. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in polyps from a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome with mutant BMPR1A. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44:318-25. [PMID: 17325551 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31802e98e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is increased in colorectal cancers and has been reported to be upregulated in Peutz-Jeghers polyps. To determine whether germline and somatic loss of BMPR1A in polyps from a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome have altered COX-2 expression, we characterized a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome for BMPR1A germline mutations and examined the polyps for BMPR1A expression and COX-2 expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS DNA analysis for BMPR1A was performed on a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome. Multiple polypectomies were performed, and several polyps showed adenomatous change. Genomic DNA was extracted from polyp material for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses with microsatellite markers. Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections using antibodies for BMPR1A and COX-2. RESULTS The kindred possessed a germline BMPR1A missense mutation. In polyp domains containing cystic and adenomatous epithelium, no LOH was observed using markers near the BMPR1A locus. Immunostaining indicated decreased expression of phospho-SMAD1 (pSMAD1), functionally downstream of the mutant BMPR1A receptor in the cystic epithelium, with further reduction in adenomatous portions within the polyp. COX-2 protein, normally not expressed in the colon, was present and increased in polyp epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of pSMAD1 in the cystic epithelium with further reduction in the adenomatous area, and increase in COX-2 expression within polyps from the BMPR1A heterozygote, suggest a potential mechanism for adenomatous pathogenesis in these hamartomatous polyps. This may imply that COX-2 inhibitors could be a means for chemoprevention in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayde E Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ye L, Lewis-Russell JM, Davies G, Sanders AJ, Kynaston H, Jiang WG. Hepatocyte growth factor up-regulates the expression of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II, in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2007; 30:521-9. [PMID: 17203235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays multiple roles in cancer, by acting as a motility, invasion and angiogenesis stimulating factor, which promotes metastasis and tumour growth. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. The effects of BMPs are mediated by two subgroups of receptors, type I and type II. Recent studies have shown that some BMPs, via their signaling pathways, affect the growth of prostate cancer cells. BMPR-IB and BMPR-II have been reported to be expressed at low levels in prostate cancer. However, little is known about the crosstalk between HGF and BMP pathways. In this study, prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU-145) were exposed to HGF at different concentrations (1-75 ng/ml) for 18 h, or were treated with HGF at 40 ng/ml over various time periods (up to 24 h). The effect of HGF on BMP receptor expression was further investigated in a nude mouse PC-3 xenograft model. Mice were treated with either HGF, the HGF antagonist NK4, or a combination of both. The expression of BMPR-IB and BMPR-II mRNA was up-regulated by HGF, as shown by both conventional PCR and quantitative PCR. An elevation of BMPR-IB and BMPR-II at the protein level was confirmed by both Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining. In a murine prostate tumour model, infusion of recombinant HGF resulted in an increase in the levels of both BMPR-IB and BMPR-II transcript in prostate tumours. Concomitant delivery of NK4, an HGF antagonist, prevented this effect. In conclusion, HGF up-regulates the expression of the bone morphogenetic protein receptors, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II, in prostate cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. This may have important implications in the development of bone metastasis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Wales College of Medicine, Health Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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He C, Deng LF, Yang QM, Shen W, Feng W, Zhang Y, Zhu YP. [Experiment on induction of fibroblasts on 3-D cell-foam structures to express osteoblastic phenotype and its mechanism]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2006; 44:271-4. [PMID: 16635375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the feasibility of osteogenic phenotype expression by human skin fibroblasts induced in polyglycolic acid (PGA) foams and the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors. METHODS The fibroblasts were isolated, purified from human skin. (1) Fibroblasts were seeded onto PGA foams. The cell-PGA complexes were cultured in RCCS for 6 weeks, in the media of TNF-alpha (50 U/ml) and BMP-2 (0.1 microg/ml). 1 d, 3 and 6 weeks later, cells and extracellular matrix were investigated by electron microscopic and histochemistry observation respectively. Secretion of osteogenic markers were analyzed by biochemical methods. (2) Fibroblasts were seeded on the glass fragments or culture flasks and treated with TNF-alpha (50 U/ml) in different usage (one-time, all-time). The RT-PCR method and the immunohistochemistry fluorescence staining were used to examine the influence of TNF-alpha on the mRNA expression and the protein expression of the type I BMP receptors at 2, 4, 6, 8 d after treatment. RESULTS Fibroblasts seeded on the PGA foams formed 3-dimensional matrix 3 weeks after seeding, which was demonstrated as osteo-tissue by tetracycline labeling and ARS staining. Cells secreted much more bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-AKP) and osteocalcin (OCN) into supernatant than the cells that were cultured in the media without TNF-a and BMP2. Eight days after all-time usage, the TNF-alpha (50 U/ml) increased the expression of the mRNA and protein of the type IB BMP receptor. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts on 3-D cell-foam structures can express osteoblastic phenotype under certain inducing conditions. The numerous fibroblasts in body would be a promising resource for cell seeds candidate of tissue- engineered bone. TNF-alpha provides the essential condition for BMP2's target effect on fibroblasts, and combined use of TNF-alpha and BMP2 is one of the regulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai 200025, China
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Li X, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Wang Z. [Fibronectin osteogenic phenotypical expression by fibroblasts in vitro]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2006; 20:107-11. [PMID: 16529316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the regulator factor of osteogenesis induced by the fibroblast in vitro so as to provide enough seeding cells for the bone tissue engineering. METHODS The fibroblasts were isolated and purified from granulation of New Zealand rabbits, and they were incubated in the media of fibronectin (FN) 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 microg/ml, respectively, in the experimental groups 1 - 5, but there was no FN in the control group. The markers for osteogenic features were investigated by fibroblast morphogenesis, calcium nodules formation ratios, labeling of tetracycline fluorescence, labeling of 3H-TdR, determination of osteocalcin, and labeling of 3H-proline within 2 weeks. RESULTS The morphological changes of the fibroblasts were manifested as transference from a long spindle to a round or multiple form, shifted nucleus increased in number, confluence and formed multilayered structure. There was a piling-up of calcium crystals that were gradually merged into foggy substances. The foggy substances increased and formed nodules. The calcium nodules formation ratios were as follows: 15.35% +/- 3.45% in the control group, and 53.73% +/- 9.49%, 75.21% +/- 9.80%, 98.34% +/- 15.20%, 61.83% +/- 10.04%, and 45.11% +/- 8.70% in the experimental groups 1-5, respectively. There was a significant difference between the control group and the 5 experimental groups at 14 days (P < 0.05), and a significant difference between the experimental group 3 and the other experimental groups at 14 days (P < 0.05). The histochemical study on the nodules with the specific labeling of tetracycline fluorescence indicated that the nodules were composed of new bones. CONCLUSION Fibronectin can stimulate the fibroblast to proliferate, secrete osteocalcin, and synthesize collagen fibrils. Fibronectin, in an optimal dose of 40-60 microg/ml, is capable of inducing the fibroblast to form the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin, P.R. China.
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James RG, Schultheiss TM. Bmp signaling promotes intermediate mesoderm gene expression in a dose-dependent, cell-autonomous and translation-dependent manner. Dev Biol 2005; 288:113-25. [PMID: 16243309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate mesoderm lies between the somites and the lateral plate and is the source of all kidney tissue in the developing vertebrate embryo. While bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is known to regulate mesodermal cell type determination along the medio-lateral axis, its role in intermediate mesoderm formation has not been well characterized. The current study finds that low and high levels of Bmp ligand are both necessary and sufficient to activate intermediate and lateral mesodermal gene expression, respectively, both in vivo and in vitro. Dose-dependent activation of intermediate and lateral mesodermal genes by Bmp signaling is cell-autonomous, as demonstrated by electroporation of the avian embryo with constitutively active Bmp receptors driven by promoters of varying strengths. In explant cultures, Bmp activation of Odd-skipped related 1 (Odd-1), the earliest known gene expressed in the intermediate mesoderm, is blocked by cyclohexamide, indicating that the activation of Odd-1 by Bmp signaling is translation-dependent. The data from this study are integrated with that of other studies to generate a model for the role of Bmp signaling in trunk mesodermal patterning in which low levels of Bmp activate intermediate mesoderm gene expression by inhibition of repressors present in medial mesoderm, whereas high levels of Bmp repress both medial and intermediate mesoderm gene expression and activate lateral plate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G James
- Molecular and Vascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Smith CL, Anthony S, Hubank M, Leiper JM, Vallance P. Effects of ADMA upon gene expression: an insight into the pathophysiological significance of raised plasma ADMA. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e264. [PMID: 16190779 PMCID: PMC1240048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis that accumulates in a wide range of diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction and enhanced atherosclerosis. Clinical studies implicate plasma ADMA as a major novel cardiovascular risk factor, but the mechanisms by which low concentrations of ADMA produce adverse effects on the cardiovascular system are unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS We treated human coronary artery endothelial cells with pathophysiological concentrations of ADMA and assessed the effects on gene expression using U133A GeneChips (Affymetrix). Changes in several genes, including bone morphogenetic protein 2 inducible kinase (BMP2K), SMA-related protein 5 (Smad5), bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A, and protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3; also known as HRMT1L3), were confirmed by Northern blotting, quantitative PCR, and in some instances Western blotting analysis to detect changes in protein expression. To determine whether these changes also occurred in vivo, tissue from gene deletion mice with raised ADMA levels was examined. More than 50 genes were significantly altered in endothelial cells after treatment with pathophysiological concentrations of ADMA (2 microM). We detected specific patterns of changes that identify pathways involved in processes relevant to cardiovascular risk and pulmonary hypertension. Changes in BMP2K and PRMT3 were confirmed at mRNA and protein levels, in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Pathophysiological concentrations of ADMA are sufficient to elicit significant changes in coronary artery endothelial cell gene expression. Changes in bone morphogenetic protein signalling, and in enzymes involved in arginine methylation, may be particularly relevant to understanding the pathophysiological significance of raised ADMA levels. This study identifies the mechanisms by which increased ADMA may contribute to common cardiovascular diseases and thereby indicates possible targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Smith
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Kersten C, Sivertsen EA, Hystad ME, Forfang L, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH. BMP-6 inhibits growth of mature human B cells; induction of Smad phosphorylation and upregulation of Id1. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:9. [PMID: 15877825 PMCID: PMC1134658 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and are secreted proteins with pleiotropic roles in many different cell types. A potential role of BMP-6 in the immune system has been implied by various studies of malignant and rheumatoid diseases. In the present study, we explored the role of BMP-6 in normal human peripheral blood B cells. Results The B cells were found to express BMP type I and type II receptors and BMP-6 rapidly induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. Furthermore, Smad-phosphorylation was followed by upregulation of Id1 mRNA and Id1 protein, whereas Id2 and Id3 expression was not affected. Furthermore, we found that BMP-6 had an antiproliferative effect both in naïve (CD19+CD27-) and memory B cells (CD19+CD27+) stimulated with anti-IgM alone or the combined action of anti-IgM and CD40L. Additionally, BMP-6 induced cell death in activated memory B cells. Importantly, the antiproliferative effect of BMP-6 in B-cells was completely neutralized by the natural antagonist, noggin. Furthermore, B cells were demonstrated to upregulate BMP-6 mRNA upon stimulation with anti-IgM. Conclusion In mature human B cells, BMP-6 inhibited cell growth, and rapidly induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 followed by an upregulation of Id1.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/biosynthesis
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/biosynthesis
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/physiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- CD40 Ligand/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1/biosynthesis
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Smad1 Protein/metabolism
- Smad5 Protein/metabolism
- Smad8 Protein/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kersten
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar A Sivertsen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit E Hystad
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Forfang
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty Division The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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13
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Nakamura Y, Wakitani S, Saito N, Takaoka K. Expression profiles of BMP-related molecules induced by BMP-2 or -4 in muscle-derived primary culture cells. J Bone Miner Metab 2005; 23:426-34. [PMID: 16261448 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-005-0624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ectopic bone in muscle following the implantation of decalcified bone matrix led to the search and eventual discovery of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in bone matrix. The precise sequence of molecular events that underpin the cellular transformation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into bone has not been established, and is the subject of this study. Northern and Western blot analyses were used to examine changes in gene expression of cells treated with BMP-2 or -4. The molecules, which included BMP receptors (BMPRs), Noggin (a BMP-specific antagonist), osteocalcin (OC), Smad-4, and MyoD, were examined at messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. The changes in expression of these molecules were followed in mouse muscle-derived primary culture cells, and osteoblastic or nonosteoblastic embryonic cell lines. We show the early up-regulation of BMPR-1A, -2, Noggin, OC, and Smad-4 in muscle-derived primary culture cells in a dose-dependent manner in response to BMP-2 or -4. MyoD expression was not detected after BMP stimulation. The differential expression of these positive and negative regulators of BMP signaling points to a potential regulatory mechanism for bone induction in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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