1
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Zhao J, Xie X, Di T, Liu Y, Qi C, Chen Z, Li P, Wang Y. Indirubin attenuates IL-17A-induced CCL20 expression and production in keratinocytes through repressing TAK1 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107229. [PMID: 33611057 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriatic skin inflammation is mainly driven by complex interactions of infiltrating immune cells and activated keratinocytes. Keratinocytes play an active role in initiating and maintenance of psoriatic skin inflammation by secreting chemokines and cytokines. IL-17A produced by T cells potently upregulates the production of chemokine CCL20 in the keratinocytes, which further chemoattracts IL-17A-producing CCR6+ immune cells to the site of inflammation. Indirubin, an active constituent of indigo naturalis, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activities, but whether it can suppress the production of chemokines in keratinocytes is largely unknown. To address this question, IL-17A stimulated HaCaT cells were used as cell model to explore the effects of indirubin on the expression and secretion of chemokines. Also, RNA-seq analysis was performed to extensively understand the entire gene expression changes after indirubin treatment and identify the differentially expressed genes further. Indirubin treatment strongly inhibited CCL20 expression and secretion in IL-17A stimulated HaCaT cells. The inhibitory action of indirubin on CCL20 expression was mainly mediated by TAK1 signaling pathway in a mouse psoriasis-like model and cultured HaCaT cells in vitro. Combining with our previous report, indirubin ameliorated psoriasiform dermatitis by breaking CCL20/CCR6 axis-mediated inflammatory loops. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of indirubin in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Xiangjiang Xie
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Tingting Di
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Three-ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Cong Qi
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Zhaoxia Chen
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, NO.23, Art Gallery Back Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10010, PR China.
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2
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Poria DK, Sheshadri N, Balamurugan K, Sharan S, Sterneck E. The STAT3 inhibitor Stattic acts independently of STAT3 to decrease histone acetylation and modulate gene expression. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100220. [PMID: 33839684 PMCID: PMC7948742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important transcription factor involved in many physiological functions including embryonic development and immune responses and is often activated under pathological conditions such as cancer. Strategies to inactivate STAT3 are being pursued as potential anticancer therapies and have led to the identification of Stattic (6-nitrobenzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxide) as a "specific" STAT3 inhibitor that is often used to interrogate STAT3-mediated gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that Stattic exerts many STAT3-independent effects on cancer cells, calling for reassessment of results previously ascribed to STAT3 functions. Studies of the STAT3-deficient prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (PC3) along with STAT3-proficient breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SUM149) revealed that Stattic attenuated histone acetylation and neutralized effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor romidepsin. In PC3 cells, Stattic alone inhibited gene expression of CCL20 and CCL2, but activated expression of TNFA, CEBPD, SOX2, and MYC. In addition, we found that Stattic promoted autophagy and caused cell death. These data point to profound epigenetic effects of Stattic that are independent of its function as a STAT3 inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that Stattic directly or indirectly reduces histone acetylation and suggest reevaluation of Stattic and related compounds as polypharmacological agents through multipronged cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak K Poria
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Namratha Sheshadri
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shikha Sharan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Esta Sterneck
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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3
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Feng M, Jin JQ, Xia L, Xiao T, Mei S, Wang X, Huang X, Chen J, Liu M, Chen C, Rafi S, Zhu AX, Feng YX, Zhu D. Pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin/BCL9 interaction overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockades by modulating T reg cells. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau5240. [PMID: 31086813 PMCID: PMC6506245 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin (β-cat) pathway plays a critical role in cancer. Using hydrocarbon-stapled peptide technologies, we aim to develop potent, selective inhibitors targeting this pathway by disrupting the interaction of β-cat with its coactivators B-cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9) and B-cell lymphoma 9-like (B9L). We identified a set of peptides, including hsBCL9CT-24, that robustly inhibits the activity of β-cat and suppresses cancer cell growth. In animal models, these peptides exhibit potent anti-tumor effects, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and minimal toxicities. Markedly, these peptides promote intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells by reducing regulatory T cells (Treg) and increasing dendritic cells (DCs), therefore sensitizing cancer cells to PD-1 inhibitors. Given the strong correlation between Treg infiltration and APC mutation in colorectal cancers, it indicates our peptides can reactivate anti-cancer immune response suppressed by the oncogenic Wnt pathway. In summary, we report a promising strategy for cancer therapy by pharmacological inhibition of the Wnt/β-cat signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL20/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL20/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL22/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL22/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- beta Catenin/antagonists & inhibitors
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - J. Q. Jin
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L. Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - T. Xiao
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - S. Mei
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - X. Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - X. Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - J. Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - M. Liu
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C. Chen
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - S. Rafi
- Schrödinger, LLC, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - A. X. Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Y.-X. Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - D. Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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4
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Ranasinghe R, Eri R. Modulation of the CCR6-CCL20 Axis: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Inflammation and Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54050088. [PMID: 30453514 PMCID: PMC6262638 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prototypical functions of the chemokine receptor CCR6 include immune regulation by maneuvering cell chemotaxis and selective delimiting of the pro-inflammatory TH17 and regulatory Treg subsets during chronic or acute systemic inflammation. Inhibition of CCR6 is proposed to attenuate disease symptoms and promote recuperation of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Prescription medicines with pharmacodynamics involving the inhibition of the chemokine axis CCR6–CCL20 are very limited. The development of such therapeutics is still at an early experimental stage and has mostly involved the utilization of pre-clinical models and neutralizing mono or polyclonal antibodies against either partner (CCR6 or CCL20). Other methods include the constitutive use of small molecules as peptide inhibitors or small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to interfere with transcription at the nuclear level. In our review, we aim to introduce the wide array of potential CCR6–CCL20 inhibitors with an emphasis on attendant immune-modulator capacity that have been tested in the research field to date and are immensely promising compounds as forerunners of future curatives. Sixteen different tractable inhibitors of the CCR6–CCL20 duo have been identified as possessing high medicinal potential by drug developers worldwide to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as shown in Figure 1. A multitude of antibody preparations are already available in the current pharmaceutical market as patented treatments for diseases in which the CCR6–CCL20 axis is operative, yet they must be used only as supplements with existing routinely prescribed medication as they collectively produce adverse side effects. Novel inhibitors are needed to evaluate this invaluable therapeutic target which holds much promise in the research and development of complaisant remedies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
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5
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Lafferty MK, Sun L, Christensen-Quick A, Lu W, Garzino-Demo A. Human Beta Defensin 2 Selectively Inhibits HIV-1 in Highly Permissive CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T Cells. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050111. [PMID: 28509877 PMCID: PMC5454423 DOI: 10.3390/v9050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6)⁺CD4⁺ T cells are preferentially infected and depleted during HIV disease progression, but are preserved in non-progressors. CCR6 is expressed on a heterogeneous population of memory CD4⁺ T cells that are critical to mucosal immunity. Preferential infection of these cells is associated, in part, with high surface expression of CCR5, CXCR4, and α4β7. In addition, CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T cells harbor elevated levels of integrated viral DNA and high levels of proliferation markers. We have previously shown that the CCR6 ligands MIP-3α and human beta defensins inhibit HIV replication. The inhibition required CCR6 and the induction of APOBEC3G. Here, we further characterize the induction of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (APOBEC3G) by human beta defensin 2. Human beta defensin 2 rapidly induces transcriptional induction of APOBEC3G that involves extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and the transcription factors NFATc2, NFATc1, and IRF4. We demonstrate that human beta defensin 2 selectively protects primary CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T cells infected with HIV-1. The selective protection of CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T cell subsets may be critical in maintaining mucosal immune function and preventing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Lafferty
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Lingling Sun
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Aaron Christensen-Quick
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy.
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6
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Sun D, Ouyang Y, Gu Y, Liu X. Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is attenuated by CCL20-blocker: a rat model. Croat Med J 2016; 57:363-70. [PMID: 27586551 PMCID: PMC5048234 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2016.57.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether the effect of dendritic cells (DCs) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be relieved by blocking CCL20. METHODS 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, COPD, and COPD treated with CCL20 monoclonal antibody. In the latter two groups, COPD was induced by four-week cigarette smoke exposure and trachea injection of lipopolysaccharide solution on two occasions. CCL20 monoclonal antibody was injected intraperitoneally on the first day. All animals were sacrificed on the 29th day. Pathomorphology of the lung and bronchiole was analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The CCR6 content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was detected using ELISA. DC distribution in the lung was examined by immunohistochemistry for OX62. RESULTS COPD rat models showed pathological alterations similar to those in COPD patients. DCs, CCR6, and the severity of emphysema were significantly increased in the COPD group than in controls (all P values <0.001), and they were significantly reduced after anti-CCL20 treatment compared with the COPD group (all P values <0.05). CONCLUSION The interaction between CCR6 and its ligand CCL20 promotes the effect of DCs in the COPD pathogenesis, which can be reduced by blocking CCL20.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yao Ouyang
- Yao Ouyang, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China,
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7
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Frick VO, Rubie C, Keilholz U, Ghadjar P. Chemokine/chemokine receptor pair CCL20/CCR6 in human colorectal malignancy: An overview. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:833-841. [PMID: 26811629 PMCID: PMC4716081 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines belong to a superfamily of small, cytokine-like proteins, which induce multiple physiological functions, particularly cytoskeletal rearrangement and compartment-specific migration through their interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors have been widely acknowledged as essential and selective mediators in leukocyte migration in inflammatory response. It is now established that the chemokine/chemokine receptor system is also used by cancer cells to direct lymphatic and haematogenous spreading and additionally has an impact on the site of metastatic growth of different tumours. In recent years an increasing number of studies have drawn attention to CC-chemokine cysteine motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and its physiological sole receptor CCR6 to play a role in the onset, development and metastatic spread of various gastrointestinal cancer entities. Among various cancer types CCR6 was also demonstrated to be significantly overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and stimulation by its physiological ligand CCL20 has been reported to promote CRC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Further, the CCL20/CCR6 system apparently plays a role in the organ-selective liver metastasis of CRC. Here we review the literature on expression patterns of CCL20 and CCR6 and their physiological interactions as well as the currently presumed role of CCL20 and CCR6 in the formation of CRC and the development of liver metastasis, providing a potential basis for novel treatment strategies.
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8
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Li R, Xu W, Chen Y, Qiu W, Shu Y, Wu A, Dai Y, Bao J, Lu Z, Hu X. Raloxifene suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and NF-κB-dependent CCL20 expression in reactive astrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94320. [PMID: 24722370 PMCID: PMC3983123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical data have led to the consideration of sexual steroids as new potential therapeutic tools for multiple sclerosis. Selective estrogen receptor modulators can exhibit neuroprotective effects like estrogen, with fewer systemic estrogen side effects than estrogen, offering a more promising therapeutic modality for multiple sclerosis. The important role of astrocytes in a proinflammatory effect mediated by CCL20 signaling on inflammatory cells has been documented. Their potential contribution to selective estrogen receptor modulator-mediated protection is still unknown. Using a mouse model of chronic neuroinflammation, we report that raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, alleviated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis–an animal model of multiple sclerosis–and decreased astrocytic production of CCL20. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry imaging and transwell migration assays revealed that reactive astrocytes express CCL20, which promotes Th17 cell migration. In cultured rodent astrocytes, raloxifene inhibited IL-1β-induced CCL20 expression and chemotaxis ability for Th17 migration, whereas the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 blocked this effect. Western blotting further indicated that raloxifene suppresses IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation (phosphorylation of p65) and translocation but does not affect phosphorylation of IκB. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that raloxifene provides robust neuroprotection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, partially via an inhibitory action on CCL20 expression and NF-κB pathways in reactive astrocytes. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of raloxifene in treating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and uncover reactive astrocytes as a new target for the inhibitory action of estrogen receptors on chemokine CCL20 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL20/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL20/genetics
- Chemokine CCL20/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Klein M, Brouwer MC, Angele B, Geldhoff M, Marquez G, Varona R, Häcker G, Schmetzer H, Häcker H, Hammerschmidt S, van der Ende A, Pfister HW, van de Beek D, Koedel U. Leukocyte attraction by CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in humans and mice with pneumococcal meningitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93057. [PMID: 24699535 PMCID: PMC3974727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified CCL20 as an early chemokine in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with pneumococcal meningitis but its functional relevance was unknown. Here we studied the role of CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in pneumococcal meningitis. In a prospective nationwide study, CCL20 levels were significantly elevated in the CSF of patients with pneumococcal meningitis and correlated with CSF leukocyte counts. CCR6-deficient mice with pneumococcal meningitis and WT mice with pneumococcal meningitis treated with anti-CCL20 antibodies both had reduced CSF white blood cell counts. The reduction in CSF pleocytosis was also accompanied by an increase in brain bacterial titers. Additional in vitro experiments showed direct chemoattractant activity of CCL20 for granulocytes. In summary, our results identify the CCL20-CCR6 axis as an essential component of the innate immune defense against pneumococcal meningitis, controlling granulocyte recruitment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/microbiology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL20/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL20/immunology
- Chemokine CCL20/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/immunology
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/metabolism
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, CCR6/physiology
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthijs C. Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Angele
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Madelijn Geldhoff
- Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rosa Varona
- Departamento de Immunologia y Oncologia, Centro National de Biotecnologia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Medical Department III, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Häcker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Koedel
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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