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Mohanty MC, Madkaikar MR, Desai M, Taur P, Nalavade UP, Sharma DK, Gupta M, Dalvi A, Shabrish S, Kulkarni M, Aluri J, Deshpande JM. Poliovirus Excretion in Children with Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1664-1670. [PMID: 28930011 PMCID: PMC5621533 DOI: 10.3201/eid2310.170724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged excretion of poliovirus can occur in immunodeficient patients who receive oral polio vaccine, which may lead to propagation of highly divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), posing a concern for global polio eradication. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of primary immunodeficient children with enterovirus infection and to identify the long-term polio/nonpolio enterovirus excreters in a tertiary care unit in Mumbai, India. During September 2014–April 2017, 151 patients received diagnoses of primary immunodeficiency (PID). We isolated 8 enteroviruses (3 polioviruses and 5 nonpolio enteroviruses) in cell culture of 105 fecal samples collected from 42 patients. Only 1 patient with severe combined immunodeficiency was identified as a long-term VDPV3 excreter (for 2 years after identification of infection). Our results show that the risk of enterovirus excretion among children in India with PID is low; however, systematic screening is necessary to identify long-term poliovirus excreters until the use of oral polio vaccine is stopped.
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Townsend HL, Jha BK, Han JQ, Maluf NK, Silverman RH, Barton DJ. A viral RNA competitively inhibits the antiviral endoribonuclease domain of RNase L. RNA 2008; 14:1026-1036. [PMID: 18426919 PMCID: PMC2390801 DOI: 10.1261/rna.958908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is a latent endoribonuclease in an evolutionarily ancient interferon-regulated dsRNA-activated antiviral pathway. 2'-5' oligoadenylate (2-5A), the product of dsRNA-activated oligoadenylate synthetases (OASes), binds to ankyrin repeats near the amino terminus of RNase L, initiating a series of conformational changes that result in the activation of the endoribonuclease. A phylogenetically conserved RNA structure within group C enteroviruses inhibits the endoribonuclease activity of RNase L. In this study we report the mechanism by which group C enterovirus RNA inhibits RNase L. Viral RNA did not affect 2-5A binding to RNase L. Rather, the viral RNA inhibited the endoribonuclease domain. We used purified RNase L, purified 2-5A, and an RNA substrate with a 5' fluorophore and 3' quencher in FRET assays to measure inhibition of RNase L activity by the viral RNA. The group C enterovirus RNA was a competitive inhibitor of the endoribonuclease with a K(i) of 34 nM. Consistent with the kinetic profile of a competitive inhibitor, the viral RNA inhibited the constitutively active endoribonuclease domain of RNase L. We call this viral RNA the RNase L competitive inhibitor RNA (RNase L ciRNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Townsend
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Guillot S, Iber J, Balanant J, Blondel B, Riquet F, Martin J, Kew O, Randriamanalina B, Razafinimpiasa L, Rousset D, Delpeyroux F. Co-circulation and evolution of polioviruses and species C enteroviruses in a district of Madagascar. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e191. [PMID: 18085822 PMCID: PMC2134956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Between October 2001 and April 2002, five cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) associated with type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) were reported in the southern province of the Republic of Madagascar. To determine viral factors that favor the emergence of these pathogenic VDPVs, we analyzed in detail their genomic and phenotypic characteristics and compared them with co-circulating enteroviruses. These VDPVs appeared to belong to two independent recombinant lineages with sequences from the type 2 strain of the oral poliovaccine (OPV) in the 5′-half of the genome and sequences derived from unidentified species C enteroviruses (HEV-C) in the 3′-half. VDPV strains showed characteristics similar to those of wild neurovirulent viruses including neurovirulence in poliovirus-receptor transgenic mice. We looked for other VDPVs and for circulating enteroviruses in 316 stools collected from healthy children living in the small area where most of the AFP cases occurred. We found vaccine PVs, two VDPVs similar to those found in AFP cases, some echoviruses, and above all, many serotypes of coxsackie A viruses belonging to HEV-C, with substantial genetic diversity. Several coxsackie viruses A17 and A13 carried nucleotide sequences closely related to the 2C and the 3Dpol coding regions of the VDPVs, respectively. There was also evidence of multiple genetic recombination events among the HEV-C resulting in numerous recombinant genotypes. This indicates that co-circulation of HEV-C and OPV strains is associated with evolution by recombination, resulting in unexpectedly extensive viral diversity in small human populations in some tropical regions. This probably contributed to the emergence of recombinant VDPVs. These findings give further insight into viral ecosystems and the evolutionary processes that shape viral biodiversity. Following extensive vaccination campaigns using the attenuated oral polio vaccine, wild polioviruses remain endemic in only a few countries. Nevertheless, several poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) were reported in different parts of the world in recent years, particularly in Madagascar in 2002. We analyzed the molecular characteristics of Madagascar VDPVs and compared them with those of co-circulating enteroviruses. These VDPVs appear to be recombinant viruses between vaccine polioviruses and human enteroviruses of species C (HEV-C) and to present phenotypic characteristics similar to those of wild polioviruses including pathogenicity. Similar VDPVs and other enteroviruses, including several HEV-C of different types, were found in the stools of healthy children living in neighboring villages to where most of the poliomyelitis cases occurred. Some HEV-Cs showed sequences closely related to those of VDPVs, indicating genetic recombination between these viruses and vaccine polioviruses. There was also evidence of multiple genetic recombination events among other HEV-C isolates resulting in numerous different genotypes. These findings indicate that co-circulation of HEV-C and vaccine polioviruses and their evolution by recombination results in unexpectedly extensive viral diversity, at least in some small human populations, probably contributing to the emergence of recombinant VDPVs. Results of this study give further insight into the world of viruses and their biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Guillot
- Département Infection et Epidémiologie, PTMMH, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jane Iber
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jean Balanant
- Département de Virologie, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Blondel
- Département de Virologie, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Franck Riquet
- Département de Virologie, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Javier Martin
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Olen Kew
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bakolalao Randriamanalina
- Programme Elargi de la Vaccination, Ministère de la Santé, du Planning Familial et de la Protection Sociale, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Lalatiana Razafinimpiasa
- Direction Régionale de la Santé Atsimo Andrefana, Ministère de la Santé, du Planning Familial et de la Protection Sociale, Toliara, Madagascar
| | | | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Département de Virologie, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Meng R, Chen Y, Yang L. [Detection of serum antibody of coxsackievirus A24 variant]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 1999; 13:284-6. [PMID: 12569766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the serum antibody in residents after outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) caused by coxrackievirus (CA24 v). METHODS The serum was diluted in 1:10 and mixed with 100 TCID50 CA24 v in volume. The same the mixture was incubated 1 hour in 37 degrees C and then observed for cytopathic changes of the infected HeLa cells. RESULTS The post-epidemic antibody positive rate in residents was 49.67% and in 19-25 age group was about 69.49%. It had significant difference statistically (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The raising of CA24 v antibody level in residents was relevent with age. May be it was caused by the opporturnities of taking part in social activities in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meng
- Affiliated Hospital of Qindao Medical College, Qindao 266003
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