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Nasri A, Pohjanvirta R. Comparison of in vitro Toxicities of 8-Prenylnaringenin, Tartrazine and 17β-Estradiol, Representatives of Natural and Synthetic Estrogens, in Rat and Human Hepatoma Cell Lines. Endocr Res 2024; 49:106-116. [PMID: 38597376 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2024.2337758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoestrogens have been praised for their beneficial health effects, whereas synthetic xenoestrogens have been connected to ailments. AIMS To ascertain whether the toxicities of natural and synthetic estrogens differ, we examined the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), the common synthetic xenoestrogen tartrazine, and the physiological estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2). METHODS These three compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and genotoxicity in human HepG2 and rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. RESULTS All three estrogens elicited cytotoxicity at high concentrations in both cell lines. They also inhibited cell proliferation, with E2 being the most effective. They all tended to increase micronuclei formation. CONCLUSION Natural estrogens were no less toxic than a synthetic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Nasri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Raimo Pohjanvirta
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Qin X, Lin H, Cao Y, Wu RSS, Lai KP, Kong RYC. Embryo developmental toxicity in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) due to parental and embryonic 17α-ethinylestradiol exposure. Sci Total Environ 2023; 861:160594. [PMID: 36455722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a common component of hormone therapy and oral contraceptives and has been widely used for nearly 60 years. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to EE2 can affect embryonic development in a number of fish species. The effects of parental and embryonic EE2 exposure on embryo developmental toxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms, however, have rarely been examined. In this study, embryos collected from parental EE2-exposed adult fish were examined to assess EE2-induecd toxicity during embryo development. The rate of embryo development including heart rate, hatching rate, and larval locomotion were measured to assess embryo developmental toxicity. The embryonic transcriptome was used to delineate the related developmental toxicity pathways. Our results suggest that parental and embryonic EE2 exposure resulted in growth retardation including a reduction in embryo heart rate, a delay in the appearance eye pigmentation, decreased hatching rate and impaired larval locomotion. In addition, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of transcriptome revealed that these impairments are controlled by estrogen receptor and related to eye structure, neuronal and synaptic structure, and behaviour. The key factors identified, including PRKAA2, APOB, EPHB2, OXTR, NR2E3, and POU4F2, could serve as biomarkers for assessing EE2-induced embryo developmental toxicity. For the first time, our results show that eye pigmentation is a potentially sensitive marker of EE2-induced embryo developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Huiju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yaru Cao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Kitamura A, Jiayue C, Suwa T, Kato Y, Wada T, Watanabe H. Neonatal administration of synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol to mice up-regulates inflammatory Cxclchemokines located in the 5qE1 region in the vaginal epithelium. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280421. [PMID: 36928065 PMCID: PMC10019738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), is known to cause adult vaginal carcinoma by neonatal administration of DES to mice. However, the carcinogenic process remains unclear. By Cap Analysis of Gene Expression method, we found that neonatal DES exposure up-regulated inflammatory Cxcl chemokines 2, 3, 5, and 7 located in the 5qE1 region in the vaginal epithelium of mice 70 days after birth. When we examined the gene expressions of these genes much earlier stages, we found that neonatal DES exposure increased these Cxcl chemokine genes expression even after 17 days after birth. It implies the DES-mediated persistent activation of inflammatory genes. Intriguingly, we also detected DES-induced non-coding RNAs from a region approximately 100 kb far from the Cxcl5 gene. The non-coding RNA up-regulation by DES exposure was confirmed on the 17-day vagina and continued throughout life, which may responsible for the activation of Cxcl chemokines located in the same region, 5qE1. This study shows that neonatal administration of DES to mice causes long-lasting up-regulation of inflammatory Cxcl chemokines in the vaginal epithelium. DES-mediated inflammation may be associated with the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kitamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
- Nucleic Acid Regulation (Yoshindo) Joint Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chen Jiayue
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Suwa
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Wada
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
- Nucleic Acid Regulation (Yoshindo) Joint Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-Shi, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Maher EE, Overby PF, Bull AH, Beckmann JS, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Koebele SV, Bimonte-Nelson HA, Gipson CD. Natural and synthetic estrogens specifically alter nicotine demand and cue-induced nicotine seeking in female rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108756. [PMID: 34416269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Women have more difficulty maintaining smoking cessation than men, and experience greater withdrawal symptomatology as well as higher prevalence of relapse. Further, currently available treatments for smoking cessation, such as the nicotine patch and varenicline, have been shown to be less effective in women. Fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle can affect craving and smoking relapse propensity. In addition, many women who smoke use some form of oral contraceptives, which most often contain ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic, orally bio-available estrogen that is currently prescribed to women chronically and has been shown to alter smoking reward in women. The current study examined the impact of 17β-estradiol (E2), the prominent endogenous form of the steroid hormone estrogen, as well as EE, on nicotine self-administration, demand, and reinstatement following ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. OVX vehicle-treated female rats consumed less nicotine, had lower intensity of demand, and reinstated less compared to sham vehicle-treated female rats. OVX-E2 and OVX-EE treatment groups showed a rebound of nicotine intake later in training, and Q0 levels of consumption were partially rescued in both groups. Further, E2 but not EE reversed the abolishment of reinstated nicotine seeking induced by OVX. Taken together, these results demonstrate that natural and synthetic estrogens play a critical role in mediating the neurobehavioral effects of nicotine, and future studies are essential for our understanding of how synthetic hormones contained within oral contraceptives interact with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paula F Overby
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda H Bull
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Stephanie V Koebele
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizonia Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizonia Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Vaillant C, Gueguen MM, Feat J, Charlier TD, Coumailleau P, Kah O, Brion F, Pellegrini E. Neurodevelopmental effects of natural and synthetic ligands of estrogen and progesterone receptors in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113345. [PMID: 31812531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic estrogens and progestins are widely used in human and veterinary medicine and are detected in waste and surface waters. Our previous studies have clearly shown that a number of these substances targets the brain to induce the estrogen-regulated brain aromatase expression but the consequences on brain development remain virtually unexplored. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and norethindrone (NOR), a 19-nortestosterone progestin, on zebrafish larval neurogenesis. We first demonstrated using real-time quantitative PCR that nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptor brain expression is impacted by E2, P4 and NOR. We brought evidence that brain proliferative and apoptotic activities were differentially affected depending on the steroidal hormone studied, the concentration of steroids and the region investigated. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that steroid compounds released in aquatic environment have the capacity to disrupt key cellular events involved in brain development in zebrafish embryos further questioning the short- and long-term consequences of this disruption on the physiology and behavior of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Vaillant
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Madeleine Gueguen
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Justyne Feat
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry D Charlier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Coumailleau
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Elisabeth Pellegrini
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Basu P, Meza E, Bergel M, Maier C. Estrogenic, Antiestrogenic and Antiproliferative Activities of Euphorbia bicolor ( Euphorbiaceae) Latex Extracts and Its Phytochemicals. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010059. [PMID: 31881661 PMCID: PMC7019628 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor antagonists are effective in breast cancer treatment. However, the side effects of these treatments have led to a rise in searching for alternative therapies. The present study evaluated the estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and antiproliferative activities of Euphorbiabicolor (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to south-central USA. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of latex extract and its phytochemicals were evaluated with a steroid-regulated yeast system expressing the human estrogen receptor α and antiproliferative properties were assessed in the ER-positive MCF-7 and T47-D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-469 breast carcinomas. Genistein and coumestrol identified in the latex extract induced higher estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities compared to diterpenes and flavonoids. The latex extract, resiniferatoxin (RTX) and rutin induced antiproliferative activities in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, but not in human normal primary dermal fibroblast cultures. A biphasic effect was observed with MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma in which the latex extract at low concentrations increased and at high concentrations decreased cell proliferation. Treatments with latex extract in combination with RTX or rutin reduced even more the proliferation of MCF-7 breast carcinoma compared to the individual latex, RTX, and rutin treatments. E. bicolor latex phytochemicals could contribute to developing commercial therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Bergel
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-940-898-2471 (M.B.); +1-940-898-2358 (C.M.)
| | - Camelia Maier
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-940-898-2471 (M.B.); +1-940-898-2358 (C.M.)
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7
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Sun CH, Chou JC, Chao KP, Chang HC, Lieu FK, Wang PS. 17α-Ethynylestradiol and 4-nonylphenol stimulate lung adenocarcinoma cell production in xenoestrogenic way. Chemosphere 2019; 218:793-798. [PMID: 30508797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer has been one of the major cancers leading to mortalities worldwide. In addition to smoking, estrogen is considered to play an important role in the lung cancer development because women have a higher proportion of adenocarcinoma than men. In the environment, there are many metabolites and waste products that mimic human estrogen structurally and functionally. 17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) which is used as an oral contraceptive is released into wastewater after being utilized. Moreover, 4-nonylphenol (NP) which is found in the petrochemical products and air pollutants reveals estrogenic activity. In the present study, 17β-estradiol (E2), EE2, and NP are administered to stimulate male lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and female lung adenocarcinoma cells (H1435). The results demonstrate that EE2 and NP stimulate A549 and H1435 cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Both estrogen receptors α and β are simultaneously activated. In response to estrogens, up-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression occurs. In conclusion, this is the first study to report that EE2 and NP exert a biotoxic effect to stimulate the proliferation of both male and female lung cancer cell in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The environmental hormones posing new challenges for lung cancer deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Sun
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yang-Ming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 11146, Taiwan, ROC; Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jou-Chun Chou
- Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Po Chao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11212, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsian-Chi Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11212, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11212, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Paulus S Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, ROC.
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8
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Yuan S, Huang C, Ji X, Ma M, Rao K, Wang Z. Prediction of the combined effects of multiple estrogenic chemicals on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and a preliminary molecular exploration of the estrogenic proliferative effects and related gene expression. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 160:1-9. [PMID: 29783106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks of environmental estrogens (EEs) are often assessed via the same mode of action in the concentration addition (CA) model, neglecting the complex combined mechanisms at the genetic level. In this study, the cell proliferation effects of estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, diethylstilbestrol, estradiol valerate, bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol were determined individually using the CCK-8 method, and the proliferation effects of a multicomponent mixture of estrogenic chemicals mixed at equipotent concentrations using a fixed-ratio design were studied using estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, transcription factors related to cell proliferation were analyzed using RT-PCR assays to explore the potential molecular mechanisms related to the estrogenic proliferative effects. The results showed that the estrogenic chemicals act together in an additive mode, and the combined proliferative effects could be predicted more accurately by the response addition model than the CA model with regard to their adverse outcomes. Furthermore, different signaling pathways were involved depending on the different mixtures. The RT-PCR analyses showed that different estrogens have distinct avidities and preferences for different estrogen receptors at the gene level. Furthermore, the results indicated that estrogenic mixtures increased ERα, PIK3CA, GPER, and PTEN levels and reduced Akt1 level to display combined estrogenicity. These findings indicated that the potential combined environmental risks were greater than those found in some specific assessment procedures based on a similar mode of action due to the diversity of environmental pollutions and their multiple unknown modes of action. Thus, more efforts are needed for mode-of-action-driven analyses at the molecular level. Furthermore, to more accurately predict and assess the individual responses in vivo from the cellular effects in vitro, more parameters and correction factors should be taken into consideration in the addition model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoya Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Kow LM, Pfaff DW. Can distinctly different rapid estrogen actions share a common mechanistic step? Horm Behav 2018; 104:156-164. [PMID: 29476777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. This paper reviews early evidence for the existence of rapid, non-genomic effects of estrogens on neurons, and, further, proposes that these rapid effects are often synergistic with later, genomic effects. Finally, suggestions about potential molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid effects of estrogens are offered. A mechanistic step we propose to be common among rapid estrogenic actions includes membrane ER's binding to histamine, and NMDA receptors and subsequent dimerization, and clustering (respectively) in a manner that enhances histamine and NMDA actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ming Kow
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Donald W Pfaff
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Perkins MS, Louw-du Toit R, Africander D. A comparative characterization of estrogens used in hormone therapy via estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:27-39. [PMID: 28743541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional hormone therapy (HT) containing estrogens such as ethinylestradiol (EE) have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease resulting in women seeking safer alternatives that are claimed to have fewer health risks. One such alternative gaining popularity, is custom-compounded bioidentical (b)HT formulations containing bioidentical estradiol (bE2) and estriol (bE3). However, the preparation of these custom-compounded estrogens is not regulated, and depending on the route of synthesis, steroid mixtures with differing activities may be produced. Thus, an investigation into the activities of estrogens prepared by custom-compounded pharmacies is warranted. The aim of this study was therefore to directly compare the pharmacological properties of bE2 and bE3 of unknown purity relative to commercially available, pure E2, E3 and estrone (E1) standards as well as synthetic EE used in conventional HT via the human estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β. We determined precise equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd or Ki values) and showed that bE2 and bE3 display similar binding affinities to the E2 and E3 standards, while EE had a higher affinity for ERα, and E1 a lower affinity for ERβ. Furthermore, all the estrogens display similar agonist efficacies, but not potencies, for transactivation on a minimal ERE-containing promoter via the individual ER subtypes. Although E2 and E3 were equally efficacious and potent on the endogenous ERE-containing pS2 promoter in the MCF-7 BUS breast cancer cell line co-expressing ERα and ERβ, E1 was less efficacious and potent than E2. This study is the first to demonstrate that the bioidentical estrogens, commercially available estrogen standards and synthetic EE are full agonists for transrepression on both minimal and endogenous NFκB-containing promoters. Moreover, we showed that these estrogens all increase proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 BUS cells to a similar extent, suggesting that custom-compounded bHT may in fact not be a safer alternative to conventional HT. Furthermore, our results showing that E3 and E1 are not weak estrogens, and that E3 does not antagonize the activity of E2, suggest that the rationale behind the use of E3 and E1 in custom-compounded bHT formulations should be readdressed. Taken together, the results indicating that there is mostly no difference between the custom-compounded bioidentical estrogens, commercially available estrogen standards and synthetic EE, at concentrations reflecting serum levels in women using estrogen-containing HT, suggest that there is no clear advantage in choosing bHT above conventional HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Swanepoel AC, Emmerson O, Pretorius E. Effect of Progesterone and Synthetic Progestins on Whole Blood Clot Formation and Erythrocyte Structure. Microsc Microanal 2017; 23:607-617. [PMID: 28480839 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use is a risk factor for venous thrombosis (VT) and related to the specific type of progestin used. VT is accompanied by inflammation and pathophysiological clot formation, that includes aberrant erythrocytes and fibrin(ogen) interactions. In this paper, we aim to determine the influence of progesterone and different synthetic progestins found in COCs on the viscoelasticity of whole blood clots, as well as erythrocyte morphology and membrane ultrastructure, in an in vitro laboratory study. Thromboelastography (TEG), light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were our chosen methods. Our results point out that progestins influence the rate of whole blood clot formation. Alterations to erythrocyte morphology and membrane ultrastructure suggest the presence of eryptosis. We also note increased rouleaux formation, erythrocyte aggregation, and spontaneous fibrin formation in whole blood which may explain the increased risk of VT associated with COC use. Although not all COC users will experience a thrombotic event, individuals with a thrombotic predisposition, due to inflammatory or hematological illness, should be closely monitored to prevent pathological thrombosis.
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Swanepoel AC, Emmerson O, Pretorius E. The Effect of Endogenous and Synthetic Estrogens on Whole Blood Clot Formation and Erythrocyte Structure. Microsc Microanal 2017; 23:599-606. [PMID: 28478790 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As erythrocyte and estrogens interact so closely and erythrocytes can indicate the healthiness of an individual, it is essential to investigate the effects of natural estrogens as well as synthetic estrogens on these cells. Whole blood samples were used for thromboelastography (TEG), light microscopy (LM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation. Viscoelastic investigation with TEG revealed that estrogens affected the rate of clot formation without any significant effect on the strength or stability of the clot. Axial ratio analysis with LM showed a statistically significant increase in number of erythrocytes with decreased roundness. Morphological analysis with SEM confirmed the change in erythrocyte shape and revealed both ultrastructural membrane changes and erythrocyte interactions. As erythrocyte shape and membrane flexibility correlates to physiological functioning of these cells in circulation, these changes, indicative of possible eryptosis brought on by estrogens, when experienced by individuals with an underlying inflammatory or hematological illness, could impair erythrocyte functioning and even result in obstructions in circulation. In conclusion, we suggest that whole blood analysis with viscoelastic and morphological techniques could be used as assessment of the hematological healthiness of individuals using estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa
| | - Odette Emmerson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa
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Weltje L, vom Saal FS, Oehlmann J. Reproductive stimulation by low doses of xenoestrogens contrasts with the view of hormesis as an adaptive response. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:431-7. [PMID: 16235731 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht551oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the similarities and differences of two types of effects that occur at low but not high doses of chemicals: hormesis and stimulation by oestrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals or xenoestrogens. While hormesis is a general phenomenon evoked by many compounds, oestrogenic stimulation occurs for specific chemicals that disrupt actions of endogenous oestrogen. Both types of phenomena can induce an inverted-U dose-response curve, from low-dose stimulation of response, and thus challenge current methods of risk assessment. Hormesis is generally thought to be caused by an over-reaction of detoxification mechanisms, which is considered an adaptive response that should protect an organism from subsequent stress. One view of the hormetic low-dose stimulatory response, i.e., increased performance, is that it is beneficial. In contrast, we propose that for manmade xenoestrogens this is never the case. This is demonstrated with examples for low doses of the oestrogenic environmental chemicals bisphenol A and octylphenol, and the oestrogenic drug-response curves is underestimated by the current threshold model used in risk assessment, and this is likely to apply to other endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Weltje
- Department of Ecology and Evolution-Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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14
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Tohyama S, Miyagawa S, Lange A, Ogino Y, Mizutani T, Ihara M, Tanaka H, Tatarazako N, Kobayashi T, Tyler CR, Iguchi T. Evolution of estrogen receptors in ray-finned fish and their comparative responses to estrogenic substances. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:189-197. [PMID: 26707410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, estrogens play fundamental roles in regulating reproductive activities through estrogen receptors (ESRs), and disruption of estrogen signaling is now of global concern for both wildlife and human health. To date, ESRs of only a limited number of species have been characterized. We investigated the functional diversity and molecular basis or ligand sensitivity of ESRs among ray-finned fish species (Actinopterygii), the most variable group within vertebrates. We cloned and characterized ESRs from several key species in the evolution of ray-finned fish including bichir (Polypteriformes, ESR1 and ESR2) at the basal lineage of ray-finned fish, and arowana (Osteoglossiformes, ESR1 and ESR2b) and eel (Anguilliformes, ESR1, ESR2a and ESR2b) both belonging to ancient early-branching lineages of teleosts, and suggest that ESR2a and ESR2b emerged through teleost-specific whole genome duplication, but an ESR1 paralogue has been lost in the early lineage of euteleost fish species. All cloned ESR isoforms showed similar responses to endogenous and synthetic steroidal estrogens, but they responded differently to non-steroidal estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g., ESR2a exhibits a weaker reporter activity compared with ESR2b). We show that variation in ligand sensitivity of ESRs can be attributed to phylogeny among species of different taxonomic groups in ray-finned fish. The molecular information provided contributes both to understanding of the comparative role of ESRs in the reproductive biology of fish and their comparative responses to EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Tohyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Anke Lange
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Yukiko Ogino
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizutani
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Charles R Tyler
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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15
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Ervin KSJ, Lymer JM, Matta R, Clipperton-Allen AE, Kavaliers M, Choleris E. Estrogen involvement in social behavior in rodents: Rapid and long-term actions. Horm Behav 2015; 74:53-76. [PMID: 26122289 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue ("Estradiol and cognition"). Estrogens have repeatedly been shown to influence a wide array of social behaviors, which in rodents are predominantly olfactory-mediated. Estrogens are involved in social behavior at multiple levels of processing, from the detection and integration of socially relevant olfactory information to more complex social behaviors, including social preferences, aggression and dominance, and learning and memory for social stimuli (e.g. social recognition and social learning). Three estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα, ERβ, and the G protein-coupled ER 1 (GPER1), differently affect these behaviors. Social recognition, territorial aggression, and sexual preferences and mate choice, all requiring the integration of socially related olfactory information, seem to primarily involve ERα, with ERβ playing a lesser, modulatory role. In contrast, social learning consistently responds differently to estrogen manipulations than other social behaviors. This suggests differential ER involvement in brain regions important for specific social behaviors, such as the ventromedial and medial preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in social preferences and aggression, the medial amygdala and hippocampus in social recognition, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in social learning. While the long-term effects of ERα and ERβ on social behavior have been extensively investigated, our knowledge of the rapid, non-genomic, effects of estrogens is more limited and suggests that they may mediate some social behaviors (e.g. social learning) differently from long-term effects. Further research is required to compare ER involvement in regulating social behavior in male and female animals, and to further elucidate the roles of the more recently described G protein-coupled ERs, both the GPER1 and the Gq-mER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsy S J Ervin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Lymer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Matta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Martin Kavaliers
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Abstract
The successful use of high-dose synthetic estrogens to treat postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer is the first effective 'chemical therapy' proven in clinical trial to treat any cancer. This review documents the clinical use of estrogen for breast cancer treatment or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in postmenopausal hysterectomized women, which can either result in breast cancer cell growth or breast cancer regression. This has remained a paradox since the 1950s until the discovery of the new biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis at the end of the 20th century. The key to triggering apoptosis with estrogen is the selection of breast cancer cell populations that are resistant to long-term estrogen deprivation. However, estrogen-independent growth occurs through trial and error. At the cellular level, estrogen-induced apoptosis is dependent upon the presence of the estrogen receptor (ER), which can be blocked by nonsteroidal or steroidal antiestrogens. The shape of an estrogenic ligand programs the conformation of the ER complex, which, in turn, can modulate estrogen-induced apoptosis: class I planar estrogens (e.g., estradiol) trigger apoptosis after 24 h, whereas class II angular estrogens (e.g., bisphenol triphenylethylene) delay the process until after 72 h. This contrasts with paclitaxel, which causes G2 blockade with immediate apoptosis. The process is complete within 24 h. Estrogen-induced apoptosis is modulated by glucocorticoids and cSrc inhibitors, but the target mechanism for estrogen action is genomic and not through a nongenomic pathway. The process is stepwise through the creation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory responses, which then initiate an unfolded protein response. This, in turn, initiates apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial) with the subsequent recruitment of the extrinsic pathway (death receptor) to complete the process. The symmetry of the clinical and laboratory studies now permits the creation of rules for the future clinical application of ERT or phytoestrogen supplements: a 5-year gap is necessary after menopause to permit the selection of estrogen-deprived breast cancer cell populations to cause them to become vulnerable to apoptotic cell death. Earlier treatment with estrogen around menopause encourages growth of ER-positive tumor cells, as the cells are still dependent on estrogen to maintain replication within the expanding population. An awareness of the evidence that the molecular events associated with estrogen-induced apoptosis can be orchestrated in the laboratory in estrogen-deprived breast cancers now supports the clinical findings regarding the treatment of metastatic breast cancer following estrogen deprivation, decreases in mortality following long-term antihormonal adjuvant therapy, and the results of treatment with ERT and ERT plus progestin in the Women's Health Initiative for women over the age of 60. Principles have emerged for understanding and applying physiological estrogen therapy appropriately by targeting the correct patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Craig Jordan
- Departments of Breast Medical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Liu Y, Chen S, Liu S, Zhang Y, Yuan C, Wang Z. DNA methylation in the 5' flanking region of cytochrome P450 17 in adult rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus - tissue difference and effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17α-methyltestoterone exposures. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 162:16-22. [PMID: 24657796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17 (CYP17) plays a vital role in hormone production in the body. In our previous study, mRNA expression of cyp17a1 was regulated by endocrine disrupting chemicals in rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation is unclear. In the present study, we aim to explore whether the differential expression of cyp17a1 in distinct tissues and the modulation of its expression upon 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 17α-methyltestoterone (MT) are related to the DNA methylation status in G. rarus. The 732-bp fragment of 5' flanking region of cyp17a1 gene was isolated in G. rarus. The bisulfite sequencing PCR result showed that DNA methylation levels in 5' flanking of cyp17a1 in the gonads were significantly lower than those in the brains, which is negatively related to its mRNA expression in the 2 tissues in the previous study. The 7-day EE2 exposure of 25 ng/L caused a significant increase of methylation levels of cyp17a1 gene and a significant decrease of its transcript in testis. While 100 ng/L MT exposure for 7 days caused a significant decrease of methylation levels of cyp17a1 gene and a significant increase of its transcript in the ovary. The present findings indicate that the methylation status of cyp17a1 gene is negatively correlated with its mRNA expression in response to EE2 and MT in G. rarus. We hypothesize that the regulation of cyp17a1 expression by EE2 and MT might attribute to the change of its DNA methylation status in G. rarus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shaozhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Abstract
Some chemicals used in consumer products or manufacturing (e.g. plastics, surfactants, pesticides, resins) have estrogenic activities; these xenoestrogens (XEs) chemically resemble physiological estrogens and are one of the major categories of synthesized compounds that disrupt endocrine actions. Potent rapid actions of XEs via nongenomic mechanisms contribute significantly to their disruptive effects on functional endpoints (e.g. cell proliferation/death, transport, peptide release). Membrane-initiated hormonal signaling in our pituitary cell model is predominantly driven by mERα with mERβ and GPR30 participation. We visualized ERα on plasma membranes using many techniques in the past (impeded ligands, antibodies to ERα) and now add observations of epitope proximity with other membrane signaling proteins. We have demonstrated a range of rapid signals/protein activations by XEs including: calcium channels, cAMP/PKA, MAPKs, G proteins, caspases, and transcription factors. XEs can cause disruptions of the oscillating temporal patterns of nongenomic signaling elicited by endogenous estrogens. Concentration effects of XEs are nonmonotonic (a trait shared with natural hormones), making it difficult to design efficient (single concentration) toxicology tests to monitor their harmful effects. A plastics monomer, bisphenol A, modified by waste treatment (chlorination) and other processes causes dephosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases, in contrast to having no effects as it does in genomic signaling. Mixtures of XEs, commonly found in contaminated environments, disrupt the signaling actions of physiological estrogens even more severely than do single XEs. Understanding the features of XEs that drive these disruptive mechanisms will allow us to redesign useful chemicals that exclude estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Guangzhen Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Adriana A Paulucci-Holthauzen
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Lu Y, Liu Y, Li Y. Comparison of natural estrogens and synthetic derivative on genioglossus function and estrogen receptors expression in rats with chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:71-9. [PMID: 24333797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea--hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is summarized as the narrow anatomic structure of upper airway (UA) and the defective function of UA dilator muscles. Up to now, there have been no specific treatments for the UA dilator muscle deficiency. We previously found that some estrogen-like compounds exert protective effects on genioglossus, but this protection tends to be less satisfactory. A novel phytoestrogen derivative was synthesized in recent years and was verified to have some cytoprotective activity. This study was designed to compare the effects of natural estrogens and the synthetic resveratrol dimer on genioglossus contraction and expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) under chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) condition. Genioglossus myoblasts of rat were isolated and cultured in a culture medium with different agents (estradiol, genistein, resveratrol, and resveratrol dimer, respectively) under hypoxia condition, and ERs expressions were detected. In vivo study, 48 ovariectomized female rats were randomized into six groups. After CIH exposure and agents injection, rats were tested for genioglossus contractile properties and further analysis of ERs expression. Estradiol up-regulated ERα level and exerted the best protective effect of fatigue resistance. Genistein, resveratrol and resveratrol dimer primarily up-regulated the expression of ERβ. Resveratrol dimer exhibited better protection of fatigue resistance than genistein and resveratrol, and expressed higher binding affinity for ERβ than for ERα. Besides estrogenic effects, there may be some other mechanisms for the fatigue resistance improvement contributed by phytoestrogens and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Simpkins JW, Richardson TE, Yi KD, Perez E, Covey DF. Neuroprotection with non-feminizing estrogen analogues: an overlooked possible therapeutic strategy. Horm Behav 2013; 63:278-83. [PMID: 22498694 PMCID: PMC4446729 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many of the effects of estrogens on the brain are mediated through estrogen receptors (ERs), there is evidence that neuroprotective activity of estrogens can be mediated by non-ER mechanisms. Herein, we review the substantial evidence that estrogens neuroprotection is in large part non-ER mediated and describe in vitro and in vivo studies that support this conclusion. Also, we described our drug discovery strategy for capitalizing on enhancement in neuroprotection while at the same time, reducing ER binding of a group of synthetic non-feminizing estrogens. Finally, we offer evidence that part of the neuroprotection of these non-feminizing estrogens is due to enhancement in redox potential of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Simpkins
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Abstract
Hypothesizing that rapid estrogen signaling could be modulated from different estrogen receptors with unique localization patterns, a number of groups have attempted to design drug conjugates that target or restrict compounds to specific subcellular compartments. This article will briefly discuss the history of using conjugates to dissect rapid estrogen signaling and different strategies to attempt to target estrogens and antiestrogens to different locations. It will also detail some of the potential issues that can arise with different types of conjugates, using examples drawn from the authors' own work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati E. Shearer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN. USA
| | - Emily L. Rickert
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. USA
| | - Anton C. Peterson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. USA
| | - Ross V. Weatherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN. USA
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Flores-García M, Fernández-G JM, León-Martínez M, Hernández-Ortega S, Pérez-Méndez O, Correa-Basurto J, Carreón-Torres E, Tolentino-López LE, Ceballos-Reyes GM, de la Peña-Díaz A. The structures and inhibitory effects of Buame [N-(3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17β-yl)-butylamine] and Diebud [N,N'-bis-(3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17β-yl)-1,4-butanediamine] on platelet aggregation. Steroids 2012; 77:512-20. [PMID: 22326683 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with estrogenic effects that also inhibit platelet aggregation might be useful in reducing thrombotic events associated with estrogenic therapy. In this study, two aminoestrogens, Buame [N-(3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17β-yl)-butylamine] and Diebud [N,N'-bis-(3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17β-yl)-1,4-butanediamine], were synthesized and characterized using common analytical methods and spectrophotometric analyses. The location and orientation of these molecules on the estrogenic receptor α (ERα) were also evaluated. Platelet inhibitory effects were elucidated ADP-induced platelet aggregation and ADP- and collagen-induced ATP release. Molecular docking demonstrated that Buame can reach and bind to the ERα in the ligand binding domain (LBD) similar to 17β-estradiol (co-crystallized ligand). On the other hand, Diebud binds only to the surface of ERα due to its high molecular volume compared to 17β-estradiol and Buame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthala Flores-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavéz, México D.F., Mexico
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Brion F, Le Page Y, Piccini B, Cardoso O, Tong SK, Chung BC, Kah O. Screening estrogenic activities of chemicals or mixtures in vivo using transgenic (cyp19a1b-GFP) zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22586461 DOI: 10.1372/journal.pone.0036069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tg(cyp19a1b-GFP) transgenic zebrafish expresses GFP (green fluorescent protein) under the control of the cyp19a1b gene, encoding brain aromatase. This gene has two major characteristics: (i) it is only expressed in radial glial progenitors in the brain of fish and (ii) it is exquisitely sensitive to estrogens. Based on these properties, we demonstrate that natural or synthetic hormones (alone or in binary mixture), including androgens or progestagens, and industrial chemicals induce a concentration-dependent GFP expression in radial glial progenitors. As GFP expression can be quantified by in vivo imaging, this model presents a very powerful tool to screen and characterize compounds potentially acting as estrogen mimics either directly or after metabolization by the zebrafish embryo. This study also shows that radial glial cells that act as stem cells are direct targets for a large panel of endocrine disruptors, calling for more attention regarding the impact of environmental estrogens and/or certain pharmaceuticals on brain development. Altogether these data identify this in vivo bioassay as an interesting alternative to detect estrogen mimics in hazard and risk assessment perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Brion
- Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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25
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Schobert R, Seibt S, Effenberger-Neidnicht K, Underhill C, Biersack B, Hammond GL. (Arene)Cl₂Ru(II) complexes with N-coordinated estrogen and androgen isonicotinates: interaction with sex hormone binding globulin and anticancer activity. Steroids 2011; 76:393-9. [PMID: 21184767 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
(Arene)dichloridoruthenium(II) complexes with N-coordinated isonicotinates of androgens (6) and estrogens (9) were prepared and tested for affinity to the estrogen receptor (ERα) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), as well as for cytotoxicity in cancer cells. None of the new complexes bound noticeably to the ER and most of them also bound less strongly to SHBG than the corresponding unmetallated steroids 7. In MTT assays the Ru(p-cymene) complexes 9 of 2-substituted estrones were equally or even more cytotoxic than the metal-free steroids against hormone-dependent (MCF-7 breast and KB-V1 cervix carcinomas) and hormone-independent (518A2 melanoma) cells. The addition of external SHBG to MTT assays lowered the cytotoxicities of the complexes 9 and distinctly more so those of some steroids 7, probably by the way of sequestration and reduction of the cellular uptake. In the absence of SHBG the estrogen complexes 9 were internalized by 518A2 melanoma cells and ruthenated their DNA as quantified by ICP-OES. They also ruthenated salmon sperm DNA but did not change the topology of plasmid DNA in EMSA experiments. In addition, the Ru(p-cymene) complex of 2-ethoxyestrone (9c) was shown to reduce the motility of 518A2 melanoma cells in a wound-healing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Zhang C, Bosch MA, Rick EA, Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. 17Beta-estradiol regulation of T-type calcium channels in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. J Neurosci 2009; 29:10552-62. [PMID: 19710308 PMCID: PMC2774467 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2962-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are responsible for generating low-threshold spikes that facilitate burst firing and neurotransmitter release in neurons. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons exhibit burst firing, but the underlying conductances are not known. Previously, we found that 17beta-estradiol (E2) increases T-type channel expression and excitability of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons. Therefore, we used ovariectomized oil- or E2-treated EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-GnRH mice to explore the expression and E2 regulation of T-type channels in GnRH neurons. Based on single-cell reverse transcriptase-PCR and real-time PCR quantification of the T-type channel alpha(1) subunits, we found that all three subunits were expressed in GnRH neurons, with expression levels as follows: Cav3.3 > or = Cav3.2 > Cav3.1. The mRNA expression of the three subunits was increased with surge-inducing levels of E2 during the morning. During the afternoon, Cav3.3 mRNA expression remained elevated, whereas Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 were decreased. The membrane estrogen receptor agonist STX increased the expression of Cav3.3 but not Cav3.2 in GnRH neurons. Whole-cell patch recordings in GnRH neurons revealed that E2 treatment significantly augmented T-type current density at both time points and increased the rebound excitation during the afternoon. Although E2 regulated the mRNA expression of all three subunits in GnRH neurons, the increased expression combined with the slower inactivation kinetics of the T-type current indicates that Cav3.3 may be the most important for bursting activity associated with the GnRH/LH (luteinizing hormone) surge. The E2-induced increase in mRNA expression, which depends in part on membrane-initiated signaling, leads to increased channel function and neuronal excitability and could be a mechanism by which E2 facilitates burst firing and cyclic GnRH neurosecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, and
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
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Keramaris NC, Christodoulakos GE, Lambrinoudaki IV, Dalamanga A, Alexandrou AP, Bramis J, Bastounis E, Creatsas GC. The differential effect of estrogen, estrogen–progestin and tibolone on coagulation inhibitors in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2009; 10:400-7. [PMID: 17852143 DOI: 10.1080/13697130701624773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hormone therapy increases the risk of venous thromboembolism, possibly through a negative effect on coagulation inhibitors. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of conjugated equine estrogens alone or in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate, low-dose 17beta-estradiol combined with norethisterone acetate and tibolone on inhibitors of coagulation. METHODS Two hundred and sixteen postmenopausal women received orally either conjugated equine estrogens 0.625 mg (CEE, n=24) or tibolone 2.5 mg (n=24) or CEE+medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg (CEE/MPA, n=34) or 17beta-estradiol 1 mg+norethisterone acetate 0.5 mg (E2/NETA, n=66) or no therapy (control, n=68) for 12 months. Plasma antithrombin, protein C and total protein S were measured at baseline and at 12 months. RESULTS CEE, CEE/MPA and E2/NETA treatment were associated with a significant decrease in antithrombin levels (CEE: baseline 235.6+/-47.6 mg/l, follow-up 221.3+/-48.3 mg/l, p=0.0001; CEE/MPA: baseline 251.1+/-38.6 mg/l, follow-up 225.0+/-42.6 mg/l, p=0.009; E2/NETA: baseline 257.1+/-59.4 mg/l, follow-up 227.1+/-50.4 mg/l, p=0.007; tibolone: baseline 252.6+/-62.4 mg/l, follow-up 261.9+/-59.1 mg/l, p=0.39). Protein C decreased significantly in the CEE and CEE/MPA groups (CEE: baseline 3.64+/-1.17 mg/l, follow-up 2.48+/-1.47 mg/l, p=0.004; CEE/MPA: baseline 3.24+/-1.23 mg/l, follow-up 2.61+/-1.38 mg/l, p=0.001; E2/NETA: baseline 3.24+/-1.10 mg/l, follow-up, 3.15+/-1.11 mg/l, p=0.08; tibolone: baseline 3.26+/-1.25 mg/l, follow-up 3.09+/-1.32 mg/l, p=0.37). Protein S decreased significantly only in the CEE/MPA group (CEE: baseline 19.4+/-2.76 mg/l, follow-up 18.0+/-2.45 mg/l, p=0.56; CEE/MPA: baseline 18.4+/-3.42 mg/l, follow-up 14.5+/-3.43 mg/l, p=0.005; E2/NETA: baseline 19.0+/-3.11 mg/l, follow-up 19.5+/-3.43 mg/l, p=0.18; tibolone: baseline 18.5+/-3.09 mg/l, follow-up 18.0+/-4.09 mg/l, p=0.32). CONCLUSIONS Estrogen and estrogen-progestin therapy are associated with a reduction in coagulation inhibitors, the extent of which depends on the regimen administered. Tibolone appears to have no effect on inhibitors of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Keramaris
- Vascular Clinic, 1st Department of Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Estrogens have a profound influence on skin. The relative hypoestrogenism that accompanies menopause exacerbates the deleterious effects of both intrinsic and environmental aging. Estrogens prevent skin aging. They increase skin thickness and improve skin moisture. Beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on skin aging have been well documented, but HRT cannot obviously be recommended solely to treat skin aging in menopausal women. Topical estrogen application is highly effective and safe if used by a dermatologist with expertise in endocrinology. The question of whether estrogen alternatives such as phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators are effective estrogens for the prevention of skin aging in postmenopausal women remains unanswered. However, preliminary data indicate that such treatment may be of benefit for skin aging treatment.
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Li F, Chen J, Wang Z, Li J, Qiao X. Determination and prediction of xenoestrogens by recombinant yeast-based assay and QSAR. Chemosphere 2009; 74:1152-1157. [PMID: 19136139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic activities expressed by the logarithm of relative potency (logRP), for 8 xenoestrogens were determined using the recombinant yeast-based assay. The determined logRP values were employed as an independent external data set to validate an estrogenic activity quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model. The QSAR model was established using partial least squares regression and molecular descriptors derived from DRAGON software. For the training set of the QSAR model that included 25 xenoestrogens, R(2)=0.889, the leave-one-out cross-validation squared correlation coefficient (Q(LOO)(2)) was 0.897. For the external validation set, the predicted logRP values were consistent with the observed values, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.736 log units and the squared correlation coefficient (Q(EXT)(2)) was 0.775. Six descriptors were included in the QSAR model, which indicated that the logRP value was related to molecular size, shape profiles, symmetry and polarizability. Comparatively, the developed model has good robustness and predictivity. Moreover, the applicability domain of the model was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
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de la Peña A, Flores M, Valente-Acosta B, Quintanar-Trejo L, Hernández-Méndez C, Muñoz-Martínez S, Gatica-Lavin F, Pinzón E. Platelet aggregation in whole blood, a new approach for understanding the antiplatelet effect of N-(3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17b-yl) butylamine (buame). Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2009; 52:50-53. [PMID: 22128422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the effect of a compound derived from estradiol containing a radical amino butyl at the 17-beta position which has shown anticoagulant effects in whole blood and antiplatelet effects in light transmission aggregometry where platelets are isolated from other blood cells. In contrast, whole blood aggregometry includes the platelet interactions with blood elements such as erythrocytes and leukocytes. We examined the cooperative effect between leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets and the antiplatelet effect of Buame in whole blood aggregometry, a tool to assess platelet function in its physiological environment. Buame (5-500 microM) dissolved in DMSO was tested in platelet aggregation induced by ADP (1.25 microM) or collagen (1 microg/mL) and the response recorded over 5 min. Controls were run with DMSO and the average control aggregation was taken as 100%. Results were obtained in both whole blood and platelet aggregometry. Buame was able to inhibit the secondary aggregation induced with ADP suggesting impairment in thromboxane A2 production. Also the first and second aggregation phases were inhibited when collagen-induced platelet activation was employed. This concentration-dependent pattern was shown in both whole blood and platelet aggregometry assays. When tested in light transmission aggregometry, a higher concentration of Buame was required in order to inhibit to the same degree ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation (30 microM ,114 microM) than that required in the whole blood assay (IC50 84 microM, 191 microM). Interactions among different cell types in whole blood may modify the response of Buame-treated platelets to agonists suggesting a cooperative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora de la Peña
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
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Aubry E, Rime H, Monod G. Beta-naphthoflavone inhibits the induction of hepatic oestrogen-dependent proteins by 17alpha-ethynylestradiol in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Biomarkers 2008; 10:439-55. [PMID: 16308268 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500274248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interactive effects of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and of a xenoestrogen on biomarker responses were studied in the liver of male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) enzymatic activity was measured as a biomarker of exposure to the model AhR agonist beta-naphthoflavone (bNF). Hepatic proteins indicating the exposure of males to the synthetic oestrogen 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) were monitored by Western blot analysis using immunoserum prepared for this study. After a semi-static exposure only to waterborne EE2, Western blot analysis of liver homogenate revealed the induction of two protein bands (a double band at 205 kDa and a single band at 125 kDa). The interaction between bNF and EE2 was investigated by analysing, on the one hand, EROD activity and, on the other hand, immunoreactivity corresponding to the two oestrogen-dependent protein bands in the liver of fish exposed to different concentrations of bNF for 2 days, then to the same concentrations of bNF plus 0.1 microg l(-1) EE2 for 5 days. EE2 changed neither the basal activity of EROD nor its rate of induction with 1.0 and 4.0 microg l(-1) bNF. On the other hand, the induction of oestrogen-dependent proteins with 0.1 microg l(-1) EE2 was inhibited by exposure to 4.0 microg l(-1) bNF. These results together with literature data suggest that field monitoring of xenoestrogen contamination through the analysis of oestrogen-dependent protein in male fish as a biomarker should take into account the possible negative interference of AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aubry
- INRA, SCRIBE, Rennes, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Raised liver enzymes are a common feature of Turner's syndrome (TS), but the cause remains unclear. We studied the hepatic function in a large cohort of women with TS and tested the effect of increasing doses of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on liver function tests (LFTs). DESIGN AND PATIENTS LFTs were assessed in three studies. A cross-sectional review of liver function of 125 women (median age: 31 years), a longitudinal study of 30 women (mean follow-up period: 8 years) and a dose-response study of 14 women with TS and 11 controls with hypogonadism, who received oral 17-beta-oestradiol (E(2)) 1, 2 and 4 mg daily in a cyclical formulation for 12 weeks each. MEASUREMENTS Clinical features, oestrogen use and metabolic parameters were compared to liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), albumin and bilirubin. LFTs were also measured during each treatment interval of the dose-response study. Hepatic autoimmunity was sought in the cross-sectional study. RESULTS When compared to the control population, as opposed to reference ranges, 91% of women with TS demonstrated liver enzyme elevation, with a yearly incidence of 2.1%. LFTs correlated positively with cholesterol (P < 0.001), BMI (P = 0.004) and type of oestrogen therapy (P = 0.04). Increasing doses of HRT resulted in a significant decrease in GGT, ALT, bilirubin and albumin. No evidence of excessive hepatic autoimmunity was found. CONCLUSION The prevalence of raised liver enzymes in TS may have been underestimated by the use of reference ranges rather than matched controls. Obesity and hyperlipidaemia are associated with raised LFTs, as well as the use of HRT compared to the oral contraceptive pill (OCP). Exogenous oestrogen both as OCP and HRT improves liver function. Liver dysfunction in TS is likely to be a form of hepatic steatosis and intervention trials are now indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia Koulouri
- Department of Endocrinology, University College London Hospitals, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
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Kosano H. [Synthetic estrogens: some new pharmacological actions and mechanisms]. Nihon Rinsho 2008; 66:104-110. [PMID: 18186255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many constitutional analogues of estrogen have been reported. In this review, the application, action(s), and mechanism(s) of clinically used synthetic estrogens are described. Estramustine and phosphestrol have been used for many years in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Estramustine phosphate is a prodrug that is rapidly on oral administration to the five metabolites, estramustine, estromustine, estradiol, estrone and anticancer drug, nitrogen mustards. Estramustine induces dose- and time-dependent metaphase arrest and breakdown of interphase microtubules. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator from the benzothiophene class that binds to the estrogen receptor and has estrogen-agonist effects on bone. Raloxifene has used in female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Cheshenko K, Pakdel F, Segner H, Kah O, Eggen RIL. Interference of endocrine disrupting chemicals with aromatase CYP19 expression or activity, and consequences for reproduction of teleost fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:31-62. [PMID: 17459383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many natural and synthetic compounds present in the environment exert a number of adverse effects on the exposed organisms, leading to endocrine disruption, for which they were termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A decrease in reproduction success is one of the most well-documented signs of endocrine disruption in fish. Estrogens are steroid hormones involved in the control of important reproduction-related processes, including sexual differentiation, maturation and a variety of others. Careful spatial and temporal balance of estrogens in the body is crucial for proper functioning. At the final step of estrogen biosynthesis, cytochrome P450 aromatase, encoded by the cyp19 gene, converts androgens into estrogens. Modulation of aromatase CYP19 expression and function can dramatically alter the rate of estrogen production, disturbing the local and systemic levels of estrogens. In the present review, the current progress in CYP19 characterization in teleost fish is summarized and the potential of several classes of EDCs to interfere with CYP19 expression and activity is discussed. Two cyp19 genes are present in most teleosts, cyp19a and cyp19b, primarily expressed in the ovary and brain, respectively. Both aromatase CYP19 isoforms are involved in the sexual differentiation and regulation of the reproductive cycle and male reproductive behavior in diverse teleost species. Alteration of aromatase CYP19 expression and/or activity, be it upregulation or downregulation, may lead to diverse disturbances of the above mentioned processes. Prediction of multiple transcriptional regulatory elements in the promoters of teleost cyp19 genes suggests the possibility for several EDC classes to affect cyp19 expression on the transcriptional level. These sites include cAMP responsive elements, a steroidogenic factor 1/adrenal 4 binding protein site, an estrogen-responsive element (ERE), half-EREs, dioxin-responsive elements, and elements related to diverse other nuclear receptors (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, retinoid X receptor, retinoic acid receptor). Certain compounds including phytoestrogens, xenoestrogens, fungicides and organotins may modulate aromatase CYP19 activity on the post-transcriptional level. As is shown in this review, diverse EDCs may affect the expression and/or activity of aromatase cyp19 genes through a variety of mechanisms, many of which need further characterization in order to improve the prediction of risks posed by a contaminated environment to teleost fish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Cheshenko
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Postfach 611, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Davis DD, Díaz-Cruz ES, Landini S, Kim YW, Brueggemeier RW. Evaluation of synthetic isoflavones on cell proliferation, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:23-31. [PMID: 17962013 PMCID: PMC3638921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural isoflavones have demonstrated numerous pharmacological activities in breast cancer cells, including antiproliferative activities and binding affinities for estrogen receptors (ERs). Chemical modifications on the isoflavone ring system have been prepared and explored for the development of new therapeutics for hormone-dependent breast cancer. The antiproliferative actions of the synthesized isoflavones on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were examined, as well as cytotoxicity, interaction with estrogen receptors, and proapoptotic activity. The compounds were screened in the absence and in the presence of estradiol to evaluate whether or not estradiol could rescue cell proliferation on MCF-7 cells. Several compounds were able to inhibit cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and compounds containing the bulky 7-phenylmethoxy substituent resulted in cell toxicity not only in MCF-7 cells but also in MDA-MB-231 cells. Selected synthetic isoflavones were able to bind to estrogen receptor with low affinity. Apoptotic pathways were also activated by these compounds in breast cancer cells. The majority of the compounds can bind to both ERs with low affinity, and their effects on hormone-independent breast cancer cells suggest that their ability to inhibit cell growth in breast cancer cells is not exclusively mediated by ERs. Thus, the synthetic trisubstituted isoflavones act on multiple signaling pathways leading to activation of mechanisms of cell-death and ultimately affecting breast cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyetta D. Davis
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edgar S. Díaz-Cruz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Serena Landini
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert W. Brueggemeier
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Mitsui N, Tooi O, Kawahara A. Vitellogenin-inducing activities of natural, synthetic, and environmental estrogens in primary cultured Xenopus laevis hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:581-7. [PMID: 17707135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitellogenin (VTG)-inducing activities of natural estrogens (E1: estrone, E2:17beta-estradiol, E3: estriol, alpha-E2: 17alpha-estradiol), synthetic estrogens (EE2: 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol, DES: diethylstilbestrol,), phytoestrogen (GEN: genistein), and xeno-estrogens (BPA: bisphenol A, NP: nonylphenol, OP: octylphenol) were investigated by an assay system using primary-cultured hepatocytes of Xenopus laevis. An enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) was able to detect VTG at a minimum detection limit of 0.06 ng/mL. Relative estrogenic activities of the compounds were determined from their dose-response curves. The activities relative to E2 activity were 138% for DES, 121% for EE2, 6.1% for E3, 0.33% for E1, 0.29% for alpha-E2, 0.037% for GEN, 0.008% for BPA, 0.005% for NP, and 0.002% for OP. Comparison with data reported for other bioassay systems revealed that there were significant interspecies-and cell-type-differences in the activities of DES, E3, E1 and alpha-E2. BPA was found to have a substantial antagonistic activity (approximately 0.8% of tamoxifen activity) under the influence of physiological concentrations of E2. Complex-effects of endocrine disrupters on aquatic animals will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Mitsui
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Towa Environment Science Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 730-0841, Japan
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Sanchez-Mateos S, Alonso-Gonzalez C, Gonzalez A, Martinez-Campa CM, Mediavilla MD, Cos S, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ. Melatonin and estradiol effects on food intake, body weight, and leptin in ovariectomized rats. Maturitas 2007; 58:91-101. [PMID: 17706901 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats, as a model of menopausal status, of the effects of melatonin (M) and/or estradiol (E), associated or not with food restriction, on body weight (BW) and serum leptin levels. METHODS Female SD rats (200-250 g) were Ovx and treated with E, M, E+M or its diluents. Control sham-Ovx rats were treated with E-M diluents. After 7 weeks being fed ad libitum, the animals were exposed for 7 more weeks to a 30% food restriction. We measured: food intake, BW, nocturnal and diurnal urinary excretion of sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), leptin in midday and midnight blood samples, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. RESULTS Day/night rhythm of aMT6s excretion was preserved in all cases. The increase of aMT6s excretion in M-treated animals basically affected the nocturnal period. In animals fed ad libitum, E fully prevented Ovx-induced increase of BW, leptin and cholesterol. Melatonin reduced food intake and partially prevented the increase of BW and cholesterol, without changing leptin levels. Under food restriction, M was the most effective treatment in reducing BW and cholesterol. Leptin levels were similar in M, E or E+M treated rats, and lower than in untreated Ovx rats. CONCLUSIONS Our result gives a preliminary experimental basis for a post-menopausal co-treatment with estradiol and melatonin. It could combine the effectiveness of estradiol (not modified by melatonin) with the positive effects of melatonin (improvement of sleep quality, prevention of breast cancer, etc.). The possible beneficial effects of melatonin which could justify its use, need to be demonstrated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanchez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Liu H, Papa E, Walker JD, Gramatica P. In silico screening of estrogen-like chemicals based on different nonlinear classification models. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:135-44. [PMID: 17293141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern is being shown by the scientific community, government regulators, and the public about endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are adversely affecting human and wildlife health through a variety of mechanisms. There is a great need for an effective means of rapidly assessing endocrine-disrupting activity, especially estrogen-simulating activity, because of the large number of such chemicals in the environment. In this study, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to quickly and effectively identify possible estrogen-like chemicals based on 232 structurally-diverse chemicals (training set) by using several nonlinear classification methodologies (least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM), counter-propagation artificial neural network (CP-ANN), and k nearest neighbour (kNN)) based on molecular structural descriptors. The models were externally validated by 87 chemicals (prediction set) not included in the training set. All three methods can give satisfactory prediction results both for training and prediction sets, and the most accurate model was obtained by the LS-SVM approach through the comparison of performance. In addition, our model was also applied to about 58,000 discrete organic chemicals; about 76% were predicted not to bind to Estrogen Receptor. The obtained results indicate that the proposed QSAR models are robust, widely applicable and could provide a feasible and practical tool for the rapid screening of potential estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxiang Liu
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Wang YJ, Lin MW, Wu SN, Sung RJ. The activation by estrogen receptor agonists of the BKCa-channel in human cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1347-57. [PMID: 17234159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The agonists selective for estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha (4,4',4''-(4-propyl-[(1)H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) tris-phenol, PPT) and ER-beta (2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile, DPN) are known to stimulate ER-alpha and ER-beta receptors, respectively. It remains unknown whether these two agents regulate the activity of ion channels via a direct stimulation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that DPN or PPT stimulates the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs). In whole-cell configuration, depolarizing pulses evoked K(+) outward currents in an outward rectification in HCFs, the amplitude of which was increased in the presence of DPN or PPT. In inside-out patches, the activity of BK(Ca)-channel with a conductance of 167+/-8 pS was observed in these cells. PPT or DPN applied to the intracellular face of the membrane enhanced the activity of BK(Ca) channels with no change in single-channel conductance. DPN and PPT increased BK(Ca)-channel activity with an EC(50) value of 2.3 and 2.6 microM, respectively. The mean closed time of these channels during the exposure to these compounds was reduced with no change in the gating charge of the channels. Intracellular Ca(2+) was not altered by these two compounds. RT-PCR analysis revealed that no change in the transcriptional level of the BK(Ca)-channel alpha-subunit was observed in chronic treatment with these two compounds. PPT- and DPN-stimulated increase in BK(Ca) channels reveal novel pharmacological properties attributable to the activity of these channels, and their increase in BK(Ca) channels activity in HCFs may contribute to cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jean Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Akarasereenont P, Tripatara P, Chotewuttakorn S, Palo T, Thaworn A. The effects of estrone, estradiol and estriol on platelet aggregation induced by adrenaline and adenosine diphosphate. Platelets 2007; 17:441-7. [PMID: 17074719 DOI: 10.1080/09537100600745302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of estrogens on the cardiovascular system and their ability to regulate platelet functions remains controversial. Changes in platelet functions could contribute to thrombotic risk associated with estrogen treatments. Here, we investigated the effects of various forms of estrogen, including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), on platelet aggregation induced by standard agonists (adrenaline and adenosine diphosphate). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from citrated blood donated by 25 normal volunteers. The study on platelet aggregation was carried out in 96-well flat-bottom microtitre plates and assessed using a microplate reader. For studying the effects of each estrogen, PRP was preincubated with 1, 10 and 100 nM of E1, E2 and E3 at 37 degrees C for 20 min, and then coincubated with normal saline (control untreated PRP), adrenaline (ADR) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the microplate. Platelet aggregation was then measured every minute for 8 min. None of the estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) affected platelet aggregation in untreated PRP. Interestingly, only E1 and E3 can synergize the increased platelet aggregation by either ADR or ADP, while the effects of E2 on the increased platelet aggregation by either ADR or ADP depended on internal factors such as endogenous estradiol and platelet aggregated state. Thus, for the rational use of these internal factors for estrogen use, especially E2, in clinical applications, such as hormone replacement therapy, may need evaluation of thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravit Akarasereenont
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Prannok Rd, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Koda T, Imai H, Morita M. Antiestrogenic activity of vitamin A in in vivo uterotrophic assay. Life Sci 2007; 80:945-9. [PMID: 17161848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the primary active metabolite of vitamin A, was examined for its antiestrogenic activity in rats using an in vivo uterotrophic assay. All rats were ovariectomized 2 weeks prior to receiving 5 mg/kg/day ATRA or 0.3 micro g/kg/day ethynyl estradiol (EE) subcutaneously once a day for 3 consecutive days. Rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h after the last treatment. EE increased uterine weight and the coinjection of ATRA with EE significantly suppressed this effect 3 and 24 h after treatment. mRNA expression was examined during this 24-h period and the mRNA expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta), retinoid X receptor gamma (RXR gamma) and cellular retinol-binding protein I (CRBP I) were found to have significantly increased in the ATRA+EE group compared with those in the EE group. This is the first report on the antiestrogenic activity of ATRA determined using an in vivo adult rat uterotrophic assay. The up-regulation of RAR or RXR mRNA expression level was probably responsible for the antiestrogenic activity of ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Koda
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Wintermantel TM, Campbell RE, Porteous R, Bock D, Gröne HJ, Todman MG, Korach KS, Greiner E, Pérez CA, Schütz G, Herbison AE. Definition of estrogen receptor pathway critical for estrogen positive feedback to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and fertility. Neuron 2007; 52:271-80. [PMID: 17046690 PMCID: PMC6116893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms through which estrogen regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to control mammalian ovulation are unknown. We found that estrogen positive feedback to generate the preovulatory gonadotropin surge was normal in estrogen receptor beta knockout (ERbeta) mutant mice, but absent in ERalpha mutant mice. An ERalpha-selective compound was sufficient to generate positive feedback in wild-type mice. As GnRH neurons do not express ERalpha, estrogen positive feedback upon GnRH neurons must be indirect in nature. To establish the cell type responsible, we generated a neuron-specific ERalpha mutant mouse line. These mice failed to exhibit estrogen positive feedback, demonstrating that neurons expressing ERalpha are critical. We then used a GnRH neuron-specific Pseudorabies virus (PRV) tracing approach to show that the ERalpha-expressing neurons innervating GnRH neurons are located within rostral periventricular regions of the hypothalamus. These studies demonstrate that ovulation is driven by estrogen actions upon ERalpha-expressing neuronal afferents to GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. Wintermantel
- Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca E. Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Robert Porteous
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Dagmar Bock
- Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin G. Todman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth S. Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Erich Greiner
- Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Günther Schütz
- Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Allan E. Herbison
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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Matsui K. Combination of receptor-binding assays and designed mutant receptors for discerning agonists and antagonists. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 43:822-8. [PMID: 17141447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Competitive receptor-binding assays are convenient for analyzing interactions between receptors and their ligands and for screening pharmaceutical drugs and potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Although these assays can be used for high-throughput screening, they cannot discern antagonists and agonists. Based on three-dimensional structures of complexes between ligand-binding domain of human estrogen receptor-alpha and its ligands, we designed mutant receptors with modified mode of ligand-binding. In the current studies we examined the binding of endogenous ligands, artificial ligands, and potent endocrine-disrupting chemicals to wild-type and Asp351 mutants of the human estrogen receptor-alpha ligand-binding domain. The new combination assay showed the decrease of relative biding affinity (RBA) values for antagonists. For example, RBA for tamoxifen was changed from 4.8 (using the Asp351 receptor) to less than 1.5 (using the Glu351 receptor). On the other hand, the agonists showed increase of RBA values. For example, RBA for bisphenol A was changed from 0.011 (using the Asp351 receptor) to less than 0.030 (using the Glu351 receptor). The variation of RBA was dependant on the type of mutant receptors. The change of RBA from wild-type to mutant-type can be an index for discerning agonists and antagonists. Comparison of RBA values obtained by assays using wild-type and mutant receptors is a simple way of discerning agonists and antagonists, and this approach could be extended to other types of receptors, if information of the receptors was enough to construct a designed mutant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Matsui
- Summit Pharmaceuticals International Corp, Yokohama Laboratory, 75-1, Ono-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan.
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García Jordá E. Environmental estrogens, imitators of a thousand faces. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 8:773-5. [PMID: 17134963 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-006-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brozic P, Smuc T, Gobec S, Rizner TL. Phytoestrogens as inhibitors of the human progesterone metabolizing enzyme AKR1C1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 259:30-42. [PMID: 16962702 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived, non-steroidal constituents of our diets. They can act as agonists or antagonists of estrogen receptors, and they can modulate the activities of the key enzymes in estrogen biosynthesis. Much less is known about their actions on the androgen and progesterone metabolizing enzymes. We have examined the inhibitory action of phytoestrogens on the key human progesterone-metabolizing enzyme, 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1). This enzyme inactivates progesterone and the neuroactive 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone, to form their less active counterparts, 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol, respectively. We overexpressed recombinant human AKR1C1 in Escherichia coli, purified it to homogeneity, and examined the selected phytoestrogens as inhibitors of NADPH-dependent reduction of a common AKR substrate, 9,10-phenantrenequinone, and progesterone. The most potent inhibitors were 7-hydroxyflavone, 3,7-dihydroxyflavone and flavanone naringenin with IC(50) values in the low microM range. Docking of the flavones in the active site of AKR1C1 revealed their possible binding modes, in which they are sandwiched between the Leu308 and Trp227 of AKR1C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Brozic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Della Seta D, Minder I, Belloni V, Aloisi AM, Dessì-Fulgheri F, Farabollini F. Pubertal exposure to estrogenic chemicals affects behavior in juvenile and adult male rats. Horm Behav 2006; 50:301-7. [PMID: 16716326 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to estrogens of different source and estrogenic potency at early puberty could affect the development of socio-sexual behavior in the male rat. Puberty is regarded as a second stage of the ontogenetic period, in the sexual maturation of mammals, particularly sensitive to gonadal hormone milieu. We treated animals orally, from postnatal day 23 to 30, with an environmentally compatible dose of bisphenol A (BPA, 40 microg/kg/day) and with a dosage of ethinylestradiol (EE, 0.4 microg/kg/day) comparable to the human oral contraceptives. Exposure to EE altered the temporal pattern of male sexual activity, reducing performance, in the adult animals; slight modifications, in the same direction, were observed with BPA. Short-term behavioral effects were observed in the treated animals, both with BPA and EE: the exploratory drive, directed to a stimulus object and to the environment, as well as to conspecifics, was reduced in the juveniles. Modifications in the circulating T levels were observed after treatments: T was reduced in the juveniles, both with BPA and EE. The decrement persisted in the adult animals but reached significance only in the BPA group. On the whole, effects of pubertal exposure on behavior are more marked with EE than BPA. This can be due to the much higher estrogenic potency of EE; the direction of the behavioral effects of BPA, compared with EE, is however indicative of an estrogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Della Seta
- Department of Physiology, Section of Neuroscience and Applied Physiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Wang G, Drake CT, Rozenblit M, Zhou P, Alves SE, Herrick SP, Hayashi S, Warrier S, Iadecola C, Milner TA. Evidence that estrogen directly and indirectly modulates C1 adrenergic bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Brain Res 2006; 1094:163-78. [PMID: 16696957 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure in women increases after menopause, and sympathetic tone in female rats decreases with estrogen injections in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) region that contains bulbospinal C1 adrenergic neurons and is involved in blood pressure control. We investigated the anatomical and physiological basis for estrogen effects in the RVLM. Neurons with alpha- or beta-subtypes of estrogen receptor (ER) immunoreactivity (-ir) overlapped in distribution with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing C1 neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that ERalpha- and ERbeta-ir had distinct cellular and subcellular distributions. ERalpha-ir was most commonly in TH-lacking profiles, many of which were axons and peptide-containing afferents that contacted TH-containing dendrites. ERalpha-ir was also in some TH-containing dendrites. ERbeta-ir was most frequently in TH-containing somata and dendrites, particularly on endoplasmic reticula, mitochondria, and plasma membranes. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings from isolated bulbospinal RVLM neurons, 17beta-estradiol dose-dependently reduced voltage-gated Ca(++) currents, especially the long-lasting (L-type) component. This inhibition was reversed by washing or prevented by adding the non-subtype-selective ER antagonist ICI182780. An ERbeta-selective agonist, but not an ERalpha-selective agonist, reproduced the Ca(++) current inhibition. The data indicate that estrogens can modulate the function of RVLM C1 bulbospinal neurons either directly, through extranuclear ERbeta, or indirectly through extranuclear ERalpha in selected afferents. Moreover, Ca(++) current inhibition may underlie the decrease in sympathetic tone evoked by local 17beta-estradiol application. These findings provide a structural and functional basis for the effects of estrogens on blood pressure control and suggest a mechanism for the modulation of cardiovascular function by estrogen in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
Human and mouse endometrium (lining of the uterus) undergo cycles of growth and regression as part of each reproductive cycle. A well-known method to identify somatic stem/progenitor cells and their location in the stem cell niche is the label-retaining cell (LRC) approach. We hypothesized that mouse endometrium contains small populations of both epithelial and stromal somatic stem/progenitor cells that may be detected by the LRC technique. The overall objective of this study was to identify and quantify LRCs in mouse endometrium, to determine their location, and to identify their niche in this highly regenerative tissue. Endometrium was labeled for 3 days with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in postnatal day 3 (P3) mice prior to gland development and prepubertal (P19) mice after glands had formed, followed by chase periods of up to 12 weeks. After an 8-week chase, 3% of epithelial nuclei immunostained with BrdU antibody and were considered epithelial LRCs. These were primarily located in the luminal epithelium. Epithelial LRCs did not express estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha). Stromal LRCs (6%) were found adjacent to luminal epithelium, at the endometrial-myometrial junction, and near blood vessels after a 12-week chase. Stromal LRCs were stem cell antigen-1, CD45(-), and some (16%) expressed ER-alpha, indicating their capacity to respond to estrogen and transmit paracrine signals to epithelial cells for endometrial epithelium regeneration. Both epithelial LRCs and some stromal LRCs, mainly located at the endometrial-myometrial junction, were recruited into the cell cycle after estrogen-stimulated endometrial regeneration, indicating a functional response to proliferative signals. This study has demonstrated for the first time the presence of both epithelial and stromal LRCs in mouse endometrium, suggesting that these stem-like cells may be responsible for endometrial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W S Chan
- Centre for Women's Health Research, Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Taaffe DR, Newman AB, Haggerty CL, Colbert LH, de Rekeneire N, Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Nevitt MC, Tylavsky FA, Harris TB. Estrogen replacement, muscle composition, and physical function: The Health ABC Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 37:1741-7. [PMID: 16260975 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000181678.28092.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the beneficial effects of estrogen use on cardiovascular and cognitive function in postmenopausal women have been recently discredited, controversy remains regarding its usefulness for maintaining skeletal muscle mass or strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether estrogen use is associated with enhanced muscle composition and, if so, whether this translates into improved strength and physical function. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 840 well-functioning community-dwelling white women (current estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) users = 259, nonusers = 581) aged 70-79 yr participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Muscle composition of the midthigh by computed tomography included cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps, hamstrings, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, and muscle attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU) as a measure of muscle density. Isometric hand grip and isokinetic knee extensor strength were assessed by dynamometry. Physical function was assessed using a summary scale that included usual 6-m walk and narrow walk speed, repeated chair stands, and standing balance. RESULTS In analyses of covariance adjusted for relevant confounders, quadriceps muscle CSA and HU were greater in current ERT than non-ERT women (P < 0.05). Grip strength was also greater (P < 0.05) in women taking ERT while knee extensor strength approached significance (P < 0.10). However, differences in muscle composition and strength were modest at < or =3.3%. There was no difference by ERT status for the hamstring muscles, fat CSA, or for physical function. CONCLUSION The associations between ERT and muscle composition and strength were minor and did not translate into improved physical function. Initiation of ERT for preservation of muscle composition and function may not be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Taaffe
- School of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Papoutsi Z, Kassi E, Mitakou S, Aligiannis N, Tsiapara A, Chrousos GP, Moutsatsou P. Acteoside and martynoside exhibit estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 98:63-71. [PMID: 16198557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acteoside and martynoside are plant phenylpropanoid glycosides exhibiting anticancer, cytotoxic and antimetastatic activities. We investigated their potential to activate estrogen receptor isoforms ERalpha and ERbeta in HeLa cells transfected with an estrogen response element (ERE)-driven luciferase (Luc) reporter gene and an ERalpha or ERbeta expression vector. Their estrogenic/antiestrogenic effects were also assessed in breast cancer cells (MCF7), endometrial cancer cells (Ishikawa) and osteoblasts (KS483), by measuring IGFBP3 levels, cell viability and number of mineralized nodules, respectively, seeking for a natural selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Acteoside and martynoside antagonized both ERalpha and ERbeta (p<0.001), whereas they reversed the effect of E(2) mainly via ERalpha (p<0.001). Martynoside was a potent antiestrogen in MCF-7 cells, increasing, like ICI182780, IGFBP3 levels via the ER-pathway. In osteoblasts, martynoside induced nodule mineralization, which was abolished by ICI182780, implicating an ER-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, its antiproliferative effect on endometrial cells suggests that martynoside may be an important natural SERM. Acteoside was an antiestrogen in breast cancer cells and osteoblasts, without any effect on endometrial cells. Our study suggests that the nature is rich in selective ERalpha and ERbeta ligands, the discovery of which may lead to the development of novel neutraceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Papoutsi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi 11527, Athens, Greece
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