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Li D, Luong TTM, Dan WJ, Ren Y, Nien HX, Zhang AL, Gao JM. Natural products as sources of new fungicides (IV): Synthesis and biological evaluation of isobutyrophenone analogs as potential inhibitors of class-II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:386-393. [PMID: 29248352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several recently identified antifungal compounds share the backbone structure of acetophenones. The aim of the present study was to develop new isobutyrophenone analogs as new antifungal agents. A series of new 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl isobutyrophenone derivatives were prepared and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and MS spectroscopic data. These products were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activities against seven plant fungal pathogens by the mycelial growth inhibitory rate assay. Compounds 3, 4a, 5a, 5b, 5e, 5f and 5g showed a broad-spectrum high antifungal activity. On the other hand, for the first time, these compounds were also assayed as potential inhibitors against Class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) from the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Compounds 5e and 5g were found to exhibit the inhibition constants (Ki) for 15.12 and 14.27 μM, respectively, as the strongest competitive inhibitors against Fba activity. The possible binding-modes of compounds 5e and 5g were further analyzed by molecular docking algorithms. The results strongly suggested that compound 5g could be a promising lead for the discovery of new fungicides via targeting Class II Fba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tuong Thi Mai Luong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Institute of Scientific Research and Technological Development, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, Viet Nam
| | - Wen-Jia Dan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hoang Xuan Nien
- Institute of Scientific Research and Technological Development, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, Viet Nam
| | - An-Ling Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Li D, Han X, Tu Q, Feng L, Wu D, Sun Y, Chen H, Li Y, Ren Y, Wan J. Structure-based design and synthesis of novel dual-target inhibitors against cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:7453-7461. [PMID: 23889687 DOI: 10.1021/jf401939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria class II fructose-1,6-bisphoshate aldolase (Cy-FBA-II) and cyanobacteria fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Cy-FBPase) are two neighboring key regulatory enzymes in the Calvin cycle of the cyanobacteria photosynthesis system. Each of them might be taken as a potential target for designing novel inhibitors to chemically control harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the present paper, a series of novel inhibitors were rationally designed, synthesized, and optimized based upon the structural and interactional information of both Cy-FBA-II and Cy-FBPase, and their inhibitory activities were examined in vitro and in vivo. The experimental results showed that compounds L19e-L19g exhibited moderate inhibitory activities (IC50 = 28.1-103.2 μM) against both Cy-FBA-II and Cy-FBPase; compounds L19a-L19d, L19h, L20a-L20d exhibited high Cy-FBA-II inhibitory activities (IC50 = 2.3-16.9 μM) and moderate Cy-FBPase inhibitory activities (IC50 = 31.5-141.2 μM); however, compounds L20e-L20h could potently inhibit both Cy-FBA-II and Cy-FBPase with IC50 values less than 30 μM, which demonstrated more or less dual-target inhibitor's feature. Moreover, most of them exhibited potent algicide activity (EC50 = 0.8-22.3 ppm) against cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Martins-de-Souza D, Alsaif M, Ernst A, Harris LW, Aerts N, Lenaerts I, Peeters PJ, Amess B, Rahmoune H, Bahn S, Guest PC. The application of selective reaction monitoring confirms dysregulation of glycolysis in a preclinical model of schizophrenia. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:146. [PMID: 22420779 PMCID: PMC3359223 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing preclinical models is essential for novel drug discovery in schizophrenia. Most existing models are characterized by abnormalities in behavioral readouts, which are informative, but do not necessarily translate to the symptoms of the human disease. Therefore, there is a necessity of characterizing the preclinical models from a molecular point of view. Selective reaction monitoring (SRM) has already shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies for multiplex measurement of diagnostic, prognostic and treatment-related biomarkers. METHODS We have established an SRM assay for multiplex analysis of 7 enzymes of the glycolysis pathway which is already known to be affected in human schizophrenia and in the widely-used acute PCP rat model of schizophrenia. The selected enzymes were hexokinase 1 (Hk1), aldolase C (Aldoc), triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (Pgam1), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) and enolase 2 (Eno2). The levels of these enzymes were analyzed using SRM in frontal cortex from brain tissue of PCP treated rats. RESULTS Univariate analyses showed statistically significant altered levels of Tpi1 and alteration of Hk1, Aldoc, Pgam1 and Gapdh with borderline significance in PCP rats compared to controls. Most interestingly, multivariate analysis which considered the levels of all 7 enzymes simultaneously resulted in generation of a bi-dimensional chart that can distinguish the PCP rats from the controls. CONCLUSIONS This study not only supports PCP treated rats as a useful preclinical model of schizophrenia, but it also establishes that SRM mass spectrometry could be used in the development of multiplex classification tools for complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Murtada Alsaif
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Agnes Ernst
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Laura W Harris
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Nancy Aerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Lenaerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bob Amess
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
- Dept of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Guest
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
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Labbé G, Krismanich AP, de Groot S, Rasmusson T, Shang M, Brown MDR, Dmitrienko GI, Guillemette JG. Development of metal-chelating inhibitors for the Class II fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 112:49-58. [PMID: 22546686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has long been suggested that the essential and ubiquitous enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase could be a good drug target against bacteria and fungi, since lower organisms possess a metal-dependant (Class II) FBP aldolase, as opposed to higher organisms which possess a Schiff-base forming (Class I) FBP aldolase. We have tested the capacity of derivatives of the metal-chelating compound dipicolinic acid (DPA), as well a thiol-containing compound, to inhibit purified recombinant Class II FBP aldolases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and from the Rice Blast causative agent Magnaporthe grisea. The aldolase from M. tuberculosis was the most sensitive to the metal-chelating inhibitors, with an IC(50) of 5.2 μM with 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS) and 28 μM with DPA. DMPS and the synthesized inhibitor 6-(phosphonomethyl)picolinic acid inhibited the enzyme in a time-dependent, competitive fashion, with second order rate constants of 273 and 270 M(-1) s(-1) respectively for the binding of these compounds to the M. tuberculosis aldolase's active site in the presence of the substrate FBP (K(M) 27.9 μM). The most potent first generation inhibitors were modeled into the active site of the M. tuberculosis aldolase structure, with results indicating that the metal chelators tested cannot bind the catalytic zinc in a bidentate fashion while it remains in its catalytic location, and that most enzyme-ligand interactions involve the phosphate binding pocket residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Labbé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
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Li Z, Liu Z, Cho DW, Zou J, Gong M, Breece RM, Galkin A, Li L, Zhao H, Maestas GD, Tierney DL, Herzberg O, Dunaway-Mariano D, Mariano PS. Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of first generation inhibitors of the Giardia lamblia fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:509-17. [PMID: 21333622 PMCID: PMC3071891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Giardia lamblia fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (GlFBPA), which transforms fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, were designed based on 3-hydroxy-2-pyridone and 1,2-dihydroxypyridine scaffolds that position two negatively charged tetrahedral groups for interaction with substrate phosphate binding residues, a hydrogen bond donor to the catalytic Asp83, and a Zn(2+) binding group. The inhibition activities for the GlFBPA catalyzed reaction of FBP of the prepared alkyl phosphonate/phosphate substituted 3-hydroxy-2-pyridinones and a dihydroxypyridine were determined. The 3-hydroxy-2-pyridone inhibitor 8 was found to bind to GlFBPA with an affinity (K(i)=14μM) that is comparable to that of FBP (K(m)=2μM) or its inert analog TBP (K(i)=1μM). The X-ray structure of the GlFBPA-inhibitor 8 complex (2.3Å) shows that 8 binds to the active site in the manner predicted by in silico docking with the exception of coordination with Zn(2+). The observed distances and orientation of the pyridone ring O=C-C-OH relative to Zn(2+) are not consistent with a strong interaction. To determine if Zn(2+)coordination occurs in the GlFBPA-inhibitor 8 complex in solution, EXAFS spectra were measured. A four coordinate geometry comprised of the three enzyme histidine ligands and an oxygen atom from the pyridone ring O=C-C-OH was indicated. Analysis of the Zn(2+) coordination geometries in recently reported structures of class II FBPAs suggests that strong Zn(2+) coordination is reserved for the enediolate-like transition state, accounting for minimal contribution of Zn(2+) coordination to binding of 8 to GlFBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | | | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Jiwen Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Maozhen Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Robert M. Breece
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Andrey Galkin
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Gabriel D. Maestas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - David L. Tierney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Osnat Herzberg
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Gotoh E, Matsumoto M, Ogawa K, Kobayashi Y, Tsuyama M. A qualitative analysis of the regulation of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I from the post-illumination chlorophyll fluorescence transient in Arabidopsis: a new platform for the in vivo investigation of the chloroplast redox state. Photosynth Res 2010; 103:111-23. [PMID: 20054711 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A transient in chlorophyll fluorescence after cessation of actinic light illumination, which has been ascribed to electron donation from stromal reductants to plastoquinone (PQ) by the NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana. The transient was absent in air in a mutant lacking the NDH complex (ndhM). However, in ndhM, the transient was detected in CO(2)-free air containing 2% O(2). To investigate the reason, ndhM was crossed with a pgr5 mutant impaired in ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent electron donation from NADPH to PQ, which is known to be redundant for NDH-dependent PQ reduction in the cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (PSI). In ndhM pgr5, the transient was absent even in CO(2)-free air with 2% O(2), demonstrating that the post-illumination transient can also be induced by the Fd- (or PGR5)-dependent PQ reduction. On the other hand, the transient increase in chlorophyll fluorescence was found to be enhanced in normal air in a mutant impaired in plastid fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) activity. The mutant, termed fba3-1, offers unique opportunities to examine the relative contribution of the two paths, i.e., the NDH- and Fd- (or PGR5)-dependent paths, on the PSI cyclic electron flow. Crossing fba3-1 with either ndhM or pgr5 and assessing the transient suggested that the main route for the PSI cyclic electron flow shifts from the NDH-dependent path to the Fd-dependent path in response to sink limitation of linear electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Adelman RC. Control of hepatic fructose-metabolizing enzymes: fructokinase, aldolase and triokinase. Acta Med Scand Suppl 2009; 542:47-56. [PMID: 4579754 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1972.tb05318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The crystal structures of Leishmania mexicana fructose-1,6-bis(phosphate) aldolase in complex with substrate and competitive inhibitor, mannitol-1,6-bis(phosphate), were solved to 2.2 A resolution. Crystallographic analysis revealed a Schiff base intermediate trapped in the native structure complexed with substrate while the inhibitor was trapped in a conformation mimicking the carbinolamine intermediate. Binding modes corroborated previous structures reported for rabbit muscle aldolase. Amino acid substitution of Gly-312 to Ala, adjacent to the P1-phosphate binding site and unique to trypanosomatids, did not perturb ligand binding in the active site. Ligand attachment ordered amino acid residues 359-367 of the C-terminal region (353-373) that was disordered beyond Asp-358 in the unbound structure, revealing a novel recruitment mechanism of this region by aldolases. C-Terminal peptide ordering is triggered by P1-phosphate binding that induces conformational changes whereby C-terminal Leu-364 contacts P1-phosphate binding residue Arg-313. C-Terminal region capture synergizes additional interactions with subunit surface residues, not perturbed by P1-phosphate binding, and stabilizes C-terminal attachment. Amino acid residues that participate in the capturing interaction are conserved among class I aldolases, indicating a general recruitment mechanism whereby C-terminal capture facilitates active site interactions in subsequent catalytic steps. Recruitment accelerates the enzymatic reaction by using binding energy to reduce configurational entropy during catalysis thereby localizing the conserved C-terminus tyrosine, which mediates proton transfer, proximal to the active site enamine.
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Ogawa T, Mori H, Tomita M, Yoshino M. Inhibitory effect of phosphoenolpyruvate on glycolytic enzymes in Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 2006; 158:159-63. [PMID: 17307338 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For analyzing the control of energy metabolism in Escherichia coli, we carried out kinetic analyses of glycolytic enzymes purified from the overexpressing clones of E. coli K12 W3110 that were constructed with the vector pCA24N. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) acted as an effective inhibitor of enzymes of the preparatory phase in glycolysis. Glucokinase was potently inhibited by PEP in a competitive manner with respect to ATP: the K(i) value for PEP was 0.1mM. PEP further inhibited phosphoglucoisomerase to a lesser extent, and phosphofructokinase A and aldolase A with 10-fold the K(i) values of glucokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase. Glucose is incorporated into E. coli through two pathways: the PTS (PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system) and the glucokinase reaction. PEP, a potent inhibitor of E. coli glucokinase, unlike most eukaryotic hexokinases, can act as a signal molecule controlling glucose uptake and glycolytic flux in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ogawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Galkin A, Kulakova L, Melamud E, Li L, Wu C, Mariano P, Dunaway-Mariano D, Nash TE, Herzberg O. Characterization, kinetics, and crystal structures of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from the human parasite, Giardia lamblia. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4859-4867. [PMID: 17166851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609534200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I and class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases (FBPA), glycolytic pathway enzymes, exhibit no amino acid sequence homology and utilize two different catalytic mechanisms. The mammalian class I FBPA employs a Schiff base mechanism, whereas the human parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia class II FBPA is a zinc-dependent enzyme. In this study, we have explored the potential exploitation of the Giardia FBPA as a drug target. First, synthesis of FBPA was demonstrated in Giardia trophozoites by using an antibody-based fluorescence assay. Second, inhibition of FBPA gene transcription in Giardia trophozoites suggested that the enzyme is necessary for the survival of the organism under optimal laboratory growth conditions. Third, two crystal structures of FBPA in complex with the transition state analog phosphoglycolohydroxamate (PGH) show that the enzyme is homodimeric and that its active site contains a zinc ion. In one crystal form, each subunit contains PGH, which is coordinated to the zinc ion through the hydroxamic acid hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygen atoms. The second crystal form contains PGH only in one subunit and the active site of the second subunit is unoccupied. Inspection of the two states of the enzyme revealed that it undergoes a conformational transition upon ligand binding. The enzyme cleaves d-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate but not d-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate, which is a tight binding competitive inhibitor. The essential role of the active site residue Asp-83 in catalysis was demonstrated by amino acid replacement. Determinants of catalysis and substrate recognition, derived from comparison of the G. lamblia FBPA structure with Escherichia coli FBPA and with a closely related enzyme, E. coli tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TBPA), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galkin
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Liudmila Kulakova
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Eugene Melamud
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and
| | - Patrick Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and
| | - Theodore E Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Osnat Herzberg
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850.
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Kalachniuk LH, Rusnak NI, Kalachniuk HI, Marounek M, Savka OH, Mel'nychuk DO. [Inhibition of carbohydrate metabilsm enzymes by pentachlorophenol in cells of pectinolytic bacteria from gastrointestinal tract of animals and effect of clinoptilolite adsorbents on this process]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) 2006; 78:144-54. [PMID: 17290794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in functional activity of specific enzyme reactions in the cells of pectinolytic bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of animals in vitro cultivated in the medium containing pectin or glucose were studied against a background of the low dose effect of the wide spread biocide pentachlorophenol alone as well as in combination with the natural sorbents clinoptilolites. Regardless of the absence of transketolase reaction in the cells of all studied strains, they metabolized highly the above substrates that are dissimilar in chemical structure and produced different products of their degradation. It has been shown that the high metabolic level in the cells is provided by the function of the unique enzymatic reaction catalyzed by 2-keto-3-desoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.14) that permits to use effectively the metabolic pathway of Entner-Doudoroff. Cells could also utilize the same substrates via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, therefore they possess the other key reaction that is catalyzed by fructosobiphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13). Even a low dose of PCP (20 microM) decreased sharply activity of the mentioned key enzymes and intermediates' production in the cells of the studied strains with the use of both substrates. However, presence of clinoptilolites in the medium reduced significantly the biocide inhibition effect. Furthermore, in the medium with glucose, protection of intracellular metabolism with the help of sorbents was registered more clearly than with pectin. This can evidence for more mobile and simpler possibilities of accelerated production of necessary intermediates from glucose that are capable to induce activation of the key enzymatic reactions in cells utilizing selectively the substrates (which are different in accessibility and other characteristics) under the toxic agent effect.
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Dax C, Duffieux F, Chabot N, Coincon M, Sygusch J, Michels PAM, Blonski C. Selective irreversible inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Trypanosoma brucei. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1499-502. [PMID: 16509566 DOI: 10.1021/jm050237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An irreversible competitive inhibitor hydroxynaphthaldehyde phosphate was synthesized that is highly selective against the glycolytic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Trypanosoma brucei (causative agent of sleeping sickness). Inhibition involves Schiff base formation by the inhibitor aldehyde with Lys116 followed by reaction of the resultant Schiff base with a second residue. Molecular simulations indicate significantly greater molecular geometries conducive for nucleophilic attack in T. brucei aldolase than the mammalian isozyme and suggest Ser48 as the Schiff base modifying residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Dax
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, Bat. IIR1, 118 Route de Narbonne 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Abstract
Earlier studies [1-3] showed that of the glycolytic enzymes, the muscle isozymes PFK-1, LDH, and AK were inhibited by ascorbic acid. These studies on the characteristics of the inhibition of RMAK by ascorbate are part of a hypothesis [3] that ascorbate facilitates the storage of skeletal muscle glycogen by inhibiting glycolysis when the muscle is at rest. These studies examine conditions for RMAK inhibition, prevention of inhibition, and reversal of ascorbate inhibition. We found that the concentration of RMAK was an important condition for inhibition. Above 200 nM RMAK, inhibition by ascorbate could not be demonstrated and below that concentration RMAK became increasingly sensitive to ascorbate inhibition. Associated with increased sensitivity to inhibition by ascorbate is a deviation from a linear to a concave relationship between low RMAK concentrations and enzyme activity. At low RMAK concentrations, the concave relationship becomes convex in the presence of muscle aldolase. In addition, aldolase reverses inhibitions by ascorbate. A comparison of inhibition of RMAK byascorbate and inhibition of LDH-m4 [3] is discussed. Other proteins prevent RMAK inhibition but do not reverse inhibition by ascorbate. The role of RMAK as a factor in the control of the rate of glycolysis is presented as is the role of compartmentalization with respect to the proposed role for ascorbate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy J Russell
- Department of Biology, University of California 0690, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0690, USA.
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14
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Gavalda S, Braga R, Dax C, Vigroux A, Blonski C. N-Sulfonyl hydroxamate derivatives as inhibitors of class II fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5375-7. [PMID: 16236509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and phosphonate derivatives were synthesized bearing a N-sulfonyl hydroxamate moiety. The phosphate derivatives represent competitive inhibitors for the class II-FBP aldolase catalyzed reaction, while the phosphonate isosteres are comparatively weaker inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gavalda
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et de Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'intérêt Biologique, Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, UMR 5068, Université Paul Sabatier, Bât IIR1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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15
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Iannaccone U, Bergamaschi A, Magrini A, Marino G, Bottini N, Lucarelli P, Bottini E, Gloria-Bottini F. Serum glucose concentration and ACP1 genotype in healthy adult subjects. Metabolism 2005; 54:891-4. [PMID: 15988697 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP 1 ) or cytosolic low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase is a polymorphic enzyme that can hydrolyze phosphotyrosine-containing peptides of the human insulin receptor and of band 3 protein. High-activity ACP 1 may favor an increase in serum glucose concentration through a depression of insulin action and through inactivation of aldolase, phosphofructokinase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by dephosphorylation of band 3 protein. In diabetic subjects, we have previously reported lower serum glucose concentration in subjects with low-activity ACP 1 A and AB phenotypes. We have now studied the relationship between serum glucose concentration and ACP 1 genotype in a sample of 137 healthy adult workers of our university. In males, serum glucose concentration is significantly higher in medium-high- than in low-activity ACP 1 genotypes. With advancing age in males, there is a progressive increase in glycemic differential between medium-high- and low-activity ACP 1 genotypes. The data suggest that normal variability of ACP 1 genotype influences serum glucose concentration in normal individuals. Such influence depends on sex and in males becomes more marked with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Iannaccone
- Division of Occupational Health Medicine, Department of Biopathology and Imaging Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00123 Rome Italy
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16
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Dax C, Coinçon M, Sygusch J, Blonski C. Hydroxynaphthaldehyde phosphate derivatives as potent covalent Schiff base inhibitors of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. Biochemistry 2005; 44:5430-43. [PMID: 15807536 DOI: 10.1021/bi0477992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of phosphate derivatives of 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene (NA-P(2)) and 1,6-dihydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde (HNA-P, phosphate at position 6) with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle were analyzed by enzyme kinetics, difference spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics. Enzyme activity was competitively inhibited by NA-P(2), whereas HNA-P exhibited slow-binding inhibition with an overall inhibition constant of approximately 24 nM. HNA-P inactivation was very slowly reversed with t(1/2) approximately 10 days. Mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric absorption indicated that HNA-P inactivation occurs by Schiff base formation. Rates of enzyme inactivation and Schiff base formation by HNA-P were identical and corresponded to approximately 4 HNA-P molecules bound par aldolase tetramer at maximal inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved active site lysine residues 107, 146, and 229 and Asp-33 indicated that Schiff base formation by HNA-P involved Lys-107 and was promoted by Lys-146. Titration of Lys-107 by pyridoxal 5-phosphate yielded a microscopic pK(a) approximately 8 for Lys-107, corroborating a role as nucleophile at pH 7.6. Site-directed mutagenesis of Ser-271, an active site residue that binds the C(1)-phosphate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, diminished HNA-P binding and enabled modeling of HNA-P in the active site. Molecular dynamics showed persistent HNA-P phosphate interactions with the C(1)-phosphate binding site in the noncovalent adduct. The naphthaldehyde hydroxyl, ortho to the HNA-P aldehyde, was essential for promoting carbinolamine precursor formation by intramolecular catalysis. The simulations indicate a slow rate of enzyme inactivation due to competitive inhibition by the phenate form of HNA-P, infrequent nucleophilic attack in the phenol form, and significant conformational barrier to bond formation as well as electrostatic destabilization of protonated ketimine intermediates. Solvent accessibility by Lys-107 Nz was reduced in the covalent Schiff base complex, and in those instances where water molecules interacted with Lys-107 in the simulations, Schiff base hydrolysis was not mechanistically favorable. The findings at the molecular level corroborate the observed mechanism of slow-binding tight inhibition by HNA-P of muscle aldolase and should serve as a blueprint for future aldolase inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Dax
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, LSPCMIB UMR CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment IIR1, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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17
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Lal A, Plaxton WC, Kayastha AM. Purification and characterization of an allosteric fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from germinating mung beans (Vigna radiata). Phytochemistry 2005; 66:968-74. [PMID: 15896364 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic fructose-1,6-P(2) (FBP) aldolase (ALD(c)) from germinated mung beans has been purified 1078-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity and a final specific activity of 15.1 micromol FBP cleaved/min per mg of protein. SDS-PAGE of the final preparation revealed a single protein-staining band of 40 kDa that cross-reacted strongly with rabbit anti-(carrot ALD(c))-IgG. The enzyme's native M(r) was determined by gel filtration chromatography to be 160 kDa, indicating a homotetrameric quaternary structure. This ALD is a class I ALD, since EDTA or Mg(2+) had no effect on its activity, and was relatively heat-stable losing 0-25% of its activity when incubated for 5 min at 55-65 degrees C. It demonstrated: (i) a temperature coefficient (Q(10)) of 1.7; (ii) an activation energy of 9.2 kcal/mol active site; and (iii) a broad pH-activity optima of 7.5. Mung bean ALD(c) is bifunctional for FBP and sedoheptulose-1,7-P(2) (K(m) approximately 17 microM for both substrates). ATP, ADP, AMP and ribose-5-P exerted inhibitory effects on the activity of the purified enzyme. Ribose-5-P, ADP and AMP functioned as competitive inhibitors (K(i) values=2.2, 3.1 and 7.5mM, respectively). By contrast, the addition of 2mM ATP: (i) reduced V(max) by about 2-fold, (ii) increased K(m)(FBP) by about 4-fold, and (iii) shifted the FBP saturation kinetic plot from hyperbolic to sigmoidal (h=1.0 and 2.6 in the absence and presence of 2mM ATP, respectively). Potent feedback inhibition of ALD(c) by ATP is suggested to help balance cellular ATP demands with the control of cytosolic glycolysis and respiration in germinating mung beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Lal
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India
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18
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Abstract
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) aldolase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate (KDG) aldolase the two key enzymes of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and the nonphosphorolytic Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways respectively, were identified in cell-free extracts of four Aspergillus oryzae strains grown on D-glucose as sole source of carbon. A. oryzae NRRL 3435 gave the highest enzymatic activity for the two enzymes and selected for further studies. Studies on the properties of the two key enzymes indicated that the optimum conditions for the activities of FDP aldolase and KDG aldolases occurred at pH 8.5, 45 degrees C and pH 8.0, 55 degrees C, respectively. Tris-acetate buffer and phosphate buffer showed the highest enzymatic activity for these two enzymes respectively. KDG aldolase was stable at 55 degrees C for 60 minutes however FDP aldolase was found to be less stable above 45 degrees C. On the other hand the two aldolases showed a high degree of stability towards frequent freezing and thawing. Dialysis of the extracts caused a decrease in the enzymatic activity of KDG aldolase, and an increase in FDP aldolase activity. The addition of ethylene diamine tetraacetate to the crude extracts caused an inhibition of KDG aldolase, whileas FDP aldolase was not affected. Addition of MnCl(2), CoSO(4), MgCl(2) and ZnSO(4) to the dialyzed extracts increased the activity of KDG aldolase by 67%, 54%, 61% and 37%, respectively. On the other hand the addition of some metal salts caused an inhibition of FDP aldolase. The results obtained indicate the absence of evidence for the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in the catalytic sites of the two aldolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Elshafei
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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19
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Rakus D, Pasek M, Krotkiewski H, Dzugaj A. Interaction between muscle aldolase and muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase results in the substrate channeling. Biochemistry 2005; 43:14948-57. [PMID: 15554702 DOI: 10.1021/bi048886x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is known to form a supramolecular complex with alpha-actinin and aldolase on both sides of the Z-line in skeletal muscle cells. It has been proposed that association of aldolase with FBPase not only desensitizes muscle FBPase toward AMP inhibition but it also might enable the channeling of intermediates between the enzymes [Rakus et al. (2003) FEBS Lett. 547, 11-14]. In the present paper, we tested the possibility of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6-P(2)) channeling between aldolase and FBPase using the approach in which an inactive form of FBPase competed with active FBPase for binding to aldolase and thus decreased the rate of aldolase-FBPase reaction. The results showed that F1,6-P(2) is transferred directly from aldolase to FBPase without mixing with the bulk phase. Further evidence that F1,6-P(2) is channeled from aldolase to FBPase comes from the experiments investigating the inhibitory effect of a high concentration of magnesium ions on aldolase-FBPase activity. FBPase in a complex with aldolase, contrary to free muscle FBPase, was not inhibited by high Mg(2+) concentrations, which suggests that free F1,6-P(2) was not present in the assay mixture during the reaction. A real-time interaction analysis between aldolase and FBPase revealed a dual role of Mg(2+) in the regulation of the aldolase-FBPase complex stability. A physiological concentration of Mg(2+) increased the affinity of muscle FBPase to muscle aldolase, whereas higher concentrations of the cation decreased the concentration of the complex. We hypothesized that the presence of Mg(2+) stabilizes a positively charged cavity within FBPase and that it might enable an interaction with aldolase. Because magnesium decreased the binding constant (K(a)) between aldolase and FBPase in a manner similar to the decrease of K(a) caused by monovalent cations, it is postulated that electrostatic attraction might be a driving force for the complex formation. It is presumed that the biological relevance of F1,6-P(2) channeling between aldolase and FBPase is protection of this glyconeogenic, as well as glycolytic, intermediate against degradation by cytosolic aldolase, which is one of the most abundant enzyme of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darek Rakus
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, Wroclaw University, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wroclaw, Poland
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20
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Dziewulska-Szwajkowska D, Zmojdzian M, Dobryszycki P, Kochman M, Dzugaj A. The interaction of FBPase with aldolase: a kinetic and fluorescence investigation on chicken muscle enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 137:115-29. [PMID: 14698918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase; EC 3.1.3.11) is strongly inhibited by AMP in vitro and, therefore, at physiological concentrations of substrate and AMP, FBPase should be completely inhibited. Desensitization of rabbit muscle FBPase against AMP inhibition was previously observed in the presence of rabbit muscle aldolase. In this study, we analysed the kinetics of an FBPase catalyzed reaction and interaction between chicken muscle FBPase and chicken muscle aldolase. The initial rate of FBPase reaction vs. substrate concentration shows a maximum activity at a concentration of 20 microM Fru-1,6P2 and then decreases. Assuming rapid equilibrium kinetics, the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was described by the substrate inhibition model, with Ks approximately 5 microM and Ksi approximately 39 microM and factor beta approximately 0.2, describing change in the rate constant (k) of product formation from the ES and ESSi complexes. Based on ultracentrifugation studies, aldolase and FBPase form a hetero-complex with approximately 1:1 stoichiometry with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.8 microM. The FBPase-aldolase interaction was confirmed via fluorescence investigation. The aldolase-FBPase interaction results in aldolase fluorescence quenching and its maximum emission spectrum shifting from 344 to 356 nm. The Kd of the FBPase-aldolase complex, determined on the basis of fluorescence changes, is 0.4 microM at 25 degrees C with almost 1:1 stoichiometry. This interaction increases the I(0.5) for the AMP inhibition of FBPase threefold, and slightly affects FBPase affinity to magnesium ions, increasing the Ka and Hill coefficient (n). No effect of aldolase on the FBPase pH optimum was observed. Thus, the decrease in FBPase sensitivity to AMP inhibition enables FBPase to function in vivo thanks to aldolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Dziewulska-Szwajkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, Wroclaw University, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wroclaw, Poland
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Fonvielle M, Weber P, Dabkowska K, Therisod M. New highly selective inhibitors of class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2923-6. [PMID: 15125960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycolo amidoxime and phosphoglycolo hydrazide, two new derivatives of phosphoglycolic acid, were synthesised and successfully tested as selective competitive inhibitors of class II FBP-aldolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Fonvielle
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et de Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8124, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
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22
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Abstract
Real-time interaction analysis, using the BIAcore biosensor, of rabbit muscle FBPase-aldolase complex revealed apparent binding constant [K(Aapp)] values of about 4.4x10(8) M(-1). The stability of the complex was down-regulated by the glycolytic intermediates dihydroxyacetone phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, and by the regulator of glycolysis and glyconeogenesis--fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. FBPase in a complex with aldolase was entirely insensitive to inhibition by physiological concentrations of AMP (I(0.5) was 1.35 mM) and the cooperativity of the inhibition was not observed. The existence of an FBPase-aldolase complex that is insensitive to AMP inhibition explains the possibility of glycogen synthesis from carbohydrate precursors in vertebrates' myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rakus
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Wroclaw University, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205, Wroclaw, Poland
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23
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MacDonald JA, Storey KB. Purification and characterization of fructose bisphosphate aldolase from the ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis: enzyme role in mammalian hibernation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 408:279-85. [PMID: 12464282 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6P(2)) aldolase was purified to homogeneity from skeletal muscle of the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. Enzyme properties were examined at temperatures characteristic of euthermia (37 degrees C) and hibernation (5 degrees C); parallel studies assessed rabbit muscle aldolase for comparison. Kinetic properties of each enzyme were differentially affected by assay temperature. For example, the K(m) for F1,6P(2) of ground squirrel aldolase was 0.9+/-0.05 microM at 37 degrees C and 50% higher (1.45+/-0.04 microM) at 5 degrees C, whereas the K(m) of rabbit aldolase increased threefold over the same temperature range. The inhibitory effects of adenylates were similar at both temperatures for the ground squirrel enzyme, but inhibition by adenosine 5(')-diphosphate, adenosine 5(')-monophosphate, and inosine 5(')-monophosphate was substantially reduced at 5 degrees C for rabbit aldolase. Inhibition by inorganic phosphate increased at lower temperatures for both enzymes; for ground squirrel aldolase, the K(i) was 1.18+/-0.1mM at 37 degrees C and 0.23+/-0.05 mM at 5 degrees C. Inhibition of aldolase by inorganic phosphate could be one factor that helps to shut down glycolysis during hibernation. Thus, mammalian hibernators may exploit low-temperature characteristics of aldolase to benefit the metabolic needs of the hibernating state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A MacDonald
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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24
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Dayan FE, Rimando AM, Tellez MR, Scheffler BE, Roy T, Abbas HK, Duke SO. Bioactivation of the fungal phytotoxin 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol by glycolytic enzymes is an essential component of its mechanism of action. Z NATURFORSCH C 2002; 57:645-53. [PMID: 12240991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
An isolate of Fusarium solani, NRRL 18883, produces the natural phytotoxin 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AhG). This fungal metabolite inhibited the growth of roots (150 of 1.6 mM), but it did not have any in vitro inhibitory activity. The mechanism of action of AhG requires enzymatic phosphorylation by plant glycolytic kinases to yield AhG-1,6-bisphosphate (AhG-1,6-bisP), an inhibitor of Fru-1,6-bisP aldolase. AhG-1,6-bisP had an I50 value of 570 microM on aldolase activity, and it competed with Fru-1,6-bisP for the catalytic site on the enzyme, with a Ki value of 103 microm. The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of Fru-1,6-bisP is required for the formation of an essential covalent bond to zeta amino functionality of lysine 225. The absence of this hydroxyl group on AhG-1,6-bisP prevents the normal catalytic function of aldolase. Nonetheless, modeling of the binding of AhG-1,6-bisP to the catalytic pocket shows that the inhibitor interacts with the amino acid residues of the binding site in a manner similar to that of Fru-1,6-bisP. The ability of F. solani to produce a fructose analog that is bioactivated by enzymes of the host plant in order to inhibit a major metabolic pathway illustrates the intricate biochemical processes involved in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck E Dayan
- USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS 38677, USA.
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25
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Larger E, Marre M. [Tissular toxicity of glucose and therapeutic perspectives]. Rev Prat 2001; 51:1765-8. [PMID: 11795119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are the main victims of chronic hyperglycaemia. In these cells glucose uptake is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in the medium. Excessive intracellular glucose concentration increases the production of free radicals. Free radicals directly activate 4 biochemical pathways which are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications: the hexosamine pathway, the polyol pathway, the advanced glycation endproducts pathway and the activation of protein kinase C. A precapillary vasodilatation is consequent to the developed pseudo-hypoxia, which provides a haemodynamic basis for diabetic microangiopathy. New specific inhibitors of each of these pathways are studied in clinical trials. Based on these pathophysiological observations, a new treatment strategy is proposed for diabetic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Larger
- Service de diabétologie-endocrinologie-nutrition Groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard 75877 Paris.
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26
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Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) shows several types of toxicities, some of which may be the result of bioactivation. Oxidation by P450s yields the electrophile TCE oxide. We previously analyzed N(6)-acyllysine adducts formed from the reaction of TCE oxide with proteins [Cai, H., and Guengerich, F. P. (2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 327-335]; however, we had been unable to measure ester adducts under the prolonged conditions of proteolysis and derivatization. Protein amino acid adducts were directly observed by mass spectrometry during the reaction of TCE oxide with the model polypeptides insulin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, residues 1-24). The majority (80%) of the protein adducts were unstable under physiological conditions and had a collective t(1/2) of approximately 1 h, suggesting that they are ester type adducts formed from reactions of Cys, Ser, Tyr, or Thr residues with intermediates formed in TCE oxide hydrolysis. Synthetic O-acetyl-L-Ser and O-acetyl-L-Tyr had half-lives of 1 h and 10 min at pH 8.0, respectively, similar to the stabilities of the protein adducts. The effects of TCE oxide adduct formation on catalytic activities were examined with five model enzymes. No recovery of catalytic activity was observed during the reaction of TCE oxide with two model enzymes for which the literature suggests roles of a Lys, rabbit muscle aldolase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. However, in the cases of papain (essential Cys residue in the active site), alpha-chymotrypsin (critical Ser residue), and D-amino acid oxidase (essential Cys and Tyr residues), time-dependent recoveries of enzyme activity were observed following reaction with TCE oxide or either of two model nucleophiles (dichloroacetyl chloride and acetic formic anhydride), paralleling the kinetics of removal of adducts from insulin and ACTH. Formation of adducts ( approximately 2%) was detected in the direct reaction of TCE oxide with 2'-deoxyguanosine, but not with the other three nucleosides found in DNA. During the reaction of TCE oxide with a synthetic 8-mer oligonucleotide, formation of adducts was observed by mass spectrometry. However, the adducts had a t(1/2) of 30 min at pH 8.5. These results indicate the transient nature of the adducts formed from the reaction of TCE oxide with macromolecules and their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Joerger AC, Gosse C, Fessner WD, Schulz GE. Catalytic action of fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase (class II) as derived from structure-directed mutagenesis. Biochemistry 2000; 39:6033-41. [PMID: 10821675 DOI: 10.1021/bi9927686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous analyses established the structures of unligated L-fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase and of the enzyme ligated with an inhibitor mimicking the substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate. These data allowed us to suggest a catalytic mechanism. On the basis of this proposal, numerous mutations were now introduced at the active center and tested with respect to their catalytic rates and their product distributions. For several mutants, the structures were determined. The results demonstrate the catalytic importance of some particular residues in defined conformations and in the mobile C-terminal chain end. Moreover, they led to a modification of the proposed mechanism. The effect of some mutations on enantioselectivity and on the ratio of diastereomer formation indicates clearly the binding site of the aldehyde moiety in relation to the other substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Joerger
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Walque
- Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Laboratory of Biochemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Dobryszycki P, Rymarczuk M, Bułaj G, Kochman M. Effect of acrylamide on aldolase structure. I. Induction of intermediate states. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1431:338-50. [PMID: 10350610 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a fluorescence quencher frequently applied for analysis of protein fluorophores exposure with the silent assumption that it does not affect the native structure of protein. In this report, it is shown that quenching of tryptophan residues in aldolase is a time-dependent process. The Stern-Volmer constant increases from 1.32 to 2.01 M-1 during the first 100 s of incubation of aldolase with acrylamide. Two tryptophan residues/subunit are accessible to quenching after 100 s of aldolase interaction with acrylamide. Up to about 1.2 M acrylamide concentration enzyme inactivation is reversible. Independent analyses of the changes of enzyme activity, 1ANS fluorescence during its displacement from aldolase active-site, UV-difference spectra and near-UV CD spectra were carried out to monitor the transition of aldolase structure. From these measurements a stepwise transformation of aldolase molecules from native state (N) through intermediates: I1, T, I2, to denatured (D) state is concluded. The maxima of I1, T, I2 and D states populations occur at 0.2, 1.0, 2.0 and above 3.0 M of acrylamide concentration, respectively. Above 3.5 M, acrylamide aldolase molecules become irreversibly inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dobryszycki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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Palop A, Rutherford GC, Marquis RE. Inactivation of enzymes within spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 by hydroperoxides. Can J Microbiol 1998; 44:465-70. [PMID: 9741972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The organic hydroperoxides t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and peracetic acid were found to act similarly to hydrogen peroxide in causing inactivation of enzymes within intact spores of bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 concomitant with mortality. Spores treated with lethal levels of the agents were germinated and permeabilized for enzyme assays. The hierarchy of sensitivities among enolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6Pdh), and pyruvate kinase to inactivation varied somewhat with the specific hydroperoxide used, possibly because of the differences in the types of radicals generated. However, each agent inactivated each of the enzymes, albeit at different rates. Comparative assessments of enzyme inactivation by lethal levels of H2O2 or by moist heat showed that some enzymes, such as G6Pdh, are highly sensitive to inactivation, while others, such as ATPases, are much more resistant. The enzymes G6Pdh and aldolase were highly sensitive to hydroperoxide inactivation and also to moist heat, while pyruvate kinase was much more sensitive to hydroperoxides than to moist heat. Our overall interpretation of the findings is that hydroperoxides and moist heat can produce cumulative damage to sensitive enzymes within spores, which progressively diminishes the capacities of the cells to undergo the outgrowth required for return to vegetative life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642-8672, USA
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31
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Haake V, Zrenner R, Sonnewald U, Stitt M. A moderate decrease of plastid aldolase activity inhibits photosynthesis, alters the levels of sugars and starch, and inhibits growth of potato plants. Plant J 1998; 14:147-57. [PMID: 9628012 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antisense expression of a full length cDNA encoding plastid aldolase led to decreased expression of aldolase at the transcript and protein level in several 'antisense' potato transformants. To quantify the inhibition, activity was compared in corresponding leaves down a plant and in plants of different ages. Aldolase activity was decreased by 32-43%, 56-71%, 79-83% and 91-97% in A-70, A-3, A-51 and A-2. Separation on a Q-Sepharose-FF column showed the decrease was due to inhibition of plastid aldolase. The transformants showed a small increase of Rubisco activity, a small decrease of phosphoribulokinase activity, and larger but subproportional decreases of sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase and plastid fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity. Ambient photosynthesis was inhibited by 10%, 40%, 66% and 85% in A-70, A-3, A-51 and A-2. The transformants contained increased triose phosphates, and very low ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and glycerate-3-phosphate. Chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that photosystem II was more reduced and thylakoid energization was increased. Starch synthesis was decreased by 16% and 36% in A-70 and A-3, whereas sucrose synthesis was less strongly inhibited. Plant growth was not significantly altered in A-70, was decreased by 41% in A-3, and was severely inhibited in plants with under 20% of wild-type aldolase activity. Although plastid aldolase catalyses a readily reversible reaction, possesses no known regulatory properties, and would appear irrelevant for the control of metabolism and growth, small changes in its activity have marked consequences for photosynthesis, carbon partitioning and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Haake
- Botanisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Iwami Y, Guha-Chowdhury N, Yamada T. Mechanism of inhibition of acid production in Streptococcus mutans by sodium ions under strictly anaerobic conditions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1997; 12:178-82. [PMID: 9467405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1997.tb00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acids excreted and intracellular levels of glycolytic intermediates during glucose metabolism in streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 under strictly anaerobic conditions were quantified in an attempt to understand the effect of sodium ions on bacterial acid production. In the presence of NaCl (0.15-0.30 M), the total amount of individual carboxylic acids excreted was inhibited by up to 31%. The intracellular level of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate increased by 58% and levels of 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate decreased by 46% and 12%, respectively. Sodium ions directly inhibited the activities of fructose 1,6-phosphate aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase. This indicated that the glycolytic enzymes responsible for the catalysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate were inhibited. However, in spite of the expected reduction in acid production intracellularly, the intracellular pH actually decreased in the presence of sodium ions. It is possible that the low intracellular pH inhibits the activity of the glycolytic enzymes involved in the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iwami
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Enzyme inactivation was utilized to study subunit interaction in the homotetrameric glycolytic enzyme, aldolase. Isoenzymes from rabbit liver and skeletal muscle were inactivated in the presence of Pi and d-glyceraldehyde-P to a maximum stoichiometry of one modification per aldolase subunit. Subunit modification increased net negative charge on each subunit surface and was used to resolve modified aldolase isoenzymes into various chromatographic species. A combination of anion-(Mono Q) and cation- (Mono S) exchange chromatography separated the modified aldolase homotetramers into three distinct enzyme populations: unchanged enzyme, fully modified enzyme corresponding to one ligand molecule incorporated per subunit and partially modified enzyme in which only one subunit out of four is modified. Both fully and partially modified species were devoid of catalytic activity. Activity loss through modification of a single subunit in both aldolase isoenzymes indicates tightly coupled communication between subunit active sites and suggests simple functional regulation of aldolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sygusch
- Departement de Biochimie, Faculté de Medécine, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Station Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7 Canada
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Samson I, Rozenski J, Samyn B, Van Aerschot A, Van Beeumen J, Herdewijn P. Screening a random pentapeptide library, composed of 14 D-amino acids, against the COOH-terminal sequence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:11378-83. [PMID: 9111046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.17.11378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A random pentapeptide library composed of 14 D-amino acids, including two unusual amino acids, thus representing 537,824 different peptide sequences anchored on polystyrene beads was created with each bead bearing a single pentapeptide sequence. This library was used for affinity screening against the fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase of Trypanosoma brucei labeled with biotin as well as versus the COOH-terminal labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The thus selected peptide beads were identified and the appropriate sequences synthesized as peptide amides and evaluated for enzyme activity inhibition. Screening against the whole enzyme did not result in selection of an enzyme inhibitor. However, we demonstrate here that screening against a part of the enzyme involved in the catalytic activity may lead to the discovery of an enzyme inhibitor as well as an enzyme activator. Two low affinity inhibitors, RRVKF-NH2 and KThiKAR-NH2, with an IC50 of approximately 1 mM and approximately 0.2 mM, respectively, were identified. Two other pentapeptides with the sequence SWChaKK-NH2 and SKChaKM-NH2 are able to activate the enzyme fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase. Thus, successful screening of solid phase libraries can be accomplished using selected sequences of the target enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Samson
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (F. F. W.), Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Abstract
The interactions of the phosphorylated derivatives of hydroquinone (HQN-P2), resorcinol (RSN-P2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA-P) and 2, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA-P; phosphate group at position 4) with fructose bisphosphate aldolase were analysed by enzyme kinetics, UV/visible difference spectroscopy and site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme activity was competitively inhibited in the presence of HQN-P2, RSN-P2 and HBA-P, whereas DHBA-P exhibited slow-binding inhibition. Inhibition by DHBA-P involved active-site Schiff-base formation and required a phenol group ortho to the aldehyde moiety. Rates of enzyme inactivation and of Schiff-base formation by DHBA-P were identical, and corresponded to 3.2-3.5 DHBA-P molecules covalently bound per aldolase tetramer at maximal inactivation. Site-directed mutagenesis of the active-site lysine residues at positions 107, 146 and 229 was found to be consistent with Schiff-base formation between DHBA-P and Lys-146, and this was promoted by Lys-229. Mutation of Glu-187, located vicinally between Lys-146 and Lys-229 in the active site, perturbed the rate of Schiff-base formation, suggesting a functional role for Glu-187 in Schiff-base formation and stabilization. The decreased cleavage activity of the active-site mutants towards fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is consistent with a proton-transfer mechanism involving Lys-229, Glu-187 and Lys-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blonski
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, UMR 5623, Bât IIR1, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Ashkenazy-Shahar M, Beitner R. Serotonin decreases cytoskeletal and cytosolic glycolytic enzymes and the levels of ATP and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in skin, which is prevented by the calmodulin antagonists thioridazine and clotrimazole. Biochem Mol Med 1997; 60:187-93. [PMID: 9169102 DOI: 10.1006/bmme.1996.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is believed to play a pathogenic role in skin damage and various skin abnormalities; however, its mechanism of action remains unknown. We show here that intradermal injection of serotonin in rats induced a marked reduction in the activities of the glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), in both the cytoskeletal and cytosolic fractions from skin. Serotonin also decreased the levels of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in skin, the powerful regulator of glucose metabolism. These serotonin-induced changes were accompanied by a marked decrease in ATP content in skin. All these pathological changes induced by serotonin were prevented by treatment with two structurally different calmodulin antagonists: thioridazine, an antipsychotic phenothiazine, or clotrimazole, from the group of the antifungal azole derivatives that were recently recognized as calmodulin antagonists. The present results suggest that calmodulin antagonists may be effective drugs in the treatment of skin damage under various pathological conditions and diseases in which serotonin levels are increased.
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37
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Gefflaut T, Blonski C, Périé J. Slow reversible inhibitions of rabbit muscle aldolase with substrate analogues: synthesis, enzymatic kinetics and UV difference spectroscopy studies. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:2043-54. [PMID: 9022970 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Various dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) analogues bearing an aromatic ring or beta-dicarbonyl structures were synthesized. Their capacity to form a stabilized iminium ion or conjugated enamine in the reaction catalyzed by rabbit muscle aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) were investigated by enzymatic kinetics and UV difference spectroscopic techniques. Whereas the aromatic derivative led to competitive inhibition without detectable iminium ion formation, slow reversible inhibitions of aldolase by beta-dicarbonyl compounds was shown to have taken place. Conjugated enamine formation at the active site of the enzyme was detected by their specific absorbances close to 317 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gefflaut
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, UMR 5623, Bát, IIR1, Université Paul Sabarier, Toulouse, France
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38
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Salahuddin A, Siddiqui FA, Salahuddin P. Isolation, purification and properties of cathepsin B from buffalo liver. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1996; 33:292-7. [PMID: 8936819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B was isolated from buffalo liver by salt fractionation, ion-exchange resin treatment, gel filtration and repeated ion-exchange chromatography using a linear salt gradient. The enzyme showed activity, against denatured hemoglobin (or ovalbumin), alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine p-nitroanilide (BAPNA), and alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamine (BANA). It inactivated buffalo muscle aldolase with a half life period of 21 min. The pH-activity profiles obtained for the digestion of hemoglobin (or ovalbumin) and aldolase inactivation by the enzyme were found to be different. The enzyme (mol wt 27,800 by SDS-PAGE) eluted in gel filtration with a molecular weight of 27,000 and a Stokes radius of 2.31 nm. The results showed buffalo cathepsin B to be a single-chain molecule. The N- and C-terminal amino acids of the enzyme were found to be leucine and aspartic acid, respectively. It contained 0.7% concanavalin A reactive neutral carbohydrate. The amino acid composition of buffalo cathepsin B was found to be similar to that of human liver cathepsin B. The optical properties of the buffalo enzyme were found consistent with its aromatic amino acid content. The isoionic pH of the enzyme was found to be 5.70 and the intrinsic viscosity was 3.48 ml/g whence the frictional ratio, f/f0 was computed to be 1.10 suggesting that the native enzyme conformation is compact and is globular in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salahuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, J N Medical College, Aligarh, India
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39
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Qamar S, Marsh K, Berry A. Identification of arginine 331 as an important active site residue in the class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli. Protein Sci 1996; 5:154-61. [PMID: 8771208 PMCID: PMC2143241 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560050119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the Class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli with the arginine-specific alpha-dicarbonyl reagents, butanedione or phenylglyoxal, results in inactivation of the enzyme. The enzyme is protected from inactivation by the substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, or by inorganic phosphate. Modification with [7-14C] phenylglyoxal in the absence of substrate demonstrates that enzyme activity is abolished by the incorporation of approximately 2 moles of reagent per mole of enzyme. Sequence alignment of the eight known Class II FBP-aldolases shows that only one arginine residue is conserved in all the known sequences. This residue, Arg-331, was mutated to either alanine or glutamic acid. The mutant enzymes were much less susceptible to inactivation by phenylglyoxal. Measurement of the steady-state kinetic parameters revealed that mutation of Arg-331 dramatically increased the K(m) for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Comparatively small differences in the inhibitor constant Ki for dihydroxyacetone phosphate or its analogue, 2-phosphoglycolate, were found between the wild-type and mutant enzymes. In contrast, the mutation caused large changes in the kinetic parameters when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was used as an inhibitor. Kinetic analysis of the oxidation of the carbanionic aldolase-substrate intermediate of the reaction by hexacyanoferrate (III) revealed that the K(m) for dihydroxyacetone phosphate was again unaffected, whereas that for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was dramatically increased. Taken together, these results show that Arg-331 is critically involved in the binding of fructose bisphosphate by the enzyme and demonstrate that it interacts with the C-6 phosphate group of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Blonski C, Gefflaut T, Perie J. Effects of chirality and substituents at carbon 3 in dihydroxyacetone-phosphate analogues on their binding to rabbit muscle aldolase. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:1247-53. [PMID: 8564417 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00093-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) analogues has been synthesized, differing in their stereochemistry and functionality at C-3. The kinetic effects of these compounds on the enzyme aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) have been studied and differing modes of action observed. Competitive and time dependent reversible inhibition have been shown to take place both with and without borohydride detected formation of an immonium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blonski
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, URA au CNRS 470, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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41
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Gefflaut T, Blonski C, Perie J, Willson M. Class I aldolases: substrate specificity, mechanism, inhibitors and structural aspects. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1995; 63:301-40. [PMID: 8599032 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(95)00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Gefflaut
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, URA CNRS 470 Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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42
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Kwiatkowska D, Modrzycka T, Sidorowicz A. Inhibition of fructose diphosphate aldolase by phosphatidylserine liposomes. Gen Physiol Biophys 1994; 13:425-31. [PMID: 7797050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Academy of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland
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43
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Abstract
Evidence for the presence of the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Helicobacter pylori was obtained using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bacterial lysates generated 6-phosphogluconate and NADH or NADPH in incubations with glucose-6-phosphate and NAD+ or NADP+, indicating the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Formation of pyruvate was observed in time courses of incubations of bacterial lysates with 6-phosphogluconate as the only substrate, suggesting the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase activities. The existence of these enzymes and of triose phosphate isomerase was confirmed by observing the appearance of dihydroxyacetone phosphate in time courses of bacterial lysates incubated with 6-phosphogluconate. Aldolase activity was measured by the production of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in lysates incubated with 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate as the sole substrate. Dehydrogenase, dehydratase and aldolase activities were observed in several bacterial strains including wild types from fresh isolates. Kinetic parameters were measured for the three activities. The cellular location of the enzymes was investigated by comparing the activities measured in the pellet and supernatant fractions obtained by centrifugation of lysate suspensions. The concentration of compounds causing 50% inhibition of enzyme activity was determined from dose-response curves. The data suggested the presence of two glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases linked to NAD+ and NADP+ activities. Using inhibitors differences between the H. pylori and mammalian KDPG aldolases were detected. The presence of these enzyme activities in H. pylori provided evidence for the existence of the Entner-Douderoff pathway in the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Mendz
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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44
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Périé J, de Albuquerque C, Blonski C, Chauvière G, Gefflaut T, Page P, Trinquier M, Willson M. [Rational concepts and the study of active molecules against various trypanosomiases]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1994; 87:353-361. [PMID: 7496200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Several sets of compounds, active against different trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi are presented, the lethal doses for some of them being less than the micro-molar concentration. These compounds are designed by taking advantage of two metabolic features of these parasites, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Périé
- Groupe de Chimie organique biologique, URA au CNRS 470, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse
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45
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Abstract
Tubulin and microtubules were modified with the protease, subtilisin. The modification reduced the length of alpha- or beta-tubulin by cleaving a peptide fragment from the C-terminals. Generation of alpha'beta'-tubulin, which is cleaved at both the alpha- and beta-subunit terminals, and alpha beta'-tubulin, which is cleaved at the beta-subunit C-terminal, have already been reported. In this work an isotype, alpha'beta-tubulin, was produced. The three modified tubulin isotypes were compared for their ability to interact with glycolytic enzymes. Cleavage of alpha led to a poorer interaction when tested via affinity chromatography. Tubulin also inhibits the activity of aldolase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. When the alpha-subunit C-terminal was intact, inhibition was greatest. These results imply that the C-terminal of the tubulin alpha-subunit is responsible for interactions with glycolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Volker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks 58202
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46
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Perie J, Riviere-Alric I, Blonski C, Gefflaut T, Lauth de Viguerie N, Trinquier M, Willson M, Opperdoes FR, Callens M. Inhibition of the glycolytic enzymes in the trypanosome: an approach in the development of new leads in the therapy of parasitic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 60:347-65. [PMID: 8022865 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis in the trypanosome represents an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents due to the fact that this metabolism is essential for the parasite, glucose being its sole source of energy. In addition, different features of this metabolism and those associated with glycolytic enzymes offer opportunities for the development of efficient and selective compounds. Examples are given in this work of inhibitors directed to the enzymes aldolase and glyceraldehyde-phosphate-dehydrogenase and also of molecules acting specifically on the clusters of basic amino-acids present at the surfaces of the glycolytic enzymes in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perie
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Biologique, URA au CNRS 470, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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47
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Callens M, Van Roy J, Zeelen JP, Borchert TV, Nalis D, Wierenga RK, Opperdoes FR. Selective interaction of glycosomal enzymes from Trypanosoma brucei with hydrophobic cyclic hexapeptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 195:667-72. [PMID: 8373406 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic cyclic hexapeptides have been reported to selectively inhibit glycosomal triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma brucei (Kuntz et al, 1992, Eur. J. Biochem., 207, 441-447). Here it is shown that this inhibition is not due to a specific interaction between the enzyme and soluble hydrophobic cyclic hexapeptides, but that it is the result of a coprecipitation of trypanosome triosephosphate isomerase with cyclic hexapeptides when the solubilities of the latter are exceeded. A study of the interaction of these hexapeptides with other glycosomal enzymes revealed that several of them, such as phosphoglycerate kinase and hexokinase, also coprecipitated with these peptides, whereas most of the homologous enzymes from other organisms did not coprecipitate, nor were they inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Callens
- Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
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48
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Itin C, Burki Y, Certa U, Döbeli H. Selective inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum aldolase by a tubulin derived peptide and identification of the binding site. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993; 58:135-43. [PMID: 8459825 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90097-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aldolase of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfAldo) may be a potential target for the development of novel antimalarial drugs. Using in vitro mutagenesis we analyzed the function of the carboxy-terminus of the recombinant enzyme. Deletion of the carboxy-terminus of PfAldo confirmed its critical role in catalysis; exchange of conserved residues minimally affected enzyme activity. We exchanged a pair of parasite specific lysine residues with corresponding amino acids of the host. These mutant enzymes exhibited an increased catalytic activity and reduced binding to erythrocyte band 3 protein. Homologous peptides of human band 3 protein and P. falciparum alpha-tubulin were competitive inhibitors of PfAldo. Selective inhibition of PfAldo by the alpha-tubulin peptide depends on the presence of tandem lysine residues and the fine structure of the inhibitor peptide. Our data support the concept of a matrix organisation of glycolytic enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Itin
- Department PRT, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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Ogata H, Fukuda T, Yamamoto K, Funakoshi J, Takada K, Yasue N, Fujisaki S, Kajigaeshi S. An exploration of the binding site of aldolase using alkyl glycolamido phosphoric esters and alkyl monoglycolate phosphoric esters. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1119:123-6. [PMID: 1540643 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90381-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl glycolamido phosphoric esters (P-O-CH2-CO-NH-(CH2)n-CH3) and alkyl monoglycolate phosphoric esters (P-O-CH2-CO-O-(CH2)n-CH3), which are analogs of the aldolase substrate fructose-1-phosphate, were synthesized and use for probing the active site of rabbit muscle aldolase. The inhibition constants (Ki) were affected by the length of the alkyl groups of these compounds and a maximum value of Ki was observed between the number of methylene groups 2 and 4, depending on the type of compound. In the previous investigation, N-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-glycolamido bisphosphoric esters (P-O-CH2-CO-NH-(CH2)n-O-P) and alkanediol monoglyclolate bisphosphoric esters (P-O-CH2-CO-O-(CH2)n-O-P) have a minimum Ki value between the number of methylene groups 1 and 4. The difference spectra of aldolase caused by binding of alkyl glycoamido phosphoric esters or alkyl monophosphates resembled that of their analogous bisphosphoric esters, but the intensity of absorbance was smaller than that of the bisphosphoric ester analogs. These results suggest that rabbit muscle aldolase has two binding sites for the phosphate groups on the entrance end of the active site cavity, the singly wound beta-barrel of the parallel alpha/beta class structure. The distance between the phosphate binding site Lys-107 in the beta-sheet structure (c) and Arg-148 in the beta-sheet structure (d) may possibly be expanded or contracted by the forms of the bending structure of the biphosphate compounds. Also, the change of distance between the beta-sheet structure (c) and (d) containing Trp-147, may have an effect on the environment of the tryptophan and cause a change of the absorbance of aldolase especially at 295-299 nm. On the other hand, the synthetic monophosphate compounds bind at only one of the two phosphate binding sites and have very little effect on the absorbance of Trp-147, in a similar manner as orthophosphate. The alkyl groups of monophosphate may be repelled by the ionic amino acid side chains, Asp-33, Lys-146, Glu-187 and/or Lys-229 in the middle of the active site cavity. However, the end of the long alkyl group of some monophosphates may possibly contact the hydrophobic bottom of the active site cavity without effect on the environment of Trp-147.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ogata
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The School of Allied Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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Certa U, Itin C, Döbeli H. In vitro mutagenesis defines drug targets in adolase of Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1992; 87 Suppl 3:263-4. [PMID: 1343698 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761992000700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- U Certa
- Department PRT, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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