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Kode NR, Vanden Eynde JJ, Mayence A, Wang G, Huang TL. Design and synthesis of N¹,N⁵-bis[4-(5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides as potential antifungal prodrugs. Molecules 2013; 18:11250-63. [PMID: 24036514 PMCID: PMC6270005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile three step synthesis of a group of N1,N5-bis[4-(5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides, N1,N5-bis[4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide and N1,N5-bis[4-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide is described. These products are designed to function as masked bis-amidine prodrugs of a promising N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-(carbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide antifungal lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Kode
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Jean J. Vanden Eynde
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Annie Mayence
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Tien L. Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
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Riscob B, Shakir M, Sundar JK, Natarajan S, Wahab MA, Bhagavannarayana G. Synthesis, growth, crystal structure and characterization of a new organic material: glycine glutaric acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 78:543-548. [PMID: 21163691 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycine glutaric acid, a new organic compound has been synthesized and good quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The structure of the grown crystal was elucidated by using single crystal XRD. The presence of the functional groups was confirmed by using FT-IR spectroscopy. The optical transparency was studied by using UV-vis spectrophotometer and it was found that the crystal is having high optical transparency. The thermal stability of the crystal was studied by using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses and found that it is stable up to 150°C. The room temperature dielectric studies were also carried out over the wide frequency range: 10 mHz to 10 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Riscob
- National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110 012, India
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3
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Abstract
In this work, a complementary experimental and theoretical approach is used to unravel the formation of byproducts in the autoxidation of cyclohexane. The widely accepted vision that cyclohexanone would be the most important precursor of undesired products was found inconsistent with several experimental observations. However, the propagation reaction of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, which we recently put forward as the missing source of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, is now unambiguously identified also as the dominant path leading to byproducts. Indeed, this overlooked reaction produces large amounts of cyclohexoxy radicals, able to ring-open via a beta-C--C cleavage to omega-formyl radicals. The pathway by which these radicals are converted into the observed and quantified byproducts is derived in this work. In this liquid-phase reaction, solvent cages were found very important, steering the fate of nascent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ive Hermans
- K.U.Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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4
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A facile route to the alpha-methyl ester of 2-methyleneglutarate via a three-step sequence from 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentene is described. Regioselective formation of the monoacid from a diester precursor proceeds via a novel fluoride-mediated, tandem deprotection/rearrangement of O-silyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)dimethylglutarate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Bartley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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5
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Pierik AJ, Ciceri D, Lopez RF, Kroll F, Bröker G, Beatrix B, Buckel W, Golding BT. Searching for intermediates in the carbon skeleton rearrangement of 2-methyleneglutarate to (R)-3-methylitaconate catalyzed by coenzyme B12-dependent 2-methyleneglutarate mutase from Eubacterium barkeri. Biochemistry 2005; 44:10541-51. [PMID: 16060663 DOI: 10.1021/bi050049n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme B(12)-dependent 2-methyleneglutarate mutase from the strict anaerobe Eubacterium barkeri catalyzes the equilibration of 2-methyleneglutarate with (R)-3-methylitaconate. Proteins with mutations in the highly conserved coenzyme binding-motif DXH(X)(2)G(X)(41)GG (D483N and H485Q) exhibited decreased substrate turnover by 2000-fold and >4000-fold, respectively. These findings are consistent with the notion of H485 hydrogen-bonded to D483 being the lower axial ligand of adenosylcobalamin in 2-methyleneglutarate mutase. (E)- and (Z)-2-methylpent-2-enedioate and all four stereoisomers of 1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylate were synthesized and tested, along with acrylate, with respect to their inhibitory potential. Acrylate and the 2-methylpent-2-enedioates were noninhibitory. Among the 1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylates only the (1R,2R)-isomer displayed weak inhibition (noncompetitive, K(i) = 13 mM). Short incubation (5 min) of 2-methyleneglutarate mutase with 2-methyleneglutarate under anaerobic conditions generated an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal (g(xy) approximately 2.1; g(z) approximately 2.0), which by analogy with the findings on glutamate mutase from Clostridium cochlearium [Biochemistry, 1998, 37, 4105-4113] was assigned to cob(II)alamin coupled to a carbon-centered radical. At longer incubation times (>1 h), inactivation of the mutase occurred concomitant with the formation of oxygen-insensitive cob(II)alamin (g(xy) approximately 2.25; g(z) approximately 2.0). In order to identify the carbon-centered radical, various (13)C- and one (2)H-labeled substrate/product molecules were synthesized. Broadening (0.5 mT) of the EPR signal around g = 2.1 was observed only when C2 and/or C4 of 2-methyleneglutarate was labeled. No effect on the EPR signals was seen when [5'-(13)C]adenosylcobalamin was used as coenzyme. The inhibition and EPR data are discussed in the context of the addition-elimination and fragmentation-recombination mechanisms proposed for 2-methyleneglutarate mutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pierik
- Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Tsukamoto T, Majer P, Vitharana D, Ni C, Hin B, Lu XCM, Thomas AG, Wozniak KM, Calvin DC, Wu Y, Slusher BS, Scarpetti D, Bonneville GW. Enantiospecificity of glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibition. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2319-24. [PMID: 15801825 DOI: 10.1021/jm049258g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two representative glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitors, 2-(hydroxypentafluorophenylmethyl-phosphinoylmethyl)pentanedioic acid 2 and 2-(3-mercaptopropyl)pentanedioic acid 3, were synthesized in high optical purities (>97%ee). The two enantiomers of 2 were prepared from previously reported chiral intermediates, (R)- and (S)-2-(hydroxyphosphinoylmethyl)pentanedioic acid benzyl esters 8. The synthesis of (R)- and (S)-3 involves the hydrolysis of (R)- and (S)-3-(2-oxo-tetrahydro-thiopyran-3-yl)propionic acids, (R)- and (S)-11, the corresponding optically pure thiolactones delivered by chiral chromatographic separation of the racemic 11. GCP II inhibitory assay revealed that (S)-2 is 40-fold more potent than (R)-2. In contrast, both enantiomers of 3 inhibited GCP II with nearly equal potency. The efficacy observed in subsequent animal studies with these enantiomers correlated well with the inhibitory potency in a GCP II assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsukamoto
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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7
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Skrzypczynski Z, Wayland S. A Modular Approach to the Synthesis of New Reagents Useful in the Chemical Synthesis of Modified DNA Probes: Derivatives of 3-(tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy)glutaric Anhydride as Versatile Building Blocks in the Synthesis of New Phosphoramidites and Modified Solid Supports. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:583-93. [PMID: 15149187 DOI: 10.1021/bc0342231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a flexible and cost-efficient synthetic strategy for the preparation of a new family of phosphoramidite and solid-support reagents that can introduce a broad range of modifications into DNA probes. The key intermediate material 3 is synthesized using the inexpensive and commercially available 3-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)glutaric anhydride 1 and can be used as common starting material for the preparation of new labeling reagents.
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8
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Abstract
In our previous studies for the development of new anticonvulsant of broad spectrum, we found that N-cbz-alpha-aminoglutarimides showed significant anticonvulsant activities of broad spectrum enough to be recommended for the new anticonvulsants and their anticonvulsant activities were dependent on their imide substituent groups. Based on these results, various N-cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkoxyglutarimides, where the imide N-H was substituted with the hydroxy and alkoxy group, were prepared and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activities using the Maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole induced seizure (PTZ) tests and also the rotorod test. A series of (R) or (S)-N-cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkoxyglutarimides could be prepared from the corresponding (R) or (S)-N-cbz-glutamic acid following the usual synthetic procedure. Among them, (R)-N-cbz-alpha-amino-N-hydroxyglutarimide (ED50=86.25 mg/kg) was most active in the MES test. In the case of the PTZ test, (R)-N-cbz-alpha-amino-N-benzyloxyglutarimide (ED50=62.5 mg/kg) was most active. Among the tested compounds, 2a-c, 3a, and 3b showed anticonvulsant activities in the MES and PTZ test. All of the tested compounds, except 2f and 3f, showed significant anticonvulsant activities in the MES or PTZ test. In addition, the neurotoxicities of these compounds were comparable to other anticonvulsant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, 110-1 Daeyeon-Dong, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-736, Korea
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9
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Majer P, Jackson PF, Delahanty G, Grella BS, Ko YS, Li W, Liu Q, Maclin KM, Poláková J, Shaffer KA, Stoermer D, Vitharana D, Wang EY, Zakrzewski A, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Wozniak KM, Burak E, Limsakun T, Tsukamoto T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiol-based inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II: discovery of an orally active GCP II inhibitor. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1989-96. [PMID: 12723961 DOI: 10.1021/jm020515w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(thioalkyl)pentanedioic acids were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II, EC 3.4.17.21). The inhibitory potency of these thiol-based compounds against GCP II was found to be dependent on the number of methylene units between the thiol group and pentanedioic acid. A comparison of the SAR of the thiol-based inhibitors to that of the phosphonate-based inhibitors provides insight into the role of each of the two zinc-binding groups in GCP II inhibition. The most potent thiol-based inhibitor, 2-(3-mercaptopropyl)pentanedioic acid (IC(50) = 90 nM), was found to be orally bioavailable in rats and exhibited efficacy in an animal model of neuropathic pain following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majer
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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10
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Goodman SL, Hölzemann G, Sulyok GAG, Kessler H. Nanomolar small molecule inhibitors for alphav(beta)6, alphav(beta)5, and alphav(beta)3 integrins. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1045-51. [PMID: 11855984 DOI: 10.1021/jm0102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrin adhesion receptors frequently recognize a core amino acid sequence, Arg-Gly-Asp, in their target ligands. Inhibitors with the ability to inhibit one or a small subset of such RGD-dependent integrins have been invaluable in defining their biological function. Here, we have characterized low molecular weight inhibitors for their ability to specifically inhibit alphav(beta)6 integrin, a fibronectin/tenascin receptor. As of yet, no nonpeptidic inhibitor of alphav(beta)6 was known. New peptidomimetic and nonpeptidic compounds were examined in isolated integrin binding assays and in cell adhesion assays for their ability to block alphav(beta)6, alphav(beta)3, alphav(beta)5, and alphalIb(beta)3 integrins. The compounds are based on an aromatically substituted beta amino acid or glutaric acid derivative as an acidic center and an aminopyridyl or guanidyl residue as a basic mimetic. We found several classes of inhibitors with different selectivities, especially mono- or biselectivity on the alpha(v)-integrins alphav(beta)6 and alphav(beta)3, and nanomolar activity. Furthermore, nearly all compounds are inactive on alphaIIb(beta)3. Compound 11 is the first specific, peptidomimetic inhibitor of the alphav(beta)6 integrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Goodman
- Department of Preclinical Oncology and Medicinal Chemistry, Merck KGaA, Frankfurterstr. 250, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany.
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11
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Müller DR, Schindler P, Towbin H, Wirth U, Voshol H, Hoving S, Steinmetz MO. Isotope-tagged cross-linking reagents. A new tool in mass spectrometric protein interaction analysis. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1927-34. [PMID: 11354472 DOI: 10.1021/ac001379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In protein interaction analysis, one promising method to identify the involved proteins and to characterize interacting sites at the same time is the mass spectrometric analysis of enzymatic hydrolysates of covalently cross-linked complexes. While protein identification can be accomplished by the methodology developed for proteome analysis, the unequivocal detection and characterization of cross-linked sites remained involved without selection criteria for linked peptides in addition to mass. To provide such criteria, we incorporated cross-links with a distinct isotope pattern into the microtubule-destabilizing protein Op18/stathmin (Op18) and into complexes formed by Op18 with tubulin. The deuterium-labeled cross-linking reagents bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)-glutarate-d4, -pimelate-d4, and -sebacate-d4 were prepared together with their undeuterated counterparts and applied as a 1:1 mixture of the respective d0 and d4 isotopomers. The resulting d0/d4 isotope tags allowed a straightforward mass spectrometric detection of peptides carrying the linker even in complex enzymatic protein hydrolysates. In the structure elucidation of the linked peptides by MS/MS, the assignment of the linked amino acids was again greatly facilitated by the d0/d4 tag. By applying two cross-linkers with similar reactivity but different spacer length in parallel, even doublets with very low intensity could be assigned with high confidence in MS and MS/MS spectra. Since in the Op18-tubulin complexes only a limited number of peptides carried the linker, the identification of the involved proteins per se was not impeded, thus accomplishing both protein identification and characterization of interacting sites in the same experiment. This novel methodology allowed us to significantly refine the current view of the complex between Op18 and tubulin corroborating the tubulin "capping" activity of the N-terminal domain of Op18.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Müller
- Functional Genomics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Goswami D, Sen S, De AU. Possible antineoplastic agents, part 15: synthesis, biological activity and quantitative structure activity relationship of substituted-2-(4'-methoxybenzenesulphonamido) glutaric acid analogs against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Pharmazie 2001; 56:366-71. [PMID: 11400550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Some substituted-2-(4'-methoxybenzenesulphonamido) glutaric acid analogs (5a-m, 7a-d) have been synthesized and tested for their possible antineoplastic activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice using tumour (ascitic fluid) weight as activity parameter. Some of these compounds possess encouraging antitumour activity. A QSAR study, performed by the classical Hansch method, explains the significance of hydrophobic binding and electronic influence in the mechanism of antineoplastic action in this group of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goswami
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India
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13
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Nan F, Bzdega T, Pshenichkin S, Wroblewski JT, Wroblewska B, Neale JH, Kozikowski AP. Dual function glutamate-related ligands: discovery of a novel, potent inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II possessing mGluR3 agonist activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:772-4. [PMID: 10715144 DOI: 10.1021/jm9905559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Nan
- Drug Discovery Program, Georgetown Institute for Cognitive & Computational Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007-2197, USA
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14
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Lee J, Son K, Kim M, Jung G, Choi J, Lee ES, Park M. The effect of N-substituted alkyl groups on anticonvulsant activities of N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkylglutarimides. Arch Pharm Res 1999; 22:491-5. [PMID: 10549577 DOI: 10.1007/bf02979158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the effects of N-substituted alkyl group on the anticonvulsant activities of N-Cbz-alpha-aminoglutarimides as novel anticonvulsants with broad spectrum, a series of (R) or (S) N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkylglutarimides (1 and 2) were prepared from the corresponding (R) or (S) N-Cbz-glutamic acid and evaluated for the anticonvulsant activities in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test and pentylenetetrazol induced seizure (PTZ) test, including the neurotoxicity. The most potent compound in the MES test was (S) N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-methylglutarimide (ED50=36.3 mg/kg, PI=1.7). This compound was also most potent in the PTZ test (ED50=12.5 mg/kg, PI=5.0). The order of anticonvulsant activities against the MES test as evaluated from ED50 values for (R) series was N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl; for the (S) series N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl > N-isobutyl compound. Against the PTZ tests, the order of anticonvulsant activities showed similar pattern; for the (R) series, N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl; for the (S) series N-methyl > N-H > N-ethyl > N-allyl > N-isobutyl compound. From the above results, N-substituted alkyl groups were thought to play an important role for the anticonvulsant activities of N-Cbz-alpha-amino-N-alkylglutarimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Koshin Medical Center, Pusan, Korea
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15
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Shah JH, Swartz GM, Papathanassiu AE, Treston AM, Fogler WE, Madsen JW, Green SJ. Synthesis and enantiomeric separation of 2-phthalimidino-glutaric acid analogues: potent inhibitors of tumor metastasis. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3014-7. [PMID: 10447943 DOI: 10.1021/jm990083y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Shah
- EntreMed, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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16
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Perez JM, Camazón M, Alvarez-Valdes A, Quiroga AG, Kelland LR, Alonso C, Navarro-Ranninger MC. Synthesis, characterization and DNA modification induced by a novel Pt(IV)-bis(monoglutarate) complex which induces apoptosis in glioma cells. Chem Biol Interact 1999; 117:99-115. [PMID: 10190571 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(98)00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a mechanism for the elimination of cells that occurs not only in physiological processes but also in drug-induced tumor cell death. Thus, because cisplatin, cis-diamminechloroplatinum (II), produces important damages on the DNA inducing apoptosis in several cell lines it has become a widely used antitumor drug. However, cisplatin possesses some dose-limiting toxicities mainly nephrotoxicity. Pt(IV) complexes, such as iproplatin, ormaplatin, and JM216 are a new class of platinum complexes that exhibits less toxicity than cisplatin. Some of these complexes have shown significant antitumor activity and a low cross-resistance to cisplatin. In the present paper, we have analyzed the DNA binding mode and the cytotoxicity of a novel Pt(IV)-bis (monoglutarate) complex. The data show that this novel complex produces DNA interstrand cross-links to a higher extent and with a faster kinetics than cisplatin. Also the Pt(IV)-bis (monoglutarate) complex kills glioma cells at drug concentrations significantly lower than those of cisplatin. Interestingly, this Pt(IV) complex produces in the glioma cells characteristic features of apoptosis such as 'DNA laddering' and fragmented nuclei. Moreover, the p53 protein accumulates early in glioma cells as a result of Pt(IV)-bis (monoglutarate) treatment. These data indicate that the Pt(IV)-bis (monoglutarate) complex induces apoptosis in glioma cells through a p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Perez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
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17
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Sun IC, Wang HK, Kashiwada Y, Shen JK, Cosentino LM, Chen CH, Yang LM, Lee KH. Anti-AIDS agents. 34. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of betulin derivatives as anti-HIV agents. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4648-57. [PMID: 9804704 DOI: 10.1021/jm980391g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Succinyl and 3'-substituted glutaryl betulin derivatives showed stronger anti-HIV activity and higher therapeutic index (TI) values than their dihydrobetulin counterparts, with ratios of 1.2:1 to 15:1 (cf. 7 and 15, 9 and 17, 10 and 18, 11 and 19, and 12 and 20). For various 3'-substituted glutaryl compounds, the order of anti-HIV effects, from strong to weak inhibition, was 3',3'-dimethyl, 3'-methyl, 3'-ethyl-3'-methyl, followed by 3',3'-tetramethylene glutaryl derivatives (10 > 9 > 11 > 12, 18 > 17 > 19 > 20). The most potent compound, 10, has two 3',3'-dimethylglutaryl groups and displays significant anti-HIV potency with an EC50 value of 0.000 66 microM and a TI of 21 515. Results for compounds (22 and 23) without a C-3 acyl group confirmed the importance of the C-3 acyl group to the anti-HIV effect. With 3',3'-tetramethylene glutaryl derivatives, triacyl 29 showed stronger inhibition than diacyl 12; in contrast, 3',3'-dimethylglutaryl compounds displayed opposite results. 3-Keto compounds (35 and 36) and 2,3-dihydro compounds (39 and 40) had EC50 values in the range of 4.3-10.0 microM, suggesting that A ring modification led to decreased potency. The reduced activity of amide (33 and 34), ester (41), and oxime (42) analogues suggested that the orientation and linkage of the C-3 acyl side chain play crucial roles in the potent anti-HIV activity. Finally, replacing the C-28 acyl group with a bulky non-carboxylic group produced a less potent compound (44). In the study of mechanism of action, our results indicated that fusion is not the primary target for the anti-HIV activity of 10. It appears to inhibit HIV replication at a late stage of the viral life cycle, i.e., after viral protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Sun
- Natural Products Laboratory, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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Muetterties KA, Hoener BA, Engelstad BL, Tongol JM, Wikstrom MG, Wang SC, Eason RG, Moseley ME, White DL. Ferrioxamine B derivatives as hepatobiliary contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 1991; 22:88-100. [PMID: 1798398 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Succinyl (SDF), phenylsuccinyl (PSDF), glutaryl (GDF), and phenylglutaryl (PGDF) derivatives of desferrioxamine B (DF) have been synthesized. In rats given the 59Fe(III) chelates of each these ligands at tracer levels, 82-94% of the 59Fe was eliminated within 1-2 days. 59Fe given as DF, SDF, and GDF chelates was excreted primarily in the urine, while nearly 50% of that given as PSDF and PGDF was excreted in the feces. Correspondingly, Fe-DF, Fe-SDF, and Fe-GDF (0.2 mmol/kg) produced early, marked renal, but no gastrointestinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement. Fe-PSDF and Fe-PGDF (0.2 mmol/kg) produced marked and rapid MRI enhancement of the upper small intestine. In animals with cannulated bile ducts, 59Fe from 59Fe-PGDF (carrier added, 0.1 mmol/kg) appeared rapidly in the collected bile, but not in the intestinal contents, proving that the contrast agent reaches the bowel via the bile. These changes in the excretion and MRI enhancement patterns brought about by the presence of a phenyl substituent apparently were not related to changes in lipophilicity or protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Muetterties
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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19
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Abstract
Mitomycin C, an anti-neoplastic agent, was covalently attached to bovine serum albumin through various kinds of spacers such as glutaryl, succinyl, trans-aconityl, methylsuccinyl and the trimellityl group. The prior acylation of albumin not only prevented protein polymerization in the presence of carbodiimide, but also increased the extent of conjugation of the drug. The conjugate of mitomycin C-glutarylated albumin showed the best properties among the conjugates prepared in meeting the requirements for a high yield of nonpolymerized product with an adequately high mitomycin C content and stability as a macromolecular prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaneo
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Japan
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20
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Uchida I, Hashimoto S, Iwamoto T, Takase S, Hashimoto M. Studies on new dehydropeptidase inhibitors. IV. Chemical transformation of WS1358 compounds and an improved synthesis of WS1358A1. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1990; 43:344-51. [PMID: 2351610 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.43.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The structures of compounds 3 (and 4) and 5 (and 6) derived from the natural products WS1358A1 (1) (and B1 (2)) have been determined by their spectroscopic evidence. By taking advantage of these transformations, an improved synthesis of A1 (1, racemate) has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Uchida
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Abstract
The synthesis of two new series of dicarboxylic acid dipeptides and two sulfhydryl-containing inhibitors are described. The in vitro enkephalinase inhibition data and some in vivo analgesic data are presented for these compounds. For the dibenzylglutaric acid series structure-activity relationships and in vivo analgesic activity are discussed. The reverse amides, i.e., 4-amino-2,4-dibenzylbutyric acid derivatives, are also discussed. Two sulfhydryl-containing inhibitors showed good in vivo potency in the mouse jump-latency hot-plate test after peripheral administration at moderate low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ksander
- Research Department, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901
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22
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Abstract
alpha-Guanidinoglutaric acid (alpha-GGA) has been reported to occur in the cerebral cortex after epileptic seizures. No physical characteristics of alpha-GGA have been given. A practical procedure for the preparation of alpha-GGA is reported here. alpha-GGA forms a lactam in aqueous solution at 80 degrees C. It is proposed to substitute this lactam, 1-amidino-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (pAGlu), for pyroglutamic acid (pGlu) at the N-terminal position in neuropeptides to modify their biological characteristics. L(+)-Glutamic acid was reacted with S-methylisothiourea (I) at pH 10 in aqueous solution to form L(-)-alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: mp 165-168 degrees C, [alpha]22D = -22.7 (C = 4, 2 M HCl). alpha-GGA reacted promptly with excess reagent to form a salt, S-methylisothiourea-alpha-guanidinoglutarate: mp 209-210 degrees C, [alpha]22D = -13.0 (C = 4, 2 M HCl). I was removed from the salt with aqueous picric acid, since I readily formed an insoluble picrate, S-methylisothiourea picrate (mp 225-228 degrees C). Alternatively, the salt was added to a cation exchange column, and the alpha-GGA was eluted with molar ammonium acetate buffer, pH 9.5. Its lactam, 1-amidino-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, mp 248-249 degrees C, [alpha]22D = +2.1 (C = 4, 2 M HCl), formed a picrate (mp 196-199 degrees C).
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23
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Baran JS, Laos I, Langford DD, Miller JE, Jett C, Taite B, Rohrbacher E. 3-Alkyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acids: a new class of hypocholesterolemic HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. 1. J Med Chem 1985; 28:597-601. [PMID: 3989819 DOI: 10.1021/jm50001a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG), a portion of the substrate for HMG CoA reductase, were prepared and tested for their inhibitory action against rat liver HMG CoA reductase and for their hypocholesterolemic activity. Structure-dependent competitive inhibition was observed. Optimal structures had a free dicarboxylic acid with an alkyl group of 13-16 carbons at position 3. 3-n-Pentadecyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3j) (IC50 = 50 microM) reduced serum cholesterol in the Triton-treated rat and HMG CoA reductase activity in the 20,25-diazacholesterol-treated rat.
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24
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Nguyen TG, Gerbing K, Eggerer H. New substrates and inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1984; 365:1-8. [PMID: 6201428 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1984.365.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Methyl (RS)-5-bromo-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-pentanoate was prepared by bromination of methyl mevalonate and used for the formation of 4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl thioether derivatives by reaction with N-octanoyl-cysteamine, pantetheine, phosphopantetheine and coenzyme A. These thiols were also converted to the (RS)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl thioester derivatives. The thioesters formed with pantetheine and phosphopantetheine are substrates of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; Km and V values are similar to those of the superior CoA-derivative. The corresponding thioether derivatives in which the oxygen next to sulfur of the substrates is replaced by hydrogen, are inhibitors of the reductase. The inhibition is competitive with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA varied, and noncompetitive with NADPH varied. For each of the corresponding pairs of thioester and thioether derivatives Km (substrate) is nearly identical with Ki (inhibitor). The specificity and stereospecificity of the inhibitor action are also shown.
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25
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Cozzi P, Carganico G, Orsini G. Synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-cyclohexylbutyric acid derivatives. 1. Cyclic homologues of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid. J Med Chem 1983; 26:1764-6. [PMID: 6196482 DOI: 10.1021/jm00366a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Z and E isomers of 3-methyl-3-(carboxymethyl)hexahydro-1 (3H)-isobenzofuranones (I), lactones of 3-hydroxy-3-(2-carboxycyclohexyl) butyric acids (II), were prepared and tested on cholesterol biosynthesis in vitro. Compound I of the Z series was prepared through its ethyl ester by hydrogenation, over Rh/Al2O3 catalyst, of the phenyl ring of 3-methyl-3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone. Compound I of the E series was prepared, through its ethyl ester, by Reformatsky reaction from ethyl (E)-2-acetylcyclohexanecarboxylate. 3-Methyl-3-(carboxymethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, and 3-methyl-3-(carboxymethyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone were also prepared and tested. The above compounds inhibited acetate incorporation in cholesterol and fatty acids in rat liver slices at 5 X 10(-3) M but lack specific inhibitory activity on HMG-CoA reductase.
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26
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Pollitt RJ. The occurrence of substituted 3-methyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acids in urine in propionic acidaemia and in beta-ketothiolase deficiency. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1983; 10:253-7. [PMID: 6133567 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
THe urine of two patients with propionic acidaemia contained 3-ethyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid which has a propionyl residue in place of one of the acetyl residues of the normal metabolite 3-methyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid. Related compounds, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid and 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid, could not be detected in propionic acidaemia urine, but 2,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid was excreted by a patient with beta-ketothiolase deficiency.
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27
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Duran M, Bruinvis L, Ketting D, Kamerling JP, Wadman SK, Schutgens RB. The identification of (E)-2-methylglutaconic acid, a new isoleucine metabolite, in the urine of patients with beta-ketothiolase deficiency, propionic acidaemia and methylmalonic acidaemia. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1982; 9:1-5. [PMID: 7059658 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The identification of (E)-2-methylglutaconic acid, a 'new' metabolite of isoleucine, is described. The substance was detected in urine samples from patients with propionic acidaemia, methylmalonic acidaemia and so-called beta-ketothiolase deficiency; in the majority of cases together with N-tiglylglycine. (E)-2-Methylglutaconic acid is thought to be the end product of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase-catalysed carboxylation of tiglyl-CoA. Prerequisites for the quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of the unstable 2- (and 3-) methyl-glutaconic acid ditrimethylsilyl ester are given.
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28
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Harke HP, Püst U. [Quantitative determination of glutaraldehyde in disinfectants (author's transl)]. Zentralbl Bakteriol B 1978; 167:87-9. [PMID: 102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde is oxidized by KMnO4 to glutaricacid. The separation of the glutaricacid from the reaction-mixture by use of extraction columns is followed by quantitative gas-chromatography.
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30
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Dowd P, Trivedi BK, Shairo M, Marwaha LK. Vitamin B-12 model studies. Migration of the acrylate fragment in the carbon-skeleton rearrangement leading to alpha-methyleneglutaric acid. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:7875-7. [PMID: 993509 DOI: 10.1021/ja00440a097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Boots MR, Marecki PE, Boots SG, Guyer KE. Hypocholesterolemic agents IV: inhibition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by arylalkenyl and arylepoxy hydrogen succinates and glutarates. J Pharm Sci 1976; 65:724-7. [PMID: 932941 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600650523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two series of half acid esters of succinic and glutaric acids were synthesized and assayed for inhibition of rat liver beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Irreversible inhibition was studied by incorporation of a potential alkylating group (the epoxide function) into the side chain of the alcohol portion of the half acid esters. Incorporation of a terminal olefin function into the side chain of the alcohol portion of the half acid esters provided a group that could form a charge-transfer complex. Neither irreversible inhibition nor formation of a charge-transfer complex was indicated from these studies; however, the two series of half acid esters exhibited reversible inhibition.
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32
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Sekura R, Hochreiter M, Meister A. alpha-Aminomethylglutarate, a beta-amino analog of glutamate that interacts with glutamine synthetase and the enzymes that catalyze glutathione synthesis. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:2263-70. [PMID: 4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutamate analog, alpha-aminomethylglutaric acid, was synthetized by Michael addition of ammonia to 2-methylene glutaronitrile followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate alpha-aminomethylglutaryl nitrile; the analog cyclizes readily on heating to 2-piperidone-5-carboxylic acid. Sheep brain glutamine synthetase utilizes one isomer of DL-alpha-aminomethylglutarate at about 10% of the rate with L-glutamate. gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase uses both isomers of DL-alpha-aminomethylglutarate, preferentially acting on the same isomer used by glutamine synthetase. gamma-(alpha-Aminomethyl)glutaryl-alpha-aminobutyrate, prepared enzymatically with gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, was found to be a substrate and an inhibitor of glutathione synthetase. alpha-Aminomethylglutarate does not inhibit gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase appreciably. When alpha-aminomethylglutarate was administered to mice, there were substantial decreases in the levels of glutamine, glutathione, glutamate, and glycine in the kidney, and of glutamine and glutamate in the liver, indicating that this glutamate analog is effective as an inhibitor of glutamine and glutathione synthesis in vivo, and suggesting that it may also inhibit other enzymes.
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33
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Abstract
Glutaryl-S-(8-aminooctyl)-L-cysteinylglycine and glutaryl -S-(10-aminodecyl)-L-cysteinylglycine have been prepared by a seven-step procedure as potential ligands for affinity chromatography purification of mouse liver glyoxalase I. Both compounds exhibited nonlinear, mixed-type inhibition of the enzyme. The decyl derivative was a more effective inhibitor than was the octyl analog.
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35
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36
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Nicolau G, Shefer S, Salen G, Mosbach EH. Determination of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in man. J Lipid Res 1974; 15:94-8. [PMID: 4811219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Procedures were developed for the determination of the activity of the microsomal enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) in human liver. The enzyme assay could be carried out with as little as 20 mg of fresh liver tissue, thus making the method applicable to specimens obtained by percutaneous liver biopsy. Experiments were carried out to determine optimal assay conditions and to establish the identity and radiopurity of the reaction product formed from 3-(14)C-labeled 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA. The specific activity of the enzyme was measured in a number of patients with different disorders of lipid metabolism.
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37
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38
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Witiak DT, Seth SK, Baizman ER, Weibel SL, Wolf HH. Para-substituted N-acetyl-L(S)- and -D(R)- -amino-N-phenylsuccinimides and -glutarimides. Substituent effects on stereoselective anticonvulsant activity. J Med Chem 1972; 15:1117-23. [PMID: 4654660 DOI: 10.1021/jm00281a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Hochreiter MC, Patek DR, Schellenberg KA. Catalysis of -iminoglutarate formation from -ketoglutarate and ammonia by bovine glutamate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1972; 247:6271-6. [PMID: 4346809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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40
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Brown HD, Matthews WS, Chattopadhyay SK, Patel A, Pennington SN. A note on supporting matrices for adenyl cyclase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1972; 279:356-62. [PMID: 5082505 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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41
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44
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Hochreiter MC, Schellenberg KA. Alpha-iminoglutarate formation by beef liver L-glutamate dehydrogenase. Detection by borohydride or dithionite reduction to glutamate. J Am Chem Soc 1969; 91:6530-1. [PMID: 5345034 DOI: 10.1021/ja01051a084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Arya SK, Chang K, Martin CF. 3-aminopiperidones. IV. 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-p-chlorophenylglutarimide and 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-p-tolylglutarimide. J Pharm Sci 1967; 56:1520-30. [PMID: 6056811 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600561132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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