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Chen C, He XZ, Zhou P, Wang Q. Parasitoid-host interaction behaviors in relation to host stages in the Tamarixia triozae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)-Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) system. J Insect Sci 2024; 24:15. [PMID: 38402604 PMCID: PMC10894652 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Females of host-feeding parasitic wasps often partition hosts of different stages for feeding and parasitization, but the underlying behavioral mechanisms are largely unknown, making it difficult to evaluate parasitoid-host interactions and their effects on biological control success. Tamarixia triozae (Burks) is an ectoparasitoid of tomato-potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), which utilizes nymphs and kills them both by parasitization and host feeding. In this study, we exposed female wasps to 1st- to 5th-instar psyllid nymphs simultaneously and made 13-h continuous video recording of parasitoid-host interactions. We then quantified host stage-dependent handling time for feeding and oviposition and behaviors of parasitoid attacks and host defenses from encountering to successful feeding and oviposition. Female wasps were more likely to encounter and evaluate older hosts. However, the encounter and evaluation did not necessarily result in the success of feeding and oviposition. Our findings suggest that (i) T. triozae continues to assess the host using its ovipositor after the evaluation phase, (ii) females prefer the mid-aged hosts for feeding piercing and feeding and the later instars for oviposition probing and oviposition, (iii) the combination of stage-specific host nutrition value, integument thickness and defense behavior determines the success of feeding attacks, and (iv) the optimal host resource for parasitoid offspring fitness defines host stage selection for oviposition. This study contributes to our understanding of parasitoid-host interactions and mechanisms behind host stage selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Xiong Z He
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 11222, New Zealand
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 11222, New Zealand
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2
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Manzano C, Virla EG, Coll Araoz MV, Luft-Albarracin E. Ovigeny strategy of the parasitic wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): effect of female age, feeding and host availability on reproductive traits. Bull Entomol Res 2022; 112:228-235. [PMID: 34486968 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive traits of the mymarid wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) attacking eggs of the sharpshooter Tapajosa rubromarginata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were carried out to estimate the realized fecundity and egg load of females. The ovigeny index was calculated and different biological traits, such as body size, oöcyte length, gaster length and wing length, were analysed to assess significant associations between these traits and the species fitness. In addition, the effect of host availability and feeding on longevity and potential fecundity throughout life and the effect of female age on egg maturation dynamics were assessed. The results showed that C. annulicornis is a strongly synovigenic species. A positive correlation was found between fecundity and longevity of the females and between body size and oöcyte length. Contrary to expected, body size was not related to fecundity and longevity. Females lived significantly longer in the presence of hosts and honey than when they were host-deprived and honey-fed or both host and honey deprived. Host availability had a significant effect on the amount of eggs laid by C. annulicornis females. Female age was negatively associated with oöcyte length. Furthermore, females were able to mature additional eggs as they aged, nevertheless, when host-deprived, senescent females presented significantly less mature eggs than younger ones, suggesting a possible egg oosorption. These results might contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive potential of this species as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Manzano
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Eduardo G Virla
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Entomología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Maria V Coll Araoz
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Erica Luft-Albarracin
- PROIMI-Biotecnología, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros (T4001MVB), Tucumán, Argentina
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3
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Grodowitz MJ, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Elliott B, Evans R, Sparks ME, Reed DA, Miles GP, Allen ML, Perring TM. Trypanosomatids Associated in the Alimentary Canal of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J Insect Sci 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 35134189 PMCID: PMC8824451 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) is an invasive pest of economically important crops in the United States. During physiological investigations of B. hilaris, a flagellated protozoan was discovered in the alimentary canal of many specimens. This manuscript characterizes the morphology and molecular identification of the trypanosomatid, which appears similar to trypanosomatids identified in other stink bug species. It has been identified as a species in the Blastocrithidia genus based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Grodowitz
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | | | - Brad Elliott
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Richard Evans
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Michael E Sparks
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Darcy A Reed
- Retired from Department of Entomology, University of California–Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Godfrey P Miles
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Margaret L Allen
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Thomas M Perring
- Department of Entomology, University of California–Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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4
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Guo CF, Ahmed MZ, Ou D, Zhang LH, Lu ZT, Sang W, McKenzie CL, Shatters RG, Qiu BL. Parasitoid vectors a plant pathogen, potentially diminishing the benefits it confers as a biological control agent. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1331. [PMID: 34824370 PMCID: PMC8617049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease of citrus primarily transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Biocontrol of ACP is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals. However, the risk of parasitoid rational application in ACP biocontrol has never been evaluated. Here we show, the dominant parasitoid of ACP, Tamarixia radiata, can acquire the HLB pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and transmit it horizontally when probing ACP nymphs. If these ACP nymphs survive the probing, develop to adults and move to healthy plants, CLas can be transmitted to citrus leaves during feeding. We illustrate the formerly unrecognized risk that a parasitoid can potentially serve as a phoretic vector of the pathogen transmitted by its host, thus potentially diminishing some of the benefits it confers via biocontrol. Our findings present a significant caution to the strategy of using parasitoids in orchards with different infection status of insect-vectored pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Da Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zi-Tong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wen Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Cindy L McKenzie
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Robert G Shatters
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401300, China.
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Pacheco da Silva VC, Aquino DA, Crochard D, Malausa T, Botton M, Palero F. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of Mealybug Pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Southern Brazil: Molecular and Morphological Characterization. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:759-766. [PMID: 33683557 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids of three mealybug pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton, and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) have been identified for the first time in Brazil. Mealybugs were collected in fruit-growing areas along southern Brazil during 2013-2016. An integrative approach, combining morphological and molecular methods, was used to identify the Brazilian parasitoids to the species level. Fifteen species were recorded, including 14 primary parasitoids belonging to Encyrtidae and Platygastridae and a single secondary parasitoid species belonging to Signiphoridae. The encyrtid parasitoids Acerophagus flavidulus (Brèthes), Anagyrus calyxtoi Noyes and Zaplatycerus sp., and the signiphorid secondary parasitoid Chartocerus axillaris De Santis are reported for the first time in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Alejandro Aquino
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET - UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Curso Zoología Agrícola, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Univ Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Didier Crochard
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, France
| | - Thibaut Malausa
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, France
| | | | - Ferran Palero
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA, Sophia Antipolis, PACA, France
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Univ of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
- Dept of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
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6
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Moro D, Wengrat APGDS, Costa VA, Pozebon H, Tay WT, Bevilaqua JG, Castilhos LB, Padilha G, Ugalde GA, Filho AC, Guedes JVC, Arnemann JA. Integrative Techniques Confirms the Presence of Bemisia tabaci Parasitoids: Encarsia formosa, Encarsia porteri and Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Soybean and Tomatoes in South Brazil. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:593-604. [PMID: 33835382 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps from the Aphelinidae family (Hymenoptera) are important control agents of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) cryptic species, both through reproduction and feeding processes. Identifying native parasitoid species within agricultural systems affected by Bemisia whitefly species is the first step to developing guidelines for the creation and release of biological control agents aiming at this highly damaging pest species complex. Taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular characters, respectively, confirmed the occurrence of Encarsia formosa (Gahan, 1924) in greenhouse tomatoes from Santa Maria, Encarsia porteri (Mercet, 1928) in open-field soybean from Santa Maria, and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, 1931 in greenhouse tomatoes from São José do Hortêncio, all within Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil). This is the first report of En. formosa, En. porteri and Er. mundus parasitising B. tabaci in South Brazil, and the first En. porteri partial mtCOI gene sequence being reported and characterised. The high temperature inside the tomato greenhouses can be a possible cause for the predominance of Er. mundus in São José do Hortêncio, and sex ratios in the surveyed populations point to female and male prevalence within Encarsia and Eretmocerus genera, respectively. The combined use of taxonomic and molecular characterisation highlights the importance of combining both morphological and molecular approaches in the assessment of previously unidentified whitefly parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Moro
- Depto de Defesa Fitossanitária, Univ Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Henrique Pozebon
- Depto de Defesa Fitossanitária, Univ Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - We Tek Tay
- Dept of Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Guilherme Padilha
- Depto de Defesa Fitossanitária, Univ Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jonas André Arnemann
- Depto de Defesa Fitossanitária, Univ Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
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Souza IL, de Paulo HH, Taguti ÉA, Martinelli NM. Bioecology of Anagyrus saccharicola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the pink sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Bull Entomol Res 2021; 111:348-356. [PMID: 33345769 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids can be used as biological agents of pest control. Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a parasitoid of the pink sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Although this mealybug is present in all sugarcane-producing countries, there is limited information regarding this pest and its parasitoid. Aiming to elucidate information on bioecological parameters of A. saccharicola, were evaluated the survival of parasitoid females and males at three temperatures, the host preference of the parasitoid, and the fecundity and longevity of the host. In addition, the parasitism rate of A. saccharicola was estimated based on three factors, feeding, mating, and time. Survival was evaluated at 20, 25, and 30°C. Host preference was conducted on 15-, 20-, and 30-day-old mealybugs. And the parasitism rate was evaluated in fed and unfed, mated and unmated parasitoids and with 24 h and newly emerged. The temperature of 20°C was the most favorable for parasitoid survival. Parasitism occurred at all evaluated ages of the mealybug; however, the preference was for those that were 30-days-old. The parasitized mealybugs longevity was approximately 8 additional days after parasitization, and non-parasitized mealybugs lived for an additional 20 days for mealybugs aged 30 and 20 days at the outset of the tests, and a further 13 days for the 15 days. Feeding and mating after 24 h of emergence resulted in a higher parasitism rate. These findings can contribute to more efficient rearing of A. saccharicola and in the planning of the biological control of S. sacchari in the integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lemos Souza
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Access way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Hágabo Honorato de Paulo
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Access way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Érica Ayumi Taguti
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Access way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilza Maria Martinelli
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Access way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Favoreto AL, Domingues MM, Serrão JE, Ribeiro MF, Silva CAD, Zanuncio JC, Wilcken CF. Courtship, Mating Behavior, and Ovary Histology of the Nymph Parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). J Insect Sci 2021; 21:6228352. [PMID: 33861348 PMCID: PMC8051176 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential of the parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek for the biological control of the eucalyptus pest Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) nymphs is high. This research sought to analyze the courtship, male competition, and mating behavior of P. bliteus at the proportions of 1:1 and 2:1 males to female in a Petri dish (5 cm diameter), and to describe the ovary histology of virgin and mated females of this parasitoid. At 1:1, males touch the antennae and thorax-abdomen of females during courtship, but females avoid mate attempts before they are 48 h old. At 2:1, the competition between male parasitoids inhibits mating. The histology of ovaries of virgin and mated P. bliteus females is similar, with two well-defined germarium and vitellarium regions, with oocytes at different developmental stages, including mature ones rich in yolk and with eggshell. A clearer understanding of the reproductive behavior and histology of P. bliteus aids in the use of this parasitoid for the biological control of G. brimblecombei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Favoreto
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18610-034, Brasil
| | - M M Domingues
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18610-034, Brasil
| | - J E Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brasil
| | - M F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18610-034, Brasil
| | - C A D Silva
- Embrapa Algodão, Av. Oswaldo Cruz, 1143, Campina Grande, PB 58428-095, Brasil
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-90, Brasil
| | - C F Wilcken
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18610-034, Brasil
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Bertanha LA, Diniz AJF, Garcia AG, Parra JRP. Determining the Minimum Temperature for Storage of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Adults for Biological Control of Asian Citrus Psyllid. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:114-120. [PMID: 33502718 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to control the spread of the huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus plants, one of the main approaches is management of its vector, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. The intensive use of chemicals to control the psyllid has caused concern due to the damage to the environment and human health, and biological control has been a more sustainable and environmentally safe strategy. For D. citri, the parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata Waterston has been used successfully in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, reducing populations of D. citri nymphs by up 80% in some municipalities. Mass rearing of wasps is required to provide efficient control, which implies that quality control is required, especially in storage and transportation. In most cases, the insects are not used on the same day of emergence, which makes it necessary to develop strategies to delay development without negatively affecting the wasps. Here, we evaluated the survival of T. radiata adults over eight different exposure times (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days) in three different temperatures (7, 9, and 11°C). After these periods, they were transferred to climate chambers at 25°C and their survival curves over 30 days were analyzed. We concluded that adults can be maintained at 9°C for up to 6 days without significant damage to their survival during and after the exposure period, functioning well for D. citri IPM implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisy Alberti Bertanha
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Gomes Garcia
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Postali Parra
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Schwabl P, Maiguashca Sánchez J, Costales JA, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Segovia M, Carrasco HJ, Hernández C, Ramírez JD, Lewis MD, Grijalva MJ, Llewellyn MS. Culture-free genome-wide locus sequence typing (GLST) provides new perspectives on Trypanosoma cruzi dispersal and infection complexity. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009170. [PMID: 33326438 PMCID: PMC7743988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of genetic polymorphism is a powerful tool for epidemiological surveillance and research. Powerful inference from pathogen genetic variation, however, is often restrained by limited access to representative target DNA, especially in the study of obligate parasitic species for which ex vivo culture is resource-intensive or bias-prone. Modern sequence capture methods enable pathogen genetic variation to be analyzed directly from host/vector material but are often too complex and expensive for resource-poor settings where infectious diseases prevail. This study proposes a simple, cost-effective 'genome-wide locus sequence typing' (GLST) tool based on massive parallel amplification of information hotspots throughout the target pathogen genome. The multiplexed polymerase chain reaction amplifies hundreds of different, user-defined genetic targets in a single reaction tube, and subsequent agarose gel-based clean-up and barcoding completes library preparation at under 4 USD per sample. Our study generates a flexible GLST primer panel design workflow for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic agent of Chagas disease. We successfully apply our 203-target GLST panel to direct, culture-free metagenomic extracts from triatomine vectors containing a minimum of 3.69 pg/μl T. cruzi DNA and further elaborate on method performance by sequencing GLST libraries from T. cruzi reference clones representing discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcIII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. The 780 SNP sites we identify in the sample set repeatably distinguish parasites infecting sympatric vectors and detect correlations between genetic and geographic distances at regional (< 150 km) as well as continental scales. The markers also clearly separate TcI, TcIII, TcIV and TcV + TcVI and appear to distinguish multiclonal infections within TcI. We discuss the advantages, limitations and prospects of our method across a spectrum of epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwabl
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jalil Maiguashca Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A. Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maikell Segovia
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Protozoarios, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Hernán J. Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Protozoarios, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Michael D. Lewis
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario J. Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Wyckhuys KAG, Sasiprapa W, Taekul C, Kondo T. Unsung heroes: fixing multifaceted sustainability challenges through insect biological control. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 40:77-84. [PMID: 32619951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects are indispensable actors within global agri-food systems and ensure the delivery of myriad ecosystem services. A progressive decline in insect numbers - as inflicted by habitat loss, pollution or intensive agriculture - can jeopardize a sustained provisioning of those services. Though we routinely disregard how insects help meet multiple sustainable development challenges, a gradual insect decline can have grave, long-lasting consequences. Here, we describe how insect-mediated biological control not only defuses invasive pests and can reconstitute crop productivity, but equally delivers other positive social-ecological outcomes. Drawing upon the pan-tropical invasion of the cassava mealybug and its ensuing suppression by the monophagous parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi, we illuminate how biological control contributes to food security, poverty alleviation, human wellbeing and environmental preservation. Trans-disciplinary research and 'systems thinking' are needed to maximize the potential of these biodiversity-driven interventions, and thus reap the net positive spin-offs insects provide for farmers, the environment and human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A G Wyckhuys
- Institute of Plant Protection (IPP), China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Chrysalis Consulting, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Walaiporn Sasiprapa
- Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charuwat Taekul
- Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wu PX, Ma BX, Wu FM, Xu J, Zhang RZ. The endoparasitoid Psyllaephagus arenarius benefits from ectoparasitic venom via multiparasitism with the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia lyciumi. Insect Sci 2020; 27:815-825. [PMID: 31250982 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As solitary nymphal parasitoids of Paratrioza sinica, the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia lyciumi and the endoparasitoid Psyllaephagus arenarius act as effective biocontrol agents. Thus, it is necessary to facilitate mass productions of both species. Despite showing an excellent parasitic ability, Ps. arenarius is often trapped fatally inside 5th-instar nymphs of Pa. sinica due to strong host immunity. To improve the emergence rate of Ps. arenarius, we evaluated whether Ps. arenarius could utilize T. lyciumi venom via multiparasitism, so the parasitism characteristics of both species were examined between separate-existence (monoparasitism only) and co-existence (mono- and multiparasitism) systems. Further, the parasitism characteristics of Ps. arenarius on venom-injected hosts with/without T. lyciumi eggs were tested to further identify the facilitator. The results showed the parasitism rate of T. lyciumi was increased while that of Ps. arenarius did not change from separate-existence to co-existence systems. The intrinsic performances of two species in monoparasitism did not differ between separate- and co-existence systems. From monoparasitism (separate-existence) to multiparasitism (co-existence), no differences were detected in the intrinsic performances of T. lyciumi, but those of Ps. arenarius were greatly improved. After T. lyciumi venom injection, the parasitism characteristics of Ps. arenarius did not differ between venom-injected hosts with T. lyciumi eggs and those without, further indicating Ps. arenarius benefited from the venom of T. lyciumi females rather than T. lyciumi egg/larval secretions. Instead of negative effects, multiparasitism with ectoparasitoids improves endoparasitoids due to ectoparasitic venom. The study increases host resource utilization and provides creative ways for mass production of endoparasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Xu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Run-Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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de Queiroz AP, Bueno ADF, Panizzi AR, Favetti BM, Grande MLM, Luski PGG. Biological characteristics of Trissolcus urichi (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Euschistus heros (Fabricius) and Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12441. [PMID: 32710085 PMCID: PMC7382489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Trissolcus are effective as egg parasitoids of Euschistus heros and can potentially be used in a multispecies pest management approach. However, in order to successfully use those biocontrol agents in the field, previous detailed knowledge about their life history are necessary. Therefore, we evaluate some biological characteristics of Trissolcus urichi on Euschistus heros and Dichelops melacanthus eggs. Three independent experiments were performed: (1) T. urichi host preference between E. heros and D. melacanthus eggs. (2) T. urichi eggs-adult period (days), number of parasitized eggs in 24 h, emergence rate (%) and sex ratio of the parasitoid in E. heros and D. melacanthus eggs. (3) Morphometric characteristics of T. urichi grown on E. heros and D. melacanthus eggs. Trissolcus urichi preferred to parasitize E. heros eggs, exhibiting a higher number of parasitized eggs, higher rate of emergence (%) and faster development, as well as producing progeny of larger size than the parasitoids emerged from eggs of D. melacanthus in relation to body length, wing length and width. Thus, it can be concluded that T. urichi had better performance on E. heros eggs, although the parasitoid had also acceptable parasitism capacity and development in D. melacanthus eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Queiroz
- Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brasil
| | - Adeney de Freitas Bueno
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, Londrina, Paraná, 86001-970, Brasil.
| | - Antônio Ricardo Panizzi
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Trigo, Caixa Postal 3081, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90050-970, Brasil
| | - Bruna Magda Favetti
- Instituto Agronômico Do Paraná (IAPAR), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375, Londrina, Paraná, 86047-902, Brasil
| | - Marcela Lais Mora Grande
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86055-900, Brasil
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14
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Diniz AJF, Garcia AG, Alves GR, Reigada C, Vieira JM, Parra JRP. The Enemy is Outside: Releasing the Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in External Sources of HLB Inocula to Control the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Neotrop Entomol 2020; 49:250-257. [PMID: 31797306 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, was first recorded in Brazil in 2004, and since then, more than 50 million trees identified with this disease have been eliminated. The disease is managed mainly by controlling the psyllid vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Although the presence of the insect in commercial citrus groves is low, HLB infection rates increase in areas bordering the groves. The disease is transmitted by psyllids from host citrus plants in areas outside the managed groves, such as abandoned or organic groves and residential trees, and from orange jasmine plants in urban settings. In order to provide information to support HLB control, this study evaluated the biotic and abiotic variables that affect the dynamics of D. citri populations after releases of the parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in external sources of HLB inocula. The study was divided into two parts. After releasing the parasitoids in non-commercial areas, we determined the following: (a) the variables that significantly affected the number of nymphs collected on shoots in the same non-commercial area; (b) the variables that significantly affected the number of adult psyllids collected in a neighboring commercial citrus area. Our results indicated that the number of nymphs in external areas was affected only by the host plant and rainfall. However, periodic parasitoid releases significantly reduced the number of adult psyllids collected in the commercial area. The results indicate that the release of parasitoids in external sources of inocula has the potential to maximize actions for D. citri control, contributing to the reduction of psyllid populations in commercial areas. Consequently, this strategy may help to manage the disease infection without an increase in insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J F Diniz
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, ESALQ, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.
| | - A G Garcia
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers Univ, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - G R Alves
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, ESALQ, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - C Reigada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal Univ of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - J M Vieira
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, ESALQ, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - J R P Parra
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, ESALQ, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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15
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Uawisetwathana U, Chevallier OP, Xu Y, Kamolsukyeunyong W, Nookaew I, Somboon T, Toojinda T, Vanavichit A, Goodacre R, Elliott CT, Karoonuthaisiri N. Global metabolite profiles of rice brown planthopper-resistant traits reveal potential secondary metabolites for both constitutive and inducible defenses. Metabolomics 2019; 15:151. [PMID: 31741127 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brown planthopper (BPH) is a phloem feeding insect that causes annual disease outbreaks, called hopper burn in many countries throughout Asia, resulting in severe damage to rice production. Currently, mechanistic understanding of BPH resistance in rice plant is limited, which has caused slow progression on developing effective rice varieties as well as effective farming practices against BPH infestation. OBJECTIVE To reveal rice metabolic responses during 8 days of BPH attack, this study examined polar metabolome extracts of BPH-susceptible (KD) and its BPH-resistant isogenic line (IL308) rice leaves. METHODS Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) was combined with multi-block PCA to analyze potential metabolites in response to BPH attack. RESULTS This multivariate statistical model revealed different metabolic response patterns between the BPH-susceptible and BPH-resistant varieties during BPH infestation. The metabolite responses of the resistant IL308 variety occurred on Day 1, which was significantly earlier than those of the susceptible KD variety which showed an induced response by Days 4 and 8. BPH infestation caused metabolic perturbations in purine, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid pathways. While found in both susceptible and resistant rice varieties, schaftoside (1.8 fold), iso-schaftoside (1.7 fold), rhoifolin (3.4 fold) and apigenin 6-C-α-L-arabinoside-8-C-β-L-arabinoside levels (1.6 fold) were significantly increased in the resistant variety by Day 1 post-infestation. 20-hydroxyecdysone acetate (2.5 fold) and dicaffeoylquinic acid (4.7 fold) levels were considerably higher in the resistant rice variety than those in the susceptible variety, both before and after infestation, suggesting that these secondary metabolites play important roles in inducible and constitutive defenses against the BPH infestation. CONCLUSIONS These potential secondary metabolites will be useful as metabolite markers and/or bioactive compounds for effective and durable approaches to address the BPH problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaporn Uawisetwathana
- Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Olivier P Chevallier
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Wintai Kamolsukyeunyong
- Rice Gene Discovery and Utilization Laboratory, Innovative Plant Biotechnology and Precision Agriculture Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- College of Medicine, Department Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thapakorn Somboon
- Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- Rice Gene Discovery and Utilization Laboratory, Innovative Plant Biotechnology and Precision Agriculture Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Integrative Crop Biotechnology and Management Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri
- Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
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16
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Gebiola M, Streicher JW, Rugman-Jones PF, Morse JG, Stouthamer R. Genome-wide analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal the consequences of traditional mass-rearing on genetic variation in Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): the danger of putting all eggs in one basket. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:3102-3112. [PMID: 30924276 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a highly effective biocontrol agent of the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). It is commercially reared and used for augmentative releases within integrated pest management programs. However, mass rearing of biocontrol agents can result in population bottlenecks and high levels of inbreeding and/or adaptation to the factitious rearing conditions. Although these factors can all negatively impact field performance of biocontrol agents, few empirical studies have examined the genetic consequences of mass rearing. We used double-digest RAD sequencing (ddRADseq) to investigate the effect of traditional mass rearing on genetic variation among insectary colonies of A. melinus relative to wild populations in native (Pakistan) and introduced (California) ranges. RESULTS Analyses of up to 9700 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that insectary populations had less genomic variation than introduced populations. This was evidenced by fewer private alleles, reduced heterozygosity, and greater missing data in the insectary populations. Further, California insectaries formed a distinct genomic cluster relative to the other samples, a surprising result given that the insectary colonies were putatively established at different times and from different source populations. These differences were evident across most data sets also after we filtered out contaminant DNA from the most common host species (Aspidiotus nerii Bouché and A. aurantii). CONCLUSION We hypothesize that this pattern would only result if: (i) directional selection for 'captive' phenotypes produces convergent patterns of genomic variation across insectaries; or (ii) the California insectary colonies were all founded from a unifying source population and/or that the insectaries regularly exchange 'genetic' stocks. We show that RADseq is an effective method to investigate the effects of mass rearing on genetics of biocontrol agents. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph G Morse
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Cingolani MF, Barakat MC, Liljesthröm GG, Colazza S. Foraging behavior of two egg parasitoids exploiting chemical cues from the stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180597. [PMID: 31618410 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parasitoids attacking the same host may lead to competition. Adult parasitoids' abilities to find, parasitize and defend hosts determine resource's retention potential. In soybean, two egg parasitoid species, Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus urichi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), compete on the egg masses of Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) one of the major pest of this crop. We evaluated parasitoid's abilities to exploit hosts' footprints; and parasitoid's behavior when competing for the same host. Both arena residence time and retention time were similar for T. podisi and T. urichi on male or female host footprints. In its turn, T. urichi reentered the area contaminated with P. guildinii more times and staid longer in it than T. podisi. Furthermore, when competing for the same egg mass, each parasitoid species won (was in possession of the host by the end of the experiment) half of the replicates, and the number of times each wasp species contacted host in the first place was similar, without affecting replicate outcome (who ultimately won). Both species started agonistic and non-agonistic encounters. This study provides information about the potential interspecific competition between these parasitoids, which contributes to evaluate the compatibility of multiple natural enemies' biological control programs for stink bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Cingolani
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores/CEPAVE/CONICET - FCNyM, UNLP, Boulevard 120, s/n, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - María C Barakat
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores/CEPAVE/CONICET - FCNyM, UNLP, Boulevard 120, s/n, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Gerardo Gustavo Liljesthröm
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores/CEPAVE/CONICET - FCNyM, UNLP, Boulevard 120, s/n, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Tavares MT, Santos MEV, Dal Molin A, Peronti ALBG, Sousa-Silva CR. Neotropical Species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) Parasitoids of Ceroplastes (Hemiptera, Coccidae): New Species, Interaction Records, and a Checklist. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:633-644. [PMID: 30900202 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids of Ceroplastes Gray were surveyed in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Among the parasitoids reared, seven species of Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) were obtained. Metaphycusanaluciaesp. nov., M. floridensissp. nov., and M. grandissp. nov., are described as new species, and M. ceros Noyes, M. comes Noyes, M. dardanus Noyes, M. opis Noyes are recorded for the first time from Brazil. Ten new host-parasitoid associations are reported: M. analuciaesp. nov. parasitizing C. formicarius Hempel, C. glomeratus Peronti and C. iheringi Cockerel; M. ceros parasitizing C. cirripediformis Comstock; M. comes parasitizing C. formicarius; M. dardanus parasitizing C. glomeratus; M. floridensissp. nov. parasitizing C. floridensis; M. grandissp. nov. parasitizing C. grandis Hempel; and M. opis parasitizing C. glomeratus and C. janeirensis (Gray). A checklist of Metaphycus species associated with Ceroplastes, their distribution and host ranges are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Tavares
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brasil.
| | - M E V Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil
| | - A Dal Molin
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - A L B G Peronti
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Univ Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, Brasil
| | - C R Sousa-Silva
- In memoriam. Depto de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil
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19
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Guedes LM, Aguilera N, Ferreira BG, Riquelme S, Sáez-Carrillo K, Becerra J, Pérez C, Bustos E, Isaias RMS. Spatiotemporal variation in phenolic levels in galls of calophyids on Schinus polygama (Anacardiaceae). J Plant Res 2019; 132:509-520. [PMID: 31250145 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The expression of plant secondary metabolism is strongly controlled by plant both in time and space. Although the variation of secondary metabolites, such as soluble and structural phenolics (e.g., lignins), has been largely observed in gall-inducing insects, and compared to their non-galled host organs, only a few datasets recording such variation are available. Accordingly, the relative importance of spatiotemporal variability in phenolic contents, and the influence of gall developmental stages on the original composition of host organs are poorly discussed. To address this knowledge gap, we histochemically determined the sites of polyphenol and lignin accumulation, and the polyphenol contents in three developmental stages of two calophyid galls and their correspondent host organs. Current results indicate that the compartmentalization of phenolics and lignins on Schinus polygama (Cav.) Cabrera follows a similar pattern in the two-calophyid galls, accumulating in the outer (the external tissue layers) and in the inner tissue compartments (the cell layers in contact with the gall chamber). The non-accumulation in the median compartment (median parenchyma layers of gall wall with vascular bundles, where gall inducer feeds) is important for the inducer, because its mouth apparatus enter in contact with the cells of this compartment. Also, the concentration of phenolics has opposite dynamics, decreasing in leaf galls and increasing in stem galls, in temporal scale, i.e., from maturation toward senescence. The concentration of phenolics in non-galled host organs, and in both galls indicated the extended phenotype of Calophya rubra (Blanchard) and C. mammifex Burckhardt & Basset (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Calophyidae) over the same host plant metabolic potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubia M Guedes
- Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Narciso Aguilera
- Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bruno G Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Riquelme
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Ave. Cordillera 2634, CP 4191996, Coronel, Chile
| | - Katia Sáez-Carrillo
- Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Becerra
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Pérez
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Evelyn Bustos
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rosy M S Isaias
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-090, Brazil.
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Díaz MA, Rodríguez D, Cantor F. A Scouting Method for Estimating Insect Populations in an Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Mass Rearing System. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:476-483. [PMID: 30607872 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has been used to control for the biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse tomato crops. One aspect that influences the success of this method is the continuous availability of large numbers of E. formosa that enable the grower to release them at the proper time and in the quantity required. Rearing facilities of this parasitoid require reliable and low time-consuming methods for scouting populations of insects to forecast production. In this work, we develop a time-effective method for estimating insect populations in a mass rearing system with T. vaporariorum, using common bean plants as hosts. The population density of T. vaporariorum in highly infested leaves was determined to be 27.5 nymphs/cm2 using a linear regression model. Using an effort curve and binomial distribution, we determined that 14 and 54 leaves are the minimum number of sampling units required to estimate the T. vaporariorum nymphs and E. formosa pupae populations, respectively. A wasp ratio was determined by dividing the number of E. formosa produced by the total number used in the process. This index was higher when less than 7000 E. formosa were released per production batch in 1 week. When high populations of E. formosa are released in a batch, the production efficiency decreases, producing fewer new adults per adult used in the batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Díaz
- Basic and Applied Sciences Faculty, Nueva Granada Military Univ, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - D Rodríguez
- Basic and Applied Sciences Faculty, Nueva Granada Military Univ, Bogota, Colombia
| | - F Cantor
- Basic and Applied Sciences Faculty, Nueva Granada Military Univ, Bogota, Colombia
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21
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Hall AAG, Johnson SN, Cook JM, Riegler M. High nymphal host density and mortality negatively impact parasitoid complex during an insect herbivore outbreak. Insect Sci 2019; 26:351-365. [PMID: 28842961 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivore outbreaks frequently occur and this may be due to factors that restrict top-down control by parasitoids, for example, host-parasitoid asynchrony, hyperparasitization, resource limitation and climate. Few studies have examined host-parasitoid density relationships during an insect herbivore outbreak in a natural ecosystem with diverse parasitoids. We studied parasitization patterns of Cardiaspina psyllids during an outbreak in a Eucalyptus woodland. First, we established the trophic roles of the parasitoids through a species-specific multiplex PCR approach on mummies from which parasitoids emerged. Then, we assessed host-parasitoid density relationships across three spatial scales (leaf, tree and site) over one year. We detected four endoparasitoid species of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera); two primary parasitoid and one heteronomous hyperparasitoid Psyllaephagus species (the latter with female development as a primary parasitoid and male development as a hyperparasitoid), and the hyperparasitoid Coccidoctonus psyllae. Parasitoid development was host-synchronized, although synchrony between sites appeared constrained during winter (due to temperature differences). Parasitization was predominantly driven by one primary parasitoid species and was mostly inversely host-density dependent across the spatial scales. Hyperparasitization by C. psyllae was psyllid-density dependent at the site scale, however, this only impacted the rarer primary parasitoid. High larval parasitoid mortality due to density-dependent nymphal psyllid mortality (a consequence of resource limitation) compounded by a summer heat wave was incorporated in the assessment and resulted in density independence of host-parasitoid relationships. As such, high larval parasitoid mortality during insect herbivore outbreaks may contribute to the absence of host density-dependent parasitization during outbreak events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A G Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Brazil has a long history of the use of biological control (BC) of pests. The first attempt to use parasitoids was reported in the 1930s, and the first successful case dates to 1967. For a long period, chemical products were the most widespread control measure among Brazilian growers. This situation has gradually changed because of the lack of satisfactory control to manage certain pests, a slow change in the culture of growers, and some emblematic cases of the successful use of BC. The use of BC as a component of Integrated Pest Management is increasingly common. The present contribution summarizes the evolution of BC in Brazil, citing as an example the case of successful use of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Trichogramma spp. It presents some data on the utilization of BC in the country, such as the case of sugarcane, for which microorganisms as well as macroorganisms are used; the use of Baculovirus in soybean, produced in mass-reared lepidopteran larvae; and the recent case of the control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) by the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata. Finally, the prospects for wider use of BC in Brazil are discussed, together with the challenges involved in broadening the growers' use of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Postali Parra
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP)/ Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Aloisio Coelho
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP)/ Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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23
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Wang T, Keller MA, Hogendoorn K. The effects of temperature on the development, fecundity and mortality of Eretmocerus warrae: is Eretmocerus warrae better adapted to high temperatures than Encarsia formosa? Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:702-707. [PMID: 30094920 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eretmocerus warrae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a parasitoid of the glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Here, we compare its potential as a biological control agent at high temperatures to that of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a wasp which is widely sold for control of T. vaporariorum. RESULTS Eretmocerus warrae attained the highest estimated developmental rate at 31.4 °C and the maximum oviposition rate at 30.5 °C. Developmental times of E. warrae at fluctuating temperatures that simulate night-day patterns were similar to those predicted based on constant temperatures. Above the optimum temperature, E. warrae tolerated higher constant temperatures than En. formosa during development and as adults. Using a ramping temperature approach, the critical thermal maximum for adult E. warrae was significantly higher than that of adult En. formosa. CONCLUSION Eretmocerus warrae is better adapted to high temperatures than En. formosa, and could therefore be a complementary or superior biological control agent during summer months in hot regions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Plant Protection Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Anthony Keller
- Plant Protection Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Katja Hogendoorn
- Plant Protection Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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24
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Palen DI, Almarinez BJM, Amalin DM, Legaspi JC, David G. A Host-Parasitoid Model for Aspidiotus rigidus (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Comperiella calauanica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ Entomol 2019; 48:134-140. [PMID: 30371766 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coconut scale insect Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Encyrtidae) posed a serious threat to the coconut industry in the Philippines. In this article, we modeled the interaction between A. rigidus and its parasitoid Comperiella calauanica Barrion, Almarinez, Amalin (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) using a system of ordinary differential equations based on a Holling type III functional response. The equilibrium points were determined, and their local stability was examined. Numerical simulations showed that C. calauanica may control the population density of A. rigidus below the economic injury level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave I Palen
- University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College, Tacloban City, Philippines
| | - Billy J M Almarinez
- BCRU-CENSER, Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Divina M Amalin
- BCRU-CENSER, Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jesusa Crisostomo Legaspi
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Guido David
- Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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25
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Vankosky MA, Hoddle MS. An assessment of interspecific competition between two introduced parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on caged citrus plants. Insect Sci 2019; 26:119-127. [PMID: 28590080 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two parasitoids attacking nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam & Agarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are being released in California, USA in a classical biological control program. To evaluate the effect of multiple parasitoid species on D. citri mortality, we conducted mesocosm experiments under controlled conditions using a complete block design with 6 treatments (D. citri nymphs exposed to: no parasitoids; D. aligarhensis or T. radiata alone; D. aligarhensis or T. radiata released first (by 48 h); and both species released simultaneously). Parasitism of D. citri nymphs by T. radiata exceeded 60% and was unchanged when D. aligarhensis were present. Parasitism by D. aligarhensis was greatest when T. radiata was absent (∼28%) and was reduced in all treatments with T. radiata present (<3%). D. citri mortality and parasitoid-related mortality of D. citri was consistent across parasitoid treatments. Laboratory results suggest that competition between D. aligarhensis and T. radiata is asymmetric and favors T. radiata. It may be difficult for D. aligarhensis to contribute significantly to D. citri biological control where T. radiata is present. However, results reported here suggest that competition between T. radiata and D. aligarhensis is not likely to reduce parasitism by T. radiata or reduce parasitoid-induced mortality of D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Vankosky
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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26
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Céspedes V, Valdecasas AG, Green AJ, Sánchez MI. Water boatman survival and fecundity are related to ectoparasitism and salinity stress. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209828. [PMID: 30650162 PMCID: PMC6334896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is increasing in aquatic ecosystems in the Mediterranean region due to global change, and this is likely to have an important impact on host-parasite interactions. Here we studied the relationships between infection by ectoparasitic water mites and salinity variation, on survival and fecundity of water boatmen Corixidae in the laboratory. Larvae of Sigara lateralis parasitised by larval mites (Hydrachna skorikowi) had lower survivorship, and failed to moult to the adult stage. In adult corixids (S. lateralis and Corixa affinis) fitness was reduced at high salinities and in individuals infected by H. skorikowi, both in terms of survival and fecundity. We also found evidence for parasitism-salinity interactions. Our results suggest that ongoing increases in salinity in Mediterranean ponds due to climate change and water abstraction for agriculture or urban use have a strong impact on water bugs, and that their interactions with ectoparasites may modify salinity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Céspedes
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio G. Valdecasas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andy J. Green
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta I. Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Cornelius ML, Hu JS, Vinyard BT. Comparative Study of Egg Parasitism by Gryon pennsylvanicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Two Squash Bug Species Anasa tristis and Anasa armigera (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Environ Entomol 2018; 47:1451-1458. [PMID: 30256925 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how the size of the egg mass and the parasitoids prior exposure to eggs influenced parasitism rates by Gryon pennsylvanicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg masses of two squash bug species, Anasa tristis DeGeer and Anasa armigera Say (Hemiptera: Coreidae). G. pennsylvanicum is the primary egg parasitoid of A. tristis. There were no published reports available on egg parasitism of A. armigera. In choice tests, there was no difference in host acceptance by G. pennsylvanicum of egg masses of the two squash bug species. In no-choice tests, overall parasitism rates were significantly higher on A. armigera egg masses than on A. tristis egg masses. Naive parasitoids had significantly higher parasitism rates than experienced parasitoids on egg masses of both squash bug species. In a comparison of parasitism rates of field-collected and laboratory-tested A. tristis egg masses of different sizes, parasitism rates were similar in the field and in the laboratory, with the exception of egg masses with > 25 eggs. Only 17.9% of eggs were parasitized in the laboratory, compared with 36.4% in the field. Results of this study indicate that transient egg limitation prevents G. pennsylvanicum from ovipositing in every available host egg in large squash bug egg masses. The low parasitism rate of G. pennsylvanicum on large egg masses may limit its effectiveness as a biological control agent of squash bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Cornelius
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jing S Hu
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Statistics Group, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area Office, Beltsville, MD
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28
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Schoeller EN, Redak RA. Host Stage Preferences of Encarsia noyesi, Idioporus affinis, and Entedononecremnus krauteri: Parasitoids of the Giant Whitefly Aleurodicus dugesii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Environ Entomol 2018; 47:1493-1500. [PMID: 30165469 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps released as biological control agents may experience strong interspecific competition, which can lead to a reduction in pest control. The effects of competition can be mitigated if niche partitioning exists between species, such as parasitism preferences for different host stages. We examined host stage preferences for the parasitoids Encarsia noyesi Hayat (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Idioporus affinis LaSalle and Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and Entedononecremnus krauteri Zolnerowich and Rose (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). These parasitoids were introduced to the United States to control the giant whitefly Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a pest of many economically important plants. Host stage preferences were examined using multiple metrics including: parasitism rates, relative preferences, handling times, and initial stage parasitism frequency. The data indicated differences in parasitoid preference hierarchies for the four A. dugesii nymphal stages. All A. dugesii nymphal stages were parasitized by I. affinis, which exhibited preference for the third instar. Unlike I. affinis, the first instar was not parasitized by E. noyesi, and its preference hierarchy differed with the fourth instar being the most preferred stage. The observed host-use breadth of E. krauteri was the narrowest observed of the three parasitoid species, only parasitizing the fourth and third instars, with a clear preference for the former. The observed differences in host-use breadth and stage preferences between parasitoid species in this system may promote their long-term coexistence in the field and facilitate biological control. Potential factors underlying the preferences exhibited by these parasitoids and their implications for biological control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Redak
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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29
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Becerra-Chiron IM, Moya-Raygoza G. Egg Parasitoids of Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Within Maize Agroecosystems and in the Edge Zones of Maize Fields, and on Maize Varieties During the Wet Season in Mexico. J Insect Sci 2018; 18:5229351. [PMID: 30517690 PMCID: PMC6277579 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) egg parasitoids within maize fields, in the edge zones that surround these fields, and the parasitism on D. maidis eggs oviposited on different maize varieties. The objectives of the present study were first to understand which egg parasitoid species attack D. maidis eggs within maize fields and in the surrounding edge zones, and second, to compare parasitism on two maize varieties (land race Ancho-pozolero and hybrid Tigre-Asgrow) during the maize-growing wet season. We used maize plants with sentinel eggs to attract the egg parasitoids in two consecutive wet seasons, in 2015 and 2016. In 2015, Anagrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Paracentrobia sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitized D. maidis eggs within the maize field and on its edges. However, much more parasitism was seen within the maize agroecosystem than in the maize edge zones. In 2016, two Mymaridae species, Anagrus columbi Perkins and Anagrus sp, and two Trichogrammatidae genera, Pseudoligosita sp. and Paracentrobia sp., attacked the D. maidis eggs laid on maize hybrids but not those oviposited on the maize land race. Our findings indicate that parasitism of corn leafhopper eggs differs with agroecosystem location and maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra M Becerra-Chiron
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo Moya-Raygoza
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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30
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Frolov AO, Malysheva MN, Ganyukova AI, Yurchenko V, Kostygov AY. Obligate development of Blastocrithidia papi (Trypanosomatidae) in the Malpighian tubules of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera) and coordination of host-parasite life cycles. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204467. [PMID: 30261003 PMCID: PMC6160041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocrithidia papi is a unique trypanosomatid in that its life cycle is synchronized with that of its host, and includes an obligate stage of development in Malpighian tubules (MTs). This occurs in firebugs, which exited the winter diapause. In the short period, preceding the mating of overwintered insects, the flagellates penetrate MTs of the host, multiply attached to the epithelial surface with their flagella, and start forming cyst-like amastigotes (CLAs) in large agglomerates. By the moment of oviposition, a large number of CLAs are already available in the rectum. They are discharged on the eggs' surface with feces, used for transmission of bugs' symbiotic bacteria, which are compulsorily engulfed by the newly hatched nymphs along with the CLAs. The obligate development of B. papi in MTs is definitely linked to the life cycle synchronization. The absence of peristalsis allow the trypanosomatids to accumulate and form dense CLA-forming subpopulations, whereas the lack of peritrophic structures facilitates the extensive discharge of CLAs directly into the hindgut lumen. The massive release of CLAs associated with oviposition is indispensable for maximization of the infection efficiency at the most favorable time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Frolov
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina N. Malysheva
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I. Ganyukova
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czechia
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Y. Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- * E-mail:
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Tian JC, Wang GW, Han HL, Romeis J, Zhang FC, Ye GY, Xie MC, Wang GY, Lu ZX. The rice planthopper parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae is not at risk when feeding on honeydew derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1854-1860. [PMID: 29427309 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeydew is a sugar-rich excretion produced by sap-feeding Sternorrhyncha and is an important source of carbohydrates for natural enemies, especially for parasitoids. Honeydew derived from genetically modified (GM) crops can contain amounts of the transgene product. Thus, it is a possible route of exposure for natural enemies feeding on honeydew. In the present study, the potential effects of Nilaparvata lugens honeydew derived from Cry1C and Cry2A rice on different life-table parameters and parasitism dynamics of the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Furthermore, the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) levels and the sugar and amino acid composition of honeydew were analyzed. RESULTS Results indicated that A. nilaparvatae was exposed to Bt proteins by feeding on N. lugens honeydew produced from Bt rice. However, honeydew derived from the tested Cry1C and Cry2A rice lines did not affect the development, longevity, emergence rate and fecundity of A. nilaparvatae. Also, the parasitism dynamics in the field remained unaffected. In addition, the sugar and amino acid composition of N. lugens honeydew was not significantly altered for the tested Bt rice lines compared with the parental non-Bt plant. CONCLUSION The quality of honeydew derived from the tested Bt rice lines as a food resource for natural enemies was maintained. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ce Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Geng-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Liang Han
- Experimental Station of Mid-Zhejiang Area, Dongyang Institute of Maize, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongyang, China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Gui-Yue Wang
- Experimental Station of Mid-Zhejiang Area, Dongyang Institute of Maize, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongyang, China
| | - Zhong-Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Bouagga S, Urbaneja A, Rambla JL, Flors V, Granell A, Jaques JA, Pérez-Hedo M. Zoophytophagous mirids provide pest control by inducing direct defences, antixenosis and attraction to parasitoids in sweet pepper plants. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1286-1296. [PMID: 29274122 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their services as predators, mirid predators are able to induce plant defences by phytophagy. However, whether this induction occurs in sweet pepper and whether it could be an additional benefit to their role as a biological control agent in this crop remain unknown. Here, these questions were investigated in two model insects, the mirids Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus pygmaeus. RESULTS Plant feeding behaviour was observed in both N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus on sweet pepper and occupied 33% and 14% of total time spent on the plant, respectively. The punctures caused by mirid plant feeding induced the release of a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which repelled the herbivore pests Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci and attracted the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. The repellent effect on B. tabaci was observed for at least 7 days after initial exposure of the plant to N. tenuis, and attraction of E. formosa remained functional for 14 days. CONCLUSION Plant defences induced by the feeding of mirid predators, their subsequent effects on the behaviour of both pests and natural enemies, and the persistence of these observed effects open the door to new control strategies in the sweet pepper crop. Further application of this research is discussed, such as the vaccination of plants by zoophytophagous mirids in the nursery before transplantation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Bouagga
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA, Centro Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología., Moncada, Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA, Centro Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología., Moncada, Spain
| | - José L Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Unitat Associada d'Entomologia UJI-IVIA, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep A Jaques
- Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Unitat Associada d'Entomologia UJI-IVIA, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA, Centro Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología., Moncada, Spain
- Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Unitat Associada d'Entomologia UJI-IVIA, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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Beloti VH, Alves GR, Moral RA, Demétrio CGB, Yamamoto PT. Acute Toxicity of Fresh and Aged Residues of Pesticides to the Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata and to the HLB-Bacteria Vector Diaphorina citri. Neotrop Entomol 2018; 47:403-411. [PMID: 29222706 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One method for controlling the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector of the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing, uses the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). However, the general intensive use of insecticides has reduced the numbers of this parasitoid. This study evaluated the effect of the residual action of 24 insecticides on T. radiata and also determined the differential toxicity of insecticides to D. citri and T. radiata, using three bioassays. In the first, when adults of the parasitoid were exposed to residues of the 24 insecticides, ten were considered short-life (class 1), six slightly persistent (class 2), five moderately persistent (class 3), and three insecticides were considered persistent (class 4), under the IOBC/WPRS classification system. The second bioassay evaluated the sublethal concentrations of the persistent insecticides (formetanate, dimethoate, spinosad). Increasing the concentrations of the insecticides increased the number that were classified as persistent. In the third bioassay, evaluation of the differential toxicity of eight insecticides to the ACP and the parasitoid showed that chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin were more harmful to T. radiata. Therefore, these two insecticides are not recommended for application at the time of parasitoid release. Cypermethrin, imidacloprid, and dimethoate caused higher mortality of D. citri and are most often recommended in IPM programs. The choice of an insecticide for the control of citrus pests must be made with care, aiming to preserve the natural enemies in the ecosystem, and thereby contribute to the success of biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Beloti
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - G R Alves
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - R A Moral
- Dept of Agricultural Statistics and Experimentation, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - C G B Demétrio
- Dept of Agricultural Statistics and Experimentation, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - P T Yamamoto
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
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Kaser JM, Nielsen AL, Abram PK. Biological control effects of non-reproductive host mortality caused by insect parasitoids. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:1081-1092. [PMID: 29485221 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the rate of spread of invasive species increases, consumer-resource communities are often populated by a combination of exotic and native species at all trophic levels. In parasitoid-host communities, these novel associations may lead to disconnects between parasitoid preference and performance, and parasitoid oviposition may result in death of the parasitoid offspring, death of the host, or death of both. Despite their relevance for biological control risk and efficacy assessments, the direct and indirect population-level consequences of parasitoids attacking and killing their hosts without successfully reproducing (non-reproductive mortality) are poorly understood. Non-reproductive mortality induced by egg parasitoids (parasitoid-induced host egg abortion) may be particularly important for understanding the population dynamics of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and endemic stink bugs in North America, which are attacked by a suite of both native and introduced egg parasitoids. It is unclear, however, how various factors controlling parasitoid foraging and developmental success manifest at the population level. We constructed two related versions of a two-host-one-parasitoid model to evaluate the population-level consequences of non-reproductive host mortality. Egg abortion can result in strong negative or positive enemy-mediated indirect effects, taking the form of apparent competition, apparent parasitism, apparent amensalism, or apparent commensalism. For parasitoids limited in their reproductive output by the number of eggs they can produce, higher non-reproductive host mortality can reduce the strength of the positive indirect effect in cases of apparent parasitism, and it can reduce the negative indirect effect on the more suitable host in cases of apparent competition. For time-limited parasitoids, unsuitable hosts with high levels of non-reproductive parasitoid-induced mortality can be strongly suppressed in the presence of a suitable host, while the suitable host is only negligibly impacted (i.e., apparent amensalism). We evaluate these model-derived hypotheses within the context of H. halys and its native and nonnative parasitoids in North America, and discuss their application to risk assessment in biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe M Kaser
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, New Jersey, 08302, USA
| | - Anne L Nielsen
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, New Jersey, 08302, USA
| | - Paul K Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M, 1A0, Canada
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Papanastasiou I, Kavallieratos NG, Saitanis CJ, Chatzaki M, Papadoulis GT, Emmanouel NG. Parasitoids and Predators of Physokermes hellenicus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Greece. J Econ Entomol 2018; 111:1121-1130. [PMID: 29846649 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti includes species that are distributed in the Holarctic region and feed on conifers. The recently described scale Physokermes hellenicus (Kozár and Gounari) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is an endemic species of Greece whose host plants are fir trees of the genus Abies (Pinales: Pinaceae). It is considered as beneficial scale insect species since its honeydew secretions are exploited by honeybees leading to the production of a special honey with important physicochemical characteristics. Since there are no previous data on the natural enemies of P. hellenicus, an investigation was carried out during 2013 in forested areas of eight mountains in south and central Greece aiming to correlate the presence of P. hellenicus with certain parasitoids and predators. Seven species of Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, and Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera); five species of Anthribidae and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera); and four species of Dictinidae, Linyphiidae, and Theridiidae (Araneae) were identified. Twelve of them were identified at the species level while four at the genus level. Among them Microterys lunatus (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Anthribus fasciatus Forster (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) were the most abundant natural enemies of P. hellenicus adult female while Metaphycus unicolor Hoffer (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trichomasthus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were found to parasitize P. hellenicus male nymph. Cinetata gradata (Simon) (Araneae: Linyphiidae) is reported for first time in the Greek arachnofauna. Our results suggest that the abundance of the fir scale P. hellenicus could be affected by a complex of parasitoid and predator species of different taxa. Future long-term research on these species in relation with abiotic factors would help to understand possible fluctuation of the scale's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Papanastasiou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Athens, Greece
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 6th Km Alexandroupolis-Komotini, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Th Papadoulis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Emmanouel
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
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Grab H, Danforth B, Poveda K, Loeb G. Landscape simplification reduces classical biological control and crop yield. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:348-355. [PMID: 29345735 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification resulting in the simplification of agricultural landscapes is known to negatively impact the delivery of key ecosystem services such as the biological control of crop pests. Both conservation and classical biological control may be influenced by the landscape context in which they are deployed; yet studies examining the role of landscape structure in the establishment and success of introduced natural enemies and their interactions with native communities are lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between landscape simplification, classical and conservation biological control services and importantly, the outcome of these interactions for crop yield. We showed that agricultural simplification at the landscape scale is associated with an overall reduction in parasitism rates of crop pests. Additionally, only introduced parasitoids were identified, and no native parasitoids were found in crop habitat, irrespective of agricultural landscape simplification. Pest densities in the crop were lower in landscapes with greater proportions of semi-natural habitats. Furthermore, farms with less semi-natural cover in the landscape and consequently, higher pest numbers, had lower yields than farms in less agriculturally dominated landscapes. Our study demonstrates the importance of landscape scale agricultural simplification in mediating the success of biological control programs and highlights the potential risks to native natural enemies in classical biological control programs against native insects. Our results represent an important contribution to an understanding of the landscape-mediated impacts on crop yield that will be essential to implementing effective policies that simultaneously conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, 14456, USA
| | - Bryan Danforth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Greg Loeb
- Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, 14456, USA
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Tena A, Nieves E, Herrero J, Urbaneja A. Defensive behaviors of the new mealybug citrus pest, Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), against three generalist parasitoids. J Econ Entomol 2018; 111:89-95. [PMID: 29228351 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug that has become a citrus pest in Europe. This mealybug species causes serious damage because it deforms the fruits. Here, we studied the defensive behavior of D. aberiae when it was attacked by three parasitoid species: Acerophagus angustifrons (Gahan), Anagyrus sp. near pseudoccoci (Girault), and Leptomastix algirica Trjapitzin (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Anagyrus sp. near pseudoccoci and L. algirica detected and accepted nymphs and adult females of D. aberiae, whereas A. angustifrons only accepted adults. We recorded four defensive responses of D. aberiae to parasitoid attacks: abdominal flipping, swiveling around the inserted stylet, withdrawing the stylet and walking away, and, occasionally, they secreted ostiolar fluids. Despite these defensive behaviors, the mealybug did not escape parasitism from any of the tested parasitoids, even though A. angustifrons needed more than 15 min to parasitize. We also analyzed the nutritional value of the honeydew excreted by D. aberiae for A. angustifrons and A. sp. near pseudococci. Females and males of these parasitoids lived more than 28 d when fed sucrose, but they lived fewer than 3 d when fed D. aberiae honeydew. Therefore, D. aberiae excretes honeydew of poor quality for parasitoids. The consequences of these biological traits of D. aberiae for its biological control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tena
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Eliana Nieves
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta Herrero
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
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Ibarra-Cortés KH, Guzmán-Franco AW, González-Hernández H, Ortega-Arenas LD, Villanueva-Jiménez JA, Robles-Bermúdez A. Susceptibility of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Its Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to Entomopathogenic Fungi under Laboratory Conditions. Neotrop Entomol 2018; 47:131-138. [PMID: 28721609 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) is a global pest of citrus that transmits the bacteria associated with the disease, Huanglongbing. Entomopathogenic fungi and the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) are important biological control agents of this pest and likely to interact in D. citri populations. As a basis for interaction studies, we determined the susceptibility of nymphs and adults of D. citri and adults of the parasitoid T. radiata to six fungal isolates from the species Beauveria bassiana s.l. (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (isolates B1 and B3), Metarhizium anisopliae s.s. (Metsch.) (Ma129 and Ma65) and Isaria fumosorosea Wize (I2 and Pae). We conducted experiments evaluating infection levels in all three insect groups following inoculation with a series of conidial concentrations (1 × 104-1 × 108 conidia mL-1). Results showed that D. citri nymphs and T. radiata were more susceptible to fungal isolates than D. citri adults. Overall, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolates caused the greatest infection compared with I. fumosorosea isolates in all three groups of insects. Isolates B1 (B. bassiana) and Ma129 (M. anisopliae) infected a greater proportion of adults and nymphs of D. citri, respectively. Both isolates of B. bassiana caused greater infection in T. radiata compared with isolates of the other fungal species. We propose that isolates B1 and Ma129 are the strongest candidates for control of D. citri. Our results represent the first report of entomopathogenic fungi infecting T. radiata, and the basis for future studies to design a biological control programme that uses both agents more efficiently against D. citri populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Ibarra-Cortés
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad - Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio., 56230, Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico, Mexico
| | - A W Guzmán-Franco
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad - Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio., 56230, Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - H González-Hernández
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad - Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio., 56230, Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico, Mexico
| | - L D Ortega-Arenas
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad - Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio., 56230, Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - A Robles-Bermúdez
- Facultad de Agronomía, Univ Autónoma de Nayarit, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
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Hanan A, He XZ, Wang Q. Insight into the success of whitefly biological control using parasitoids: evidence from the Eretmocerus warrae-Trialeurodes vaporariorum system. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2294-2301. [PMID: 28493468 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms behind the success and failure of whitefly biological control using parasitoids are largely unknown. Here we use the Eretmocerus warrae-greenhouse whitefly system to investigate how the fluctuating density of the parasitoid and its host affects three key parasitoid fitness parameters, host searching, host feeding and parasitization, providing critical knowledge for evaluation and development of whitefly biological control programmes. This is the first such study in a parasitoid-whitefly system. RESULTS Models used and developed here show that (1) both host feeding and parasitism fit a type II functional response; (2) overall parasitoid-caused whitefly mortality significantly increases with growing density of both organisms and the parasitoid density has a significantly more positive effect; (3) with a pro-synovigenic nature, E. warrae allocate significantly more resources to parasitization than to host feeding activity in low whitefly density and high parasitoid density; and (4) low mutual interference among searching parasitoids encourages parasitoid aggregation on host patches of high density. CONCLUSION Regardless of greenhouse whitefly density, the pest can be effectively controlled by release of E. warrae. Our study provides insight into the success of whitefly biological control programmes using the parasitoid augmentation approach. Models used and developed here can also be employed to evaluate biological control programmes for other parasitoid-whitefly systems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hanan
- Balochistan Agricultural Research and Development Centre, Quetta, Pakistan
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Xiong Z He
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Qiao Wang
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Dangi N, Lim UT. Relative Toxicity of Spirotetramat to Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and its Egg Parasitoids. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:2016-2021. [PMID: 28961730 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat, a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor, is effective against sucking insect pests but harmless to insect natural enemies. As spirotetramat can be registered for the management of sucking insect pests such as aphids and bugs in soybeans, we evaluated the insecticide against Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), one of the most important soybean pests in Korea, as well as its effect on two of its important egg parasitoids, Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Gryon japonicum (Ashmead; Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Oral toxicities of five concentrations of spirotetramat (1.00, 0.50, 0.25, 0.13, and 0.06 ml/liter) were tested by feeding these test solutions to insects for 24 h after 12 h of starvation. The lethal median concentration (LC50) for second instars of the bean bug was 0.3 ml/liter after 48 h while values for fourth instars and adults were 9.2 and 19.0 ml/liter, respectively. The median lethal time (LT50) for bean bugs when exposed to a concentration of 0.50 ml/liter was 1.2-1.5 times less than that of the control, while in G. japonicum and O. nezarae it was 1.1-1.2 times less than the control. These results show that spirotetramat is less toxic to the egg parasitoids of bean bug than to bean bug itself and would thus be useful in an integrated management program for this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Dangi
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Taek Lim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
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Letheren A, Hill S, Salie J, Parkman J, Chen J. A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14040438. [PMID: 28422072 PMCID: PMC5409639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand, HWA) remains the single greatest threat to the health and sustainability of hemlock in the eastern USA. The loss of hemlock trees leads to further negative impacts on the diversity and stability of ecosystems in the eastern part of North America. It is, therefore, urgent to develop effective control measures to reduce HWA populations and promote overall hemlock health. Currently available individual and integrated approaches should continue to be evaluated in the laboratory and in the field along with the development of other new and innovative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Letheren
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Stephanie Hill
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jeanmarie Salie
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - James Parkman
- Lindsay Young Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Margiotta M, Bella S, Buffa F, Caleca V, Floris I, Giorno V, Lo Verde G, Rapisarda C, Sasso R, Suma P, Tortorici F, Laudonia S. Modeling Environmental Influences in the Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)-Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) Parasitoid-Host System. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:491-501. [PMID: 28073975 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is an invasive psyllid introduced into the Mediterranean area, where it affects several species of Eucalyptus. Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a specialized parasitoid of this psyllid that was accidentally introduced into Italy in 2011. We developed a model of this host-parasitoid system that accounts for the influence of environmental conditions on the G. brimblecombei population dynamics and P. bliteus parasitism rates in the natural ecosystem. The Lotka-Volterra-based model predicts non-constant host growth and parasitoid mortality rates in association with variation in environmental conditions. The model was tested by analyzing sampling data collected in Naples in 2011 (before the parasitoid was present) and defining several environmental patterns, termed Temperature-Rain or T-R patterns, which correspond to the host growth rate. A mean value of the host growth rate was assigned to each T-R pattern, as well as a variation of the parasitoid mortality rate based on temperature thresholds. The proposed model was applied in simulation tests related to T-R patterns carried out with a data series sampled between June 2014 and July 2015 in five Italian sites located in Campania, Lazio, Sicily, and Sardinia regions. The simulation results showed that the proposed model provides an accurate approximation of population trends, although oscillation details may not be apparent. Results predict a 64% reduction in G. brimblecombei population density owing to P. bliteus parasitoid activity. Our results are discussed with respect to features of the host-parasitoid interaction that could be exploited in future biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Margiotta
- Department of Agriculture (BIPAF), University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (NA) 80055, Italy (; )
| | - S Bella
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economic Analysis - Research Centre for Citrus and Mediterranean Crops (CREA-ACM), Corso Savoia 190, Acireale (CT) 95024, Italy
| | - F Buffa
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari 07100, Italy (; )
| | - V Caleca
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (SAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 5, Palermo 90128, Italy (; ; )
| | - I Floris
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari 07100, Italy ( ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - V Giorno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - G Lo Verde
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (SAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 5, Palermo 90128, Italy (; ; )
| | - C Rapisarda
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A)-Applied Entomology Section, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 100, Catania 95123, Italy (; )
| | - R Sasso
- ENEA C.R. Casaccia Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems Department Biotechnologies and Agroindustry Division Agrifood Sustainability, Quality and Safety Laboratory, Via Anguillarese, 301 - 00123?S, Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - P Suma
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A)-Applied Entomology Section, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 100, Catania 95123, Italy (; )
| | - F Tortorici
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (SAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 5, Palermo 90128, Italy (; ; )
| | - S Laudonia
- Department of Agriculture (BIPAF), University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (NA) 80055, Italy (; )
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Dao HT, Beattie GAC, Spooner-Hart R, Riegler M, Holford P. Primary parasitoids of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia. Insect Sci 2017; 24:150-168. [PMID: 26350302 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We used morphological and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (A. citrina), and their primary parasitoids, in Australia. An extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. Six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified: Aphytis chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis, A. melinus, Comperiella bifasciata, Encarsia citrina, and E. perniciosi. With the exception of A. lingnanensis, these parasitoids, and a species of Aphelinus, were detected in association with red scale during studies in citrus orchards in coastal New South Wales between 2009 and 2012. Two races of A. melinus were recorded: one from the Indian Subcontinent, the other previously only recorded in China. The studies, and reviews of historical records, led us to conclude that 4 parasitoids, A. lingnanensis, C. bifasciata, and both species of Encarsia, were present in Australia before successful or unsuccessful formal introductions between 1902 and 1970. The A. melinus race previously recorded in China may also have been present before the Indian Subcontinent race was formally introduced in 1961. We suggest the possibility that the natural distribution of some of the parasitoids may include East and Southeast Asia, and parts of Australasia. We found no reports of native armored scales being recorded on species and hybrids of Citrus introduced to Australia, and no reports of introduced armored scales being recorded on native Rutaceae, including 6 species of Citrus. However, we subsequently recorded yellow scale on Geijera parviflora, a native rutaceous tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang T Dao
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Chem, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Markus Riegler
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Ebrahimifar J, Jamshidnia A, Allahyari H. Functional Response of Eretmocerus delhiensis on Trialeurodes vaporariorum by Parasitism and Host Feeding. J Insect Sci 2017; 17:3573846. [PMID: 28423420 PMCID: PMC5416749 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The parasitoid wasp, Eretmocerus delhiensis (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) is a thelytokous and syn-ovigenic parasitoid. To evaluate E. delhiensis as a biocontrol agent in greenhouse, the killing efficiency of this parasitoid by parasitism and host-feeding, were studied. Killing efficiency can be compared by estimation of functional response parameters. Laboratory experiments were performed in controllable conditions to evaluate the functional response of E. delhiensis at eight densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 100, and 120 third nymphal stage) of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) on two hosts including; tomato and prickly lettuce. The maximum likelihood estimates from regression logistic analysis revealed type II functional response for two host plants and the type of functional response was not affected by host plant. Roger's model was used to fit the data. The attack rate (a) for E. delhiensis was 0.0286 and 0.0144 per hour on tomato and 0.0434 and 0.0170 per hour on prickly lettuce for parasitism and host feeding, respectively. Furthermore, estimated handling times (Th) were 0.4911 and 1.4453 h on tomato and 0.5713 and 1.5001 h on prickly lettuce for parasitism and host feeding, respectively. Based on 95% confidence interval, functional response parameters were significantly different between the host plants solely in parasitism. Results of this study opens new insight in the host parasitoid interactions, subsequently needs further investigation before utilizing it for management and reduction of greenhouse whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Ebrahimifar
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (; )
| | - Arsalan Jamshidnia
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (; )
| | - Hossein Allahyari
- Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Iran
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Liu H, Mottern J. An Old Remedy for a New Problem? Identification of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in North America. J Insect Sci 2017; 17:iew114. [PMID: 28069731 PMCID: PMC5270392 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) is a recently introduced pest of Tree-of-Heaven, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle in North America. Natural enemy surveys for this pest in Pennsylvania in 2016 recovered an encyrtid egg parasitoid from both field collections and laboratory rearing of field-collected L. delicatula egg masses. Both molecular and morphological data confirm that the egg parasitoids are Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) is primarily an egg parasitoid of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), and was introduced to North America in 1908 for gypsy moth biological control. Although O. kuvanae is known to attack multiple host species, to our knowledge, this is the first report of O. kuvanae as a primary parasitoid of a non-lepidopteran host. Potential of O. kuvanae in the biological control of L. delicatula in North America and research needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houping Liu
- Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA 17105
| | - Jason Mottern
- USDA ARS Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC 20013
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Cui H, Wei J, Su J, Li C, Ge F. Elevated O 3 increases volatile organic compounds via jasmonic acid pathway that promote the preference of parasitoid Encarsia formosa for tomato plants. Plant Sci 2016; 253:243-250. [PMID: 27968993 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The elevated atmospheric O3 level may change the interactions of plants and insects, which potentially affects direct and indirect plant defences. However, the underlying mechanism of the impact of elevated O3 on indirect plant defence, namely the efficacy of natural enemies, is unclear. Here we tested a hypothesis that linked the effects of elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory on tomato volatile releases mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway with the preferences of parasitoid Encarsia formosa for two different tomato genotypes (wild-type (Wt) and JA-deficient genotype (spr2)). The O3 and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including monoterpenes and green leaf volatiles (GLVs). The Wt plants released higher volatile levels, particularly monoterpenes, than did the spr2 plants. In Y-tube tests, limonene and Z-3-hexanol played key roles in the attraction of E. formosa. Moreover, regardless of plant genotype, the two plant genotypes were preferred by adult E. formosa under the O3 and O3+ herbivory treatments. Our results suggest that under elevated O3, the activation of the JA pathway significantly up-regulates the emission rates of volatiles, through which the efficacy of natural enemy might be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jianwei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Wang QL, Liu TX. Effects of Three Insect Growth Regulators on Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an Endoparasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:2290-2297. [PMID: 27744284 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) disrupt the normal activity of the endocrine or hormone system of insects, affecting the development, reproduction, or metamorphosis of the target insects, and normally causing less detrimental effects to beneficial insects. The effects of three IGRs (pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb, and buprofezin) on Encarsia formosa Gahan, an endoparasitoid of whiteflies, were determined using B. tabaci as a host. We assessed the effects of the IGRs on parasitoid's larval development, pupation, emergence, and contact effects of the dry residues on plant leaf and glass vial surface on adult mortality and parasitism. When the three IGRs were applied at larval stage, no or few larvae pupated in the pyriproxyfen treatments and the highest concentration of fenoxycarb, and a majority of larvae pupated in the buprofezin treatments; of those pupated, 62.3-88.1% became adults. When the IGRs were applied at the pupal stage, 2.3-17.5% developed to adults in the pyriproxyfen treatments, 59.7-89.0% in the fenoxycarb treatments, and 58.4-83.6% in the buprofezin treatments. The leaf residues of the IGRs had no appreciable effects on adults, whereas the residues on glass vial caused significantly lower adult survival than on plant leaves. The residues of pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb slightly reduced parasitism as compared with buprofezin and controls. However, the rates of parasitoids that became adults were significantly lower, especially in the pyriproxyfen treatments. According to the standards of International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC), pyriproxyfen was harmful, while fenoxycarb and buprofezin were slightly or moderately harmful to larvae and harmless to E. formosa pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China (, )
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Chow A, Dunlap CA, Jackson MA, Flores D, Patt JM, Sétamou M. Oviposition Behavior and Survival of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an Ectoparasitoid of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), on Hosts Exposed to an Entomopathogenic Fungus, Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Under Laboratory Conditions. J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:1995-2005. [PMID: 27435930 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions between the nymphal parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and the ARSEF 3581 strain of the entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), could disrupt biological control of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Three interactions were evaluated under laboratory conditions at 25 °C: 1) parasitoid survival if parasitized hosts were exposed to ARSEF 3581 blastospores before or after host mummification; 2) parasitoid survival if mummies containing larva or pupa were exposed to ARSEF 3581 hyphae; 3) parasitoid oviposition on infected hosts with visible or without visible hyphae. Topical application of blastospore formulation onto the dorsal surfaces of live nymphs parasitized with second-instar wasp larva (3 d after parasitism) reduced host mummification by 50% and parasitoid emergence by 85%. However, parasitoid emergence was not affected by topical application of blastospore formulation onto mummies that contained fourth-instar wasp larva (6 d after parasitism). Parasitoid emergence was reduced by 80% if mummies containing fourth-instar wasp larva were covered with blastospore formulation colonized by fungal hyphae. In comparison, parasitoid emergence was not affected if mummies containing wasp pupa (9 d after parasitism) were covered with formulation colonized by fungal hyphae. Female parasitoids oviposited on infected hosts without visible hyphae but not on infected hosts with visible hyphae. Our findings suggest that I. fumosorosea could detrimentally affect T. radiata, if both natural enemies are simultaneously deployed for biological control of D. citri However, temporal separation of the fungus and parasitoid could reduce antagonism and enhance control of D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chow
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX 78596 (; )
| | - Christopher A Dunlap
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604 (; )
| | - Mark A Jackson
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604 (; )
| | - Daniel Flores
- USDA APHIS PPQ S&T CPHST Mission Laboratory, Edinburg, TX 78451
| | - Joseph M Patt
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX 78596 (; )
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Turchen LM, Piton LP, Dall'Oglio EL, Butnariu AR, Pereira MJB. Toxicity of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) Essential Oil Against Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Non-Effect on Egg Parasitoids. Neotrop Entomol 2016; 45:604-611. [PMID: 27255767 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant essential oils have been recognized as significant natural resources for insecticides. Herein, we have assessed the toxicity of the essential oil of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) against Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a key soybean pest in Neotropical America. In addition, we have assessed its effect on the performance of egg parasitoids. The essential oil was obtained from the leaves of P. aduncum via hydrodistillation. Subsequently, bioassays of the concentration response to eggs (contact and immersion methods), nymphs, and adults (topical application) were conducted, to assess the lethal effects on the stink bug. We also evaluated the performance of parasitism and adult emergence of egg parasitoids, when the host eggs were treated with essential oil. In the egg bioassay, both exposure methods were efficient for unviable eggs (immersion LC50 = 15.64 mg mL-1; contact LC50 = 21.29 mg mL-1), with the highlight on the immersion method. The bioassay with nymphs indicated a higher toxicity of essential oil, with lower concentrations (LC50 = 11.37 mg mL-1) being required to cause the death of insects. For adults, a reduction in survival of insects was observed, and consequently, there was a reduction in the number of individuals in the next generation. Although the essential oil was toxic to E. heros, it exhibited lower toxicity for egg parasitoids, as there was no effect on parasitism and the emergence of wasps. We discuss likely explanations for such selectivity. In summary, we found that the essential oil was promising for the control of E. heros, because it caused deleterious effects at all development stages of the stink bug and had no effect on parasitism and emergence of the egg parasitoids, which suggested compatibility with biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Turchen
- Dept of Entomology, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
- Depto de Entomologia, Programa de Pós Graduação em Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brasil.
| | - L P Piton
- Dept of Agronomy, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brasil
| | - E L Dall'Oglio
- Dept of Chemistry, Univ Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - A R Butnariu
- Dept of Agronomy, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brasil
| | - M J B Pereira
- Dept of Agronomy, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brasil
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Morse JG, Rugman-Jones PF, Woolley JB, Heraty JM, Triapitsyn SV, Hofshi R, Stouthamer R. Armored Scales and Their Parasitoids on Commercial Avocados Grown in California or Imported from Mexico. J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:2032-2042. [PMID: 27417639 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Levels of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Mexican Hass avocados imported into California over May 2008-June 2009 were monitored on 135 trucks entering the state via the Blythe border station, the entry point receiving the highest volume of fruit. Levels of live sessile scales were 3.9-fold higher than indicated in a previous survey (September 2007-April 2008) although levels of live eggs and crawlers were similar to previous levels. A survey of avocado fruit in California infested with armored scales detected four species known to be endemic but failed to find any of the seven exotic Diaspididae entering the state on Mexican fruit. Monitoring of Mexican armored scales on imported avocados from September 2007 to December 2010 recovered 10 species of parasitoids predominated by two species of Signiphora Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae). One of these species, Signiphora flavopalliata Ashmead, comprised 36% of all collected Mexican parasitoids and is a known hyperparasitoid. A survey of armored scale parasitoids present on commercial California avocados detected 17 genetic signatures, with only four of these in common with those detected on imported Mexican fruit. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Morse
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; ; ; )
| | - P F Rugman-Jones
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; ; ; )
| | - J B Woolley
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - J M Heraty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; ; ; )
| | - S V Triapitsyn
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; ; ; )
| | - R Hofshi
- The Hofshi Foundation, Fallbrook, CA 92028; www.avocadosource.com
| | - R Stouthamer
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; ; ; )
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