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Rajani AJ, Raval DM, Chitale RA, Kempaiah P, Elwasila SM, Durvasula R, Oring J. Half a Century in Hiding: A Unique Case of Tuberculoid Leprosy with an Unprecedented Incubation Period. Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e942048. [PMID: 38351602 PMCID: PMC10877640 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.942048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a neglected tropical disease with low prevalence in the United States. The disease's long incubation period can cause delayed presentation, and most affected individuals have a history of travel or work in leprosy-endemic regions. The immune response to Mycobacterium leprae determines the clinical characteristics of leprosy, with tuberculoid leprosy being characterized by well-defined granulomas and involvement of peripheral nerves. The recommended treatment is a combination of dapsone and rifampin for 12 months. CASE REPORT A 78-year-old man with a history of extensive travel to Africa and Asia 50 years ago, presented with a non-tender, non-pruritic, and hypopigmented skin lesion on his left knee. Biopsy results confirmed granulomatous inflammation and the presence of Mycobacterium leprae, leading to a diagnosis of tuberculoid/paucibacillary leprosy. The patient received dapsone and rifampin treatment, which resulted in symptom improvement. CONCLUSIONS The patient's long incubation period of 50 years between exposure and symptom onset is remarkable and possibly one of the longest reported for tuberculoid leprosy. It emphasizes the importance of considering leprosy in cases with an extensive travel history and long incubation periods. Our patient's case presented contradictory staining results, suggesting potential sampling variation or a rare mixed leprosy form. Based on his clinical findings, he was diagnosed with tuberculoid leprosy. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent irreversible nerve damage and improve patient outcomes. Healthcare providers should be vigilant in acquiring a detailed travel history to facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate management of leprosy cases.
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Nambiar PH, Katikaneni M, Al Nahlawi B, Hayat SQ. Leprosy after interleukin 6 inhibitor therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:787. [PMID: 31250825 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Puja H Nambiar
- Department of Medicince, Ochsner Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Mamatha Katikaneni
- Department of Medicince, Ochsner Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - Samina Q Hayat
- Department of Medicince, Ochsner Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Shrestha BK, Ranabhat K, Pant R, Sapkota S, Shrestha S. Neuritic Leprosy; An Intriguing Re-visit to a Forbidden Ailment. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2019; 17:73-76. [PMID: 31734684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that presents with varied manifestations. Pure neuritic leprosy is one of the rarest forms of the disease which is characterized by nerve involvement without the characteristic cutaneous stigmata. Eleven year old, healthy male presented with progressively increasing painful swelling at the medial aspect of the arm near to the right elbow joint with difficulty in extending right ring and little fingers at interphalangeal joint and numbness in the same region for last 1 year with no cutaneous abnormalities. Physical examination revealed 6x3 cm firm, tender lesion 3 cm proximal to the right elbow joint with positive tinel's sign, without signs of inflammation, along with characteristic claw hand deformity of right hand and atrophy of hypothenar and interossei muscle. Electro-diagnostic testing revealed findings consistent with a right ulnar axonal neuropathy above the elbow. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed well defined heterogeneously hyper intense linear lesion along the course of thickened ulnar nerve in the distal arm extending posterior to the medial condyle. It also showed an oval shaped lesion (2.1x1.0 cm) arising from the same segment of the nerve, without any bony or muscular involvement of that area. The patient underwent surgical exploration and ulnar nerve decompression with biopsy. Pathology revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory acid fast bacilli stain negative lesion, which was histologically consistent with caseous abscess caused by tuberculoid leprosy, pathognomonic for Hansen's disease. He has been started on antibiotic therapy and is referred to leprosy center for further course of management. Pure neuritic leprosy, though rare, should be considered as differential diagnosis in cases presenting with peripheral neuropathy at leprosy-endemic areas. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is imperative to prevent permanent neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Shrestha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Kathmandu
| | - K Ranabhat
- Department of Radiology, Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Kathmandu
| | - R Pant
- Department of Pathology, Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Kathmandu
| | - S Sapkota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Kathmandu
| | - S Shrestha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Kathmandu
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Awali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Lugão HB, Frade MAC, Mazzer N, Foss NT, Nogueira-Barbosa MH. Leprosy with ulnar nerve abscess: ultrasound findings in a child. Skeletal Radiol 2017; 46:137-140. [PMID: 27785545 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the ultrasound findings of a typical case of nerve abscess due to leprosy in an 11-year-old boy. The patient had previously undergone pediatric multibacillary leprosy multidrug therapy (MDT) in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines. He presented to our service with bilateral ulnar neuritis with no response to prednisone (1 mg/kg). Right ulnar nerve ultrasound revealed nerve hypoechogenicity, fascicular pattern disorganization, marked fusiform thickening, and a round anechoic area suggestive of intraneural abscess. Intense intraneural power Doppler signal was detected, indicating active neuritis. Intravenous methylprednisolone had a poor response and the patient was submitted to ulnar nerve decompression, which confirmed nerve abscess with purulent discharge during surgery. As the patient weighed more than 40 kg, treatment with a pediatric dose was considered insufficient and adult-dose MDT was prescribed, with improvement of nerve pain and function. Although leprosy is rare in developed countries, it still exists in the USA and it is endemic in many developing countries. Leprosy neuropathy is responsible for the most serious complications of the disease, which can lead to irreversible impairments and deformities. Nerve abscess is an uncommon complication of leprosy and ultrasound can efficiently demonstrate this condition, allowing for prompt treatment. There is scant literature about the imaging findings of nerve abscess in leprosy patients. Radiologists should suspect leprosy in patients with no other known causes of neuropathy when detecting asymmetric nerve enlargement and nerve abscess on ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Barbosa Lugão
- Dermatology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Campus Universitário, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Dermatology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Campus Universitário, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Mazzer
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norma Tiraboschi Foss
- Dermatology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Campus Universitário, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Secchin-De-Andrade PJ, De Andrea Vilas-Boas Hacker M, Sales AM, Dalvi-Garcia F, Da Costa Nery JA, Menezes VM, Sarno EN. Corticosteroid therapy in borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients co-infected with HIV undergoing reversal reaction: a clinical study. LEPROSY REV 2016; 87:516-525. [PMID: 30226355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium leprae and HIV cause infectious diseases of great concern for the public health care sector worldwide. Both are especially worrisome diseases when patients become co-infected and exhibit the expected clinical exuberance. The objective of this study was to evaluate episodes of reversal reaction (RR) and the effect of the use of corticosteroids on the treatment of borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study in which the clinical manifestations of the patients and their responses to corticosteroid therapy were observed. Variables were analysed during and after multidrug therapy between the first and last days of prednisone, which occurred up to a maximum of 6 months after initiating corticosteroid therapy. RESULTS A total of 22 HIV-positive and 28 HIV-negative cases were included. Loss of sensitivity and neural thickening were statistically significant while clinically ulcerated lesions were only observed in the co-infected group. Most patients were diagnosed with leprosy in the presence of RR and six patients manifested RR as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. On average, both groups received similar doses of corticosteroids (difference of 0·1 mg/kg/day).
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Villada G, Zarei M, Romagosa R, Forgione P, Fabbrocini G, Romanelli P. Autochthonous borderline tuberculoid leprosy in a man from Florida. LEPROSY REV 2016; 87:101-103. [PMID: 27255063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a chronic contagious granulomatous disease principally affecting the skin and peripheral nervous system, caused by Mycobacterium leprae. In this report, we present a case of autochthonous leprosy in a man from Florida as the first human case reported from this region. Authors believe dermatologists need to be aware of the possibility of autochthonous transmission of leprosy in the Eastern-Southern United States, and should consider leprosy in any patient with atypical skin lesions, even when a history of contact with armadillo is missing.
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Karjigi S, Herakal K, Murthy SC, Bathina A, Kusuma MR, Nikhil KRY. Primary Neuritic Hansen's Disease presenting as Ulnar Nerve Abscess in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patient. Indian J Lepr 2015; 87:169-174. [PMID: 26999990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy has been increasingly known to have an enigmatic relationship with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Co-infection may result in atypical manifestations of leprosy. A 45-year old human immunodeficiency virus-positive male; agricultural laborer presented with a swelling over right elbow, right hand deformity, generalized itching and recurrent vesicles overthe perinasal area. Clinical and investigational findings were consistent with mononeuritic type of Hansen's disease with right sided silent ulnar nerve abscess, partial claw hand. CD4+ count of the patientwas 430 cells/cmm. This patient also hadherpes simplex labialis, with HIV-associated pruritus. To the best of our knowledge such an atypical presentation has not been reported earlier.
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Pai VV, Kikkeri NN, Athanikar SB, Rao R. Psoriasis and leprosy: a mystifying coexistence. Cutis 2013; 92:E3-E4. [PMID: 24153151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Lluch P, Urruticoechea A, Lluch J, Moll MC, Matos M, Benet JM, Ene L, Cañete JD. Development of leprosy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis during treatment with etanercept: a case report. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012; 42:127-30. [PMID: 22542278 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder. There is a clear association between some disease-modifying drugs used to treat RA and infection. The introduction of the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies has improved the outcome of severe RA. The TNF-antagonism may increase susceptibility to granulomatous pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Histoplasma capsulatum. METHODS We report the case of a 37-year-old woman with RA receiving an anti-TNF agent, who developed a rash on her back and both legs, which was finally diagnosed as tuberculoid leprosy. RESULTS This is the first case of leprosy due to anti-TNF therapy reported in Europe. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of this and other types of atypical and serious infections that patients may suffer from when treated with anti-TNF agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lluch
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Mateu Orfila, Menorca, Spain.
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Verma P, Pandhi D, Singal A. Trigeminal trophic syndrome complicating a case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy. LEPROSY REV 2012; 83:108-112. [PMID: 22655477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An example of trigeminal trophic syndrome presenting as ulceration of ala nasi in a case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy is reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second case report of this manifestation in leprosy to be documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Verma
- Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Shahdara, Delhi, India
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Wambier CG, Lemos FBM, Cappel MA, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F, Foss NT. Generalized serpiginous eruption during immunosuppressive treatment for leprosy reactive neuritis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1357. [PMID: 22216360 PMCID: PMC3246428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gustavo Wambier
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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da Silva Martinez T, Nahas AA, Figueira MMNR, Costa AV, Gonçalves MA, Goulart LR, Goulart IMB. Oral lesion in leprosy: borderline tuberculoid diagnosis based on detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA by qPCR. Acta Derm Venereol 2011; 91:704-7. [PMID: 21879249 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral lesions are rarely reported in paucibacillary forms of leprosy. We report here a case with an erythematous hyposensitive lesion in the palate and no skin lesions. In addition to routine tests, biopsies of the lesion in the palate and of clinically normal surrounding areas were performed and subjected to real-time PCR for detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA. The biopsy of the oral lesion was positive for bacilli DNA, followed by positive serum anti-PGL-1 and Mitsuda test, but with negative histopathology. The patient was diagnosed with a borderline tuberculoid form. After multidrug therapy the lesion had significantly regressed and the bacilli DNA detection in the former lesion was negative. The bacilli DNA detection in an oral lesion by real-time PCR not only improved leprosy diagnosis, but also helped in the classification of clinical form, and in the establishment of the appropriate therapeutic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita da Silva Martinez
- National Reference Center in Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Hospital das Clinicas, Av. Aspirante Mega, 77, Bairro Jaraguá, 38413-018 Uberlândia/MG, Brazil.
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Smith WCS, Saunderson P. Leprosy. BMJ Clin Evid 2010; 2010:0915. [PMID: 21418690 PMCID: PMC3217821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization field leprosy classification is based on the number of skin lesions: paucibacillary leprosy (1-5 skin lesions), and multibacillary leprosy (more than 5 skin lesions). Worldwide, about 250,000 new cases of leprosy are reported each year, and about 2 million people have leprosy-related disabilities. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent leprosy? What are the effects of treatments for leprosy? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to September 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found 20 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: chemoprophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) plus killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine, BCG vaccine, ICRC vaccine, multidrug treatment, multiple-dose treatment, Mycobacterium w vaccine, and single-dose treatment.
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Ravindra K, Ramachander T. Coexistence of borderline tuberculoid Hansen's disease with tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in a child--a rare case. Indian J Lepr 2010; 82:91-93. [PMID: 21434512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
M. leprae is a more prevalent cause of cutaneous infections as compared M. tuberculosis, though both belong to the same family of organisms; their co-existence is a rare entity in children. It has been suggested that cross-immunity exists between tuberculosis and leprosy with reports of BCG vaccine giving some protection against leprosy. In spite of epidemiological, clinical and microbiological evidences; the exact relationship between tuberculosis and leprosy still remains unclear. It is imperative to rule out coexistence of cutaneous tuberculosis and leprosy as therapy with rifampicin in treatment of leprosy can lead to drug resistance in management of tuberculosis and the use of steroid in leprosy can aggravate cutaneous tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antitubercular/therapeutic use
- BCG Vaccine
- Child
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial
- Humans
- Leprostatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Leprosy, Borderline/complications
- Leprosy, Borderline/diagnosis
- Leprosy, Borderline/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Borderline/pathology
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/complications
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/diagnosis
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/pathology
- Male
- Rifampin/therapeutic use
- Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/complications
- Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ravindra
- Department of Dermatology, Jaya Jagadguru Murugharajendra Medical College (JJMC), Davangere-577 004, Karanataka, India
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Rodríguez-Pazos L, Gómez-Bernal S, Sánchez-Aguilar D, Toribio J. [Lepra reaction and pregnancy]. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2010; 101:190-191. [PMID: 20223170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
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Rashed HA, Mearag I, Saleh NMK, Saied A. Histopathological lesions of apparently normal skin in leprosy patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2009; 39:933-942. [PMID: 20120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out on 50 patients with different clinical types of leprosy 38 males (76 % and 12 females (24%), ages ranged from 14 -70 years with a mean age +/- SD 49.22 +/- 12.97 years. Mean disease duration was 5.65 years +/- SD = 9.27 selected to study a group of leprosy patients and compare the clinical parameters with histopathological findings and bacteriologic status of the skin to evaluate the relevance of their patients. Patients were subjected to full medical history taking including disease duration, type and duration of previous or current therapies. Complete clinical examination, for the determination of the clinical type of leprosy. Skin slit smear (SSS) and skin biopsies were taken and examined after staining for histopathological assessment and Acid fast bacilli (AFB). SPSS package version (statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used for data analysis. The biopsy of normally looking skin showed classic histopathological features of leprosy in more than half of the cases (26 cases, 52%). The histopathological types of leprosy diagnosed in such cases were as follows: indeterminate leprosy (IL) in 4 cases (15.38%), Tuberculoid leprosy (TL) in 2 cases (7.69%), Borderline tuberculoid (BT) in 4 cases (15.38), Borderline Borderline (BB) i.e Query in 8 cases (30.76%), Borderline Lepromatous (BL) in 7 cases (26.92%) and Lepromatous leprosy (LL) in a patient (3.84%). Other 24 cases showed either no evidence of leprosy in (9 cases, 37.5%), or query findings (in the form of sweat gland changes either alone or in combination with thickened nerves and superficial and deep perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate) in 15 cases (62.5%). Histopathology of skin lesion biopsies showed TL in 3 cases (6%), BT in 8 cases (16%), BB in 8 cases (16%), BL in 14 cases (28%), LL in 12 cases (24%) and leprosy in reaction in 5 cases (10%). In 16 cases (32%), histopathological type of leprosy detected by microscopical examination of biopsies from skin lesions differed from that diagnosed by clinical examination.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Humans
- Leprostatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Leprosy, Borderline/classification
- Leprosy, Borderline/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Borderline/pathology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/classification
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/pathology
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/classification
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mycobacterium leprae/isolation & purification
- Physical Examination
- Skin/microbiology
- Skin/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Rashed
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Visco-Comandini U, Longo B, Cuzzi T, Paglia MG, Antonucci G. Tuberculoid leprosy in a patient with AIDS: a manifestation of immune restoration syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 36:881-3. [PMID: 15764179 DOI: 10.1080/00365540410025357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An HIV positive male from Brazil, living in Italy since 1989, developed a single non-itching, papulo-erythematous infiltrative lesion on the face after 2 months from the beginning of HAART. A diagnosis of leprosy was made, suggesting that the immunodeficiency masked the disease, until the skin manifestation became evident with immune-recovery.
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Shen J, Liu M, Zhou M, Wengzhong L. Occurrence and management of leprosy reaction in China in 2005. LEPROSY REV 2009; 80:164-169. [PMID: 19743620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy reactions are a major cause of disability before, during and after anti-bacterial treatment. Prompt diagnosis and correct management of reaction is a crucial matter for improving the quality of leprosy health services. OBJECTIVES To describe the pattern of leprosy reaction and its management in China during 2005. METHODS A retrospective survey using a questionnaire was carried out in all the provinces of China at the beginning of 2006. Patients included were those presenting with leprosy reaction between 1 January and 31 December 2005. RESULTS 452 questionnaires from 25 provinces were analysed. There were 313 male and 139 female patients who had 159 Type I reactions, 273 Type II reactions and 20 Type I and II mixed reaction. 72.4% of reactions occurred in the first year of MDT and 27.6% of patients during the second year of MDT. The highest frequency of reaction was during the first 6 months of MDT; 57.3% of patients developed new nerve impairment during and after MDT. CONCLUSIONS New nerve function impairment and disability still occurs among patients during and after MDT. The early detection and management of leprosy reaction remains important.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- China/epidemiology
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Humans
- Leprostatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Leprosy, Borderline/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Borderline/epidemiology
- Leprosy, Borderline/pathology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/epidemiology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/pathology
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/drug therapy
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/epidemiology
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/pathology
- Male
- Prevalence
- Retrospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Surveys and Questionnaires
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Shen
- Department of Leprosy Field Control, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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De D, Dogra S, Kaur I. Dapsone induced acute photosensitivity dermatitis; a case report and review of literature. LEPROSY REV 2007; 78:401-404. [PMID: 18309716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dapsone is one of the main constituents of anti-leprosy treatment and has been in use for various dermatological and non-dermatological indications since the 1940s. Dapsone-induced photosensitivity is a rare complication. Only 11 cases seem to have been reported in the literature. We report a case of dapsone-induced photosensitivity in an Indian patient with leprosy, and briefly review the literature. Dapsone (diaminodiphenyl sulphone or DDS) is the most commonly used anti-leprosy drug since the 1940s. Apart from leprosy, it is used for various other infectious and non- infectious dermatoses as well as for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV infected patients. It is one of the main constituents of multidrug therapy (MDT) in leprosy by virtue of its anti-mycobacterial properties. It acts by interference with folate metabolism. Because of its inhibitory effect in neutrophil chemotaxis and neutrophilic oxygen burst, it acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Documented cutaneous adverse effects of dapsone include generalised maculopapular rash, exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, pustular and acneiform skin eruptions. Photosensitivity dermatitis is a very rare side-effect of dapsone and to the best of our knowledge, only 11 cases have been reported in the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar De
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Arora SK. Leprosy in a preschool child--a case report. J Indian Med Assoc 2007; 105:140. [PMID: 17824468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy in a preschool child appearing at the age of four years is reported due to its rarity, particularly at a time when we are hoping for its elimination. A 5-year-old female child presented with an erythematous rash over-her right buttock for last one year. Histopathological examination from the patch revealed it to be a case of indeterminate leprosy. The child responded favourably with antileprosy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Arora
- Department of Skin, VD and Leprosy, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Koch
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical and Travel Medicine, Saxonian Reference Center for Travel Medicine, Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Lane JE, Walsh DS, Meyers WM, Klassen-Fischer MK, Kent DE, Cohen DJ. Borderline tuberculoid leprosy in a woman from the state of Georgia with armadillo exposure. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:714-6. [PMID: 17010758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the southern and southeastern United States, the 9-banded armadillo is an important reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy (Hansen's disease). Here, we describe a woman living in Georgia with borderline tuberculoid leprosy who worked for many years in a garden where armadillos burrowed or were buried. There was no history of foreign travel or known exposure to a person with leprosy. Treatment with 6 once-monthly combined doses of rifampin, ofloxacin, and minocycline was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Lane
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia 31217, USA.
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24
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25
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Arfan-ul-Bari, Simeen-ber-Rahman. Scar leishmaniasis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006; 16:294-5. [PMID: 16624197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A large spectrum of clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) have been reported including a scar presentation in many chronic cases. We report here a case where CL developed in a scar of healed lesion of tuberculoid leprosy. Initially, it was suspected as a relapse or reaction of the previous disease, but on histopathology, it proved to be a new disease (CL). On anti-leishmaniasis treatment, lesion healed satisfactorily in about a month time.
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26
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El-Darouti MA, Hussein S, Marzouk SA, Nabil N, Hunter NS, Mahgoub D, El-Eishi NH, Abdel-Halim MRE. Histopathological study of apparently normal skin of patients with leprosy. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45:292-6. [PMID: 16533232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical and laboratory observations point to the possible microscopical affection of normal-looking skin in leprosy. OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to verify the microscopical affection of apparently normal-looking skin in different types of leprosy. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 50 patients with different clinical types of leprosy. Biopsies from both skin lesions and normal-looking skin were obtained from each patient and examined for microscopical evidence of leprosy. RESULTS Microscopical affection of normal-looking skin was detected in 52% of our cases, with higher incidence of affection towards the lepromatous end of the disease. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore that the incidence of microscopical affection of normal-looking skin in leprosy is much higher on the lepromatous end of the spectrum of leprosy than on the tuberculoid end; during treatment, the leprosy granulomas may disappear from the normal skin before the clinical lesions. Moreover, the microscopic picture of indeterminate leprosy can be observed in the normal-looking skin of patients with tuberculoid leprosy or lepromatous leprosy, and this description appears not to be confined to the entity known as indeterminate leprosy.
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27
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Ghorpade A. Multiple superficial sporotrichoid nerve abscesses with a hyperpigmented lesion in a tuberculoid leprosy patient: a rare and unusual presentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:357-8. [PMID: 16503914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sunkad M. Bigger may not be better. LEPROSY REV 2006; 77:81. [PMID: 16715694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy still remains an important public health problem for many parts of the world. An association of gangrene with leprosy is a rare one & can have a number of causative mechanisms. We present a case with Leprosy & gangrene with positive anti phopholipid antibody titers. CASE PRESENTATION A 50-year-old non-diabetic, non-hypertensive lady presented with 2 months history of progressive gangrene of bilateral toes. She was found to have madarosis & hypopigmented, hypoaesthetic macular lesions on the upper limb & thighs. Bilateral ulnar & popliteal nerves were thickened. A skin biopsy of the lesions revealed borderline tuberculoid leprosy, slit skin smears revealed a bacteriological index of 1+. She did not have any evidence of thromboembolic episode or atherosclerosis. ACLA was positive at presentation & also on another occasion 6 weeks later. ACLAs were of the IgM type on both occasions. Lupus Anticoagulant & beta2 GPI antibody were negative. DOPPLER of the lower limb arteries did not reveal any abnormality. Patient was successfully treated with multi-drug antileprotics & anticoagulants. CONCLUSION Infectious APLAs should be recognized as a cause of thrombosis in Leprosy. Appropriate anticoagulation can salvage limb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank M Akerkar
- Lecturer, Rheumatology,Dept of Medicine,Seth GSMC & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India – 400012
| | - Lata S Bichile
- Chief Rheumatology,Head Dept of Medicine,Seth GSMC & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India – 400012
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30
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Rieker J, Ritzmann S, Talhari C, Homey B, Ruzicka T, Bruch-Gerharz D. [Tuberculoid leprosy ("Single skin lesion")]. Hautarzt 2005; 56:973-5. [PMID: 16142494 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-005-1029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Rieker
- Hautklinik der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf
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31
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Santos MNS, de Ferreira LCL, Talhari S. Paucibacillary treatment for large tuberculoid lesions of leprosy? Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2005; 73:225-7; author reply 227-8. [PMID: 16830649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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32
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Ghorpade A. Bigger may not always be better: giant borderline tuberculoid leprosy lesion. LEPROSY REV 2005; 76:182-3. [PMID: 16038255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Abstract
Leprosy is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in the developing world. It is not expected to be acquired by visitors traveling through these countries. We present a backpacker who contracted leprosy during brief stays in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Brickell
- Neurology Department, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand
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34
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Abstract
A retrospective study of 531 leprosy patients was undertaken to study the profile of reactions in the post Multi-Drug-Therapy period in a tertiary hospital in Delhi. BT was the most common group. The prevalence of reactions was found to be 8.09% for the Type 1 and 4.70% for the Type 2 reactions for a male:female ratio of 2.2. The Type 1 reaction was most frequently observed in the BB group followed by BL, BT and LL groups respectively. More than half of the patients had reactions at the time of presentation. In only 39.8% of the patients did reaction follow Multi-Drug-Therapy. In 4.5% of the patients with Type 1 reactions (T1R), concomitant infections were noted. The most common presentation of T1R was cutaneous lesions (74.41%) followed by cutaneous lesions and neuritis (53.6%), neuritis alone (12.1%), and only edema of hands and feet (7.31%) respectively. The Type 2 reactions (T2R) presented chiefly as papulo-nodular (92%) lesions followed by pustulonecrotic (8%) lesions. Associated neuritis was found in 40% and periosteitis and iritis in 8% and 4%, respectively. In 8.6% of the patients with T2R, precipitating factors could be observed. The prevalence of deformities in patients with reaction was 25%, and was more common in females. Deformities were observed in 23.25% of the T1R patients and 28% of the T2R patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Sharma
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Lady Hardinge Medical College & S.S.K. and K.S.C. Hospitals, New Delhi, India
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35
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Canacci AM, Thornton SL, Sood A, Bergfeld W. Painful plaques and nodules on the face, neck, and right wrist of a 51-year-old man. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 141:389-94. [PMID: 15781682 DOI: 10.1001/archderm.141.3.389-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M Canacci
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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36
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Chikkamuniyappa S, Christal J. Widespread rash in a man with leukemia. JAAPA 2005; 18:53. [PMID: 15675120 DOI: 10.1097/01720610-200501000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Jebaraj I, Rao A, NK S. Imaging of tender neuropathy in leprosy. Indian J Lepr 2005; 77:51-4. [PMID: 16173420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Jebaraj
- Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu
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38
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Abstract
A 5-year-old contact of a lepromatous leprosy patient with a tuberculoid lesion on the anterior aspect of the shaft of the penis is reported. The child was clinically suspected to have borderline tuberculoid leprosy during a survey of contacts of leprosy patients, which on histopathology revealed features of subpolar tuberculoid leprosy. The father of the child was recently detected as a case of lepromatous leprosy and was started on multibacillary regime of WHO multidrug therapy. The reason for the localization of the lesion to the shaft of the penis is also suggested. Skin as a route of transmission of tuberculoid leprosy is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Kar
- Department of Dermatology, Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, India.
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39
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure neuritic leprosy (PNL) constitutes a significant proportion of all cases in India, however, this form of disease has not been fully recognized and investigated and there is little information in the existing literature. OBJECTIVE To study the epidemiological characteristics of PNL in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of leprosy clinic records for the period 1993 to 2003 was undertaken. Detailed demographic profiles and clinical findings were noted from the predesigned clinic proforma. A slit-skin smear for acid-fast baclli (AFB) was done in all cases from the area of sensory loss. A skin biopsy was done from the area of sensory impairment to study histopathological changes. Further investigations such as nerve conduction velocity studies (NCV), fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), or nerve biopsy (superficial nerve twigs) were done if indicated in patients whenever there was difficulty in clinical diagnosis. RESULTS Of the total 1542 leprosy patients seen over this period, 65 (4.2%) had PNL. Males were more commonly affected than females (2.6:1.). The majority of patients 40/65(61.5%) were aged between 15 and 35 yrs. Predominant presenting symptoms were paresthesia, pain, sensory/motor deficit, and trophic changes. A majority of the patients 39/65 (60.0%) presented with involvement of 2 or more nerves in the same extremity. Mononeuritis was seen in 26 (40%) patients. The nerves most often involved were the right ulnar nerve in the upper extremity, and the right common peroneal nerve in the lower limb. In general, the nerves of the upper extremity were more commonly involved than in the lower limbs (67 vs. 55). Motor deformities such as claw hand and foot drop were present in 13/75 (20%) and 7/65 (10.8%) patients, respectively. Slit-skin smears were negative in all patients, and skin histopathology from the area of sensory loss revealed non-specific inflammation in the dermis in a majority of patients, with perineural inflammation in a few. All patients were treated with multi-drug therapy (MDT); patients with >/=2 peripheral nerve trunk involvements were treated with WHO MDT MB regimen, while others were administered WHO MDT PB regimen. Follow-up for up to 2 yrs was available in only 32/65 (49.2%) patients, none of whom developed any skin lesions during this period. CONCLUSION PNL is a distinct subset of disease frequently seen in India. There is need to pay more attention to this form of leprosy and diagnose and treat patients earlier to prevent deformities and sequelae of nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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40
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain appears to be much more common in leprosy than has been generally appreciated. Emphasis in leprosy control programs has been on the distribution of multi-drug therapy, on early and better detection, and on the prevention of disability related to anesthetic limbs. Most have thus been inattentive to the problem of neuropathic pain in leprosy patients. Neuropathic pain does not respond to the usual analgesics employed for reactions, for example, and so it is important that those treating leprosy patients give this problem the special attention it requires, both in diagnosis and in treatment.
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41
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Abstract
The introduction of multidrug therapy by the World Health Organization has dramatically reduced the world prevalence of leprosy but the disease is still a public health problem in many countries, with a world prevalence of almost 600,000 cases in 2001. Damage to peripheral nerves is a key component of leprosy and the sensory and motor loss that follows is the basis for many of the classical features of this disease, such as skin wounds, cracks, plantar ulcers, clawed hands, drop foot, and incomplete closure of the eyelids. One of the most remarkable aspects of leprosy to lay persons and health care workers alike is that patients are reputed to feel no pain. However, neuropathic pain is arising as a major problem among leprosy patients. It can be nociceptive due to tissue inflammation, which mostly occurs during episodes of immune activation or neuropathic due to damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. This study, conducted among 358 leprosy patients, reveals a considerable prevalence of neuropathic pain and presents evidence that this common problem should be a high priority of those in charge of leprosy control programs.
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42
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Nanda S, Bansal S, Grover C, Garg V, Reddy BSN. Lazarine leprosy--revisited? Indian J Lepr 2004; 76:351-4. [PMID: 16119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Nanda
- Department of Dermatology & STD, Maulana Azad Medical College & associated Hospitals, New Delhi.
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43
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Ghorpade A. Tuberculoid leprosy confined to glans penis in two cases. LEPROSY REV 2004; 75:188-91. [PMID: 15282972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Ghorpade
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, JLN Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), India.
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44
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Ghorpade A. Reactional tattoo inoculation borderline tuberculoid leprosy with oedematous tattoos. LEPROSY REV 2004; 75:91-4. [PMID: 15072131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Tattoo inoculation borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy in upgrading reaction with prominent tattoo oedema developing after starting paucibacillary multidrug therapy (PB MDT) is reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. An excellent response to oral steroids and PB MDT was seen. There is only one similar report in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Ghorpade
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, JLN Hospital & Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, Chattisgarh 490006, India.
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45
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Mathew D, Kishore BN, Shwethadri GK, Shetty NJ. An evaluation of clinical and histopathological status in paucibacillary leprosy patients after completion of fixed duration therapy. Indian J Lepr 2004; 76:11-8. [PMID: 15527055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out involving 25 patients with paucibacillary leprosy who attended the outpatient department of dermatology of Father Muller's Medical College Hospital during the period January 2001 to March 2002. All the patients were examined clinically and histopathologically at the beginning and at the end of six months of MDT and relevant data recorded. Clinicopathological correlation with histopathological classification before MDT was 72% and 68% at the end of MDT in our study. At the end of treatment 4 (16%) cases were clinically active and 8 (32%) were histopathologlcally active. The study showed that active cases were significantly reduced as a result of MDT, both clinically and histopathologically. The histopathological activity that outlasts MDT may be due to the bacillary fragments that persist; but clinical activity coupled with histopathological activity seen in 2 patients at the end of 6 months of MDT was possibly an indicator of relapse and these patients and similar others need to be followed up for a longer duration. In this study, resolution of granuloma and clinical activity after completion of MDT were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mathew
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore 575 002, Karnataka
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46
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Shetty VP, Wakade AV, Ghate S, Pai VV, Ganapati R, Antia NH. Viability and drug susceptibility testing of M. leprae using mouse footpad in 37 relapse cases of leprosy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 71:210-7. [PMID: 14608816 DOI: 10.1489/1544-581x(2003)71<210:vadsto>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria leprae isolates obtained from 37 referral relapse cases of leprosy (37 skin and 10 nerve biopsy samples) received during the years 1994-2001, were tested for viability and drug sensitivity in the mouse footpad. A significant M. leprae yield in the footpads of control mice was obtained, with 32/47 (68%) isolates (from 26 cases) thus confirming viability. Of the 28 isolates successfully drug tested, 6 (21%) were resistant to one or more drugs. All except one, were multidrug treated cases (5/24 = 21%). One of the isolates was resistant to all three drugs, i.e., dapsone (di-aminodiphenyl sulphone, DDS), rifampin (RFP), and clofazimine (CLF). Two were resistant to two drugs, i.e., DDS and RFP, and each of the others were mono resistant to DDS, RFP, or CLF. Notably, one of the isolates that showed combined resistance to DDS and RFP was derived from a borderline tuberculoid case. Also, in one case skin and nerve showed that discordance viz: M. leprae derived from skin were resistant to RFP, while those derived from nerve tested sensitive to all three drugs, indicating tissue related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Shetty
- Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G.Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.
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47
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Zapor M, Kaplan K, Hawkes C. Apparent exacerbation of Hansen's disease despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Mil Med 2003; 168:893-5. [PMID: 14680044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1991, the World Health Organization and its member states resolved to reduce the global prevalence of Hansen's disease (leprosy) by at least 90%. Despite its waning prevalence, however, the disease remains endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Moreover, imported cases are occasionally encountered innonendemic areas. This fact, coupled with the current tempo of overseas deployments, makes it imperative that military physicians familiarize themselves with both the presentation and potential complications of Hansen's disease. Here, we present the case of a soldier referred to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for apparent worsening of his disease despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. On evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with reversal reaction, an immune-mediated phenomenon resembling disease exacerbation and requiring prompt intervention to avert lasting sequelae. Following the case presentation, we discuss the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and management of reversal reactions as well as the related entity erythema nodosum leprosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zapor
- Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA
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48
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Rath N, Kar HK. Leprosy in HIV infection: a study of three cases. Indian J Lepr 2003; 75:355-9. [PMID: 15242274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The course of leprosy in patients with HIV infection has been a controversial issue for a long time. It is still a matter of debate whether the HIV status of an individual has any impact on the natural history of leprosy and response to anti-leprosy treatment. We report here three HIV-positive leprosy cases (two BT and one BB) along with their CD4 counts and HIV staging with anti-leprosy therapeutic response. Both BT cases responded well to conventional WHO MDT (PB) for 6 months, whereas the BB case relapsed 3 months after completion of MDT (MB) for one year. However, he became inactive again following a further one-year course of MDT (MB).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rath
- Department of Dermatology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi 110 001
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49
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Kumar A, Girdhar A, Girdhar BK. Pattern of bacillary clearance in multibacillary leprosy patients with multidrug therapy. Acta Leprol 2003; 12:123-8. [PMID: 15040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The bacteriological index (BI) of the skin smears is traditionally one of the important parameters of assessment of severity and of progress of leprosy under multidrug therapy. The present study reports on BI clearance among 578 multibacillary treated leprosy patients and the factors that influence this clearance. The patients were treated till smear negativity or for 2 years fixed duration and their skin smears periodically examined every 6 to 12 months till negativity (and even afterwards). We confirm that bacterial clearance is a slow process. The time taken for each log-unit decline in BI is between 13.6 to 24 months probably depending on initial BI level. The rate of smear negativity appears to be dependent on immune competence of the patients as reflected by a rapid BI decline in borderline BT-BB patients vis-à-vis BL-LL lepromatous patients both in the low and high BI group. Patients who had several episodes of ENL, took significantly longer time (63.7 months versus 53.5 months, p<0.0001) to become smear negative than those without ENL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CENTRAL Jalma Institute for Leprosy, Taj Ganj, Agra, U.P., India-282001.
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Flageul B. [The treatment of leprosy in 2003]. Acta Leprol 2003; 12:105-6. [PMID: 15040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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