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Franco-Pérez J, Montes S, Sánchez-Hernández J, Ballesteros-Zebadúa P. Whole-brain irradiation differentially modifies neurotransmitters levels and receptors in the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex. Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:269. [PMID: 33228731 PMCID: PMC7684903 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-020-01716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-brain radiotherapy is a primary treatment for brain tumors and brain metastasis, but it also induces long-term undesired effects. Since cognitive impairment can occur, research on the etiology of secondary effects has focused on the hippocampus. Often overlooked, the hypothalamus controls critical homeostatic functions, some of which are also susceptible after whole-brain radiotherapy. Therefore, using whole-brain irradiation (WBI) in a rat model, we measured neurotransmitters and receptors in the hypothalamus. The prefrontal cortex and brainstem were also analyzed since they are highly connected to the hypothalamus and its regulatory processes. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to WBI with 11 Gy (Biologically Effective Dose = 72 Gy). After 1 month, we evaluated changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, taurine, aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and brainstem according to an HPLC method. Ratios of Glutamate/GABA and Glutamine/Glutamate were calculated. Through Western Blott analysis, we measured the expression of GABAa and GABAb receptors, and NR1 and NR2A subunits of NMDA receptors. Changes were analyzed comparing results with sham controls using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05). RESULTS WBI with 11 Gy induced significantly lower levels of GABA, glycine, taurine, aspartate, and GABAa receptor in the hypothalamus. Also, in the hypothalamus, a higher Glutamate/GABA ratio was found after irradiation. In the prefrontal cortex, WBI induced significant increases of glutamine and glutamate, Glutamine/Glutamate ratio, and increased expression of both GABAa receptor and NMDA receptor NR1 subunit. The brainstem showed no statistically significant changes after irradiation. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that WBI can affect rat brain regions differently and opens new avenues for study. After 1 month, WBI decreases inhibitory neurotransmitters and receptors in the hypothalamus and, conversely, increases excitatory neurotransmitters and receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Increments in Glutamate/GABA in the hypothalamus and Glutamine/Glutamate in the frontal cortex indicate a neurochemical imbalance. Found changes could be related to several reported radiotherapy secondary effects, suggesting new prospects for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Franco-Pérez
- Laboratory of Physiology of Reticular Formation, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, INNN, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Montes
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, INNN, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josué Sánchez-Hernández
- Laboratory of Physiology of Reticular Formation, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, INNN, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola Ballesteros-Zebadúa
- Laboratory of Medical Physics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, INNN, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Pulopulos MM, Schmausser M, De Smet S, Vanderhasselt MA, Baliyan S, Venero C, Baeken C, De Raedt R. The effect of HF-rTMS over the left DLPFC on stress regulation as measured by cortisol and heart rate variability. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104803. [PMID: 32526225 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex, and especially the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis under stressful situations. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that a sustained DLPFC activation is associated with adaptive stress regulation in anticipation of a stressful event, leading to a reduced stress-induced amygdala response, and facilitating the confrontation with the stressor. However, studies using experimental manipulation of the activity of the DLPFC before a stressor are scarce, and more research is needed to understand the specific role of this brain area in the stress-induced physiological response. This pre-registered study investigated the effect on stress regulation of a single excitatory high frequency (versus sham) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) session over the left DLPFC applied before the Trier Social Stress Test in 75 healthy young women (M = 21.05, SD = 2.60). Heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol were assessed throughout the experimental protocol. The active HF-rTMS and the sham group showed a similar cognitive appraisal of the stress task. No differences in HRV were observed during both the anticipation and the actual confrontation with the stress task and therefore, our results did not reflect DLPFC-related adaptive anticipatory adjustments. Importantly, participants in the active HF-rTMS group showed a lower cortisol response to stress. The effect of left prefrontal HF-rTMS on the stress system provides further critical experimental evidence for the inhibitory role played by the DLPFC in the regulation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias M Pulopulos
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Maximilian Schmausser
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Stefanie De Smet
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Belgium
| | - Shishir Baliyan
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
| | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brussels (UZBrussel), Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Carnevali L, Pattini E, Sgoifo A, Ottaviani C. Effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to psychosocial stress in healthy humans. Stress 2020; 23:26-36. [PMID: 31177885 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1625884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged or repeated activation of the stress response can have negative psychological and physical consequences. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to exert an inhibitory influence on the activity of autonomic and neuroendocrine stress response systems. In this study, we further investigated this hypothesis by increasing PFC excitability using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Healthy male participants were randomized to receive either anodal (excitatory) tDCS (n = 15) or sham stimulation (n = 15) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) immediately before and during the exposure to a psychosocial stress test. Autonomic (heart rate (HR) and its variability) and neuroendocrine (salivary cortisol) parameters were assessed. One single session of excitatory tDCS over the left DLPFC (i) reduced HR and favored a larger vagal prevalence prior to stress exposure, (ii) moderated stress-induced HR acceleration and sympathetic activation/vagal withdrawal, but (iii) had no effect on stress-induced cortisol release. However, anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC prevented stress-induced changes in the cortisol awakening response. Finally, participants receiving excitatory tDCS reported a reduction in their levels of state anxiety upon completion of the psychosocial stress test. In conclusion, this study provides first insights into the efficacy of one single session of excitatory tDCS over the left DLPFC in attenuating autonomic and neuroendocrine effects of psychosocial stress exposure. These findings might be indicative of the important role of the left DLPFC, which is a cortical target for noninvasive brain stimulation treatment of depression, for successful coping with stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carnevali
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Stress Physiology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Pattini
- Centro per la Cura, la Diagnosi e lo Studio dei Disturbi della Comunicazione e della Socializzazione, Ausl Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sgoifo
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Stress Physiology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Maldonado T, Goen JRM, Imburgio MJ, Eakin SM, Bernard JA. Single session high definition transcranial direct current stimulation to the cerebellum does not impact higher cognitive function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222995. [PMID: 31600223 PMCID: PMC6786549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is central to higher order cognitive function. However, the cerebellum, generally thought to be involved in motor control and learning, has also been implicated in higher order cognition. Recent work using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provides some support for right cerebellar involvement in higher order cognition, though the results are mixed, and often contradictory. Here, we used cathodal high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) over the right cerebellum to assess the impact of HD-tDCS on modulating cognitive performance. We predicted that stimulation would result in performance decreases, which would suggest that optimal cerebellar function is necessary for cognitive performance, much like the prefrontal cortex. That is, it is not simply a structure that lends support to complete difficult tasks. While the expected cognitive behavioral effects were present, we did not find effects of stimulation. This has broad implications for cerebellar tDCS research, particularly for those who are interested in using HD-tDCS as a way of examining cerebellar function. Further implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed with particular emphasis on why null findings might be critical in developing a clear picture of the effects of tDCS on the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James R. M. Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Imburgio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sydney M. Eakin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Emmons EB, Kennedy M, Kim Y, Narayanan NS. Corticostriatal stimulation compensates for medial frontal inactivation during interval timing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14371. [PMID: 31591426 PMCID: PMC6779764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal dysfunction is a common feature of brain diseases such as schizophrenia and contributes to deficits in executive functions, including working memory, attention, flexibility, inhibitory control, and timing of behaviors. Currently, few interventions improve prefrontal function. Here, we tested whether stimulating the axons of prefrontal neurons in the striatum could compensate for deficits in temporal processing related to prefrontal dysfunction. We used an interval-timing task that requires working memory for temporal rules and attention to the passage of time. Our previous work showed that inactivation of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) impairs interval timing and attenuates ramping activity, a key form of temporal processing in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). We found that 20-Hz optogenetic stimulation of MFC axon terminals increased curvature of time-response histograms and improved interval-timing behavior. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of terminals modulated time-related ramping of medium spiny neurons in the striatum. These data suggest that corticostriatal stimulation can compensate for deficits caused by MFC inactivation and they imply that frontostriatal projections are sufficient for controlling responses in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Emmons
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Morgan Kennedy
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Youngcho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Allaert J, Sanchez-Lopez A, De Raedt R, Baeken C, Vanderhasselt MA. Inverse effects of tDCS over the left versus right DLPC on emotional processing: A pupillometry study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218327. [PMID: 31216313 PMCID: PMC6583989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is implicated in cognitive and emotional responses. Yet, research that investigates the causal role of the left versus right DLPFC during the processes of emotion appraisal is lacking. In the current study, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to disentangle the functional lateralization of the DLPFC on emotional processing in response to the anticipation of, and subsequent confrontation with emotional stimuli in healthy volunteers. Methods Forty-eight subjects received both active and sham (on separate days) anodal tDCS over either the left (N = 24) or right (N = 24) DLPFC. Subjects’ pupil dilation (PD, a physiological marker of cognitive resource allocation) was recorded while performing an appraisal task in which negative and positive emotion eliciting images were presented, each preceded by an informative cue indicating the valence of the upcoming stimulus. Results As compared to sham stimulation, left DLPFC anodal tDCS resulted in increased PD when confronted with negative emotional images, whereas right DLPFC anodal tDCS resulted in decreased PD when confronted with emotional images, irrespective of valence. Limitations The interpretation of pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli is limited. Conclusion These findings suggest inverse lateralized DLPFC effects on cognitive resource allocation (as measured by pupillary responses) when confronted with emotional stimuli. The current findings may shed some light on mechanisms that explain the antidepressant effects of non-invasive brain stimulation of the left DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Allaert
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University Hospital UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhou H, Zhang Q, Martinez E, Dale J, Robinson E, Huang D, Wang J. A novel neuromodulation strategy to enhance the prefrontal control to treat pain. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919845739. [PMID: 31012383 PMCID: PMC6495436 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919845739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective pharmacological treatment options for chronic pain remain very limited, and continued reliance on opioid analgesics has contributed to an epidemic in the United States. On the other hand, nonpharmacologic neuromodulatory interventions provide a promising avenue for relief of chronic pain without the complications of dependence and addiction. An especially attractive neuromodulation strategy is to optimize endogenous pain regulatory circuits. The prefrontal cortex is known to provide top-down control of pain, and hence neuromodulation methods that selectively enhance the activities in this brain region during pain episodes have the potential to provide analgesia. In this study, we designed a low-frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation protocol to provide temporally and spatially specific enhancement of the prefrontal control of pain in rats. We showed that low-frequency electrical stimulation of the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex relieved both sensory and affective responses to acute pain in naive rats. Furthermore, we found that low-frequency electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex also attenuated mechanical allodynia in a rat model of chronic pain. Together, our findings demonstrated that low-frequency electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex represents a promising new method of neuromodulation to inhibit pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Zhou
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erik Martinez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jahrane Dale
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Robinson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Hirtz R, Weiss T, Huonker R, Witte OW. Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on structural plasticity of the somatosensory system. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1367-1379. [PMID: 29876962 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While there is a growing body of evidence regarding the behavioral and neurofunctional changes in response to the longitudinal delivery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), there is limited evidence regarding its structural effects. Therefore, the present study was intended to investigate the effect of repeatedly applied anodal tDCS over the primary somatosensory cortex on the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) compartment of the brain. Structural tDCS effects were, moreover, related to effects evidenced by functional imaging and behavioral assessment. tDCS was applied over the course of 5 days in 25 subjects with concomitant assessment of tactile acuity of the right and left index finger as well as imaging at baseline, after the last delivery of tDCS and at follow-up 4 weeks thereafter. Irrespective of the stimulation condition (anodal vs. sham), voxel-based morphometry revealed a behaviorally relevant decrease of GM in the precuneus co-localized with a functional change of its activity. Moreover, there was a decrease in GM of the bilateral lingual gyrus and the right cerebellum. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis showed an increase of fractional anisotropy exclusively in the tDCSanodal condition in the left frontal cortex affecting the final stretch of a somatosensory decision making network comprising the middle and superior frontal gyrus as well as regions adjacent to the genu of the corpus callosum. Thus, this is the first study in humans to identify structural plasticity in the GM compartment and tDCS-specific changes in the WM compartment in response to somatosensory learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hirtz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralph Huonker
- Brain Imaging Center, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Rassovsky Y, Dunn W, Wynn JK, Wu AD, Iacoboni M, Hellemann G, Green MF. Single transcranial direct current stimulation in schizophrenia: Randomized, cross-over study of neurocognition, social cognition, ERPs, and side effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197023. [PMID: 29734347 PMCID: PMC5937783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the treatment of schizophrenia has shifted fundamentally from a focus on symptom reduction to a focus on recovery and improving aspects of functioning. In this study, we examined the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on social cognitive and nonsocial neurocognitive functions, as well as on electroencephalogram (EEG) measures, in individuals with schizophrenia. Thirty-seven individuals with schizophrenia were administered one of three different tDCS conditions (cathodal, anodal, and sham) per visit over the course of three visits, with approximately one week between each visit. Order of conditions was randomized and counterbalanced across subjects. For the active conditions, the electrode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the reference electrode over right supraorbital cortex. Current intensity was 2 mA and was maintained for two 20-minute sessions, with a one hour break between the sessions. Assessments were conducted immediately following each session, in a counterbalanced order of administration. No systematic effects were found across the social and nonsocial cognitive domains, and no significant effects were detected on event-related potentials (ERPs). The very small effect sizes, further validated by post-hoc power analyses (large Critical Ns), demonstrated that these findings were not due to lack of statistical power. Except for mild local discomfort, no significant side effects were reported. Findings demonstrate the safety and ease of administration of this procedure, but suggest that a single dose of tDCS over these areas does not yield a therapeutic effect on cognition in schizophrenia. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02539797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Rassovsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Veteran Affairs VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan K. Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Veteran Affairs VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Allan D. Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marco Iacoboni
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michael F. Green
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Tulviste J, Goldberg E, Podell K, Bachmann T. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on non-veridical decision making. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2016; 76:182-91. [PMID: 27685771 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We test the emerging hypothesis that prefrontal cortical mechanisms involved in non-veridical decision making do not overlap with those of veridical decision making. Healthy female subjects performed an experimental task assessing free choice, agent-centered decision making (The Cognitive Bias Task) and a veridical control task related to visuospatial working memory (the Moving Spot Task). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using 1 Hz and 10 Hz (intermittent) rTMS and sham protocols. Both 1 Hz and 10 Hz stimulation of the DLPFC triggered a shift towards a more context-independent, internal representations driven non-veridical selection bias. A significantly reduced preference for choosing objects based on similarity was detected, following both 1 Hz and 10 Hz treatment of the right as well as 1 Hz rTMS of the left DLPFC. 1 Hz rTMS treatment of the right DLPFC also triggered a significant improvement in visuospatial working memory performance on the veridical task. The effects induced by prefrontal TMS mimicked those of posterior lesions, suggesting that prefrontal stimulation influenced neuronal activity in remote cortical regions interconnected with the stimulation site via longitudinal fasciculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Tulviste
- University of Tartu, Institute of Psychology, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Elkhonon Goldberg
- NYU School of Medicine and Luria Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Talis Bachmann
- University of Tartu, Institute of Public Law, Tartu, Estonia
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Britten RA, Miller VD, Hadley MM, Jewell JS, Macadat E. Performance in hippocampus- and PFC-dependent cognitive domains are not concomitantly impaired in rats exposed to 20cGy of 1GeV/n (56)Fe particles. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2016; 10:17-22. [PMID: 27662783 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
NASA is currently conducting ground based experiments to determine whether the radiation environment that astronauts will encounter on deep space missions will have an impact on their long-term health and their ability to complete the various tasks during the mission. Emerging data suggest that exposure of rodents to mission-relevant HZE radiation doses does result in the impairment of various neurocognitive processes. An essential part of mission planning is a probabilistic risk assessment process that takes into account the likely incidence and severity of a problem. To date few studies have reported the impact of space radiation in a format that is amenable to PRA, and those that have only reported data for a single cognitive process. This study has established the ability of individual male Wistar rats to conduct a hippocampus-dependent (spatial memory) task and a cortex-dependent (attentional set shifting task) 90 days after exposure to 20cGy 1GeV/n (56)Fe particles. Radiation-induced impairment of performance in one cognitive domain was not consistently associated with impaired performance in the other domain. Thus sole reliance upon a single measure of cognitive performance may substantially under-estimate the risk of cognitive impairment, and ultimately it may be necessary to establish the likelihood that mission-relevant HZE doses will impair performance in the three or four cognitive domains that NASA considers to be most critical for mission success, and build a PRA using the composite data from such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Rd., Lewis Hall, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States ; Leroy T Canoles Jr. Cancer Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States .
| | - Vania D Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Rd., Lewis Hall, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Melissa M Hadley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Rd., Lewis Hall, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Jessica S Jewell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Rd., Lewis Hall, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Evangeline Macadat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Rd., Lewis Hall, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
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12
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Lehner A, Schecklmann M, Greenlee MW, Rupprecht R, Langguth B. Triple-site rTMS for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22302. [PMID: 26927363 PMCID: PMC4772792 DOI: 10.1038/srep22302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that tinnitus is related to alterations of neural networks including temporal, parietal, and prefrontal brain regions. The current study examines a rTMS protocol which targets three central nodes of these networks in a two-arm randomized parallel group trial. Overall, 49 patients with chronic tinnitus were randomized to receive either triple-site stimulation (left dorsolateral prefrontal stimulation, 1000 pulses, 20 Hz plus left and right temporoparietal stimulation, 1000 pulses each, 1 Hz) or single-site stimulation (left temporoparietal stimulation, 3000 pulses, 1 Hz). Both groups were treated in ten sessions. Tinnitus severity as measured by the tinnitus questionnaire was assessed before rTMS (day1), after rTMS (day12) and at two follow-up visits (day 90 and day 180). The triple-site protocol was well tolerated. There was a significant reduction in tinnitus severity for both treatment groups. The triple-site group tended to show a more pronounced treatment effect at day 90. However, the measurement time point x group interaction effect was not significant. The current results confirm former studies that indicated a significant reduction of tinnitus severity after rTMS treatment. No significant superiority of the multisite protocol was observed. Future approaches for the enhancement of treatment effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Lehner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute for Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Ullrich H, Kranaster L, Sigges E, Andrich J, Sartorius A. Neuron specific enolase and serum remain unaffected by ultra high frequency left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a preliminary study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1733-6. [PMID: 23736947 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serum levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and protein S-100 were analysed in 22 patients with depression, who got repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for 3 weeks with ultra high frequency stimulation or sham. NSE and S-100 at baseline and after 3 weeks did not differ between the groups. Neither in the ultra high frequency group, nor in the sham group a difference between baseline and end could be found. No evidence for a significant rise in brain damage markers in rTMS was found in this preliminary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ullrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kreisklinikum Siegen GmbH, Siegen, Germany
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14
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Brummelman P, Sattler MGA, Meiners LC, Elderson MF, Dullaart RPF, van den Berg G, Koerts J, Tucha O, Wolffenbuttel BHR, van den Bergh ACM, van Beek AP. Cognitive performance after postoperative pituitary radiotherapy: a dosimetric study of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:171-9. [PMID: 22071311 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are important for memory and executive functioning and are known to be sensitive to radiotherapy (RT). Radiation dosimetry relates radiation exposure to specific brain areas. The effects of various pituitary RT techniques were studied by relating detailed dosimetry of the hippocampus and PFC to cognitive performance. METHODS In this cross-sectional design, 75 non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma (NFA) patients (61±10 years) participated and were divided into irradiated (RT+, n=30) and non-irradiated (RT-, n=45) groups. The RT+ group (who all received 25 fractions of 1.8 Gy; total dose: 45 Gy) consisted of three RT technique groups: three-field technique, n=10; four-field technique, n=15; and five-field technique, n=5. Memory and executive functioning were assessed by standardized neuropsychological tests. A reconstruction of the dose distributions for the three RT techniques was made. The RT doses on 30, 50, and 70% of the volume of the left and right hippocampus and PFC were calculated. RESULTS Cognitive test performance was not different between the four groups, despite differences in radiation doses applied to the hippocampi and PFC. Age at RT, time since RT, and the use of thyroid hormone varied significantly between the groups; however, they were not related to cognitive performance. CONCLUSION This study showed that there were no significant differences on cognitive performance between the three-, four-, and five-field RT groups and the non-irradiated patient group. A dose-response relationship could not be established, even with a radiation dose that was higher on most of the volume of the hippocampus and PFC in case of a four-field RT technique compared with the three- and five-field RT techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Brummelman
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, De Brug 4.065, AA31, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Gyengési E, Zaborszky L, Détári L. The effect of prefrontal stimulation on the firing of basal forebrain neurons in urethane anesthetized rat. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:570-80. [PMID: 18355633 PMCID: PMC2423328 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) contains a heterogeneous population of cholinergic and non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons and interneurons. Neurons firing at a higher rate during fast cortical EEG activity (f>16Hz) were called F cells, while neurons that increase their firing rate during high-amplitude slow-cortical waves (f<4Hz) were categorized as S-cells. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) projects heavily to the BF, although little is known how it affects the firing of BF units. In this study, we investigated the effect of stimulation of the medial PFC on the firing rate of BF neurons (n=57) that were subsequently labeled by biocytin using juxtacellular filling (n=22). BF units were categorized in relation to tail-pinch induced EEG changes. Electrical stimulation of the medial PFC led to responses in 28 out of 41 F cells and in 8 out of 9 S cells. Within the sample of responsive F cells, 57% showed excitation (n=8) or excitation followed by inhibitory period (n=8). The remaining F cells expressed a short (n=6) or long inhibitory (n=6) response. In contrast, 6 out of the 8 responsive S cells reduced their firing after prefrontal stimulation. Among the F cells, we recovered one cholinergic neuron and one parvalbumin-containing (PV) neuron using juxtacellular filling and subsequent immunocytochemistry. While the PV cell displayed short latency facilitation, the cholinergic cell showed significant inhibition with much longer latency in response to the prefrontal stimulus. This is in agreement with previous anatomical data showing that prefrontal projections directly target mostly non-cholinergic cells, including GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gyengési
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Onn SP, Lin M, Liu JJ, Grace AA. Dopamine and cyclic-AMP regulated phosphoprotein-32-dependent modulation of prefrontal cortical input and intercellular coupling in mouse accumbens spiny and aspiny neurons. Neuroscience 2008; 151:802-16. [PMID: 18155847 PMCID: PMC3050628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The roles of dopamine and cyclic-AMP regulated phosphoprotein-32 (DARPP-32) in mediating dopamine (DA)-dependent modulation of corticoaccumbens transmission and intercellular coupling were examined in mouse accumbens (NAC) neurons by both intracellular sharp electrode and whole cell recordings. In wild-type (WT) mice bath application of the D2-like agonist quinpirole resulted in 73% coupling incidence in NAC spiny neurons, compared with baseline (9%), whereas quinpirole failed to affect the basal coupling (24%) in slices from DARPP-32 knockout (KO) mice. Thus, D2 stimulation attenuated DARPP-32-mediated suppression of coupling in WT spiny neurons, but this modulation was absent in KO mice. Further, whole cell recordings revealed that quinpirole reversibly decreased the amplitude of cortical-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in spiny neurons of WT mice, but this reduction was markedly attenuated in KO mice. Bath application of the D1/D5 agonist SKF 38393 did not alter evoked EPSP amplitude in WT or KO spiny neurons. Therefore, DA D2 receptor regulation of both cortical synaptic (chemical) and local non-synaptic (dye coupling) communications in NAC spiny neurons is critically dependent on intracellular DARPP-32 cascades. Conversely, in fast-spiking interneurons, blockade of D1/D5 receptors produced a substantial decrease in EPSP amplitude in WT, but not in KO mice. Lastly, in putative cholinergic interneurons, cortical-evoked disynaptic inhibitory potentials (IPSPs) were attenuated by D2-like receptor stimulation in WT but not KO slices. These data indicate that DARPP-32 plays a central role in 1) modulating intercellular coupling, 2) cortical excitatory drive of spiny and aspiny GABAergic neurons, and 3) local feedforward inhibitory drive of cholinergic-like interneurons within accumbens circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-P Onn
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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17
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Nyffeler T, Müri RM, Bucher-Ottiger Y, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Gaymard B, Rivaud-Pechoux S. Inhibitory control of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the anti-saccade paradigm--a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1381-5. [PMID: 17767514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the anti-saccade paradigm, subjects are instructed not to make a reflexive saccade to an appearing lateral target but to make an intentional saccade to the opposite side instead. The inhibition of reflexive saccade triggering is under the control of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The critical time interval at which this inhibition takes place during the paradigm, however, is not exactly known. In the present study, we used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere with DLPFC function in 15 healthy subjects. TMS was applied over the right DLPFC either 100 ms before the onset of the visual target (i.e. -100 ms), at target onset (i.e. 0 ms) or 100 ms after target onset (i.e. +100 ms). Stimulation 100 ms before target onset significantly increased the percentage of anti-saccade errors to both sides, while stimulation at, or after, target onset had no significant effect. All three stimulation conditions had no significant influence on saccade latency of correct or erroneous anti-saccades. These findings show that the critical time interval at which the DLPFC controls the suppression of a reflexive saccade in the anti-saccade paradigm is before target onset. In addition, the results suggest the view that the triggering of correct anti-saccades is not under direct control of the DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nyffeler
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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18
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Ongür D, Pohlman J, Dow AL, Eisch AJ, Edwin F, Heckers S, Cohen BM, Patel TB, Carlezon WA. Electroconvulsive seizures stimulate glial proliferation and reduce expression of Sprouty2 within the prefrontal cortex of rats. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:505-12. [PMID: 17336937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reductions in cell number are found within the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in major depression and bipolar disorder, conditions for which electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment. We investigated whether electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) in rats stimulates cellular proliferation in the PFC immediately and four weeks after the treatments. In parallel, we examined if ECS also alters the expression of Sprouty2 (SPRY2), an inhibitor of cell proliferation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received 10 days of ECS treatments and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections. After a four week survival period, we estimated the density and number of BrdU-, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-, and SPRY2-immunoreactive cells in the medial (infralimbic) PFC (ILPFC). We also determined the percentage of BrdU-labeled cells that were immunoreactive for markers specific to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, endothelial cells and neurons. RESULTS ECS dramatically enhanced the proliferation of new cells in the infralimbic PFC, and this effect persisted four weeks following the treatments. The percentage of new cells expressing oligodendrocyte precursor cell markers increased slightly following ECS. In contrast, ECS dramatically reduced the number of cells expressing SPRY2. CONCLUSIONS ECS stimulates long-lasting increases in glial proliferation within the ILPFC. ECS also decreases SPRY2 expression in the same region, an effect that might contribute to increased glial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dost Ongür
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA.
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19
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Brillaud E, Piotrowski A, de Seze R. Effect of an acute 900MHz GSM exposure on glia in the rat brain: a time-dependent study. Toxicology 2007; 238:23-33. [PMID: 17624651 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because of the increasing use of mobile phones, the possible risks of radio frequency electromagnetic fields adverse effects on the human brain has to be evaluated. In this work we measured GFAP expression, to evaluate glial evolution 2, 3, 6 and 10 days after a single GSM exposure (15min, brain averaged SAR=6W/kg, 900MHz signal) in the rat brain. A statistically significant increase of GFAP stained surface area was observed 2 days after exposure in the frontal cortex and the caudate putamen. A smaller statistically significant increase was noted 3 days after exposure in the same areas and in the cerebellum cortex. Our results confirm the Mausset-Bonnefont et al. study [Mausset-Bonnefont, A.L., Hirbec, H., Bonnefont, X., Privat, A., Vignon, J., de Seze, R., 2004. Acute exposure to GSM 900MHz electromagnetic fields induces glial reactivity and biochemical modifications in the rat brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 17, 445-454], showing the existence of glial reactivity after a 15min GSM acute exposure at a brain averaged SAR of 6W/kg. We conclude to a temporary effect, probably due to a hypertrophy of glial cells, with a temporal and a spatial modulation of the effect. Whether this effect could be harmful remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Brillaud
- INERIS, Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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20
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Osaka N, Otsuka Y, Hirose N, Ikeda T, Mima T, Fukuyama H, Osaka M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disrupts verbal working memory performance in humans. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:232-5. [PMID: 17467169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Working memory refers to the temporary maintenance and processing of information and involves executive processes that manipulate the contents of the working memory. The role of the executive function in the human left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) was explored using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) after confirming the LDLPFC activation using fMRI. We applied double-pulse TMS having a 100-ms inter-pulse interval to LDLPFC immediately after the subjects finished reading the sentences of the reading span test (RST) task, an efficient measure of verbal working memory, in which dual tasks that include both sentence comprehension and word maintenance are required. Using eight normal participants, we found a significant deterioration of performance, i.e., decreased number of correctly reported words, in RST due to TMS stimulation of LDLPFC. Evidence suggests that transient functional disruption of the LDLPFC impairs performance in the maintenance processing of the RST task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Osaka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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21
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Griskova I, Ruksenas O, Dapsys K, Herpertz S, Höppner J. The effects of 10Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting EEG power spectrum in healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett 2007; 419:162-7. [PMID: 17478041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
10 Hz rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex may be useful in the treatment of depressive disorders. However, the effects of 10 Hz rTMS applied in potentially effective doses on electroencephalographic activity are not well studied. Using EEG, we aimed to investigate the neurobiological effects of the 10 Hz rTMS set of parameters currently used for depression treatment in a sample of healthy subjects. In 18 healthy subjects, either 10 Hz real rTMS or sham stimulation were given in a crossover design. Real rTMS stimulation was carried out with an intensity of 110% of motor threshold (MT) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. For the sham condition, the coil was angled over a parietotemporal position and the intensity was reduced to 90% of MT. EEG recordings were taken before and after a single rTMS session. EEG power spectrum was extracted using the complex demodulation method and changes in power were evaluated statistically. Real 10 Hz rTMS induced an overall increase in delta power. This increase prevailed throughout the sample, whereas effects on the power of the alpha, beta and theta EEG bands were highly variable. Sham stimulation had no substantial effects on the EEG power spectrum. Furthermore, no changes in EEG asymmetry were detected. Real 10 Hz rTMS applied at 2000 stimuli and 110% intensity may induce significant changes in resting EEG in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Griskova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R, Baeken C, Leyman L, Clerinx P, D'haenen H. The influence of rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on top-down attentional processes. Brain Res 2007; 1137:111-6. [PMID: 17229406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) provides a unique opportunity to study causal relationships between activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and executive functioning, by modulating brain activity in SHAM controlled designs. We devised a new Stroop task paradigm in which subjects must engage in both strategic and automatic attentional processes. In the current experiment, we manipulated subjects' expectancies for incongruent stimuli. Previous research demonstrated that when subjects have a high level of expectancy that a stimulus will be incongruent, they are able to strategically adjust the relative influence of word reading on color naming. The effect of high frequency (HF) rTMS on Stroop performance of 20 right-handed healthy female volunteers was tested using a double blind within subjects design by counterbalanced crossover sham (placebo) and active rTMS over the right DLPFC. Since mood remained unchanged after rTMS, the Stroop data could be evaluated independent of mood changes. Only in the high expectancy condition, we found a decreased response time to both congruent and incongruent trials on the Stroop task performance after HF rTMS. The SHAM placebo condition yielded no effects. We conclude that high frequency stimulation over the right DLPFC has an effect on top-down attentional processes by modulating the attentional set.
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Rizzo S, Sandrini M, Papagno C. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in idiom interpretation: An rTMS study. Brain Res Bull 2007; 71:523-8. [PMID: 17259022 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that a prefrontal lesion can impair idiom comprehension. We tested the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in idiom processing by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in normal participants. Each subject was presented with a written (idiomatic or literal) sentence followed by four pictures. rTMS was applied over left or right DLPFC or in a sham condition after picture presentation. Reaction times (RTs) decreased for the two types of sentence during rTMS, but accuracy was affected only in the case of idioms. The results show that both left and right DLPFC are involved in monitoring the idiomatic response, thus complementing neuropsychological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rizzo
- Psychology Department, University of Milan, Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1 Edificio U6, 20126 Milano, Italy
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del Olmo MF, Bello O, Cudeiro J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:131-9. [PMID: 17097342 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is effective in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). However, since research into the effect of this type of rTMS regime on motor function is limited, we studied the effect of rTMS over the DLPFC on the motor functions in PD patients. METHODS Thirteen patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups, one receiving real-rTMS (90% of resting motor threshold, 10 Hz, 450 pulses-day for 10 consecutive days) over the DLPFC contralateral to the more affected side, and the other group receiving sham-rTMS. Assessment included a clinical motor evaluation using part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and several motor tasks. The UPDRS was applied before and after 10 days of rTMS. Finger tapping, reach movement, grip movement and gait were measured in each session before and after the rTMS over the 10 day period. RESULTS Statistical analysis (ANOVA for repeated measures; group *day *side *rTMS) only showed a significant effect for finger tapping, reach movement and gait for the factor day. No significant change was reported for the UPDRS in any group. CONCLUSIONS Application of rTMS over the DLPFC as a 10 day course had no significant effect on motor functions and clinical motor status, and the improvement in performance of motor tasks can be attributed to the effects of practice. SIGNIFICANCE rTMS over the DLPFC did not lead to any motor improvement in PD patients.
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Abstract
This case-report shows that high frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (hf-rTMS), applied to the left prefrontal cortex, may improve the linguistic skills in Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). The patient's performance was evaluated on a battery of language production and memory span tasks, before and after two hf-rTMS treatments and one SHAM treatment. We observed a significant and lasting improvement of the patient's performance on verb production following the application of hf-rTMS versus Baseline and SHAM conditions. This finding suggests that hf-rTMS may directly strengthen the neural connections within an area of metabolic dysfunction and encourages the use of rTMS as an alternative therapeutic tool for neurodegenerative forms of aphasia.
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Cotelli M, Manenti R, Cappa SF, Geroldi C, Zanetti O, Rossini PM, Miniussi C. Effect of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Action Naming in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:1602-4. [PMID: 17101829 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.11.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on picture naming in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN Experimental study. Patients with AD underwent rTMS in real and control conditions during picture-naming tasks. SETTING San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Scientific Institute in Brescia, Italy. Patients Fifteen patients with probable AD. Intervention High-frequency rTMS was applied to the left and right DLPFC during object and action naming. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Language ability was assessed by accuracy of verbal response during online rTMS. RESULTS Stimulation to the left and right DLPFC improved accuracy in action naming. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that rTMS to the DLPFC, which speeds up action naming in normal controls, improves performance in patients with AD. While the mechanisms of rTMS-induced naming facilitation in these patients are unknown, the procedure may be worth testing as a novel approach to the treatment of language dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cotelli
- Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Knoch D, Gianotti LRR, Pascual-Leone A, Treyer V, Regard M, Hohmann M, Brugger P. Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior. J Neurosci 2006; 26:6469-72. [PMID: 16775134 PMCID: PMC6674035 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0804-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions require careful weighing of the risks and benefits associated with a choice. Some people need to be offered large rewards to balance even minimal risks, whereas others take great risks in the hope for an only minimal benefit. We show here that risk-taking is a modifiable behavior that depends on right hemisphere prefrontal activity. We used low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to transiently disrupt left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function before applying a well known gambling paradigm that provides a measure of decision-making under risk. Individuals displayed significantly riskier decision-making after disruption of the right, but not the left, DLPFC. Our findings suggest that the right DLPFC plays a crucial role in the suppression of superficially seductive options. This confirms the asymmetric role of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making and reveals that this fundamental human capacity can be manipulated in normal subjects through cortical stimulation. The ability to modify risk-taking behavior may be translated into therapeutic interventions for disorders such as drug abuse or pathological gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Knoch
- Department of Neurology, PET Center, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Matsuda Y, Marzo A, Otani S. The presence of background dopamine signal converts long-term synaptic depression to potentiation in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2006; 26:4803-10. [PMID: 16672653 PMCID: PMC6674173 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5312-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions of the brain are believed to require tonic dopamine inputs to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). It is unclear, however, how this background dopamine activity controls synaptic plasticity in the PFC, a possible underlying mechanism of executive functions. Using PFC slices, we show that pairing of dopamine with weak tetanic stimulation, a maneuver that otherwise induces NMDA receptor-independent long-term depression (LTD), induces long-term potentiation (LTP) when "primed" with dopamine. This "priming" occurs through the combined activation of D1 and D2 receptors and requires 12-40 min to develop. Moreover, concurrent synaptic activation of NMDA receptors during priming is necessary for this novel form of LTP. We suggest that a role of background dopamine signals in the PFC is to prevent high-frequency synaptic inputs from abnormally inducing LTD and to secure the induction of LTP.
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Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R, Baeken C, Leyman L, D'haenen H. The influence of rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on intentional set switching. Exp Brain Res 2006; 172:561-5. [PMID: 16724174 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has an excitatory effect on neurons of a specific brain area. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been associated with executive functions, such as task set switching. One important experimental paradigm for investigating such higher order cognitive control is the task-switching (TS) paradigm. A TS paradigm requires switching between two conditional response tasks with mutually incompatible response-selection rules. In the present study, the influence of HF rTMS over the right DLPFC in healthy female volunteers on a modified TS paradigm was investigated. As expected, reaction time on cued switching trials decreased significant after rTMS, as compared to non-cued switch trials. No changes emerged after the placebo sham condition. Mood remained unchanged after rTMS. These findings demonstrate the role of the right DLPFC in cued intentional set switch initiation.
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van 't Wout M, Kahn RS, Sanfey AG, Aleman A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affects strategic decision-making. Neuroreport 2006; 16:1849-52. [PMID: 16237340 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000183907.08149.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although decision-making is typically seen as a rational process, emotions play a role in tasks that include unfairness. Recently, activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during offers experienced as unfair in the Ultimatum Game was suggested to subserve goal maintenance in this task. This is restricted to correlational evidence, however, and it remains unclear whether the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is crucial for strategic decision-making. The present study used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in order to investigate the causal role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in strategic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. The results showed that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex resulted in an altered decision-making strategy compared with sham stimulation. We conclude that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is causally implicated in strategic decision-making in healthy human study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha van 't Wout
- Department of Psychonomics, Helmholtz Research Institute, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Januel D, Dumortier G, Verdon CM, Stamatiadis L, Saba G, Cabaret W, Benadhira R, Rocamora JF, Braha S, Kalalou K, Vicaut PE, Fermanian J. A double-blind sham controlled study of right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): therapeutic and cognitive effect in medication free unipolar depression during 4 weeks. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:126-30. [PMID: 16242826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a therapeutic tool in psychiatric diseases. METHODOLOGY The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of TMS in unipolar depression: the percentage of responders (>50% HDRS reduction) and remission (HDRS score < or =8, after four weeks of active TMS treatment in depressed patients free of any antidepressive agent versus placebo-TMS. RESULTS 27 patients were randomized in two groups: rTMS (N=11) versus sham TMS (N=16). Statistical differences were detected between sham and TMS treated groups on remission (0/16 versus 4/11 p=0.032, 1/16 versus 6/11 0.028 and 1/16 versus 7/11 p=0.011 at day 14, day 21 and day 28, respectively) and on response (2/16 versus 5/11 at day 14 (NS), 2/16 versus 7/11 p=0.0115 at day 21 and 1/16 versus 7/11 (p=0.025) day 28, respectively, using the exact Fisher test). Significant differences were observed between day 1 versus day 8 (p<0.01), day 15, day 21 and day 28 (p<0.001) in TMS group and only versus day 21 (p<0.01) and day 28 (p<0.05) for the sham group. ANOVA comparison between TMS and sham groups was significant at day 14 and day 28 (p<0.05). LIMITATIONS The few number of patients. CONCLUSION Our study has shown an efficacy of right rTMS in free medication unipolar depression over a month. Nevertheless, number of patients included is limited and multicentric studies will be necessary to specify the antidepressive action of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Januel
- Unite de recherche clinique, EPS de Ville Evrard a Saint Denis, G03, 5 Rue du Dr Delafontaine 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
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Bajbouj M, Brakemeier EL, Schubert F, Lang UE, Neu P, Schindowski C, Danker-Hopfe H. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cortical excitability in patients with major depressive disorder. Exp Neurol 2005; 196:332-8. [PMID: 16194530 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is a relatively non-invasive technique with putative therapeutic effects in major depression. However, the exact neurophysiological basis of these effects needs further clarification. Therefore, we studied the impact of ten daily sessions of left, dorsolateral prefrontal rTMS on motor cortical excitability, as revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation-elicited motor-evoked potentials in 30 patients. As compared to the non-responders, responders (33%) showed changes in parameters pointing towards a reduced cortical excitability. These results suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral, prefrontal cortex may have inhibitory effects on motor cortical neuronal excitability in patients with major depressive disorder. Furthermore, measurement of motor cortical excitability may be a useful tool for investigating and monitoring inhibitory brain effects of antidepressant stimulation techniques like rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Bajbouj
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
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Maihöfner C, Ropohl A, Reulbach U, Hiller M, Elstner S, Kornhuber J, Sperling W. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neuroreport 2005; 16:1839-42. [PMID: 16237338 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000183903.77654.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has evolved as a potential therapeutic tool to interfere with brain changes associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases. Little is known about its mode of action, however. Here, we investigated effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on spontaneous magnetoencephalographic activity in patients with major depression. Before treatment, depressed patients showed a significant increase in slow magnetoencephalographic activity (2-6 Hz) over the left prefrontal cortex, compared with healthy controls. This activity significantly decreased during 10 days of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, paralleled by clinical improvement. We conclude that therapeutic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation effects can be mirrored by changes of spontaneous magnetoencephalographic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maihöfner
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Goto Y, Grace AA. Dopamine-dependent interactions between limbic and prefrontal cortical plasticity in the nucleus accumbens: disruption by cocaine sensitization. Neuron 2005; 47:255-66. [PMID: 16039567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus exhibit converging projections to the nucleus accumbens and have functional reciprocal connections via indirect pathways. As a result, information processing between these structures is likely to be bidirectional. Using evoked potential measures, we examined the interactions of these inputs on synaptic plasticity within the accumbens. Our results show that the direction of information flow between the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures determines the synaptic plasticity that these inputs exhibit within the accumbens. Moreover, this synaptic plasticity at hippocampal and prefrontal inputs selectively involves dopamine D1 and D2 activation or inactivation, respectively. Repeated cocaine administration disrupted this synaptic plasticity at hippocampal and prefrontal cortical inputs and goal-directed behavior in the spatial maze task. Thus, interactions of limbic-prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity and its dysfunction within the accumbens could underlie complex information processing deficits observed in individuals following psychostimulant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiori Goto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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35
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Graff-Guerrero A, González-Olvera J, Fresán A, Gómez-Martín D, Méndez-Núñez JC, Pellicer F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increases tolerance to human experimental pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:153-60. [PMID: 15935625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFCx) has been implicated in pain perception and in a pain modulation pathway. However, the precise participation of this region is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether 1 Hz rTMS of DLPFCx modifies threshold and tolerance in experimental pain. The effect of 1 Hz rTMS during 15 min at 100% motor threshold was tested in one hundred and eighty right-handed healthy volunteers, using a parallel-group stimulation design. The stimulation sites were right or left DLPFCx, right or left motor cortex, vertex or sham. rTMS was applied in two experimental contexts: (1) To evaluate its transitory effect (interference or facilitation) during cold pressor threshold (CPTh) and tolerance (CPTt) and (2) to evaluate its long-term effect by stimulating before CPTh, CPTt, pain heat thermal threshold, pain pressure threshold and tolerance. During rTMS of right DLPFCx, an increase in left hand CPTt (mean +/- SD; 17.63 s +/- 5.58 to 30.94 s +/- 14.84, P < 0.001) and in right hand CPTt (18.65 s +/- 6.47 to 26.74 s +/- 11.85, P < 0.001) were shown. No other stimulation site modified any of the pain measures during or after rTMS. These results show that 1 Hz rTMS of right DLPFCx has a selective effect by increasing pain tolerance and also sustains a right hemisphere preference in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (Lab. Neurofisiología Integrativa). Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Del. Tlalpan, México, D.F. México.
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Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Kaku A, Kanno M, Tahara K, Yoshioka M. Cortical GABAergic regulation of dopaminergic responses to psychological stress in the rat dorsolateral striatum. Synapse 2005; 56:117-21. [PMID: 15729738 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine the possible involvement of cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuronal mechanisms in the regional differences of dopamine (DA) response to psychological stress: contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Rats that received five footshocks (shock intensity, 0.5 mA; shock duration, 2 sec) were subjected to CFC and dynamic changes in DA and GABA in both PFC and DLS were examined using dual-probe microdialysis. Extracellular levels of DA in the PFC were enhanced during exposure to CFC, whereas the levels in the DLS were not affected by this stimulus. Extracellular levels of GABA in the PFC, but not in the DLS, were markedly enhanced by CFC. Freezing behavior observed during exposure to CFC was attenuated by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (10(-3) M), which was perfused into the PFC. Intracortical application of bicuculline (10(-3) M) furthermore caused sustained increases in DA levels in the DLS by CFC. These data suggest that cortical GABA(A) receptors contribute to modulation of DA release in the DLS in response to CFC. Thus, the GABAergic neuronal system in the PFC appears to play a key role in the regional differences of the DAergic response to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Abler B, Walter H, Wunderlich A, Grothe J, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Spitzer M, Herwig U. Side Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Biased Task Performance in a Cognitive Neuroscience Study. Brain Topogr 2005; 17:193-6. [PMID: 16110769 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-005-6028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used as a research tool for functional brain mapping in cognitive neuroscience. Despite being mostly tolerable, side effects of TMS could influence task performance in behavioural TMS studies. In order to test this issue, healthy subjects assessed the discomfort caused by the stimulation during a verbal working memory task. We investigated the relation between subjective disturbance and task performance. Subjects were stimulated during the delay period of a delayed-match-to-sample task above cortical areas that had been identified before to be involved in working memory. Task performance and subjective disturbance due to side effects were monitored. The subjects' grade of discomfort correlated with the error rates: the higher the discomfort, the more errors were made. Conclusively, TMS side effects may bias task performance in cognitive neuroscience studies and may thereby lead to misinterpretation of results. We emphasize the importance of controlling side effects of the stimulation as a source of biasing effects in TMS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Abler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
Recently, the neural correlates of change detection vs change blindness have been investigated using fMRI. Results revealed that conscious perception of change is associated with enhanced activity in a neural network comprising the parietal (bilateral) and right dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) cortex. Here, by means of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), we unveil the causal role of the right DLPF cortex in perceiving changes. When rTMS was applied to this area, change perception was impaired as compared to left DLPF rTMS and sham stimulation. This result is important as it shows, for the first time, that conscious change perception is associated with normal activity in the right DLPF cortex. Our findings are in agreement with a recent view emphasizing the role of frontal areas, in addition to classical ventral and dorsal pathways, in visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Turatto
- Department of Cognitive Science & Education, University of Trento, Via Matteo del Ben 5, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
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Kahn I, Pascual-Leone A, Theoret H, Fregni F, Clark D, Wagner AD. Transient disruption of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during verbal encoding affects subsequent memory performance. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94:688-98. [PMID: 15758048 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01335.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory supports conscious remembrance of everyday experience. Prior functional neuroimaging data indicate that episodic encoding during phonological task performance is correlated with activation in bilateral posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pVLPFC), although uncertainty remains regarding whether these prefrontal regions make necessary contributions to episodic memory formation. Using functional MRI data to guide application of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS), this study examined the necessity of left and right pVLPFC for episodic encoding (as expressed through subsequent memory performance). To assess the timing of critical computations, pVLPFC function was transiently disrupted at different poststimulus onset times while subjects made syllable decisions about visually presented familiar and unfamiliar words; subsequent memory for these stimuli was measured. Results revealed that left pVLPFC disruption during encoding of familiar words impaired subsequent memory, expressed as a decline in recognition confidence, with disruption being maximal at 380 ms after stimulus onset. In contrast, right pVLPFC disruption facilitated subsequent memory for familiar words, expressed as an increase in medium confidence recognition, with this facilitation being maximal at 380 ms. Finally, phonological (syllable) decision accuracy was facilitated by right pVLPFC disruption, with this effect being maximal at 340 ms, but was unaffected by left pVLPFC disruption. These findings suggest that left pVLPFC mechanisms onset between 300 and 400 ms during phonological processing of words, with these mechanisms appearing necessary for effective episodic encoding. In contrast, disruption of correlated mechanisms in right pVLPFC facilitates encoding, perhaps by inducing a functional shift in the mechanisms engaged during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Kahn
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Stanford University, California, USA.
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40
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Brighina F, Piazza A, Vitello G, Aloisio A, Palermo A, Daniele O, Fierro B. rTMS of the prefrontal cortex in the treatment of chronic migraine: a pilot study. J Neurol Sci 2005; 227:67-71. [PMID: 15546593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A recent fMRI study showed that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) exerts an inhibitory control on pain pathways in humans. We investigated whether high-frequency rTMS over left DLPFC could ameliorate chronic migraine. Treatment consisted of 12 rTMS sessions, delivered in alternate days over left DLPFC. Sham rTMS was used as placebo. Eleven patients were randomly assigned to the rTMS (n=6) or to the placebo (n=5) treatment. Measures of attack frequency, headache index, number of abortive medications (outcome measures) were recorded in the month before, during and in the month after treatment. Subjects treated by rTMS showed a significant reduction of the outcome measures during and in the month after the treatment as compared to the month before treatment. No significant differences in the outcome measures were observed in the placebo group. High-frequency rTMS over left DLPFC was able to ameliorate chronic migraine. This is in agreement with the suggested role of DLPFC in pain control.
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Xiang JZ, Brown MW. Neuronal responses related to long-term recognition memory processes in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2004; 42:817-29. [PMID: 15182720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence indicates that prefrontal cortex plays an important role in long-term recognition memory processes. Here, we report primate prefrontal neuronal responses carrying information necessary for long-term visual recognition memory. The responses of many neurons signaled stimulus familiarity even when the period over which stimuli had to be remembered extended to 24 hr. Such responses occurred frequently in ventromedial, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate but not dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal information processing, as indicated by the response latencies, started after that in inferior temporal cortex and might be related to retrieval processes, as responses were typically larger for familiar than for novel stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Xiang
- University of Bristol and MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Rajakumar N, Leung LS, Ma J, Rajakumar B, Rushlow W. Altered neurotrophin receptor function in the developing prefrontal cortex leads to adult-onset dopaminergic hyperresponsivity and impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:797-803. [PMID: 15050860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival and differentiation of neurons and the formation and maintenance of synapses in the cerebral cortex may be affected in schizophrenia. Since neurotrophins play an important role in these events, behavioral effects relevant to schizophrenia were investigated in rats that had compromised neurotrophin function during prefrontal cortical development. METHODS Neonatal rat pups were injected into the developing prefrontal cortex with a depot preparation of p75 receptor antibody conjugated to saporin. Animals were tested for dopaminergic hyperresponsivity and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle at 5 or 10 weeks. Neonatal and adult brain sections were examined for morphologic abnormality. RESULTS Animals that received neonatal injections of p75 antibody conjugated to saporin showed significantly increased amphetamine-induced locomotion and rearing and impairment of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle at 10 weeks of age but not at 5 weeks. Examination of adult brain sections revealed apparently normal structure, whereas neonatal brain sections showed apoptotic cells in the developing prefrontal cortex in pups that received p75 antibody conjugated to saporin. CONCLUSIONS Compromised p75 neurotrophin receptor function in the developing prefrontal cortex may be associated with the manifestation of adult-onset dopaminergic hyperresponsivity and impaired prepulse inhibition and therefore may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Stimulation/methods
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Agents/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Lectins, C-Type
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/radiation effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neural Inhibition/drug effects
- Neural Inhibition/physiology
- Neurocan
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/cytology
- Prefrontal Cortex/growth & development
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/radiation effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Reflex, Startle/physiology
- Reflex, Startle/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rajakumar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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43
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Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Imabayashi E, Okabe S, Takano H, Arai N, Ugawa Y. Chapter 76 rCBF changes elicited by rTMS over DLPFC in humans. Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology, Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology, AAEM 50th Anniversary and 57th Annual Meeting of the ACNS Joint Meeting 2004; 57:715-20. [PMID: 16106674 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, repetitive TMS (rTMS) has been used as a potential treatment for depression. Several studies have shown antidepressant effects of rapid rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), whereas some studies suggested the effectiveness of slow rTMS over the right DLPFC. Despite the growing interest in therapeutic application of rTMS, the precise mechanisms for rTMS over the DLPFC are still unknown. To clarify these mechanisms for slow rTMS over the right prefrontal cortex, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during real or sham rTMS and after stimulation using repeated l5O-labeled H2O PET scanning in seven healthy subjects. We found that slow rTMS over the right DLPFC could produce significant rCBF increase in the ipsilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during stimulation as compared with sham stimulation. The lasting activation occurred in the ipsilateral medial prefrontal cortex, contralateral ventrolateral PFC, and the contralateral ventral striatum. These data indicate that slow rTMS is able to produce rCBF changes in the paralimbic system and frontal cortex. We conclude that the lasting effect on the ventral striatum should reflect modulatory effects of rTMS over the DLPFC on the meso-limbic dopaminergic system that must play critical roles in antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Mental, Nervous and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa Higashi, Kodaira City, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
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44
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Feredoes EA, Sachdev PS, Wen W. Disruption of the neural correlates of working memory using high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a negative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 56:187-97. [PMID: 14677394 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Feredoes
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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45
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Kanno M, Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Mano Y. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats during an elevated plus-maze test. J Neurol Sci 2003; 211:5-14. [PMID: 12767491 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) the regional electrical activity in the brain is influenced by a pulsed magnetic field. The rapidly changed magnetic field produces electrical currents that activate neurons. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) treatment can cause functional changes in the cortex. The present study clarified the effects of rTMS treatment on behavioral changes in rats, focusing on anxiety by using an elevated plus-maze (plus-maze) test. The effects of rTMS treatment on neurochemical changes during the plus-maze test were investigated by determining the extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the prefrontal cortex by using in vivo microdialysis. Each rat received rTMS of the frontal brain for 3 days, during which 125 stimuli from five trains in a day were applied at 25 Hz for 1 s with 2-min intervals between trains. Three-day series of (chronic) rTMS treatment caused significant increases in the time spent in open arms and the number of entries into open arms of the plus-maze compared with non-treated and sham-treated rats, which were not observed in 1-day series of (acute) rTMS treatment. Chronic rTMS treatment suppressed the increases in 5-HT levels induced by the plus-maze test, but did not influence the elicited DA levels. These data suggest that chronic rTMS treatment of the frontal brain has anxiolytic effects in rats, which are related to the 5-HTergic neuronal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kanno
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Nishi 7, Kita 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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46
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Abstract
A new method has been developed to investigate corticostriatal glutamatergic influence on [3H]dopamine release in striatum in complex corticostriatal slice preparation in vitro. Horizontal slices containing the striatum and the adjacent prefrontal cortex of rat brain were cut in a plane that maintains corticostriatal connections. After incubation with [3H]dopamine, slices were submerged in a two-compartment bath so that the cortical region was contained entirely in one compartment, corpus callosum passed through a silicone greased slot, and the striatal region was contained in the other compartment. A cannula was placed just above the striatal part of the slice and effluent was collected with a peristaltic pump, released tritiated materials were counted with a liquid scintillation counter. Electric field stimulation of cortex increased the release of [3H]dopamine in the striatum. Bicuculline (1 mM) increased the basal and stimulated release of [3H]dopamine in the striatum in response to cortical stimulation of cortex indicating the GABAergic control on dopamine release. This method allows investigation of the effect of cortical stimulation on glutamate-dopamine-GABA interactions in the striatum in vitro that might help to understand better the neurochemical background of schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Juranyi
- Divison of Preclinical Research, Pharmacological Laboratory I., EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bökényföldi út 116, H-1475, PO Box 100, 10, Budapest, Hungary
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47
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Michael N, Gösling M, Reutemann M, Kersting A, Heindel W, Arolt V, Pfleiderer B. Metabolic changes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left prefrontal cortex: a sham-controlled proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) study of healthy brain. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:2462-8. [PMID: 12814378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation is being increasingly used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially major depression. However, its mechanisms of action are still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess metabolic changes by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy following high-frequency rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (20 Hz), both immediately after a single session and 24 h after a series of five consecutive sessions. Twelve healthy volunteers were enrolled in a prospective single-blind, randomized study [sham (n = 5) vs. real (n = 7)]. Three brain regions were investigated (right, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior cingulate cortex). A single as well as a series of consecutive rapid transcranial magnetic stimulations affected cortical glutamate/glutamine levels. These effects were present not only close to the stimulation site (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), but also in remote (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left cingulate cortex) brain regions. Remarkably, the observed changes in glutamate/glutamine levels were dependent on the pre-transcranial magnetic stimulation glutamate/glutamine concentration, i.e. the lower the pre-stimulation glutamate/glutamine level, the higher the glutamate/glutamine increase observed after short- or long-term stimulation (5 days). In general, the treatment was well tolerated and no serious side-effects were reported. Neither transient mood changes nor significant differences in the outcome of a series of neuropsychological test batteries after real or sham transcranial magnetic stimulation occurred in our experiment. In summary, these data indicate that rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation may act via stimulation of glutamatergic prefrontal neurons.
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Schutter DJLG, van Honk J, d'Alfonso AAL, Peper JS, Panksepp J. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic over the medial cerebellum induces a shift in the prefrontal electroencephalography gamma spectrum: a pilot study in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003; 336:73-6. [PMID: 12499043 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the anatomical projections from the medial cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were investigated in healthy human subjects, using high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic (rTMS) stimulation and electroencephalography (EEG). Medial cerebellar rTMS, compared to placebo induced a significant shift in anterior asymmetry, from left to right dominance in the fast (30-50 Hz) EEG spectrum, whereas occipital and lateral cerebellum stimulation did not show such an effect. Moreover elevations in mood and alertness were reported again after medial cerebellar stimulation only. Taken together, these data confirm and further specify the assumed cerebellar modulation of PFC activity and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J L G Schutter
- Affective Neuroscience Section, Helmholtz Research Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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49
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Rami L, Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, García-Sánchez C, Berthier M, Estévez-González A. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on memory subtypes: a controlled study. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41:1877-83. [PMID: 14572521 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of human cortex may disrupt or facilitate cortical activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of rTMS applied over different cortical areas during various memory tasks, measuring immediate, working and episodic verbal memory. The study was performed in 16 right-handed healthy men. A double-blind, cross-over, within-subject repeated measures design was used. There were five rTMS conditions: baseline without stimulation, high frequency (HF) rTMS over right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and over right cerebellum, and low frequency (LF) parameters over left DLPFC. Digits forwards and backwards and letter-number sequencing of the Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale (WAIS) were used to assess immediate and working verbal memory, and logical memory of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test was used to assess episodic memory encoding. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures in the scores of each memory task according to rTMS conditions was used. Significantly lower scores in the number of memory units of the episodic memory task were observed when rTMS high frequency parameters were applied over left DLPFC (P=0.009). No significant differences were found in the other memory subtype tasks analysed during the different rTMS conditions. These findings provide evidence for the significant role of the left DLPFC in episodic verbal memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rami
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Avenue Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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50
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Miniussi C, Cappa SF, Sandrini M, Rossini PM, Rossi S. Chapter 32 The causal role of the prefrontal cortex in episodic memory as demonstrated with rTMS. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Proceedings of the 2nd International Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Symposium 2003; 56:312-20. [PMID: 14677408 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Miniussi
- IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio-FBF, Via Pilastroni 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy.
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