Hiding in plain view: An historical perspective on the study of morality in personality psychology

OBJECTIVE

We aim to identify the major ideas and trends in the study of morality within personality psychology over the past 100 years.

METHOD

Our historical review is organized into three sections, examining moral dimensions in personality from the standpoints of the person as (1) a social actor (moral traits), (2) a motivated agent (the mental infrastructure of morality), and (3) an autobiographical author (moral life stories).

RESULTS

Within the field of personality psychology, a great deal of research into morality has been hiding for decades in plain view. Accordingly, we trace the history of research on socialization and instrumental competence, altruism, moral traits and virtues, the dimensions of morality inherent in the authoritarian personality, personal values, moral reasoning, moral intuitions, and the life stories constructed by people who have distinguished themselves for moral excellence, as evidenced in extraordinary bravery, compassion, or generativity.

CONCLUSIONS

In a multitude of ways, human beings express and experience individual differences in their moral engagement of the world, all of which fall within the purview of personality psychology.

Society for the History of Psychology news and notes

This historical note describes the book Primer in critical personalism: A framework for reviving psychological inquiry and for grounding a socio-cultural ethos by James T. Lamiell. The overriding purpose of this book is to introduce psychologists, other social scientists, and thoughtful laypersons to that comprehensive system of thought developed by the German philosopher and psychologist William Stern (1871-1938) under the name "critical personalism." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Integration as the goal of indigenization: The cross-cultural psychology of Durganand Sinha

Durganand Sinha (1922-1998) was an important Indian cross-cultural psychologist whose research spanned half a century. In commemoration of Sinha's passing 25 years ago, I explore in this essay his vision of the integration of Hindu religious psychology and Western scientific psychology. In the first part of the discussion, I consider a brief history of the interaction between Indian cultures and Western scientific psychology. In the second part, I next consider the proposal of Sinha that outlines various approaches that researchers might take with respect to the indigenization of scientific psychology. In the third part, I consider Sinha's discussion of integration as the expected outcome of the process of indigenization. Sinha indicates that when a researcher establishes a successful integrated cultural research paradigm in this way, it can serve as a framework for future researchers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Research note: Virtual historical archive of the Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

This article describes the organization, operation, and contents of the Virtual Historical Archive of the Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The organization of this archive started in 2008, as part of the activities planned by the Chair II of History of Psychology, and gained the support of the Faculty of Psychology. From its beginnings to the present, several documentary sources and materials related to the history of psychology in Argentina have been incorporated. It currently contains six thematic sections and three special collections, and it is expected that in the future it will be extended to other thematic areas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Magda Arnold's understanding of the human person: Thomistic personalism, psychophysical unity of the person, integration of personality, and transcendence

Magda Arnold (1903-2002) is well known for her research on emotions, motivation, and memory from a neurological, physiological, and psychological point of view. However, her works in the field of the anthropological foundations of personality are less known and discussed. The present study presents some aspects of Arnold's conception of a human's nature as being based or convergent on Aquinas's doctrine: (a) a nonreductionist conception of the human being, (b) the psychophysical unity of the person, (c) the self-ideal as it ought to be as the main factor of personality integration, and (d) God as the origin and ultimate goal of human existence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Reconsidering the "Uznadze Effect" and psychology of set (Gantskoba) from a systemic cultural psychological perspective

This article aims to (re)introduce and further develop Dimitri Uznadze's theory of psychological "set" from the perspective of contemporary cultural psychology. His ideas are prominent in Georgia and other post-Soviet countries; however, they might be totally new for psychologists from other parts of the world. Uznadze, unlike Vygotksy, still awaits to be rediscovered. I discuss the main theoretical premises and features of the formation of a psychological "set," according to Uznadze, which were based on his interpretations of his rich experimental data. Uznadze conceived the psychological "set" as a holistic phenomenon determining human conduct and strongly opposed reductionist, vitalist, and behavioristic approaches. Subsequently, a more person-centered and systemic view of set formation and its relation to human conduct is briefly considered. Further directions for Uznadze's experimental data's theoretical consideration are also identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Between conformity and individuality: Psychologists in Czechoslovakia during normalization (1968-1989)

The study examines the development of psychology in former Czechoslovakia during the period of "normalization" (1968-1989) and the challenges it faced under the communist regime. The restricted connection to Western psychology and the regime's control over all aspects of human activity negatively influenced the continuity of development in psychology. The regime demanded conformity, leaving individuals, including psychologists, in recurring states of internal conflict and intellectual discomfort when deciding how much to compromise in their personal and professional lives. The study identifies three groups of psychologists based on their adaptability to regime demands. The first group consists of those who aligned themselves with the regime, allowing them to hold positions of leadership and shape the conceptualization of the field. The second group comprises individuals who actively opposed the regime, facing significant limitations in their educational and career opportunities, and mostly being forced to leave the profession. The third group of psychologists belongs to the apolitical gray zone. A significant portion of individuals in this largest group passively complied with established norms and constraints, accepting the restrictions imposed on the development of Czechoslovak psychology. Fortunately, thanks to the persistent efforts of the proactive members of the gray zone and their willingness to endure significant discomfort, an even deeper decline of psychology during the normalization period was prevented. The study provides insights into the topics of education, research, Western influences, and adaptation to the communist regime within Czechoslovak psychology, illuminating the intricacies of living in that historical period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Music in an Emergent History of Psychology

From a historical perspective, 'psychology' can be studied from an abundance of angels. Thus, a selected perspective requires some historiographical reflections, but also a conscious awareness of the actual chosen terms that are at stake. In this study, the historiographical perspective follows an emergent understanding of the history, which implies that the actual chosen terms are dynamically contributing to a web of terms, in which all of them may change in more or less unpredictable directions. In line with this, the aspect of music is consciously chosen, as it probably is one of the most ignored aspects of psychology in historical research. Thus, the findings in this study reveal that music as the 'direct factor' played an overarching role in the nineteenth centuries experimental psychology, but also that the changes in the understanding of music in the early sixteenth century is comparable with the changes the understanding of the soul underwent along with the introduction of the neologism 'psychology'. In the understanding of both music and the soul the sensational aspects replaced the mathematical.

Contexts and Scientific Production of Six Eminent Women Psychologists in the 20th Century

The inclusion of women psychologists in arenas of academic and professional recognition has been a slow and often invisible process. This study seeks to highlight the scientific contributions of six women psychologists classified as eminent during the twentieth century (Haggbloom et al., Review of General Psychology, 6(2), 139-152, 2002) and the contexts in which they developed. Applying a historiographic and bibliometric approach, we analyzed biographical data and scientific contributions by reviewing the Web of Science, Scopus and APA PsycNet databases. The results show the broad contributions of the six psychologists to the field of psychology in the areas of experimental psychology, childhood and memory. We discuss the importance of rendering visible and overcoming the epistemic injustices to which women in psychology are subject, as well as the resistance and strategies many of them used to confront the structural limitations of this environment.

Dianne L. Chambless (1948-2023)

Dianne L. Chambless, professor emerita of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, died on July 14, 2023. Dianne received her doctorate in clinical psychology from Temple University in 1979. She then served on the faculties of the University of Georgia, American University, and the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill before going to the University of Pennsylvania for the final 17 years of her career. Dianne was a highly respected anxiety researcher, an award winning mentor, a leading advocate for the importance of basing clinical care on the best available research evidence, and a champion of women in academia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Society for the History of Psychology News and Notes

Cheiron's Young Scholar Award Committee is pleased to announce that Matthew Soleiman, a PhD candidate in the Department of History and Science Studies Program at the University of California, San Diego, has been chosen to receive the 2023 award for his paper "Recerebrated: The rise of the clinic in the twentieth-century science of pain." Using published and archival sources, Soleiman's paper examines two key developments in early- to mid-20th-century pain research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Reception of experimental pedagogy and psychology in Chile. Analysis of the intellectual influences of Wilhelm Mann, 1904-1915

This article provides a detailed analysis of the intellectual research project of Wilhelm Mann, one of the pioneers of experimental and educational psychology in Chile. Mann's work has been the object of so little analysis that his intellectual influences and networks are not clearly known. We analyzed 338 intratext citations from 22 works by Wilhelm Mann published during the period 1904-1915. As a result, we obtained a mapping of his cooperation networks and used a quantitative approach to study the authors who most influenced his career, among whom were William Stern, Herbert Spencer, Wilhelm Wundt, Alfred Binet, and Ernst Meumann. Mann was closely connected to the international and contemporary advances and discussions of his time, despite the lack of infrastructure and difficulties in communication. Mann was the first psychologist to develop a long-term project in Chile that aimed to measure the individualities of Chilean students and their intellectual development.

International Humanitarian Award: Garth Neufeld

This award recognizes extraordinary humanitarian service and activism by a psychologist or a team of psychologists, including professional and/or volunteer work conducted primarily in the field with underserved populations. "As president of Shared Space for All (SSFA), a nonprofit organization that educates and mentors impoverished youth in a village in the province of Isaan, Thailand, Mr. Garth Neufeld has successfully and strategically led the organization. SSFA promotes safer futures for youth in a context where poverty limits education and promotes migration to cities where a lack of skills translates into vulnerability to recruitment into sex work and trafficking. Over 200 at-risk school-aged children have received a range of services through SSFA, including supervised care before and after school, social services such as transportation, and full scholarships for higher education. The organization is exemplary in partnering with the local community and privileging the wisdom of those it serves. Mr. Neufeld has assembled a board of Thai and American members, mobilizing local commitment and engagement, harnessing the power of volunteers both local and overseas, underscoring contextually and culturally appropriate approaches, and balancing when to lead from the front or from behind. Mr. Neufeld is a tenured professor of psychology at Cascadia College, managing an active academic career and commitment to SSFA. He is a leader in Division 2, where he is highly regarded by his colleagues and has received multiple awards for teaching. Mr. Neufeld's vision through SSFA has been described as transformative, creating change by investing in the next generation to build human capital. Mr. Neufeld stands as a shining example of how psychologists can bring their skills and passion to organize and mobilize partnerships that can make a lasting difference in a vulnerable community. For these reasons, American Psychological Association's (APA's) Committee for Global Psychology is honored to present this award to Garth Neufeld." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology: Judith L. Gibbons

"APA's Committee for Global Psychology is pleased to present this award to Judith L. Gibbons. Dr. Gibbons is Professor Emerita of Psychology at Saint Louis University and throughout her career has exemplified the best of international scholarship, mentorship, editorships, professional leadership, and humanitarian service. Her scholarship focuses on international and cross-cultural studies of adolescent development, intercountry adoption, psychology of women and gender, and human-equine interaction. Dr. Gibbons has made extraordinary contributions to the publication of international psychology research, serving on numerous editorial boards and as founding editor of the journal International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation. Through this work, Dr. Gibbons has served as mentor to researchers from around the globe, particularly scholars from underrepresented parts of the world. She has served on numerous boards and as advisor to multiple international groups and committees, including as President of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research and the InterAmerican Society of Psychology. Dr. Gibbons has also served as Vice-President of the Board of Directors of Colegio Americano del Sur, a K-12 bilingual private school in Guatemala, and as a pro-bono monitoring and evaluation consultant for the Guatemalan nongovernmental organization SerNiña. In recognition of her ongoing commitment to global scholarship, publication, and mentorship; service to international organizations; and dedication to using psychology to help children, the Committee for Global Psychology presents to Dr. Gibbons the 2023 APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology." This award honors an individual who has made sustained and enduring contributions to international cooperation and the advancement of knowledge in psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award

The Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award is given jointly by APA and Psi Chi for the best paper published or presented by a graduate student at the APA or Psi Chi convention or at any regional or state psychological association meeting held between January 1 and December 31 of the previous calendar year. For purposes of the award, research is broadly defined to include all forms of empirical psychology, such as experiments, correlational studies, historical studies, case histories, and evaluation studies. The Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award was established in 1979. The award was established to recognize researchers at the beginning of their professional lives and to commemorate both the 50th anniversary of Psi Chi and the 100th anniversary of psychology as a science (dating from the founding of Wundt's laboratory). It was named for Edwin B. Newman, the first national president of Psi Chi (1929) and one of its founders. He was a prolific researcher and a long-time chair of the Department of Psychology at Harvard University. Newman was a member of APA's Board of Directors, served as recording secretary of the board from 1962 to 1967 and was parliamentarian for the APA Council of Representatives for many years. He served both Psi Chi and APA in a distinguished manner for half a century. The Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award is given jointly by APA and Psi Chi. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Ursula Bellugi (1931-2022)

This article memorializes Ursula Bellugi (1931-2022), Distinguished Professor Emerita and Founder's Chair at the Salk Institute, 2008 inductee to the National Academy of Sciences, and winner of the Jacob Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award, died peacefully on April 17, 2022, in La Jolla, California, at the age of 91. Her contributions to our understanding of the role biology plays in communication are virtually unparalleled; she is widely regarded as the founder of the neurobiology of American Sign Language (ASL). Highlights of Bellugi career and professional contributions are noted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Attention and Free Will in Experimental Psychology: An Unexpected Analysis of Voluntary Action by William James and Theodule Ribot

This article aims to highlight the difficulties encountered by the experimental psychology promoted by Ribot, at the end of the nineteenth century up until the beginning of the twentieth century, with regard to the question of free will as part of his analysis of voluntary attention. It also aims to shed some light on William James's possible role in Ribot's subtle change of opinion in regards to the power of attention, as a mental effort somehow revealing the possibility of a top-down voluntary activity. In most of Ribot's work, at first glance, the will is understood as a determined product of our idiosyncratic character, of our affective and physiological tendencies-rather than as an autonomous faculty of self-determination. But what might look like Ribot's commitment to determinism calls for some nuance. Some uses of the term "voluntary" in his work, particularly to describe the phenomenon of attention, seem to refer to a form of free will looking a lot more like an autonomous faculty than like a mere illusion induced by an epiphenomenal conscious state. We end the paper with remarks about the current state of studies of consciousness and voluntary action in relation to Ribot and James's accounts of attention and will.

Dr. Janet E. Helms: Envisioning and creating a more humane psychological science, theory, and practice

Dr. Janet E. Helms's use of psychological science to engage the field of psychology in radical progressive debates about race and identity is unprecedented. Her scholarship transformed prevailing paradigms in identity development theory and cognitive ability testing in psychology, to name a few. However, mainstream psychology often ignores, dismisses, and minimizes the importance of Dr. Helms's scientific contributions. Despite the numerous systemic barriers she encounters as a Black woman in psychology, Dr. Helms has persisted and made immeasurable contributions to the field and society. The intellectual gifts she has provided have shaped psychology for decades and will undoubtedly continue to do so for centuries to come. This article aims to provide an overview of Dr. Helms's lifetime contributions to psychology and the social sciences. To achieve this goal, we provide a brief narrative of Dr. Helms's life as a prelude to describing her foundational contributions to psychological science and practice in four domains, including (a) racial identity theories, (b) racially conscious and culturally responsive praxis, (c) womanist identity, and (d) racial biases in cognitive ability tests and measurement. The article concludes with a summary of Dr. Helms's legacy as an exceptional psychologist who offers the quintessential blueprint for envisioning and creating a more humane psychological science, theory, and practice anchored in liberation for all. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The psychological study of race, diversity, and culture: Foundational contributions of James M. Jones to modern theories of racism

The field of psychology has a history of harming racialized communities through the endorsement of scientific racism and the systematic silencing and erasure of dissenting voices. The field has a moral imperative to work collectively to create a future where the experiences, perspectives, and contributions of Black people are included and celebrated. Here, we contribute to centering Black voices by highlighting the scholarship of Professor James M. Jones, whose work on racial issues and diversity has had a profound impact. Our aim was twofold: (a) critically review foundational pieces of Jones' work and identify core themes and (b) discuss the impact of Jones' work on science and society, including areas for future research. Using various keyword strategies and in consultation with Professor Jones, we conducted exploratory and confirmatory searches using APA PsycInfo, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. We curated 21 pieces for review and identified six core themes: (a) racism as a universal context, (b) culture and context matter in situating historical and temporal narratives, (c) methodological limitations of psychological examinations of race, (d) doing diversity, (e) accepting divergent social realities, and (f) coping with oppression. Jones' systems-level analysis of racism provides a strong theoretical and analytical framework for the study of racial issues. Jones' impact and legacy extend far beyond the academe: as director of the Minority Fellowship Program and executive director of public interest at American Psychological Association, he has influenced generations of psychologists and paved a pathway for psychological science methods in social policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Honoring foundational Black psychologists' contributions to research on Black fathers

Much of the early psychological research on Black fathers and families employed a deficit lens, pathologizing Black fathers as absent and uninvolved contributors to their children's development. As a response, several Black psychologists articulated the need to move away from deficit-based approaches and employ strengths-based and adaptive frameworks to examine the social experiences of Black fathers and their contributions to child development. This transformative work was not only central to advancing research on Black fathers but also a cornerstone in the broader fathering literature. Though the list of foundational architects of Black fatherhood scholarship spans disciplines, we center this article around the contributions of eight Black psychologists-Drs. Phillip Bowman, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Anderson J. Franklin, Nancy Boyd-Franklin, Vivian Gadsden, Harriette Pipes McAdoo, John L. McAdoo, and Melvin Wilson. Their collective works and scientific contributions provided a critical lens and articulated a vision for research on Black fathers. In highlighting their contributions, we focus on six thematic areas: (a) conceptual and theoretical advancements, (b) research methods and designs that centered Black fathers, (c) description and contextualization, (d) children's development and well-being, (e) theory to practice and intervention, and (f) scientific cross-pollination and collaborative ethos. Last, we review and highlight research branches and extensions of these foundational roots. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

La lutte continue: Louis Mars and the genesis of ethnopsychiatry

The scientific contributions of Western mental health professionals have been lauded and leveraged for global mental health responses to varying degrees of success. In recent years, the necessity of recognizing the inefficiencies of solely etic and Western-based psychological intervention has been reflected in certain decolonial scholars like Frantz Fanon gaining more recognition. Despite this urgent focus on decolonial psychology, there are still others whose work has historically and contemporarily not received a great deal of attention. There is no better example of such a scholar than Dr. Louis Mars, Haiti's first psychiatrist. Mars made a lasting impact on the communities of Haiti by shifting the conversation around Haitian culture and the practice of how people living with a mental illness were treated. Further, he influenced the global practice of psychiatry by coining "ethnopsychiatry" and asserting that non-Western culture should be intimately considered, rather than stigmatized, in treating people around the world. Unfortunately, the significance of his contributions to ethnopsychiatry, ethnodrama, and the subsequent field of psychology has effectively been erased from the disciplinary canon. Indeed, the weight of Mars' psychiatric and political work deserves focus. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

James S. Jackson and the program for research on Black Americans: Contributions to psychology and the social sciences

James S. Jackson (1944-2020) is remembered as a groundbreaking social psychologist whose career contributions in scholarship, research, and service were fundamental to the field of psychology. This article briefly outlines his career-long work and contributions. A strong believer in interdisciplinary work, his research spanned other related social science disciplines (e.g., sociology, political science), as well as health and social welfare professions (public health, social work, medicine). As the founding director of the Program for Research on Black Americans at the Institute for Social Research, James Jackson initiated and led a long-standing program with a dual focus on research and training and mentoring doctoral students, postdoctoral scholars, and early career scientists. Jackson's efforts in the development of several nationally representative surveys of the Black population in the United States (e.g., National Survey of Black Americans, National Survey of American Life) revolutionized research focusing on the lives of Black Americans. James Jackson's international influence and reputation included numerous prestigious positions within national science organizations and honors and awards for his scientific contributions. Among James S. Jackson's most enduring legacies is the vast network of current scientists, researchers, and academics who were trained under his direction and leadership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

From chat rooms to classrooms and TikToks too: Dr. Brendesha Tynes' contributions to the study of race and development in digital contexts

For more than a decade, Dr. Brendesha Tynes has been at the forefront of empirical research examining the role of race in youth experiences with technology. Tynes' expansive corpus of research highlights the psychological, academic, and socioemotional implications and impact of online racial discrimination on child and adolescent development, with a particular focus on Black youth. Using explicitly strengths-based frameworks in both her research and mentoring, Tynes' contributions to the fields of psychology and education are vast. Given the American Psychological Association's recent shift to intentionally and urgently address racism, Tynes' scholarship is more timely than ever. Using a narrative review approach, we trace the intellectual contributions that Tynes has made to psychology, specifically, and the study of race and racism more broadly throughout her career. Particularly, we highlight key conceptual, methodological, and empirical work that have influenced the study of race in psychology. We conclude by sharing implications and possibilities for Tynes' research to influence race-conscious practices in psychological research, clinical, and pedagogical spheres. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Contributions of African-centered (Africentric) psychology: A call for inclusion in APA-accredited graduate psychology program curriculum

Over the past few years, there has been increased visibility of, and attention paid to, enduring issues such as racial discrimination toward Black Americans. Black psychologists have been called upon to explain various race-related mental health issues to the public, as well as their colleagues and students. Discussions about how to heal from persistent, intergenerational, oppressive attacks on the African psyche are important, but the theories and treatments in which most practitioners are trained and considered "best practices" are Eurocentric in nature. African-centered (or Africentric) psychology is a well-established school of thought, predating the philosophies often discussed in Western/American psychology's History and Systems curriculum, that provides an authentic understanding of the psychology of people of African descent from an African perspective. In this article, we present the historical contention about the lack of inclusion of an African perspective in conceptualizing and addressing the psychological needs of people of African descent, provide an overview of African-centered psychology including its underlying worldview and philosophy, development, and key contributors, and advocate for the inclusion of Africentric psychology in APA-accredited psychology graduate programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

From triple quandary to talent quest: The past, present, and future of A. Wade Boykin's contributions to psychology

A. Wade Boykin's scholarship has provided key insights into the psychological realities of racially minoritized people and catalyzed revolutionary changes in psychology and education. Combining insights from personal and research experiences, Boykin authored the foundational triple quandary (TQ), a framework describing how Black Americans must navigate the often conflicting values and priorities of dominant mainstream society, the heritage culture of Black communities, and dynamics associated with being racially minoritized. TQ describes the unique developmental challenges faced by Black children, for whom misalignment between home cultural socialization and U.S. schooling often leads to pathologizing mischaracterizations of their attitudes and behaviors, resulting in chronic academic opportunity gaps. Boykin used his training as an experimental psychologist to empirically test the validity and explanatory utility of the TQ framework and to determine whether Black cultural values could be leveraged to improve student learning. Focusing on cultural values such as expressive movement, verve, and communalism, studies with his collaborators consistently supported Boykin's framework and predictions for improving Black student achievement-related outcomes. Beginning in the early 2000s, Boykin and his colleagues began to scale the lessons of decades of empirical work into the talent quest model for school reform. The TQ and talent quest continue to evolve in their application, as scholars and practitioners have found them relevant to a diverse range of minoritized populations in American society and beyond. Boykin's work continues to bear on the scholarship, career outcomes, and day-to-day lives of many scholars, administrators, practitioners and students across disciplines and institutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Contributions of Black psychology scholars to models of racism and health: Applying intersectionality to center Black women

Although theoretical and empirical research on the impact of racism on the mental and physical health of African Americans is well established in the literature, there is still a dearth of research that focuses on the role of the intersection of racism and sexism, or gendered racism, on the health of Black women. The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) to review the foundational contributions of Black psychologists to the study of racism and health, (b) to highlight the intellectual contributions of Black feminist scholars to the study of intersectionality in psychology, and (c) to apply an intersectionality framework to research on racism and health by introducing a conceptual Biopsychosocial Model of Gendered Racism to better understand the impact of gendered racism on Black women's health and well-being. This article ends with recommendations for future research, clinical practice, and social justice advocacy centered on Black women's health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Standing on the shoulders of a giant: The legacy of Robert M. Sellers

Robert M. Sellers, PhD, most known for his influential and highly cited Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), is one of the most prolific and foundational Black scholars in psychology. From racial identity theory development and measurement to conceptual and methodological innovations in studying the lived experiences of Black people, Sellers' scholarship centers on the lives of Black communities. Sellers' mentorship and contributions to the professional development of scholars and professionals of color have supported and catalyzed new intergenerational knowledge building by these scholars, ensuring a perpetuating and far-reaching legacy in psychology. In this article, we: (a) celebrate Sellers' enduring contribution to the racial identity literature and its profound impact on psychology as a discipline as well as numerous subfields of psychology, (b) outline his contributions to the racial socialization literature, (c) describe methodological innovations in racial identity and racial socialization research advanced through his scholarship, and (d) summarize his contributions in professional development and mentorship and his leadership roles. Sellers' scholarly contributions and mentorship have transformed the discipline of psychology and the social sciences broadly speaking, making him one of the most influential psychologists in the modern era. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychological reality and psychoanalysis at the Padua Laboratory of Psychology

As it spread across Italy, psychoanalysis captured the interest of Italian psychologists, namely Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) and Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, who was trained as an experimental psychologist according to the Gegenstandstheorie School of Graz in 1919, came to Italy and became a full professor of experimental psychology in Padua. He undertook a program of study called "psychological reality" that comprised hypnosuggestion and psychoanalysis. This article shows that Benussi's hypnosuggestion experiments and Musatti's theorization of the reality of fantasy were attempts to upgrade the study of psychological phenomena to the level of physical phenomena in a theoretical context in which psychoanalysis was considered part of a general psychology.

Psychological research and practice in former Yugoslavia and its successors

This paper presents a brief history of Yugoslav psychology and a review of the current state of psychological research and practice in the former Yugoslav countries. Bibliometric mapping was used to explore the knowledge domain and international visibility of psychological research in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Judging by the number of papers visible in Scopus, psychological research activity in these countries is similar to the other former communist countries. In a relative sense, it is even higher in Slovenia and Croatia. However, psychologists still rely heavily on national journals indexed in Scopus when publishing their papers. Regarding psychological practice, former Yugoslav countries are facing challenges that are more or less typical for all small countries in the global scientific and economic market. Keeping in mind all the obstacles and traumas in the past decades, it should be considered a success that psychology in the former Yugoslav countries is now a fully established profession and a recognized scientific discipline.

Rewriting Wundtian psychology: Luigi Credaro and the psychology in Rome

After Rome became the capital of Italy in 1871, prestigious scientists arrived at the University of Rome. One of these scholars was the pedagogical philosopher Luigi Credaro (1860-1939). He was one of the rare Italian students of Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) when he went to Leipzig and attended the Institute for Experimental Psychology in the academic year 1887-1888. There he also followed the pedagogical seminars and considered the usefulness of establishing sections of practical pedagogy in Italian magisterium schools, which were teacher-training institutions. In 1904, he founded in Rome the Scuola Pedagogica (Pedagogical School). Through the school, Credaro proposed the concept of a scientific pedagogy based on the application of the results of experimental sciences in the educational field. We can suppose that this approach influenced the first generation of Italian scholars interested in experimental psychology in Rome, in particular Sante De Sanctis (1862-1935) and Maria Montessori (1870-1952). The article thus considers the hypothesis of the formation of a so-called Roman school of psychology, which created in the field of pedagogy a ground on which to develop its research and applications. It should be noted that Credaro devoted himself to the potential applications of experimental psychology in the context of the modernization of the liberal states of the 20th century. Specifically, scientific pedagogy constituted a field of application and development for Roman psychology. At the end, the foundation of psychology in Rome was influenced by a particular version of the Wundtian psychology promoted by his pupil Credaro. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Unconscious inferences in perception in early experimental psychology: From Wundt to Peirce

What are unconscious inferences in psychology? This article investigates their journey from the early philosophical psychology of Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) to the experimental psychology of the American pragmatist Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914). Peirce's reception of Wundt's early works situates him in an international web of 19th-century experimental psychologists and its reconstruction opens new perspectives on the relation between philosophy, psychology, and epistemology. Moreover, this reception testifies to a heretofore overlooked strand of influence of Wundt on North American experimental psychology. The notion of unconscious inferences, of which Hermann von Helmholtz is usually considered the chief exponent, becomes the backbone of Peirce's theory of perception mostly because of the affinity between Wundt's early philosophy of mind and Peirce's logic-mediated approach to psychology.

Essays in honour of William E. Hockley: A Festschrift

A Festschrift (the German word standing for feast-script) is a collection of essays to celebrate the significant contributions of a scholar to their respective field of studies. Here, it is our honour to introduce this special issue of the Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology as a Festschrift for William (Bill) E. Hockley to celebrate his rich scholarly contributions to the field of cognitive psychology, specifically on human memory. The diversity of articles in this issue highlights the depth and range of Bill's contributions to the study of human memory and cognition. We congratulate Bill on a successful career and thank him for his dedicated service to science and academia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Society for the History of Psychology news and notes

Cheiron's Book Prize Committee is pleased to announce that the recipient of the 2022 Prize is Nadine Weidman, Lecturer on the History of Science at Harvard University, for her book Killer Instinct: The Popular Science of Human Nature in Twentieth-Century America. In other news from the Society for the History of Psychology, Marjorie Lorch has recently published an article on how the concept of a matched control group was initially developed in neuropsychological testing. Lorch, M. P. (2022). Defining 'normal': Methodological issues in Aphasia and intelligence research. Cortex, 153, 224-234. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training: William P. Ketterer

The Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training acknowledges psychologists who contribute to new teaching methods or solutions to learning problems through research findings or evidence-based practices. The 2021 recipient is William P. Ketterer. Ketterer is recognized for his national impact on education and training through his scholarship and development of an applied relationship model. His model and practical approach enable therapists and non-therapists to harness the power of restorative relationships. He has developed a training program that has assisted hundreds of school administrators, counselors, and kindergarten through twelfth-grade teachers to better provide the relational components necessary to support students' social/emotional development. His work empowers adults to offer the needed healing relational ingredients to support countless children recovering from emotional trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Society for the History of Psychology news and notes

Article presents 2021 Society for the History of Psychology award winners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Adolphe Quetelet and the legacy of the "average man" in psychology

Adolphe Quetelet was a Belgian polymath who aimed to advance aggregate-level statistical tools as a unifying framework for all scientific disciplines. In doing so, Quetelet adopted the astronomer's Law of Error (i.e., the normal distribution curve) and applied it to the study of moral and social phenomena in developing his notion of physique sociale (social physics). Quetelet further focused his attention on l'homme moyen (the average man) and, as such, argued that the average value of a distribution should be of primary concern in the study of human attributes. In the present article, I examine the influences that these ideas had on the methodological practices of late 19th- and early 20th- century psychologists. I illustrate how the dominant methodological approach implemented by psychologists in the early 20th century was deeply rooted in the demography of Quetelet's social statistics. In particular, I argue that psychologists' adoption of the Neo-Galtonian model of research was successful because it embraced Quetelet's determinism, emphasis on average values, and grouping of distributions based on type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

(Un)ethical consequences: How psychology's cold war defense of military personnel led to enhanced interrogation techniques in the war on terror

Cold War interrogation scholarship generated a research literature that included many prominent 20th century psychologists. The return of Korean War prisoners, many of whom had confessed falsely or otherwise collaborated with the enemy during confinement, amplified the intense anti-Communist fears of the Cold War. These events prompted substantial military and other government responses. Many scholars in psychology committed their time, scholarship, and expertise to the protection of United States military personnel in the event of capture. In this article, we reconstruct some of these efforts, connecting them to psychologists' involvement in the more recent War on Terror. We argue that a critical historical awareness of these connections can help contemporary students, scholars, and practitioners of psychology to develop greater critical reflexivity about their work and its impact on society and to avoid unethical research and the potential misappropriation of psychological science to unethical ends. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Neuroscientification of Psychology: The Rising Prevalence of Neuroscientific Concepts in Psychology From 1965 to 2016

The apparent convergence of psychology and brain science has been the subject of both celebration and critique, but it has never been systematically charted. We examined historical trends in the representation of neuroscientific concepts in a corpus of 798,402 psychology journal articles published over the past half century, from 1965 to 2016. A dictionary of 522 uniquely neuroscience-related terms was developed, and the percentage of article abstracts in which at least one term appeared was calculated for each year. This percentage grew from 9.15% to 16.45% over the study period, whereas the percentage containing a subset of 199 terms containing the prefix "neur-" rose much more steeply, from 2.30% to 10.06%. From the mid-1970s, the growing representation of neuroscience in psychology was linear. Proportions were highest among journals covering neuropsychology and physiological psychology and behavioral neuroscience, lowest in those covering social psychology and developmental and educational psychology, and intermediate in those covering experimental and cognitive psychology and clinical psychology. The steepest rises were found in social and clinical psychology journals. Changes in the most salient neuroscientific terms revealed historical shifts in technology, topic, and anatomical focus, which may contribute to our understanding of relationships among mind, brain, and behavior.

Special issue to commemorate the intellectual contributions of Allan R. Wagner

This is an introduction to the special issue "Wagner Tribute." Allan R. Wagner was the first editor in chief of this journal. It is difficult to quantitatively measure the impact that a single individual has on an entire discipline, but a brief consideration of Wagner's research output provides some insight into both the breadth of his interests and depth of his influence. Furthermore, in one way or another the many contributions to this special issue will highlight the powerful role that Wagner's empirical and theoretical work has played and continues to play in driving research into the nature of simple associative learning processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychology: Early print uses of the term by Pier Nicola Castellani (1525) and Gerhard Synellius (1525)

We identify the putatively earliest extant print source of the neoclassical term psychologia, long presumed to have been a 1575 work, as two 1525 works, one by Pier Nicola Castellani and another by Gerhard Synellius. We provide a history of pertinent etymology and introduce the new sources. The full paragraph containing two uses of the term by Castellani is included in translation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Sensory studies, or when physics was psychophysics: Ernst Mach and physics between physiology and psychology, 1860-71

This paper highlights the significance of sensory studies and psychophysical investigations of the relations between psychic and physical phenomena for our understanding of the development of the physics discipline, by examining aspects of research on sense perception, physiology, esthetics, and psychology in the work of Gustav Theodor Fechner, Hermann von Helmholtz, Wilhelm Wundt, and Ernst Mach between 1860 and 1871. It complements previous approaches oriented around research on vision, Fechner's psychophysics, or the founding of experimental psychology, by charting Mach's engagement with psychophysical experiments in particular. Examining Mach's study of the senses and esthetics, his changing attitudes toward the mechanical worldview and atomism, and his articulation of comparative understandings of sensual, geometrical, and physical spaces helps set Mach's emerging epistemological views in the context of his teaching and research. Mach complemented an analytic strategy focused on parallel psychic and physical dimensions of sensation, with a synthetic comparative approach - building analogies between the retina, the individual, and social life, and moving between abstract and sensual spaces. An examination of the broadly based critique that Mach articulated in his 1871 lecture on the conservation of work shows how his historical approach helped Mach cast what he now saw as a narrowly limiting emphasis on mechanics as a phase yet to be overcome.

Remembering David Bucci

In the year of 2021, we are honoring David J. Bucci, our beloved and respected colleague, who died at the age of 50 in 2019. In the Special Section entitled Remembering David Bucci, we reprint 6 of the 29 articles that Dave published in Behavioral Neuroscience beginning with the first one in 1995. Of the 29 articles, these 6 were chosen in an attempt to span Dave's research interests and to highlight a few of his many collaborators and students. These articles are meant to represent his interests in the functions of the hippocampus, surrounding brain regions, and beyond, particularly with regard to memory, attention, and other cognitive functions. Reprinting these articles is a small tribute to the many contributions David Bucci made to behavioral neuroscience through his research, the many students he has trained and mentored, and his leadership in the field. In this way, we honor the life and contributions of David J. Bucci (1968-2019). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

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Within this work are approached some historical elements on the history of the evolution of the perception of the links between the soul and the body and the modification of the place of the soul within canon and Roman rights.

Neo-Catholics against new psychology in 19th century Spain: The journal La Ciencia Cristiana (1877-1887)

In the 1870s, Krausists and Catholics struggled for hegemony in Spanish educational institutions. In the midst of the fray, a group of neo-Kantian intellectuals, led by José del Perojo, set out to renew psychology in Spain by introducing Wundt's physiological psychology and Darwinian evolutionism. Neither Catholics nor Krausists welcomed the proposal. In the case of Catholics, the fundamentalist group led by professor of metaphysics Juan Manuel Ortí y Lara founded the journal La Ciencia Cristiana [Christian Science] to counter the neo-Kantian and Darwinian influences. In this article, I present a selection of texts from the journal to show how the editors tried to discredit the foundations of physiological psychology and evolutionism, as well as to promote a scholastic philosophy based on the literal interpretation of the texts of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Finally, I suggest that the identification of Catholic philosophy with fundamentalist scholasticism delayed the development of neo-scholastic psychology in Spain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

A case for a "middle-way career" in the history of psychology: The work of pioneering psychoanalyst Marjorie Brierley in early 20th century Britain

Historians often focus on the most famous or radical, prolific theoreticians among psychoanalysts, thereby at times reproducing the self-centered biases of their subjects rather than providing a useful critique. I offer instead a revisionist view of this history of psychology, arguing that we should pay more attention to a variety of middle-way actors who combined diverse forms of often-dismissed labor that included practice, editorial, and administrative work, and who tried to find a less rigid theoretical middle ground to toil. These middle-way actors were often women and although scholars have commented on the prominence of women in the early societies of psychoanalysis, we have not conducted adequate research on all these early active members and their roles. This article presents an example of such an actor, Marjorie Brierley (1893-1984), one of the first women psychoanalysts in Britain who made unique, yet unresearched, varied contributions-intellectual and non-intellectual-to the famous interwar debate on femininity and to organizational and clinical work. If we are to fully understand the establishment, cultivation, and maintenance of the flourishing field of psychoanalysis in the early 20th century, we must account for the work of women like her. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

A historical perspective on mental health: Proposal for a dialogue between history and psychology

This contribution aims to promote a dialogue between history and psychology by outlining a direction for future research at the intersection of these disciplines. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate the potential contributions of history to psychology by employing the category of mental health in a historical context. The analysis focuses on notions of psychological health that were developed in late antiquity, especially the equation between "health of the soul" and dispassion (apatheia) within the Christian monastic movement. This theologically informed notion of what constitutes positive human functioning and well-being is examined in view of modern attempts, in mainstream and positive psychology, to define mental health. The optimism concerning the naturalness of virtue and the malleability of human nature that underlies late antique notions of "health of the soul" becomes noticeable in its absence once we turn to modern notions of mental health. It thus provides an illuminating counter-example against which to compare and analyze modern attempts to define mental health. A comparison of these alternative notions human flourishing offers an opportunity to reflect on and test the validity of contemporary attempts to define this condition in a culturally sensitive manner. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

[GIOVANNI AND ABDON PAMICH – HISTORY AS DESTINY OR “EMPTY PLACE” IN RIJEKA MEDICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY]

Medical history of the city of Rijeka is a rich treasure trove of events, celebrities and valuable innovations in the field of healthcare. The historical development of Rijeka was largely determined by her geopolitical position as a border town with a multicultural population, marked by strong conflicts of interest and numerous identity turmoil. The great exodus of the domicile population of Italian nationality after World War II has significantly changed the social picture of the city. Among many of such esuli (immigrants) were brothers Giovanni (b. 1932) and Abdon (b. 1933) Pamich, whose lives are reminiscent of the fate of many displaced people from Rijeka who were forced to live in exile after the war. After leaving their hometown during the formative years of their childhood, they had successful careers in Italy in the fields of medicine and healthcare. The older brother Giovanni became a successful surgeon and the younger Abdon a psychologist. Along with his positions as the head of general surgery at the Monfalcone and Gorizia Hospitals, Giovanni Pamich was teaching at the University of Trieste. Abdon Pamich collaborated with the best Italian tennis players in the field of sports psychology, and was a psychologist for the Italian handball team. They both practiced athletics, and Abdon Pamich won the silver medal in speed walking at the 1958 European Championships in Sweden and the gold medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. In addition to emphasizing the achievements of the two brothers in the field of medicine, this paper also addresses the position of the migrant, which is highlighted in Robert Covaz’s book “Abdon Pamich, memorie di un marciatore (Rome, 2016), an exciting biography of an emigrant from Rijeka. The paper also explores the concept of thematizing the limits of differences and experiences of migration of Rijeka residents facing the existential issues.

'I think' (the thoughts of others). The German tradition of apperceptionism and the intellectual history of schizophrenia

Although contemporary approaches to schizophrenia pinpoint 'disturbances of the self' as a central aetiological factor, historical insight into the link between accounts of schizophrenia and theories of subjectivity and self-consciousness is poor. This paper aims to overcome this gap by providing the outlines of a largely forgotten but crucial part of the intellectual history of schizophrenia. In particular, the impact of the German tradition of apperceptionism on nineteenth-century accounts of schizophrenia is unearthed. This tradition emerged from German Idealism, and culminated in Emil Kraepelin's account of dementia praecox. In addition to filling an important gap in the historiography of psychiatry, this analysis contributes to ongoing efforts to correct some common misunderstandings regarding Kraepelin's theoretical position.

[Inventing the standard: psychology in the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League]

The article analyzes psychology within the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League, an institution founded in 1923 for the adaptation of individuals and to shape the "universal morals of tomorrow." Among other purposes, the league worked to adapt psychological tests and studies on child development in an attempt to assess mental function and establish standards. As an element that helped broaden the power of psychiatry, psychology was involved in two dimensions of disciplinary power: individual bodies and the social body. In this way, psychology also encountered the possibility that it could be vulgarized, as well as contradictions arising from the position of knowledge and techniques in this area.