A human opsin-related gene that encodes a retinaldehyde-binding protein

The ligand-binding property of a cytoplasmic membrane-bound protein from bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been demonstrated. The putative RPE-retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR) covalently binds both all-trans- and 11-cis-retinal after reduction by sodium borohydride. The 32-kDa receptor binds all-trans-retinal preferentially, rather than the 11-cis isomer. The amino acid sequence of the opsin-related protein in humans is 86% identical to that of bovine RGR, and a lysine residue, analogous to the retinaldehyde attachment site of rhodopsin, is conserved in the seventh transmembrane domain of RGR in both species. The human gene that encodes the novel retinaldehyde receptor spans 14.8 kb and is split into seven exons. The structure of the gene is distinct from that of the visual pigment genes. These findings support the notion that the rgr gene represents the earliest independent branch of the vertebrate opsin gene family. A second form of human RGR in retina is predicted by alternative splicing of its precursor mRNA. This RGR variant results from the alternative use of an internal acceptor splice site in the second intron of the human gene, and it contains an insertion of four amino acids in the connecting loop between the second and thrid transmembrane domains. Since RGR binds all-trans-retinal preferentially, one of its functions may be to catalyze isomerization of the chromophore by a retinochrome-like mechanism.

Suppression by isoproterenol of endothelial cell morphology and barrier function changes induced by platelet-activating factor

Using a model to study vascular permeability on hydrostatically perfused bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell (EC) monolayers and software to analyze cell morphological parameters automatically in a computer image workstation, we studied the effects of isoproterenol (IPN) on platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced changes in EC monolayer permeability and cell morphological parameters. Albumin has fortifying effects on endothelial barrier function. As albumin concentration in the perfusate increased (0, 1, 5, 10, 20 mg/ml), EC monolayer hydraulic conductivity (Lp) decreased gradually while Lp of the filter membranes did not change. After treatment of the EC monolayer with PAF 10(-8) mol/liter for 30 min, transmonolayer fluid flow, protein clearance rate, and Lp value increased noticeably. At the same time, cell area decreased and intercellular distance and percentage of intercellular space area in total cell monolayer increased. Pretreatment with 10(-4) mol/liter IPN blocked PAF-induced EC permeability and morphological changes, suggesting that EC contraction and intercellular gap formation are important mechanisms for PAF-induced high vascular permeability. IPN inhibits the effects of PAF via stabilization of EC morphology, protection of intercellular junction, and blockade of intercellular gap formation.

Preoptic projections to Barrington's nucleus and the pericoerulear region: architecture and terminal organization

The medial preoptic area (MPO), a sexually dimorphic region, plays a pivotal role in neuroendocrine function and reproductive behavior. We recently reported that MPO projects heavily to the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). We also noted that MPO projects to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Here we identified the cells of origin of the MPO-->tegmental projection and delineated the terminal organization of MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), and the rostromedial pericoerulear region (pLCrm). Correlative cyto- and chemoarchitectonic studies were done to define better the nuclear groups of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Retrograde tracing revealed that MPO neurons projecting to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum are preferentially distributed in distinct subregions of MPO, including the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Anterograde tracing with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin demonstrated considerable target specificity in projections from MPO to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Barrington's nucleus receives a dense focal input along its entire rostrocaudal axis. In addition, pLCrm is heavily targeted by MPO inputs; pLCrm contains a concentrated plexus of extranuclear dendrites of LC neurons. The lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT) nucleus and LC proper receive only sparse input from MPO. MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus could regulate micturition reflexes during reproductive behavior. The MPO-->pLCrm projection could influence noradrenergic LC neurons in relation to reproductive and/or gonadal steroid function. Given the strong established connections from olfactory structures to MPO, it is possible that the MPO-->LC pathway provides an anatomical substrate for olfactory modulation of arousal.

Antitumor activity of immunoconjugates composed of boanmycin and monoclonal antibody

Boanmycin (bleomycin A6, BM), an antitumor antibiotic, was conjugated to monoclonal antibodies including R19, H111 and CCT2. The immunoconjugates exhibited selective cytotoxicity to related target cells including cecum cancer Hce-8693 cells, liver cancer BEL-7402 cells and leukemia CEM cells. They were highly effective against related human tumor xenografts in nude mice, and the inhibition rates by the conjugates were much higher than those by free BM. The inhibition rate by R19-BM conjugate against human cecum cancer xenografts reached 90%. BY immunoelectron microscopy, CCT2-BM conjugate showed specific binding and internalization in leukemia CEM cells. The results indicate that boanmycin-monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates are highly active both in vitro and in vivo.

Cytoplasmic retinal localization of an evolutionary homolog of the visual pigments

A rhodopsin-related protein is preferentially expressed at high levels in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in Müller cells. The putative RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) was localized in light-adapted bovine retina by means of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. In the RPE, the protein was localized to a widespread intracellular compartment. Except for the region adjacent to the basal surface, the RPE cytoplasm was labeled throughout the cell including the apical surface. In Müller cells also RGR was found in the intracellular compartment, especially in the cytoplasm in the region of the Müller cell endfeet and proximal cell processes. Subcellular fractionation studies of bovine RPE and neural retina indicated that RGR is a membrane-bound protein. The intracellular localization of RGR is a unique variation in the subcellular distribution of seven-transmembrane-domain receptors and suggests an unconventional role for RGR in the signal transduction process.

[Evaluation of anti-rheumatoid arthritis 36 kD and anti-33 kD antibodies in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis]

By using soluble nuclear extracts from Ehrlich mice ascite cells, immunoblot analysis showed reactivity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) serum with a 36 kD band. It was found that 28 of 88 patients with RA had anti-RA 36 kD antibody (31.8%), but there was no reactivity in the serum samples from 100 patients with other connective tissue diseases and 40 normal controls. However, the nuclear antigen mentioned above could react with either anti-RA 33 kD antibody or anti-RNP antibody in the 33 kD band. Thus, anti-RA 33 kD antibody was not a specific antibody for RA. Anti-RA 36 kD antibody appeared to be a marker antibody in RA. If anti-RA 36 kD and anti-33 kD antibodies appeared in a serum sample simultaneously, it might be more valuable for the diagnosis of RA.

Role of Pr160gag-pol in mediating the selective incorporation of tRNA(Lys) into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles

COS-7 cells transfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA produce virus in which three tRNA species are most abundant in the viral tRNA population. These tRNAs have been identified through RNA sequencing techniques as tRNA(3Lys) the primer tRNA in HIV-1, and members of the tRNA(1,2Lys) isoacceptor family. These RNAs represent 60% of the low-molecular-weight RNA isolated from virus particles, while they represent only 6% of the low-molecular-weight RNA isolated from the COS cell cytoplasm. Thus, tRNA(Lys) is selectively incorporated into HIV-1 particles. We have measured the ratio of tRNA(3Lys) molecules to copies of genomic RNA in viral RNA samples and have calculated that HIV-1 contains approximately eight molecules of tRNA(3Lys) per two copies of genomic RNA. We have also obtained evidence that the Pr160gag-pol precursor is involved in primer tRNA(3Lys) incorporation into virus. First, selective tRNA(Lys) incorporation and wild-type amounts of tRNA(3Lys) were maintained in a protease-negative virus unable to process Pr55gag and Pr160gag-pol precursors, indicating that precursor processing was not required for primer tRNA incorporation. Second, viral particles containing only unprocessed Pr55gag protein did not selectively incorporate tRNA(Lys), while virions containing both unprocessed Pr55gag and Pr160gag-pol proteins demonstrated select tRNA(3Lys) packaging. Third, studies with a proviral mutant containing a deletion of most of the reverse transcriptase sequences and approximately one-third of the integrase sequence in the Pr160gag-pol precursor resulted in the loss of selective tRNA incorporation and an eightfold decrease in the amount of tRNA(3Lys) per two copies of genomic RNA. We have also confirmed herein finding of a previous study which indicated that the primer binding site is not required for the selective incorporation of tRNA(Lys).

Reverse transcriptase is an important factor for the primer tRNA selection in HIV-1

During assembly, HIV-1 selectively packages tRNA(Lys3), the primer tRNA for reverse transcriptase (RT). Because of tRNA(Lys3)'s ability to interact with RT, RT may be the viral protein which binds to primer tRNA and carries it into the virus. We have tested this hypothesis by measuring the amount of tRNA(Lys3) incorporated into wild type and RT(-) virus, and have also measured the tRNA tightly associated with the RNA genome, a characteristic of primer tRNA. We find that in RT(-) HIV-1, primer tRNA(Lys3) is reduced approximately 10 fold compared to wild type virus (which contains 8 molecules tRNA(Lys3)/virus), and the tRNA found tightly associated with the RNA genome is also greatly reduced in these mutant virus.

An indirect comparison of third-body wear in retrieved hydroxyapatite-coated, porous, and cemented femoral components

The osteoconductive properties of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium implants are well documented, but eventual coating degradation may result in HA particles adjacent to the substrate, and if the particles were to migrate into the joint space then accelerated polyethylene wear might be expected. As an indirect indication of third-body wear, the authors used laser interference microscopy to measure and compare surface roughness on modular heads from 15 clinically retrieved HA-coated femoral components, with heads from 15 retrieved uncemented (porous) and 15 cemented implants. The results showed increased median surface roughness over initial manufacturer specifications in all groups, but the cobalt-chrome heads from the HA-coated group showed significantly less surface roughness and less deep scratches than the heads from either the porous or uncemented group. Three-body wear appears to be a common problem, but evidence available suggests that it is no more of a problem with HA-coated devices than porous or cemented.

An opsin homologue in the retina and pigment epithelium

PURPOSE

The aim of this project was to investigate the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at the molecular level by identification of novel RPE-specific cDNAs that may encode proteins of signal transduction pathways or other proteins that are expressed preferentially in the RPE.

METHODS

A bovine RPE cDNA library was constructed in bacteriophage lambda g10 using RPE-enriched poly(A)+ RNA. The library was screened by differential hybridization to bovine RPE and kidney cDNA probes.

RESULTS

A member of the hepatahelical receptor family was identified in bovine RPE by molecular cloning. Its deduced amino acid sequence predicts a protein that has 291 amino acid residues and resembles most closely the family of visual pigments. A lysine residue, analogous to the retinaldehyde attachment site in rhodopsin, is conserved in the seventh hydrophobic segment of the novel sequence. Messenger RNA encoding the putative G protein-coupled receptor was detected by in situ hybridization in the RPE, inner nuclear layer, and specific cells of the ganglion cell layer. Immunohistochemical staining of bovine retina showed that the receptor protein is localized in Müller cells, as well as in the RPE.

CONCLUSIONS

A novel heptahelical receptor defines a distant evolutionary branch of the visual pigment tree. The selective localization of this putative receptor, its abundance in RPE and retina, and its homology to the visual pigments suggest that the function of this receptor is important in a visual process involving the RPE and Müller cells.

CT detection of wrist bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis

A correlative radiographic and CT study of the wrists of 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was reported. The results showed that sensitivity of CT in detecting wrist erosion is superior to that of conventional radiograph. Accordingly, wrist CT scanning is useful for early diagnosis of RA.

Identification of tRNAs incorporated into wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1

We have identified the tRNAs which are incorporated into both wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain IIIB (HIV-1IIIB) produced in COS-7 cells transfected with HIV-1 proviral DNA and mutant, noninfectious HIV-1Lai particles produced in a genetically engineered Vero cell line. The mutant proviral DNA contains nucleotides 678 to 8944; i.e., both long terminal repeats and the primer binding site are absent. As analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, both mutant and wild-type HIV-1 contain four major-abundance tRNA species, which include tRNA(1,2Lys), tRNA(3Lys) (the putative primer for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase) and tRNA(Ile). Identification was accomplished by comparing the electrophoretic mobilities and RNase T1 digests with those of tRNA(3Lys) and tRNA(1,2Lys) purified from human placenta and comparing the partial nucleotide sequence at the 3' end of each viral tRNA species with published tRNA sequences. Thus, the absence of the primer binding site in the mutant virus does not affect tRNA(Lys) incorporation into HIV-1. However, only the wild-type virus contains tRNA(3Lys) tightly associated with the viral RNA genome. The identification of the tightly associated tRNA as tRNA(3Lys) is based upon an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of tRNA(3Lys) and the ability of this RNA to hybridize with a tRNA(3Lys)-specific DNA probe. In addition to the four wild-type tRNA species, the mutant HIV-1-like particle contains two tRNA(His) species and three tRNA-sized species that we have been unable to identify. Their absence in wild-type virus makes it unlikely that they are required for viral infectivity.

Activation of serotonin1A receptors inhibits midbrain periaqueductal gray neurons of the rat

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is involved in a variety of functions including pain modulation, vocalization, autonomic control, fear and anxiety. This area contains serotonin receptors, particularly 5-HT1A that are known to play a role in the above functions. The goals of this study were to characterize the effects of 8-OH-DPAT, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, on the firing characteristics and membrane properties of PAG neurons. Both in vivo and in vitro preparations were used. The effects of 8-OH-DPAT on baseline activity of 91 neurons were tested in the in vivo preparation. In 50/91 cells, 8-OH-DPAT produced a decrease in the firing rate that ranged between 21 and 98% (mean +/- S.E.M. decrease of 49 +/- 1.9%). This inhibitory effect was dose dependent and could be blocked by spiperone. In 10/91 cells, 8-OH-DPAT produced an increase in the firing rate that ranged between 13 and 290%, with mean increase of 83 +/- 7.4%. The baseline firing rate of the remaining 31 cells was not affected by 8-OH-DPAT. In the PAG slice preparation, the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on synaptic and membrane properties of 17 PAG neurons were tested using whole-cell voltage clamp-recording procedures. In 14 cells, application of 8-OH-DPAT produced hyperpolarization that ranged between 6 and 21 mV, with mean of 8.4 +/- 2.0 mV. This hyperpolarization was associated with a decrease in membrane impedance that ranged between 8 and 45%, with mean decrease of 21.6 +/- 4.5%. The remaining three neurons did not respond to 8-OH-DPAT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Pilocarpine-induced convulsions in rats: evidence for muscarinic receptor-mediated activation of locus coeruleus and norepinephrine release in cholinolytic seizure development

We recently reported that systemic administration of the anticholinesterase, soman, caused rapid depletion of forebrain norepinephrine (NE) in convulsive but not in nonconvulsive rats. As neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) provide the bulk of NE innervation to most of the forebrain and the sole source of NE input to the cortex and the olfactory bulb, soman-induced NE depletion was hypothesized to result from activation of LC neurons. This activation was thought to be due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by soman, leading to rapid, sustained accumulation of acetylcholine in LC, causing these cells to fire at a high sustained rate. Support for this hypothesis was provided by neurophysiological findings showing that: (i) Systemic administration of soman in anesthetized rats caused a sustained, fivefold increase in the mean firing rate of LC neurons and (ii) microinjections of soman directly into LC caused a similar increase in the firing rate of LC neurons. Soman-induced activation of LC occurred prior to and even in the absence of seizures. As systemic administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, rapidly and completely reversed soman-induced activation of LC, it was further hypothesized that activation of LC neurons following soman administration is due to muscarinic receptor stimulation. The rapid release of NE by cholinolytic agents, thus, may play an important role in the initiation and/or maintenance of convulsions. To further test the hypothesis that NE release in soman-intoxicated rats is due to muscarinic activation of LC, we have investigated the effects of the muscarinic receptor agonist, pilocarpine, on NE release and LC discharge. In one set of experiments, rats were injected with a periconvulsive dose of pilocarpine (300 mg/kg, ip); both convulsive and nonconvulsive rats were sacrificed between 1 and 96 h and monoamine levels in the rostral forebrain and olfactory bulb were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. NE levels declined substantially only in convulsive rats; forebrain NE levels in convulsive rats rapidly decreased to 50% of control levels at 1 h and to 37% of controls level between 2 and 4 h. The time course and magnitude of these changes were similar to those observed following soman administration in our previous study. Recovery of forebrain NE began at 8 h and was complete by 96 h following pilocarpine administration. Neither dopamine (DA) nor serotonin (5-HT) levels were changed in the forebrain and olfactory bulb of either convulsive or nonconvulsive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[The preparation and identification of anti-erythropoietin monoclonal antibodies]

By using the partially purified recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) as an antigen, two hybridoma clones have been obtained that secrete monoclonal antibodies against human erythropoietin. Intrasplenic immunization was successfully used in this experiment. The prepared monoclonal antibodies showed high specificity to human EPO by Ouchterlony, ELISA, dot blot and Western blot tests. They were also found to inhibit the biological activity of rHuEPO in a concentration-dependent manner by an in vitro bioassay. In the future, these monoclonal antibodies will be used as the solid phase antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and as a probe for the purification of native erythropoietin and for the further studies of the hormone and its mechanism of action.

Physiological influence of lateral proisocortex on the midbrain periaqueductal gray: evidence for a role of an excitatory amino acid in synaptic activation

Recent anatomical studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that the proisocortex cortex adjacent and dorsal to the rhinal sulcus is one of the major forebrain afferent inputs to the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter in the rat. The physiological influence(s) of this projection has not been examined. The present studies investigated the responses of periaqueductal gray neurons to chemical and electrical stimulation of proisocortex in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. In addition, the role of glutamate as a possible transmitter in excitatory proisocortex-periaqueductal gray synaptic responses was tested. Microinjection of D,L-homocysteate into proisocortex excited 44% (19/43), inhibited 37% (16/43) and had no effect on 19% of periaqueductal gray cells. The onset of D,L-homocystic acid-evoked responses ranged from 2 to 60 s; the duration of responses ranged from 1 to 18 min. Low-frequency, single-pulse electrical stimulation of proisocortex robustly altered neuronal discharge in 25% of periaqueductal gray neurons sampled; 10% (74/724) of neurons were excited and 15% (107/724) were inhibited. Insular cortex-evoked excitatory responses had a mean onset latency of 19.5 +/- 4.2 ms and a mean duration of 38.5 +/- 26.9 ms. Inhibitory responses had a mean onset latency of 26.2 +/- 15.6 ms and mean duration of 108.0 +/- 84.9 ms. Trains of high-frequency electrical stimulation of proisocortex excited 22% (13/59) and inhibited 25% (15/59) of periaqueductal gray cells tested. In separate experiments, stimulation electrodes were placed in periaqueductal gray to antidromically activate proisocortex neurons that project to periaqueductal gray.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actions of epinephrine on neurons in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray maintained in vitro

The effect of epinephrine (EPI) on the activity of 150 periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons was examined using extracellular recordings in an in vitro slice preparation. Drop application of EPI inhibited 45%, excited 35%, and had no effect on 20% of PAG neurons. Both the excitatory and inhibitory effects of EPI were of long duration; excitatory responses averaged 17 min and inhibitory responses averaged 11 min in duration. EPI responses could be blocked by specific alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptor antagonists. In 35% of the neurons tested, blockade of synaptic transmission by perfusion with low calcium-high magnesium physiological saline blocked responses to EPI. The effects of EPI were site specific: 77% of the cells in the caudal ventrolateral region of the PAG were inhibited by EPI; in all other regions of PAG equal numbers of cells were excited and inhibited by EPI. It is concluded that: (a) EPI has potent effects on a majority (80%) of PAG neurons; (b) EPI responses are mediated by presynaptic as well as postsynaptic mechanisms; (c) EPI preferentially inhibits neurons in the ventrolateral subdivision of caudal PAG. As this part of PAG contains many neurons that project to the ventral medulla, it is possible that EPI modulates the PAG-medullary functions such as analgesia, autonomic regulation, defense reactions, and sexual behaviors.

Cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate potentiates excitatory amino acid and synaptic responses of rat spinal dorsal horn neurons

Intracellular recordings were made from rat dorsal horn neurons in the in vitro slice preparation to study the actions of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). In the presence of TTX, bath application of the membrane permeable analogue of cyclic AMP, 8-Br cyclic AMP (25-100 microM) caused a small depolarization of the resting membrane potential accompanied by a variable change in membrane input resistance. In addition, 8-Br cyclic AMP caused a long-lasting increase in the spontaneous synaptic activity and the amplitude of presumed monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked in the substantia gelatinosa neurons by orthodromic stimulation of a lumbar dorsal root. When the fast voltage-sensitive Na conductance was blocked by TTX, 8-Br cyclic AMP enhanced in a reversible manner, the depolarizing responses of a proportion of dorsal horn neurons to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), quisqualic acid (QA) and kainic acid (KA). The effects of 8-Br cyclic AMP on the resting membrane potential and the NMDA response of dorsal horn neurons were mimicked by reducing phosphodiesterase activity with bath application of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, but not by cyclic AMP applied extracellularly. Moreover, we have found that intracellular application of a protein inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKI) into dorsal horn neurons prevents the 8-Br cyclic AMP-induced potentiation of the NMDA response of these cells. These results suggest that in the rat spinal dorsal horn the activation of the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase system may be involved in the enhancement of the sensitivity of postsynaptic excitatory amino acid (NMDA, AMPA, KA) receptors and modulation of primary afferent neurotransmission, including nociception.

[The effect of glycoside Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on the immune regulatory function of T lymphocyte]

Previously, we treated successfully patients with systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) with glycoside Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F, a Chinese medicinal herb. To evaluate the pharmacological mechanism of this herb, we studied its effects on the activation and proliferation facets of human T lymphocyte in vitro. The results revealed that this drug can markedly suppress the activation and proliferation facets of T lymphocytes.

Isolation and fractionation of retroviral tRNAs

Previous studies concerning the analysis of retroviral tRNA populations involved intracellular metabolic labeling of RNA, followed by the isolation of viral RNA and lengthy sucrose gradient centrifugation for the separation of tRNAs found in various viral compartments. A more rapid, convenient, and safer method for achieving similar aims is described. Isolated total viral RNA is end-labeled in vitro, and tRNA subgroups are fractionated using commercial Nucleobond AX-20 mini columns. 2-D PAGE analysis of mouse mammary tumor virus tRNA fractionated in this way yields gel patterns similar to those obtained with previously described methods.

Variable tRNA content in HIV-1IIIB

Low molecular weight RNA in HIV-1 is found in three size classes resembling 7S RNA, 5S RNA, and tRNA. The 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) patterns of tRNA found in HIV-1 have been determined in virus produced in five different cell types: H9, UHC1 (a U937-derived clone), UHC8 (an RT(-) derivative of U937), HeLa, and COS. The presence of the putative primer tRNA for reverse transcriptase, tRNA(Lys,3), has also been determined either by hybridization with a tRNA(Lys,3)-specific DNA probe or by a comparison of the electrophoretic mobility of viral tRNA species with purified human tRNA(Lys,3). Our results indicate the following: 1) The number of tRNA species found in infectious HIV-1IIIB produced in different cell types varies, according to cell type, from greater than 20 to 4, indicating that only 4 or less tRNA species are required for the viral infectious life cycle. 2) There are 1-3 tRNA species tightly associated to the viral genomic RNA, depending upon the cell type producing the virus. 3) The putative primer tRNA, tRNA(Lys,3), is detected with the tRNA(Lys,3)-specific hybridization probe in the tRNA of HIV-1 produced in H9 cells, and the tightly associated tRNA species in this virus has the same electrophoretic mobility in 1-D PAGE as purified tRNA(Lys,3). On the other hand, we cannot detect tRNA(Lys,3) in the tRNA of HIV-1 produced in HeLa cells, and the tightly associated tRNA found in this virus does not migrate with the same electrophoretic mobility as tRNA(Lys,3).

[Detection of anti-dsDNA-F(AB')2 antibody and evaluation of its clinical significance]

Purified anti-dsDNA antibody was obtained from the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by affinity-column chromatography. Anti-dsDNA-F(ab')2 fragment (idiotype) was prepared from digested anti-dsDNA antibody with pepsin. We have developed a sensitive and specific method for detection anti-dsDNA-F(ab')2 antibody. Our result revealed that low titer of anti-dsDNA was observed in patients with active stage of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Transient elevation of the intracranial pressure increases the infarct size and perifocal edema after subsequent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat

The objective of this study was to mimic in a simple experiment the two major brain insults sustained by the patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage, that is, the ictus and the subsequent delayed reduction of focal cerebral blood flow caused by vasospasm without the interference of subarachnoid blood, to test the hypothesis that ictal events not related to the presence of blood in the subarachnoid space per se may be important for the development of ischemic deficits and cerebral infarction when vasospasm develops. Groups of rats were subjected to a sudden transient elevation of the intracranial pressure to a level causing a brief period of complete global ischemia by infusion of mock cerebrospinal fluid into the cisterna magna (this manipulation was designed to allow survival of the animal and recovery of consciousness). Two and one-half hours later, a focal ischemic insult was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion alone and sham operation served as controls. The infarct size was used as the end point and was calculated on brain slices stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The study demonstrates that a brief sudden elevation in intracranial pressure, in itself consistent with survival and recovery, increased the vulnerability of the brain to a subsequent focal ischemic insult. Thus the combination of insults resulted in significantly (P less than 0.05) larger infarcts than did middle cerebral artery occlusion alone. Further, this combination of insults resulted in a disproportionate enlargement of the affected hemisphere, which could not be explained by the increased infarct size alone.

[Study on anti-histone fraction antibodies in patients with rheumatic diseases]

By using Western blot method, we studied the antihistone fraction antibodies in sera of patients with rheumatic diseases. After analysed with SDS-PAGE, the histone could be separated into H1, H3, H2B, H2A and H4 fractions. The positive rate of anti-histone fraction antibodies was highest (82.1%) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, especially in active stage. In 28 SLE patients, the positive rates of anti-H2B, -H1, -H3, -H2A and -H4 were 78.6%, 60.7%, 50.0%, 35.7% and 7.1% respectively. The results revealed that the determination of anti-histone fraction antibodies was beneficial to the diagnosis of SLE.

High-level expression of staphylococcal nuclease R gene in Escherichia coli

Staphylococcal nuclease R, an analogue of nuclease A, was overproduced under the transcriptional control of the bacteriophage lambda PRPL promoters regulated by temperature sensitive repressors. The expression level reached 200-300 mg l-1 and showed little host dependence in different strains. The investigations of the recombinant nuclease R have revealed that the amino terminal formyl methionine residue of the nuclease is precisely processed, the protein consists of 155 amino acid residues. The experiment shows that the pBV221-DH5 alpha is a quite suitable vector-host system for high-level expression and precise processing of heterologous genes in Escherichia coli. The comparative studies between the codons used in the staphylococcal nuclease R gene and the optimal codon usage in E. coli indicate that high level expression of heterologous genes in E. coli may not always require a high degree of codon usage bias.

[The changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute myocardial infarction and the effects of converting enzyme inhibitor-captopril]

A serial measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA), serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity (ACE), concentrations of plasma angiotensin II (AII) and plasma aldosterone (Ald) in 38 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or suspected AMI showed that PRA, AII and Ald levels increased in patients with AMI, especially within first week after onset, and were significantly higher in those cases with severe complications. ACE kept in normal range in all subjects. After small dose captopril therapy, ACE and Ald decreased significantly, PRA and AII increased in 6 patients with AMI. Small dose captopril could cause remarkable blood pressure reduction, but no effect on heart rate. The results suggested that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was activated during AMI, especially in cases with severe complications. Captopril could inhibit this system partially.

The 1958 and 1987 ARA revised criteria for rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese patients. A comparative study

The American Rheumatism Association (ARA) 1958 and 1987 criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were applied to 111 consecutive RA patients and 54 patients with non-RA connective tissue diseases from three hospitals of tertiary level in Beijing. Comparison of the two criteria showed that the specificity was the same, being 88% for both, whereas the sensitivity varied from 94% of the 1958 criteria to 91% of the 1987 criteria. Factors affecting the sensitivity were morning stiffness for more than one hour and increase of number of swollen joints from one to three in the 1987 revised criteria.

[Studies on the T4+2H4+ cell of peripheral blood lymphocyte in systemic lupus erythematosus]

The cell surface phenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied with the anti-T4+, T8+ and T4+2H4+ monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. 13 patients with active SLE had a markedly low percentage of T4+2H4+ cells but had normal percentage of T8+ cells. Our results reveal that the influence of T cell to B cell is not only because of the quantity of T cells, also because of the function of T cells. The abnormality of T4+2H4+ cells may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cells

The expression of GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells was analyzed by RNA blot hybridization and cDNA amplification. Both adult and fetal human RPE cells contain mRNA for multiple G protein alpha subunits (G alpha) including Gs alpha, Gi-1 alpha, Gi-2 alpha, Gi-3 alpha, and Gz alpha (or Gx alpha), where Gs and Gi are proteins that stimulate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase, respectively, and Gz is a protein that may mediate pertussis toxin-insensitive events. Other G alpha-related mRNA transcripts were detected in fetal RPE cells by low-stringency hybridization to Gi-2 alpha and Gs alpha protein-coding cDNA probes. The diversity of G proteins in RPE cells was further studied by cDNA amplification with reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction. This approach revealed that, besides the above mentioned members of the G alpha gene family, at least two other G alpha subunits are expressed in RPE cells. Human retinal cDNA clones that encode one of the additional G alpha subunits were isolated and characterized. The results indicate that this G alpha subunit belongs to a separate subfamily of G proteins that may be insensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin.

[Antineuronal antibodies and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus]

Determination of antineuronal antibodies was carried out by a solid phase radioimmunoassay, in which the neuronal cells SK-N-SH were cultured as the target antigens, the positive rate in sera and CSF of neuropsychiatric SLE patients being 85% and 77.8% respectively, all with quite high level of antibodies. Although 66.7% sera of SLE patients without CNS involvement were also positive for the antibodies, yet the antibody levels of them were distinctly lower, and only 3 of them showed weak positive reactions in their CSF. It was shown that 90% of neuropsychiatric SLE patients with diffuse CNS manifestations had increased antineuronal antibodies, compared with only 20% in cases with local CNS involvements. The antibody levels both in sera and CSF decreased remarkably following the patients' recovery from the neuropsychiatric attack. It is concluded that the antineuronal antibodies might play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric lupus and the determination of them in CSF might be useful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus.

[Development and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies to 987P adhesin antigen of E. coli]

A panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to 987P adhesin antigen of E. coli were developed and partially characterized. They only reacted with E. coli strains bearing 987P adhesin but neither with other E. coli (K88+, K99+ and F41+) strains nor other species in family of Enterobacteriaceae in IF or ELISA. The amount of 987P+ bacteria which could be detected by the HRPO-conjugated MAb EPN3 was as small as 2 X 10(3) cells/ml, and the detected rate of fecal or intestinal samples from piglets with artificially induced diarrhoea by IF and/or ELISA was 4/4 and 6/6, respectively. The adhesion of 987P+ E. coli to porcine intestinal epithelial cells could be inhibited by seven of these MAbs in vitro. The binding pattern of MAb EPN2 with 987P fimbriae as shown in immunogold stain under electron microscope was periodic and discrete distribution along the length of each of the fimbriae. ELISA and IF blocking test suggested that there were at least 3 kinds of determinants on 987P adhesion. These MAbs were not only useful in identification of 987P fimbriae of enterotoxigenic E. coli, but also in the studies of its molecular structure and biological function.

The effect of [Met]enkephalin on the periaqueductal gray neurons of the rat: an in vitro study

Intracellular and extracellular recording techniques and in vitro preparation were used to examine the effect of [Met]enkephalin on the rat periaqueductal neurons. In the 20 cells that were recorded intracellularly, [Met]enkephalin caused an increase in the resting membrane conductance, hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, an increase in the firing threshold and a decrease in the spontaneous firing rate. This effect of [Met]enkephalin could be blocked by naloxone. The effect of [Met]enkephalin on 99 neurons was also examined using extracellular recording. In 59% of cells, pressure application of [Met]enkephalin caused a dose-dependent inhibition that could be blocked by naloxone; 15% of the cells were excited and the remaining neurons (26%) did not respond. Nineteen per cent of responsive cells were located in the dorsolateral subdivision; 41% in the ventrolateral and 13% in the dorsal regions. In 10 cells, perfusion with physiological saline solution/Mg did not alter the inhibitory effect of [Met]enkephalin. However, perfusion with physiological saline solution/Mg abolished the excitatory response to [Met]enkephalin in four cells. It is concluded that: (1) the major effect of [Met]enkephalin on periaqueductal gray cells is inhibition that occurs through a direct postsynaptic process. This inhibition is probably due to an increase in permeability to potassium; (2) a small population of periaqueductal gray cells are excited by [Met]enkephalin, probably through a presynaptic process.

A new colorimetric assay for purine nucleoside phosphorylase

A new colorimetric procedure for the determination of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, E.C. 2.4.2.1) activity is described. In this procedure, the hydrogen peroxide formed in the PNP-xanthine oxidase reaction is used to oxidize the chromogenic reagents--3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone using the enzyme peroxidase. The rate of enzyme reaction is followed at 520 nm. This procedure correlated well with the UV method (290 nm), with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 (P less than 0.005). Within-run and between-run precision (CV) were less than 2.8% and 3.7%, respectively. Here we also describe an optimized NAD-dependent method (340 nm) for PNP determination. The colorimetric method is superior to both the 340 nm and the UV methods in terms of both sensitivity and precision. The mean erythrocyte PNP activity for 17 healthy subjects was 11.88 U/mL packed cells for the NAD-dependent method and 13.22 U/mL packed cells for the colorimetric method.

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in erythrocytes: determination of optimum reaction conditions

Reaction conditions for determining the activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP; E.C. 2.4.2.1) were investigated. We examined the kinetic parameters for the enzymatic reaction with respect to the substrates inosine and phosphate. We confirmed the pH optimum, established the optimal concentration of xanthine oxidase and that of calcium and magnesium. The Km values for inosine and phosphate were found to be 60 uM and 667 uM, respectively. Optimum assay conditions for PNP activity were established. This optimized method has been compared with other procedures and found to be more sensitive and to yield significantly higher activities. The experimental variation of a manual procedure using these optimum reaction conditions was less than 4.5%. The mean erythrocyte PNP activity of 28 healthy subjects was estimated to be 9.71 U/mL packed cells at 25 degrees C and 18.60 U/mL packed cells at 37 degrees C.

[Inhibitory effect of pingyangmycin on human liver cancer and stomach cancer xenografts in nude mice]

Established human cancer cell lines derived from liver cancer (BEL-7402), nasopharyngeal cancer (CNE-2) and stomach cancer (MGC-803) were used in this study. These human cancer cells have been serially transplanted in nude mice. As determined by clonogenic assay, pingyangmycin (bleomycin A5) was highly cytotoxic to these three cell lines, of which the liver cancer cell line was more sensitive than the other two. At a tolerated dose level, pingyangmycin exhibited a remarkable growth inhibition on the growth of the liver cancer and stomach cancer xenografts, the inhibition rates being 70% and 85%, respectively. No pathologic changes were found in the organs of treated animals.