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Wei S, Guo BC, Purnell J, Buzza SA, Castleman AW. Metastable dissociation of metallocarbohedrenes: reaction channels and cluster stabilities. [Erratum to document cited in CA119:216244]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100089a051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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227
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Wei S, Guo BC, Deng HT, Kerns K, Purnell J, Buzza SA, Castleman AW. Formation of Met-Cars and Face-Centered Cubic Structures: Thermodynamically or Kinetically Controlled? J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00089a046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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228
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Wei S, Tzeng WB, Keesee RG, Castleman AW. Metastable unimolecular and collision-induced dissociation of hydrogen-bonded clusters: evidence for intracluster molecular rearrangement and the structure of solvated protonated complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00006a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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229
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Breen JJ, Kilgore K, Wei S, Tzeng WB, Keesee RG, Castleman AW. Reactions of hydrogen halides with clusters of ammonia molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100359a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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230
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Purnell J, Wei S, Buzza SA, Castleman AW. Formation of protonated ammonia clusters probed by a femtosecond laser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100150a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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231
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Wei S, Tzeng WB, Castleman AW. Observation of the influence of isomeric structures of cluster ions on the dynamics of dissociation: ammonia-triethylamine system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100381a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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232
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Wei S, Guo BC, Purnell J, Buzza S, Castleman AW. Metallocarbohedrenes as a class of stable neutral clusters: formation mechanism of M8C12 (M = titanium and vanadium). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100190a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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233
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Tzeng WB, Wei S, Castleman AW. Multiphoton ionization of acetone clusters: metastable unimolecular decomposition of acetone cluster ions and the influence of solvation on intracluster ion-molecule reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00198a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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234
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Wei S, Kilgore K, Tzeng WB, Castleman AW. Evaporative dissociation of ammonia cluster ions: quantification of decay fractions and isotope effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100174a053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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235
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Tzeng WB, Wei S, Neyer DW, Keesee RG, Castleman AW. Ammonia-acetone mixed clusters: internal ion-molecule reactions, structure, and bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00167a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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236
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Tzeng WB, Wei S, Castleman AW. Stability, structure, and binding energies of solvated cluster ions: ammonia-acetonitrile and ammonia-acetaldehyde systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100168a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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237
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Tzeng WB, Wei S, Castleman AW. Multiphoton ionization of acetone clusters: metastable unimolecular decomposition of acetone cluster ions and the influence of solvation on intracluster ion-molecule reactions [Erratum to document cited in CA111(9):77364q]. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00203a071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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238
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Wei S, Tzeng WB, Castleman AW. Structure of protonated solvation complexes: ammonia-trimethylamine cluster ions and their metastable decompositions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100155a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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239
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Wei S, Guo BC, Purnell J, Buzza SA, Castleman AW. Metastable dissociation of metallocarbohedrenes: reaction channels and cluster stabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100140a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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240
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Zou W, Machelon V, Coulomb-L'Hermin A, Borvak J, Nome F, Isaeva T, Wei S, Krzysiek R, Durand-Gasselin I, Gordon A, Pustilnik T, Curiel DT, Galanaud P, Capron F, Emilie D, Curiel TJ. Stromal-derived factor-1 in human tumors recruits and alters the function of plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. Nat Med 2001; 7:1339-46. [PMID: 11726975 DOI: 10.1038/nm1201-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic-cell (DC) trafficking and function in tumors is poorly characterized, with studies confined to myeloid DCs (DC1s). Tumors inhibit DC1 migration and function, likely hindering specific immunity. The role of plasmacytoid DCs (DC2s) in tumor immunity is unknown. We show here that malignant human ovarian epithelial tumor cells express very high levels of stromal-derived factor-1, which induces DC2 precursor (preDC2) chemotaxis and adhesion/transmigration, upregulates preDC2 very late antigen (VLA)-5, and protects preDC2s from tumor macrophage interleukin-10-induced apoptosis, all through CXC chemokine receptor-4. The VLA-5 ligand vascular-cell adhesion molecule-1 mediated preDC2 adhesion/transmigration. Tumor preDC2s induced significant T-cell interleukin-10 unrelated to preDC2 differentiation or activation state, and this contributed to poor T-cell activation. Myeloid precursor DCs (preDC1s) were not detected. Tumors may weaken immunity by attracting preDC2s and protecting them from the harsh microenvironment, and by altering preDC1 distribution.
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241
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Zou W, Borvak J, Wei S, Isaeva T, Curiel DT, Curiel TJ. Reciprocal regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes during viral infection. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3833-9. [PMID: 11745405 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3833::aid-immu3833>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of opposing functions characterizes biological systems. We now show that adenovirus-infected plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) inhibit monocyte to myeloid dendritic cell (MDC) differentiation and function, and that adenovirus-infected monocytes inhibit PDC type I interferon secretion. Adenovirus-infected PDC secreted IFN-alpha, beta and omega in an 86:2:1 ratio. PDC type I interferons inhibited MDC differentiation and function (reduced IL-12 secretion, IFN-gamma induction, MLR and CD40 expression, and increased CD1a(+)CD14(+) cells). Type I interferon receptor blocking antibody reversed all PDC effects, and recombinant IFN-alpha, beta or omega replicated all effects, except reduced CD40. Adenovirus-infected monocytes suppressed PDC type I interferon secretion, which was reversed with anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibodies. Exogenous IL-10 suppressed PDC type I interferon secretion without reducing PDC viability. Therefore, monocyte IL-10 regulates PDC type I interferon secretion, and PDC type I interferons inhibit MDC differentiation and function. Such reciprocal regulation of potentially opposing influences may help modulate anti-pathogen immunity.
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242
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Sanderson JE, Lai KB, Shum IO, Wei S, Chow LT. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) expression in dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 2001; 86:701-8. [PMID: 11711472 PMCID: PMC1729995 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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243
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Abe Y, Matsumoto S, Wei S, Nezu K, Miyoshi A, Kito K, Ueda N, Shigemoto K, Hitsumoto Y, Nikawa J, Enomoto Y. Cloning and characterization of a p53-related protein kinase expressed in interleukin-2-activated cytotoxic T-cells, epithelial tumor cell lines, and the testes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44003-11. [PMID: 11546806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105669200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A human protein kinase, p53-related protein kinase (PRPK), was cloned from an interleukin-2-activated cytotoxic T-cell subtraction library. PRPK appears to be a homologue of a growth-related yeast serine/threonine protein kinase, YGR262c. However, a complementation assay using YGR262c-disrupted yeast indicated that PRPK is not functionally identical to the yeast enzyme. PRPK expression was observed in interleukin-2-activated cytotoxic T-cells, some human epithelial tumor cell lines, and the testes. The intrinsic transcriptional activity of p53 was up-regulated by a transient transfection of PRPK to COS-7 cells. PRPK was shown to bind to p53 and to phosphorylate p53 at Ser-15. These results indicate that PRPK may play an important role in the cell cycle and cell apoptosis through phosphorylation of p53.
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Wei S, Rothstein EC, Fliegel L, Dell'Italia LJ, Lucchesi PA. Differential MAP kinase activation and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger phosphorylation by H(2)O(2) in rat cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C1542-50. [PMID: 11600417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bursts in reactive oxygen species production are important mediators of contractile dysfunction during ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cellular mechanisms that mediate reactive oxygen species-induced changes in cardiac myocyte function have not been fully characterized. In the present study, H(2)O(2) (50 microM) decreased contractility of adult rat ventricular myocytes. H(2)O(2) caused a concentration- and time-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in adult rat ventricular myocytes. H(2)O(2) (50 microM) caused transient activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase that was detected as early as 5 min, was maximal at 20 min (9.6 +/- 1.2- and 9.0 +/- 1.6-fold, respectively, vs. control), and returned to baseline at 60 min. JNK activation occurred more slowly (1.6 +/- 0.2-fold vs. control at 60 min) but was sustained at 3.5 h. The protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine completely blocked JNK activation and reduced ERK1/2 and p38 activation. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and PP-2 blocked JNK, but not ERK1/2 and p38, activation. H(2)O(2)-induced Na(+)/H(+) exchanger phosphorylation was blocked by the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor U-0126 (5 microM). These results demonstrate that H(2)O(2)-induced activation of MAP kinases may contribute to cardiac myocyte dysfunction during ischemia-reperfusion.
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245
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Tang BL, Ong YS, Huang B, Wei S, Wong ET, Qi R, Horstmann H, Hong W. A membrane protein enriched in endoplasmic reticulum exit sites interacts with COPII. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40008-17. [PMID: 11489904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106189200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all mammalian COPII components have now been cloned, little is known of their interactions with other regulatory proteins involved in exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We report here that a mammalian protein (Yip1A) that is about 31% identical to S. cerevisiae and which interacts with and modulates COPII-mediated ER-Golgi transport. Yip1A transcripts are ubiquitously expressed. Transcripts of a related mammalian homologue, Yip1B, are found specifically in the heart. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that Yip1A is localized to vesicular structures that are concentrated at the perinuclear region. The structures marked by Yip1A co-localized with Sec31A and Sec13, components of the COPII coat protein complex. Immunoelectron microscopy also showed that Yip1A co-localizes with Sec13 at ER exit sites. Overexpression of the hydrophilic N terminus of Yip1A arrests ER-Golgi transport of the vesicular stomatitis G protein and causes fragmentation and dispersion of the Golgi apparatus. A glutathione S-transferase fusion protein with the hydrophilic N terminus of Yip1A (GST-Yip1A) is able to bind to and deplete vital components from rat liver cytosol that is essential for in vitro vesicular stomatitis G transport. Peptide sequence analysis of cytosolic proteins that are specifically bound to GST-Yip1A revealed, among other proteins, mammalian COPII components Sec23 and Sec24. A highly conserved domain at the N terminus of Yip1A is required for Sec23/Sec24 interaction. Our results suggest that Yip1A is involved in the regulation of ER-Golgi traffic at the level of ER exit sites.
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An Z, Wei S, Xu S, Yang H. [The influence of somatostatin 14 on the proliferation of human retroocular fibroblasts]. HUA XI YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF WEST CHINA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUAXI YIKE DAXUE XUEBAO 2001; 32:399-401. [PMID: 12536575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the possible mechanism of Somatostatin 14 in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy, thus providing laboratory data with the intent to underpin therapeutic developments. METHODS The human retro-ocular fibroblasts (HROFb) was cultured and MTT colorimetry assay was used to determine the proliferation of HROFb. RESULTS MTT colorimetry assay could precisely reflect the proliferation of HROFb. The absorbance was directly proportional to the numbers of the cells (r = 0.996, P < 0.001). Somatostatin 14 could enhance the cell proliferation percentage at lower levels (< 25 nmol/L) and inhibit that at higher levels (> 25 nmol/L). The cell proliferation correlated positively to Somatostatin 14 levels significantly (r = -0.9054, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Somatostatin 14 has a dual effect on HROFb.
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Elfenbein JL, Fisher RA, Wei S, Morell RJ, Stewart C, Friedman TB, Friderici K. Audiologic aspects of the search for DFNA20: a gene causing late-onset, progressive, sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear 2001; 22:279-88. [PMID: 11527035 DOI: 10.1097/00003446-200108000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to identify the gene responsible for a novel form of nonsyndromic, late-onset, bilateral, progressive, sensorineural hearing loss in a Michigan family of English descent. This report describes the audiologic aspects of the search. DESIGN Fifty-eight members of the family served as subjects for the study. Family pedigree information was gathered from family interviews, family records, birth and death registration records and census data. Audiologic evaluation was used to describe the hearing loss (phenotype) and classify family members as affected or unaffected based on hearing status. These data then were used in a linkage analysis, a process in which the inheritance of a trait is compared with the inheritance of genetic markers and statistically significant associations are sought. RESULTS The team mapped the hearing loss to the long arm of chromosome 17 at band 17q25. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant. The search for the gene is continuing using a candidate gene approach. CONCLUSIONS The hearing loss demonstrated by this mid-Michigan family is a novel form of nonsyndromic, genetic, late-onset, bilateral, progressive, sensorineural hearing loss. The locus of the gene, the 20th for autosomal dominant hearing loss, is at band 17q25 of chromosome 17.
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Yen SL, Wei S, Li S, Shuler C, Yamashita DD. Bending of the distraction site during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit: a model for studying segment control and side effects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59:779-88. [PMID: 11429740 DOI: 10.1053/joms.2001.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to develop an animal model for studying and correcting mandibular distraction side effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine rabbits underwent bilateral mandibular distraction. Bending of the mandible was accomplished by offsetting a linear distraction by 35 degrees from the occlusal plane (4 screws per distractor), rotating the anterior segment inferiorly (2 screws per distractor), and removing a 3- or 6-mm wedge of the distraction site. The amount of bite opening varied according to the surgical design. Direct measurements, radiographs, and histology samples were compared. RESULTS Linear distraction produced a 4-mm anterior open bite and a Class III malocclusion after 2 weeks of distraction. Segmental rotation produced an 8-mm anterior open bite without complications. Removal of a wedge initiated rotation of the anterior segment. A large wedge (6 mm) produced fibrous union in the distraction site. The amount of bite opening or closure depended on the number of surgical screws and position of the distractor. Serial histologic sections showed bone formation at the rotated, triangular distraction site. CONCLUSION Bite opening or closure can occur from loss of segment control or by altering surgical design. This information is needed to counter unwanted side effects or to plan segment rotations.
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Epling-Burnette PK, Zhong B, Bai F, Jiang K, Bailey RD, Garcia R, Jove R, Djeu JY, Loughran TP, Wei S. Cooperative regulation of Mcl-1 by Janus kinase/stat and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase contribute to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-delayed apoptosis in human neutrophils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7486-95. [PMID: 11390502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are phagocytic cells constitutively programmed for apoptotic cell death. Exposure to GM-CSF delays apoptosis as measured by annexin-V staining and cell morphological change. We found that STAT5B, STAT1, and STAT3 DNA-binding activity was induced by GM-CSF. We also detected activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway after GM-CSF treatment which was inhibited by treatment with the PI 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002. We investigated whether STAT or PI 3-kinase activity was necessary for the pro-survival response of GM-CSF in PMN. Exposure of PMN to GM-CSF in the presence of either AG-490, antisense STAT3 oligonucleotides, or wortmannin resulted in a partial inhibition of GM-CSF-mediated pro-survival activity. GM-CSF induced a time-dependent increase in the mRNA and protein expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-family protein, Mcl-1. We examined the hypothesis that Janus kinase/STAT and PI 3-kinase regulation of Mcl-1 contributed to GM-CSF-delayed apoptosis. Using either AG-490 or wortmannin alone, we observed a dose-dependent inhibition of GM-CSF-induced Mcl-1 expression. Using suboptimal doses of AG-490 and wortmannin, we found that both drugs together had an additive effect on delayed apoptosis and Mcl-1 expression. These data suggest that cooperative regulation of Mcl-1 by the Janus kinase/STAT and PI 3-kinase pathways contribute to GM-CSF-delayed apoptosis.
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Yoder JA, Mueller MG, Wei S, Corliss BC, Prather DM, Willis T, Litman RT, Djeu JY, Litman GW. Immune-type receptor genes in zebrafish share genetic and functional properties with genes encoded by the mammalian leukocyte receptor cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6771-6. [PMID: 11381126 PMCID: PMC34428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.121101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive, highly diversified multigene family of novel immune-type receptor (nitr) genes has been defined in Danio rerio (zebrafish). The genes are predicted to encode type I transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of extracellular variable (V) and V-like C2 (V/C2) domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. All of the genes examined encode immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. Radiation hybrid panel mapping and analysis of a deletion mutant line (b240) indicate that a minimum of approximately 40 nitr genes are contiguous in the genome and span approximately 0.6 Mb near the top of zebrafish linkage group 7. One flanking region of the nitr gene complex shares conserved synteny with a region of mouse chromosome 7, which shares conserved synteny with human 19q13.3-q13.4 that encodes the leukocyte receptor cluster. Antibody-induced crosslinking of Nitrs that have been introduced into a human natural killer cell line inhibits the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is triggered by natural killer-sensitive tumor target cells. Nitrs likely represent intermediates in the evolution of the leukocyte receptor cluster.
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