μ-Terephthalato-bis[bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I)] diperchlorate

The title compound, [Cu(2)(C(8)H(4)O(4))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(4)](ClO(4))(2), was prepared from the hydrothermal reaction of CuCl(2), 1,4-dicyanobenzene, 1,10-phenanthroline and water at 443 K. The compound is a dimer in which the cation lies about an inversion center. The terephthalate moiety acts as a bridging ligand and the phenanthrolines as terminal ligands. The unique Cu atom is coordinated by two O and four N atoms in a distorted octahedral geometry, with Cu-O distances of 1.955 (2) and 2.815 (2) A, and Cu-N distances of 2.008 (2) to 2.216 (2) A.

Hierarchical Bayes estimation of hunting success rates with spatial correlations

A Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model is used to estimate hunting success rates at the subarea level for postseason harvest surveys. The model includes fixed week effects, random geographic effects, and spatial correlations between neighboring subareas. The computation is done by Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. The method is illustrated using data from the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey in the spring of 1996. Bayesian model selection methods are used to demonstrate that there are significant week differences and spatial correlations of hunting success rates among counties. The Bayesian estimates are also shown to be quite robust in terms of changes of hyperparameters.

Chloroaluminate ionic liquids as reagents for isolating soluble hexanuclear zirconium halide cluster compounds

Ambient-temperature chloroaluminate molten salts, mixtures of aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (ImCl), have been used as solvents to excise and isolate centered hexanuclear zirconium halide clusters from their solid-state precursors. Cluster compounds synthesized via high-temperature reactions, KZr6CCl15 and Li2Zr6MnCl15, were dissolved into basic molten salts at 100-110 degrees C. The C-centered cluster compound, Im4Zr6CCl18, was isolated in 70% yield, and the Mn-centered cluster compound, Im5Zr6MnCl18.C7H(8).2CH3CN, was isolated in 54% yield. Im5Zr6BCl18 is efficiently oxidized by ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate, and one-electron-oxidized B-centered cluster, [(Zr6B)Cl18]4-, was isolated in 90% yield as the salt Im4Zr6BCl18.

Relationship between the renin-angiotensin system genes and diabetic nephropathy in the Chinese

OBJECTIVE

To clarify whether genetic variants of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the Chinese.

METHODS

Totally 173 Chinese subjects of Han nationality from Shanghai were classified into! control, DN (-) and DN (+) groups. The latter was subdivided according to diabetic duration at the onset of DN and the stage of DN. Genotyping of five polymorphic sites in four key genes of the RAS: the AGT-T174M, AGT-M235T and AGTR1 genotypes were determined by PCR/restriction enzyme digestion. The insertion/deletion (I/D) and [ACAC] n-STR microsatellite polymorphic markers were used for ACE and REN genotyping, respectively. Statistical analysis showed comparisons of gene frequencies between any two groups were made with Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of DN.

RESULTS

The frequencies of ACE-DD genotype and ACE-D allele were much higher in DN(+) group than in DN (-) group (0.25 vs 0.05, 0.47 vs 0.29, respectively), so were the frequencies of TT genotype and T allele in AGT-M235T (0.73 vs 0.54, 0.85 vs 0.68, respectively). DN (+) DUR < 5 years group had greatly increased frequencies of AGT-M235T allele and ACE-DD genotype in comparison with DN(-) group (0.92 vs 0.68 and 0.28 vs 0.05, respectively). Logistic regression analysis further identified these two genes as contributing factors to DN. Although AGTR1 and AGT-T174M genotyping analysis revealed differences in frequency distribution between DN (+) and DN (-) or control groups, logistic regression analysis failed to implicate them in the development of DN.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed RAS genes, ACE and AGT-M235T but not AGT-T174M, AGTR1 or REN genotypes, as contributing factors for DN in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese.

Allelic imbalance in lichen sclerosus, hyperplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva

BACKGROUND

Few studies have addressed in detail the genetic alterations that occur in vulvar squamous carcinomas (VSCC) and their precursor lesions. In a previous study, we determined the most common chromosomal loci for allelic imbalance (AI) in HPV-positive and -negative VSCCs. The present study was designed to determine whether AI and the microsatellite instability phenotype (MIN) were present in epithelial lesions known to be associated with VSCC.

DESIGN

Fifty-seven epithelial loci were analyzed, including HPV-positive (classic) and -negative (differentiated) vulvar intraepithelial neoplasms (VINs), lichen sclerosus (LS), and nonatypical hyperplasias. Thirty-one epithelial loci (55%) were obtained from patients with associated invasive vulvar carcinoma. HPV status was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis. AI and MIN were determined by comparisons of microdissected target tissues with stromal controls, targeting 11 chromosomal loci.

RESULTS

AI was identified in all epithelial categories, involving at least one chromosomal locus in 67, 53, 50, and 43% of classic VIN, differentiated VIN, hyperplasia, and LS. MIN was infrequent (10-13%), but confined to HPV-negative epithelial changes. HPV-positive lesions generally scored for AI more frequently, but certain loci scored nearly equally in both HPV-positive and -negative lesions, including 8p, 11q, and 17p. There were no differences in frequency of AI between epithelia with and without associated invasive carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of allelic imbalance in vulvar hyperplasia and LS supports the hypothesis that these alterations are at greater risk for neoplasia despite the absence of conspicuous cellular atypia. A model is proposed in which these changes represent monoclonal expansion and are at empirically greater risk for subsequent "critical events" leading to morphologic atypia (VIN). The possibility that these early genetic changes influence both HPV-positive and -negative pathways merits further study.

Shear stress-induced release of prostaglandin H(2) in arterioles of hypertensive rats

The nitric oxide-mediated portion of shear stress-induced dilation of rat gracilis muscle arterioles was shown to be impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Because shear stress-induced dilation is primarily mediated by endothelium-derived prostaglandins in rat cremasteric arterioles, we hypothesized that in the cremasteric vascular bed the mediation of shear stress-induced dilation by prostaglandins is altered in hypertension. At a constant intraluminal pressure of 80 mm Hg, the active diameters of isolated rat cremasteric arterioles of normotensive 30-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR were 58.0+/-3.1 and 51.7+/-3.6 microm, respectively, whereas their passive diameters were 109.4+/-4.4 and 101.9+/-6.7 microm, respectively. Dilations to increases in shear stress elicited by increases in intraluminal flow (from 0 to 25 microL/min) were significantly less (P<0.05) in cremasteric arterioles isolated from SHR than from WKY. Arachidonic acid (10(-5) mol/L) elicited constrictions in SHR arterioles but dilations in WKY arterioles. The prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (PGH(2)/TxA(2)) receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 (10(-6) mol/L) significantly increased basal diameter by 11% and normalized the attenuated shear stress-induced dilation in SHR, whereas it did not affect basal diameter and arteriolar responses of WKY. Furegrelate, a specific inhibitor of TxA(2) synthase, did not affect the response in SHR. Also, SQ 29,548 reversed the arachidonic acid-induced constriction to dilation in SHR arterioles, whereas it did not affect the dilator response in WKY arterioles. Constrictions of arterioles of WKY and SHR to U46,619 (a PGH(2)/TxA(2) receptor agonist) were not different. These results demonstrate that in cremasteric arterioles of hypertensive rats, shear stress elicits an enhanced release of PGH(2), resulting in a reduced shear stress-dependent dilation. Thus, augmented hemodynamic forces can alter the shear stress-induced synthesis of prostaglandins, which may contribute to the elevated vascular resistance in hypertension.

[Spectral interferences of rare earth elements observed with a high resolution inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. V. Spectral interferences of lutetium, thulium, yttrium and ytterbium as matrices]

The spectral interferences of Lu, Tm, Y and Yb (100 microns.mL-1, separately) as matrices on the other REEs (1 or 5 microns.mL-1) were observed with a high resolution ICP-AES with a grating of 3,600 grooves.mm-1. Totally 66 analytical lines of 15 REEs were selected as the prominent lines for spectral interference studies. The "Q" values and "the true detection limit" were calculated for the selected prominent lines with the exist of the four matrix elements. The obtained information is useful in the selection of the best analytical lines for the determination of REEs in the other REEs' matrices.

In eNOS knockout mice skeletal muscle arteriolar dilation to acetylcholine is mediated by EDHF

The mechanisms that account for acetylcholine (ACh)-induced responses of skeletal muscle arterioles of mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS-KO) were investigated. Isolated, cannulated, and pressurized arterioles of gracilis muscle from male eNOS-KO (74.1 +/- 2.3 microm) and wild-type (WT, 87.2 +/- 2.1 microm) mice developed spontaneous tone accounting for 63 and 61% of their passive diameter (116.8 +/- 3.4 vs. 143.2 +/- 2.8 microm, respectively) and dilated dose-dependently to ACh (10(-9)-10(-7) M). These dilations were significantly smaller in vessels of eNOS-KO compared with WT mice (29.2 +/- 2.0 microm vs. 46.3 +/- 2.1 microm, at maximum concentration) but responses to the NO donor, sodium nitrite (NaNO(2), 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M), were comparable in the vessels of the two strains. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10(-4) M), an inhibitor of eNOS, inhibited ACh-induced dilations by 60-90% in arterioles of WT mice but did not affect responses in those of eNOS-KO mice. In arterioles of eNOS-KO mice, dilations to ACh were not affected by indomethacin but were essentially abolished by inhibitors of cytochrome P-450, clotrimazole (CTZ, 2 x 10(-6) M) or miconazole (MCZ, 2 x 10(-6) M), as well as by either high K(+) (40 mM) or iberiotoxin [10(-7) M, a blocker of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels (K(Ca) channels)]. On the other hand, in WT arterioles CTZ or MCZ inhibited ACh-induced dilations only by approximately 10% and only in the presence of L-NNA. These results indicate that in arterioles of eNOS-KO mice, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), synthesized via cytochrome P-450, accounts entirely for the mediation of ACh-induced dilation via an increase in K(Ca)-channel activity. In contrast, in arterioles of WT mice, endothelium-derived NO predominantly mediates ACh-induced dilation in which participation of EDHF becomes apparent only after inhibition of NO synthesis.

Effect of telomere and telomerase interactive agents on human tumor and normal cell lines

Shortening of telomeres along with an up-regulation of telomerase is implicated in the immortality of tumor cells. Targeting either telomeres or telomerase with specific compounds has been proposed as an anticancer strategy. Because telomerase activity and telomeres are found in normal cells, telomere or telomerase targeting agents could induce side effects in normal tissues. We evaluated the effects of telomere and telomerase interactive agents in human tumor and normal cell lines to try to determine the potential side effects those agents might induce in patients. Toxicity of the G-quadruplex interactive porphyrins (TMPyP4, TMPyP2) and azidothymidine (AZT) were tested using a cell-counting technique against normal human cell lines (CRL-2115 and CRL-2120, fibroblasts; NHEK-Ad, adult keratinocytes; CCL-241, small intestinal cells; NCM 460, colonic mucosal epithelial cells) and human tumor cell lines (MDA-MB 231 and Hs 578T, breast cancer; SK-N-FI, neuroblastoma; HeLa, cervix cancer; MIA PaCa-2, pancreatic cancer; HT-29 and HCT-116, colon cancer; DU 145, prostatic cancer cell line). Telomerase activity of these cell lines was measured by a non-PCR-based conventional assay. The effects of TMPgammaP2, TMPyP4, and AZT were also evaluated against normal human bone marrow specimens, using a granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming assay (CFU-GM). AZT showed very low cytotoxic effects against normal and tumor cell lines, with the IC50 values above 200 microM. The IC50 values for TMPyP2 and TMPyP4 in normal human cell lines were in the range of 2.9-48.3 microM and 1.7-15.5 microM, respectively, whereas in tumor cell lines the IC50 values were 11.4-53 microM and 9.0-28.2 microM, respectively. Within the tissue types, keratinocytes were more sensitive to TMPyP4 than fibroblasts, and small intestinal cells were more sensitive than colonic mucosal epithelial cells. The IC50 for TMPyP2 and TMPyP4 in the normal marrow colony-forming assays were 19.3 +/- 5.1 microM and 47.9 +/-1.0 microM, respectively. In conclusion, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the telomere interactive agent TMPyP4 is comparable in human tumor and normal cell lines, which indicates that TMPyP4 could have effects on normal tissues.

G-quadruplexes as targets for drug design

G-quadruplexes are a family of secondary DNA structures formed in the presence of monovalent cations that consist of four-stranded structures in which Hoogsteen base-pairing stabilizes G-tetrad structures. These structures are proposed to exist in vivo, although direct confirmatory evidence is lacking. Guanine-rich regions of DNA capable of forming G-quadruplex structures are found in a variety of chromosomal regions, including telomeres and promoter regions of DNA. In this review, we describe the design of three separate groups of G-quadruplex-interactive compounds and their interaction with G-quadruplex DNA. Using the first group of compounds (anthraquinones), we describe experiments that provide the proof of concept that a G-quadruplex is required for inhibition of telomerase. Using the second group of compounds (perylenes), we describe the structure of a G-quadruplex-ligand complex and its effect on the dynamics of formation and enzymatic unwinding of the quadruplex. For the third group of compounds (porphyrins), we describe the experiments that relate the biological effects to their interactions with G-quadruplexes.

[A self-adaptable system for acquiring and processing animal ECG parameters]

The present authors have developed a computerized system for acquiring and processing the animal ECG. The system provides many functions in the software design and the users can compile the parameter-analyzing formulae by themselves according to the characteristics of ECG. The system is much more accurate and flexible in analyzing the ECG parameters and can significantly avoid the processing mistakes caused by signal variations and interference. It is especially suitable for continuous ECG monitoring and analysis of animal experiments in physiology, pharmacology and toxicology.

Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged pauses

Axonal cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins are synthesized in the neuronal cell body and transported along axons by slow axonal transport, but attempts to observe this movement directly in living cells have yielded conflicting results. Here we report the direct observation of the axonal transport of neurofilament protein tagged with green fluorescent protein in cultured nerve cells. Live-cell imaging of naturally occurring gaps in the axonal neurofilament array reveals rapid, intermittent and highly asynchronous movement of fluorescent neurofilaments. The movement is bidirectional, but predominantly anterograde. Our data indicate that the slow rate of slow axonal transport may be the result of rapid movements interrupted by prolonged pauses.

Crystal structures of an N-terminal fragment from Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase complexed with nucleic acid: functional implications for template-primer binding to the fingers domain

Reverse transcriptase (RT) serves as the replicative polymerase for retroviruses by using RNA and DNA-directed DNA polymerase activities coupled with a ribonuclease H activity to synthesize a double-stranded DNA copy of the single-stranded RNA genome. In an effort to obtain detailed structural information about nucleic acid interactions with reverse transcriptase, we have determined crystal structures at 2.3 A resolution of an N-terminal fragment from Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase complexed to blunt-ended DNA in three distinct lattices. This fragment includes the fingers and palm domains from Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. We have also determined the crystal structure at 3.0 A resolution of the fragment complexed to DNA with a single-stranded template overhang resembling a template-primer substrate. Protein-DNA interactions, which are nearly identical in each of the three lattices, involve four conserved residues in the fingers domain, Asp114, Arg116, Asn119 and Gly191. DNA atoms involved in the interactions include the 3'-OH group from the primer strand and minor groove base atoms and sugar atoms from the n-2 and n-3 positions of the template strand, where n is the template base that would pair with an incoming nucleotide. The single-stranded template overhang adopts two different conformations in the asymmetric unit interacting with residues in the beta4-beta5 loop (beta3-beta4 in HIV-1 RT). Our fragment-DNA complexes are distinct from previously reported complexes of DNA bound to HIV-1 RT but related in the types of interactions formed between protein and DNA. In addition, the DNA in all of these complexes is bound in the same cleft of the enzyme. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we have substituted residues that are involved in binding DNA in our crystal structures and have characterized the resulting enzymes. We now propose that nucleic acid binding to the fingers domain may play a role in translocation of nucleic acid during processive DNA synthesis and suggest that our complex may represent an intermediate in this process.

[Spectral interferences of rare earth elements with a high resolution sequential ICP-AES. IV. Spectral interferences of europium and gadolinium]

The spectral interferences of Eu and Gd(100 micrograms.mL-1, separately) as matrices on the other REEs(1 or 5 micrograms.mL-1) were studied with a high resolution sequential ICP-AES with a grating of 3,600 grooves/mm. Totally 66 prominent lines of 14 REEs were selected as the analytical lines for the spectral interference studies. The overlapping profiles of analytical lines and interference lines were obtained by scanning four solutions(blank, analyte, Eu matrix, and Gd matrix, individually) within the selected wavelength windows (0.2 nm for each analytical line). Some new emission lines of Eu and Gd were observed. The obtained information of spectral interferences would be very useful for the selection of the best analytical lines for the determination of REEs in the other REEs matrices.

Reduced NO-dependent arteriolar dilation during the development of cardiomyopathy

Our previous studies have suggested that there is reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in canine coronary blood vessels after the development of pacing-induced heart failure. The goal of these studies was to determine whether flow-induced NO-mediated dilation is altered in coronary arterioles during the development of heart failure. Subepicardial coronary arterioles (basal diameter 80 microm) were isolated from normal canine hearts, from hearts with dysfunction but no heart failure, and from hearts with severe cardiac decompensation. Arterioles were perfused at increasing flow or administered agonists with no flow in vitro. In arterioles from normal hearts, flow increased arteriolar diameter, with one-half of the response being NO dependent and one-half prostaglandin dependent. Shear stress-induced dilation was eliminated by removing the endothelium. Arterioles from normal hearts and hearts with dysfunction but no failure responded to increasing shear stress with dilation that reached a maximum at a shear stress of 20 dyn/cm(2). In contrast, arterioles from failing hearts showed a reduced dilation, reaching only 55% of the dilation seen in vessels of normal hearts at a shear stress of 100 dyn/cm(2). This remaining dilation was eliminated by indomethacin, suggesting that the NO-dependent component was absent in coronary microvessels after the development of heart failure. Similarly, agonist-induced NO-dependent coronary arteriolar dilation was markedly attenuated after the development of heart failure. After the development of severe dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure, the NO-dependent component of both shear stress- and agonist-induced arteriolar dilation is reduced or entirely absent.

Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to mouse salivary glands

Adenoviral vectors effectively transfer genes to rat salivary glands. However, potent immune responses limit their use in vivo. Mice offer more opportunities than rats for the study of these immune processes. We first established conditions for infection of mouse salivary glands, with an adenoviral vector. The effects of time, viral dose, viral diluent buffer volume, and dexamethasone on expression of a transgene, luciferase, were determined by means of the recombinant vector AdCMVluc. Optimal luciferase expression was observed when the vector was suspended in 50 microL of buffer. This volume completely filled the gland parenchyma and slightly distended the capsule. Dexamethasone increased immediate transgene expression and reduced the acute inflammation one day following viral administration, but did not alter subsequent mononuclear inflammation or transgene expression 14 or 28 days later. An adenoviral vector encoding either anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 or IL-10 was co-administered with AdCMVluc to increase transgene expression at 14 and 28 days. While this strategy did not extend the duration of luciferase expression, co-administration of AdCMVIL-10 with AdCMVluc almost completely eliminated the chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the glands after 28 days. This study demonstrates that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to mouse submandibular glands is possible by intraductal cannulation and that reduction of either the acute or chronic inflammatory infiltrates was insufficient to increase long-term transgene expression in this tissue.

17beta-estradiol restores endothelial nitric oxide release to shear stress in arterioles of male hypertensive rats

BACKGROUND

Endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-mediated responses are impaired in arterioles of male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but they are still present in female SHR. We hypothesized that in vitro incubation of arterioles of male SHR with estrogen will restore NO-mediated responses by upregulation of endothelial NO synthase.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Responses to increases in perfusate flow (from 0 to 25 microL/min) and to the calcium ionophore A23187 (5 x 10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L), norepinephrine (NE; 10(-7) to 3 x 10(-7) mol/L), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L), and adenosine (ADO; 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-5) mol/L) were studied in cannulated and pressurized gracilis muscle arterioles ( approximately 75 microm in diameter) isolated from 12-week-old male SHR before and after incubation with 10(-9) mol/L 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E(2)) for 16 to 18 hours. After incubation with 17beta-E(2), basal diameter of arterioles was significantly increased (by approximately 10%), and flow-induced dilation was significantly enhanced (79.8+/-2.9 versus 103.7+/-3.7 microm at 25 microL/min), resulting in a lowered shear stress (62.0+/-9.1 versus 32.5+/-4.2 dyne/cm(2)). Also, vasoconstrictions to A23187 were reversed to dilations (-18.7+/-2.2 versus 18.8+/-1.7 microm), and constrictions to NE were significantly attenuated (-30.7+/-3.0 versus -21.2+/-2.8 microm). These alterations were eliminated by ICI 182,780 (10(-7) mol/L), an estrogen receptor antagonist; 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (10(-5) mol/L), a transcription inhibitor; or N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10(-4) mol/L), an inhibitor of NO synthase, whereas they were not affected by aminoguanidine (5 x 10(-5) mol/L), a specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase. Arteriolar responses were not altered by incubation with 17alpha-estradiol.

CONCLUSIONS

Estrogen, via a receptor-mediated pathway, upregulates endothelial NO synthase gene expression, leading to increased NO production, and restores the regulation of wall shear stress in arterioles of male SHR.

Clinical application of 201Tl SPECT imaging of brain tumors

This study investigated the clinical usefulness of evaluating the histologic grade of brain tumors by 201Tl SPECT brain imaging.

METHODS

Early and delayed SPECT brain images were obtained about 10 min and 3 h, respectively, after intravenous injection of 111MBq (3 mCi) 201Tl in 9 healthy subjects (control subjects), 3 patients with brain hematomas, and 41 patients with brain tumors. Semiquantitative data were obtained for early and delayed 201Tl uptake indices and 201Tl retained index in all patients and healthy subjects.

RESULTS

In 9 healthy subjects, there was little radioactivity in brain substance. In all patients with brain hematomas or tumors, a high tracer uptake was visible in lesions on early images, but the radioactivity in lesions varied with the histologic nature of the lesion on delayed images. The radioactivity decreased remarkably in brain hematomas (average retained index, 0.61 +/- 0.04). The radioactivity was stable or decreased slightly in benign or low-grade tumors (average retained index, 0.96 +/- 0.24). The radioactivity was increased in high-grade or metastatic tumors (average retained index, 1.26 +/- 0.28).

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that 201Tl brain SPECT early and delayed imaging is very useful in brain tumor localization, in distinguishing low-grade from high-grade brain tumors, in predicting histologic grades of brain tumors, and in detecting residual or recurrence of brain tumors postoperatively. 201Tl brain SPECT may also offer the most accurate assessment of response to therapy.

Cloning and expression of murine sister of P-glycoprotein reveals a more discriminating transporter than MDR1/P-glycoprotein

Sister of P-glycoprotein (SPGP), a novel murine cDNA and member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily highly homologous to P-glycoprotein (Pgp), was cloned. Moreover, its genomic clone was isolated and localized to chromosome 2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. SPGP was functionally evaluated relative to MDR1 after subcloning SPGP cDNA into a retroviral bicistronic vector capable of expressing both SPGP and the green fluorescent protein. LLC-PK1 and MDCKII cells were transduced with this retrovirus and SPGP-positive clones were isolated. Drug uptake and efflux was compared in cells ectopically expressing either SPGP or human MDR1. SPGP cells had decreased uptake of taurocholate and vinblastine compared with LLC-PK1 cells. Additional studies revealed that vinblastine efflux was accelerated by SPGP compared with LLC-PK1. Further comparison revealed that although MDR1 easily impaired uptake of vincristine, daunomycin, paclitaxel, and digoxin, SPGP had no effect on uptake of these drugs. However, further studies demonstrated that, like MDR1, SPGP effluxed calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (AM). Unlike MDR1, SPGP was incapable of effluxing rhodamine 123. Although cyclosporine A and reserpine blocked calcein-AM transport by MDR1, these drugs had either minimal or no effect, respectively, on blocking SPGP efflux of calcein-AM. In contrast, ditekiren, a linear hexapeptide, readily and preferentially inhibited SPGP efflux of calcein-AM. Further studies with three structural analogs of ditekiren revealed that one analog inhibited SPGP efflux of calcein-AM, although not as potently as ditekiren. These are the first studies to reveal that SPGP has distinct transport properties compared with MDR1.

The collecting duct, dopamine and vasopressin-dependent hypertension

AVP not only increases osmotic water permeability (Pf) in the rat cortical collecting duct (CCD), but also acts synergistically with aldosterone to augment sodium reabsorption (JNa). These effects are inhibited by catecholamines via alpha2 adrenergic receptors, and by dopamine. We review here studies designed to determine the mechanism and receptor involved in dopamine action. The inhibitory effect of dopamine on Na+ and water transport was found to be reversible, and was not produced by agonists specific to D1A and D1B receptors. D2-type (D2, D3 or D4) receptors and activation of the GTP-binding protein Gi were implicated by the observation that dopamine had no inhibitory effect when JNa and Pf were stimulated by a cyclic AMP analogue plus isobutylmethylxanthine. The only dopaminergic antagonist that reversed the inhibitory effect of dopamine was clozapine, which is relatively D4-specific. We also found that dopamine or D1-specific agonists by themselves had no effect on cAMP production. However, dopamine inhibited the high rate of AVP-dependent cAMP production, and this effect of dopamine was reversed by clozapine but not other antagonists or by inhibitors of protein kinase C. The D4 receptor was observed in western blots of renal cortical proteins, and it was localized to the collecting duct by RT-PCR and immuno-histochemistry using a D4-specific antibody. These results show that at least a portion of the natriuretic effect of dopamine can be attributed to inhibition of AVP-dependent Na+ reabsorption by the CCD, and they introduce another signalling system as a candidate in the aetiology of low-renin, salt-dependent hypertension.

Heats of adsorption of some organic compounds on beta-cyclodextrin determined by gas-solid chromatography

Isosteric adsorptive enthalpies have been derived from the temperature dependence of retention volumes determined by eluted pulse gas-solid chromatography. The heat data were obtained for systems using more than 20 organic liquids as adsorbates, and beta-cyclodextrin as adsorbent. The experimental results have been discussed in the light of intermolecular force between molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent.

LSIL biopsies after HSIL smears. Correlation with high-risk HPV and greater risk of HSIL on follow-up

Can the risk associated with a high-grade cervical smear be disregarded when followed by a low-grade biopsy? We examined the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in such cases to see whether they segregated preferentially with low-risk or high-risk viruses and compared the distribution with that reported in the literature for women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs). We identified 48 cases of HSIL smears with corresponding LSIL biopsy specimens. Biopsy specimens were tested and typed for HPV by polymerase chain reaction amplification with consensus primers followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and HPVs were scored as low-risk or high-risk types. Thirty-seven cases scored positive for HPV DNA: 2 for low-risk HPV types, 17 for high-risk types, and 18 for types of unknown oncogenicity. The prevalence of high-risk HPV was significantly higher than that of low-risk HPV. There was a higher rate of high-risk HPV than that seen in historic unselected LSIL cases. Cases of HSIL cytology/LSIL histology represent a group distinct from unselected LSILs by virtue of their higher prevalence of high-risk HPV types and, therefore, warrant closer clinical follow-up.

Regulatory T cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II. T cells functionally antagonistic to encephalitogenic MBP-specific T cells show persistent expression of fasL

Naive LEW rats and animals that have recovered from active or adoptive EAE contain a subset of T cells that inhibit EAE in secondary recipients and are lytic for MBP-reactive T cell lines in culture. Here we explore various features of these regulatory T cell populations (RTC) with respect to (1) their frequency in animals following immunization with syngeneic MBP-reactive cell lines, (2) their ability to inhibit proliferative responses by MBP-reactive cell lines in culture, (3) their ability to lyse MBP-specific target cells, and especially (4) their prolonged expression of high levels of FasL following activation in culture correlating with their lytic effects on A20, a FasL-sensitive mouse lymphoma cell line. Inhibition studies indicate that mAbs specific for MHC class I and MHC class II molecules inhibit lysis of syngeneic MBP-reactive target T cells, soluble Fas protein shows some inhibition, but none of these agents inhibits the lytic effects of activated RTC on the A20 cell line.

Safety and efficacy of adenovirus-mediated transfer of the human aquaporin-1 cDNA to irradiated parotid glands of non-human primates

This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a single administration of a recombinant adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 (AdhAQP1) to the parotid glands of adult rhesus monkeys. In anticipation of possible clinical use of this virus to correct irradiation damage to salivary glands, AdhAQP1 was administered (at either 2 x 10(9) or 1 x 10(8) plaque-forming units/gland) intraductally to irradiated glands and to their contralateral nonirradiated glands. Radiation (single dose, 10 Gy) significantly reduced salivary flow in exposed glands. Virus administration resulted in gene transfer to irradiated and nonirradiated glands and was without untoward local (salivary) or systemic (sera chemistry, complete blood count) effects in all animals. However, the effect of AdhAQP1 administration varied and did not result in a consistent positive effect on salivary flow rates for all animals under these experimental conditions. We conclude that a single adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to primate salivary glands is well-tolerated, although its functional utility in enhancing fluid secretion from irradiated parotid glands is inconsistent.