Tumor promoting activities of ethylphenylacetylurea and diethylacetylurea, the ring hydrolysis products of barbiturate tumor promoters phenobarbital and barbital, in rat liver and kidney initiated by N-nitrosodiethylamine

The ring hydrolysis products of the multi-tissue tumor promoting barbiturates, phenobarbital (PB) and barbital (BB), were fed to F344/NCr male rats previously given a single initiating injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine. Ethylphenylacetylurea (EPAU) and diethylacetylurea (EEAU), derived, respectively, from PB and BB, both promoted development of hepatocellular adenomas, but were much weaker in this respect than PB. Both acetylureas were also selective inducers of P-450IIB1-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity, but both were much less potent inducers than PB. Neither EPAU nor EEAU had an effect on tumor development in the thyroid, unlike both PB and, as shown previously, BB. EEAU, but not EPAU, strongly promoted development of renal cortical epithelial tumors. The opening of the barbiturate heterocyclic ring and the subsequent decarboxylation to yield the dialkylacetylurea analogs thus resulted in compounds displaying a marked reduction in liver tumor promoting activity. EEAU appears to possess an ability to promote renal neoplasms similar to that of its parent compound, BB. Ring opening appears to be accompanied by loss of promoting activity for thyroid follicular epithelium.

Hb natal or alpha 2(minus Tyr-Arg) beta 2: a high oxygen affinity alpha chain variant with a deleted carboxy-terminus resulting from a TAC----TAA (Tyr----terminating codon) mutation in codon alpha 140

The discovery is reported of a fast-moving alpha chain variant (Hb Natal) which is characterized by a shortened alpha polypeptide chain because of the deletion of the Tyr-Arg carboxy-terminal residues. Through amplification of appropriate segments of DNA and hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes, it was possible to detect a C----A mutation in codon 140 of the alpha 2 globin gene, which causes a change in the codon for tyrosine to a terminating codon. Hb Natal or alpha 2 (minus Tyr-Arg) beta 2 has a high affinity for oxygen without a Bohr effect and heme-heme interaction. These results provide direct evidence for the importance of the tyrosine residue at alpha 140 in the oxygenation-deoxygenation process.

Inclusion body beta-thalassemia trait in a Swiss family is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin (Geneva) with an altered and extended beta chain carboxy-terminus due to a modification in codon beta 114

We have analyzed the sequence of the beta globin gene of a chromosome that is linked to the occurrence of an inclusion body beta-thalassemia characterized in the heterozygote by moderate anemia, severe red cell abnormalities, splenomegaly, inclusion body formation, elevated Hb A2 levels, and an increased in vitro alpha/beta chain synthetic ratio. The data indicate a change in codon 114 from CTG (Leu) to -GG that resulted in a frameshift and the presumed synthesis of an abnormal beta chain that is 156 residues long with a completely different C-terminal amino acid sequence. The change in codon 114 gives a -GGGCCC- sequence that creates a new ApaI site; the resulting 2.6-kilobase fragment has been observed in all subjects with this thalassemia condition. Protein structural analyses failed to demonstrate any trace of the abnormal beta chain, even in reticulocytes and nucleated red cells that were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The inclusion bodies appear to contain mainly normal alpha chains. It is assumed that the structure of the beta-Geneva chain prevents it from combining with normal alpha chains; this results in a rapid breakdown of the abnormal protein during the early stages of red cell maturation and an accumulation of free alpha chains.

Distribution pattern of cell bodies and fibers with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the cat hypothalamus

Neurotensin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Extensive radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical studies in rats show that the neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are most prominent in the hypothalamus. Radioimmunoassay studies have suggested that the levels of neurotensin in the hypothalamus of cats may be six times higher than that of rats. We studied the distribution pattern of neurotensin immunoreactivity within the hypothalamus of the cat by avidin-biotin modification immunohistochemical methods: (1) to define its distribution pattern within the hypothalamus, and (2) to compare our findings with the patterns that have been described in rats. Results show that neurotensin immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers are most prominent in the rostral and intermediate regions of the cat hypothalamus. Cell bodies with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity are seen maximally in the medial preoptic region, the infundibular nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamus. The neurotensin positive fibers are dense in the periventricular regions of the entire rostro-caudal extent of the hypothalamus. This pattern of distribution of neurotensin immunoreactivity is similar to that described in rats. The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the cat hypothalamus, however, contained a significant number of neurotensin immunoreactive cell bodies, an observation not noted in the rat hypothalamus. The neurotensin immunoreactive neurons were more numerous in the lateral hypothalamus than has been reported in rats, but the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in cats contained fewer neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya. The presence of neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the apparent increase in the number of neurotensin immunoreactive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus may account for the increased levels of neurotensin reported in cats. Neurotensin has been speculated to play a role in nociception, thermoregulation, and control of arterial pressure by acting as a hormone or a neurotransmitter. Details of the pattern of colocalization of neurotensin with that of other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters will aid in our understanding of its role in these functions.

P-450 enzyme induction by 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and 5,5-diethylhydantoin, analogues of barbiturate tumor promoters phenobarbital and barbital, and promotion of liver and thyroid carcinogenesis initiated by N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats

Male F344/NCr rats, 6 wk old, were fed 500 ppm of phenobarbital (PB) or equimolar doses of either 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin (EPH) or 5,5-diethylhydantoin (EEH) in diet for 2 wk and hepatic cytochrome P-450-mediated alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities were determined. Both PB and EPH greatly increased P-450-mediated enzyme activities in rat liver while EEH was ineffective. To evaluate the hydantoins as tumor promoters, 5-wk-old male F344 rats were given a single i.p. injection of 75 mg N-nitrosodiethylamine/kg body weight. Beginning 2 wk later, they were placed either on normal diet or diet containing 500 ppm of PB or equimolar doses of EPH or EEH for the remaining experimental period. Control groups received an i.p. injection of saline followed by each of the test diets. Animals were sacrificed at either 52 or 78 wk. PB and EPH significantly enhanced the development of hepatocellular foci and hepatocellular adenomas at 52 wk and hepatocellular carcinomas at 78 wk in N-nitrosodiethylamine-initiated rats. Neither the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms nor the number and size of hepatocellular foci was significantly increased by EEH. At 78 wk, both PB and EPH enhanced the development of thyroid follicular cell neoplasms in N-nitrosodiethylamine-initiated rats while no such enhancement was observed with EEH. Thus, EPH, a long-acting sedative/anticonvulsant, like the structurally similar PB, promoted hepatocellular and thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis and induced the PB-inducible form(s) of cytochrome P-450 (P-450b) in rats. In contrast, EEH unlike barbital failed to promote hepatocellular and thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis and also failed to induce PB-inducible form(s) of cytochrome P-450 in rats.

Some rare hemoglobin variants with altered oxygen affinities; Hb linkoping [beta 36(C2)Pro----Thr], Hb Caribbean [beta 91(F7)Leu----Arg], and Hb Sunnybrook [beta 36(C2)Pro----Arg]

A few rare hemoglobin variants with altered functional properties have been observed in Canadian subjects with either an erythrocytosis or mild anemia. These variants were Hb Alberta [beta 101(G3)Glu----Gly], Hb Linkoping [beta 36(C2)Pro----Thr], a new variant Hb Sunnybrook [beta 36(C2)Pro----Arg], and Hb Caribbean [beta 91(F7)Leu----Arg]. Short clinical descriptions of the subjects are given, the characterization of the variants is described in detail (except for Hb Alberta), while data from some functional analyses are provided. Comparisons with previously published data have been made and the unusual chromatographic property of two abnormal beta chains in a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic system is reviewed.

Hb Las Palmas or alpha 2 beta 2(49)(CD8)Ser----Phe, a mildly unstable hemoglobin variant

A new hemoglobin variant with a Ser----Phe substitution at position beta 49(CD8) was discovered in two members of a family living in the Canary Islands, Spain. Detection was by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The variant, which constituted 43% and 45%, respectively, in the two heterozygotes, was slightly unstable. Its presence did not affect hematological values though there was a mild reticulocytosis.

Hb Duan [alpha 75(EF4)Asp----Ala], Hb Westmead [alpha 122(H5)His----Gln], and alpha-thalassemia-2 (-4.2 Kb deletion) in a Chinese family

Detailed data are presented concerning the relative amounts of Hb A and two alpha chain variants (Hb Duan with alpha 75 Asp----Ala, and Hb Westmead with alpha 122 His----Gln), and the occurrence of an alpha-thalassemia-2 heterozygosity in five members of a small Chinese family. The three children who have the three abnormalities inherited the alpha-Duan and alpha-thalassemia-2 heterozygosities from their father, and the alpha-Westmead heterozygosity from their mother. The base substitution which leads to the synthesis of the alpha-Duan chain occurred at codon 75 of the alpha 1 globin gene of the chromosome which also carried the alpha-thalassemia-2 deletion; the concentration of alpha-Duan (37% of total alpha) is similar to that observed for other alpha chain variants, linked to an alpha-thalassemia-2 condition.

Convolutional reconstruction algorithm for fan beam concave and convex circular detectors

A modified convolution-backprojection reconstruction algorithm for a circular detector with an arbitrary radius of curvature has been derived for fan-beam geometries. The algorithm reduces to conventional fan-beam algorithms for flat detectors and for curved detectors having whose radii of curvature coincident with the X-ray tube focal spot. The algorithm substitutes a power series of convolution integrals in place of a single convolution integral. Computer simulations have verified the validity of the algorithm for a detector that curves away from the X-ray source. In this case, it has been demonstrated that good reconstructions are obtained when only a few of the terms of the power series are retained. The development of this algorithm represents a first step toward a cone-beam reconstruction algorithm that eventually will be used for an image-intensifier-based computerized-tomography volume imager being developed in the authors' laboratory.

Localization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the cat hypothalamus

The distribution pattern of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-Li) in cat hypothalamus was studied using avidin-biotin modification of immunocytochemical method. This study showed cell bodies containing NPY-Li in the periventricular and the infundibular nuclei and also a moderate number of neurons with NPY-Li in the ventromedial nucleus, an observation not reported in earlier studies. Fibers with NPY-Li were noted throughout the hypothalamus, but most prominently within the periventricular regions. The location of NPY cells within the hypothalamus suggests the possibility of an interaction with dopaminergic and other proopiomelanocortinergic neurons.

The distribution pattern of alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity in the cat central nervous system

The distribution pattern of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity (alpha-MSH-Li) was studied in cats using avidin-biotin modification of immunocytochemical method. Cell bodies containing alpha-MSH-Li were observed in the medial basal hypothalamus, especially in the infundibular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus and near zona incerta. Fibers with alpha-MSH-Li extended beyond the hypothalamus, into the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, rostral amygdala, periaqueductal gray, locus ceruleus, parabrachial nucleus and medial nucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius. Axons with alpha-MSH-Li were also seen diffusely in various cortical areas, but more extensively in the limbic cortical regions. The distribution pattern of the cell bodies and fibers containing alpha-MSH-Li bears several similarities to that seen in rats, but differs in that the alpha-MSH-Li was not observed in cell bodies in locations other than the medial basal and lateral hypothalamus.

Hb F-Xin-Su or A gamma I73(E17)Asp----His: a new slow-moving fetal hemoglobin variant

A slow-moving gamma chain variant was discovered in the cord blood of an infant born to parents of the Han nationality from Jiangsu. The variant, which migrated electrophoretically at alkaline pH between Hb A and Hb D, was characterized by an Asp----His substitution at gamma 73, while residues gamma 75 and gamma 136 were occupied by Ile and Ala, respectively. As the A gamma T-chain was also present, this baby has two types of abnormal gamma-chain. The variant was named Hb F-Xin-Su.

Hb F-Xinjiang or A gamma T25(B7)Gly----Arg: a new slow-moving unstable fetal hemoglobin variant

This report describes a new fetal hemoglobin variant, Hb F-Xinjiang, which was observed in a newborn baby of the Han nationality. Its electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 was slower than that of Hb D. Structural analyses identified the variant as A gamma T25(B7)Gly----Arg. Heat stability test showed that the variant was unstable.

The distribution pattern of adrenocorticotropin-like immunoreactivity in the cat central nervous system

The distribution pattern of adrenocorticotropin-like immunoreactivity (ACTH-LI) in cats using the avidin-biotin modification of an immunocytochemical method shows cell bodies containing ACTH-LI in the medial basal hypothalamus, especially in the infundibular nucleus. The fibers from these neurons extended beyond the hypothalamus, into the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, rostral amygdala, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nucleus and medial nucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius. The distribution pattern of the cell bodies and fibers containing ACTH-LI bears several similarities to that seen in rats. The pattern differs from that of rats in the fact that the termination in the amygdala is more extensive and that ACTH-LI was not observed in cell bodies in any location other than the medial basal hypothalamus.

The projection pattern of the suprageniculate nucleus to the caudate nucleus in cats

The suprageniculate nucleus of the posterior thalamus is a source of non-intralaminar thalamic nucleus which projects selectively to the medial and intermediate regions of the caudate nucleus in cats.

Tumor-initiating and promoting activities of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in vivo and in vitro

The carcinogenic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), including its potential as an initiator and as a promoter of carcinogenesis, were studied in mouse liver and skin and in rat liver in vivo, and in mouse epidermis-derived JB6 cells in vitro. A mouse model for liver initiation and promotion involved initiation by injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) intraperitoneally into male B6C3F1 mice at 4 weeks of age, followed by exposure to either DEHP in the diet (3000, 6000, or 12,000 ppm) or phenobarbital in the drinking water (500 ppm), beginning 1 to 2 weeks later and continuing for periods of from 1 day to 18 months. Female F344/NCr rats were subjected to a similar protocol in which promotion continued for 14 weeks. DEHP promoted focal hepatocellular proliferative lesions (FHPL), including hyperplastic foci and neoplasms initiated by DEN in mice but not in rats. Skin-painting studies in female CD-1 or SENCAR mice involved initiation by a single topical exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) applied to the dorsal skin, followed by repeated percutaneous exposure to a tumor promoter, either DEHP or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). To test for two-stage skin tumor promotion, SENCAR mice were initiated with DMBA and then TPA was administered for only 2 weeks, after which DEHP was subsequently administered for 26 weeks. DEHP displayed very weak complete promoting activity and definite second stage promoting activity in SENCAR mouse skin, but was inactive under our conditions on CD-1 mouse skin. In vitro promoting activity of DEHP and its hydrolysis products, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and 2-ethylhexanol (EH), was studied by using promotable mouse epidermis-derived JB6 cells. DEHP and MEHP promoted JB6 cells to anchorage independence, while EH did not.

The significance of carotid stenosis or ulceration

Data from the medical treatment group of the Aspirin in TIA study were reviewed, and prospective analysis of patients with asymptomatic bruits was performed to see whether carotid stenosis (0 to 49% or 50 to 99%) or ulceration produced an increased risk of ipsilateral TIA or infarct. In symptomatic arteries, greater than 50% stenosis without ulceration implied a higher risk of subsequent symptoms. Ulceration was associated with an increased risk only in nonstenotic vessels. Lesion anatomy was not related to outcome in asymptomatic arteries, and the incidence of cerebral infarct was low. Factors other than anatomy must play a large role in determining subsequent risk.