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Sheppard SV, Gibbs RV, Smith DC. Does leucocyte depletion during cardiopulmonary bypass improve oxygenation indices in patients with mild lung dysfunction? Br J Anaesth 2004; 93:789-92. [PMID: 15465845 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocyte-depleting arterial line filters have not dramatically improved lung function after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but patients with pre-existing lung dysfunction may benefit from their use. METHODS We randomized 32 patients with mild lung dysfunction having elective first-time coronary revascularization to either a leucocyte depleting or a standard 40-mm arterial line filter during CPB. The alveolar arterial oxygenation index was calculated before and 5 min after CPB, then at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 18 h after surgery. Time to extubation on the ITU was recorded. Preoperative, immediate postoperative, and 24 h postoperative chest x-rays were scored for extravascular lung water. RESULTS Postoperative alveolar-arterial oxygenation indices were better in the patients who received leucocyte depletion during CPB (1.65+/-0.96 in the study group vs 2.90+/-1.72 in the control group, P<0.05). The duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation was less in the leucocyte-depleted group (4.8+/-2.1 vs 8.3+/-4.7 h in the control group, P<0.05). The extravascular lung water scores immediately postoperatively were 13.0+/-8.6 in the study group vs 19.6+/-10.8 in the control group (P=0.04), and at 24 h postoperatively, 9.7+/-7.7 vs 15.2+/-9.9 for controls. CONCLUSIONS For patients with mild lung dysfunction, a leucocyte-depleting arterial line filter improves postoperative oxygenation, reduces extravascular lung water accumulation, and reduces time on artificial ventilator after CPB. There may be an economic argument for the routine use of leucocyte-depleting filters for every patient during CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Sheppard
- Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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52
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Marsden CJ, Knight S, Smith DC, Day PJ, Roberts LM, Phillips GJ, Lord JM. Insertional mutagenesis of ricin A chain: a novel route to an anti-ricin vaccine. Vaccine 2004; 22:2800-5. [PMID: 15246614 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of a specific 25-residue internal peptide into ricin toxin A chain (RTA) reduced the catalytic activity of this protein approximately 300-fold. Directed proteolytic cleavage of the peptide insert essentially restored catalytic activity of the resulting two peptide A chain to normal levels. Ricin holotoxin containing unprocessed mutant A chain was not toxic to cultured mammalian cells, due to enhanced proteasomal degradation, nor was it toxic when injected into rats at a concentration that is lethal in the case of native ricin. Rats treated in this way were completely resistant to native ricin when subsequently challenged with a potentially lethal dose of the toxin. These ricin-resistant animals had a significant anti-ricin antibody titer, indicating that this approach has potential for developing an effective vaccine against this toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Marsden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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53
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Abstract
Several bacterial toxins either promote or inhibit the maturation of human monocyte-derived DC. Since the potent plant toxin ricin exploits the same cell entry pathway used by these bacterial toxins and shares identical catalytic activity with some of them, we have studied the capacity of ricin to induce DC maturation in vitro. Here, we show that in contrast to the bacterial proteins, ricin neither induces DC maturation nor interferes with LPS-induced DC maturation. There is no correlation between the absence of DC maturation and ricin dysfunction. Indeed, some of the ricin variants retain significant ribotoxicity and catalytic activity. We have extended these observations to ebulin-1, suggesting that this may be a general characteristic of plant-derived cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating toxins. The human immune system may therefore have evolved to recognize and rapidly respond to the bacterial proteins, whilst being less responsive to the equivalent plant cytotoxins. Understanding the effect of ricin on professional APC may provide insights into the generation of an anti-ricin vaccine and into the use of inactivated ricin A chains as delivery vectors as part of a vaccination protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Smith
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, GB
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54
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Lin E, Gletsu N, Ziegler T, Smith DC. Gastric bypass induces early alterations in gut hormone gene expressions associated with glucose metabolism. J Am Coll Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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55
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Le Garrec D, Gori S, Luo L, Lessard D, Smith DC, Yessine MA, Ranger M, Leroux JC. Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-poly(d,l-lactide) as a new polymeric solubilizer for hydrophobic anticancer drugs: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 2004; 99:83-101. [PMID: 15342183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of novel anticancer drugs developed to date are intended for parenteral administration. Paradoxically, most of these drugs are water-insoluble, delaying their clinical development. A common approach to confering water solubility to drugs is to use amphiphilic, solubilizing agents, such as polyethoxylated castor oil (e.g., Cremophor EL, CrmEL). However, these vehicles are themselves associated with a number of pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical concerns. The present work is aimed at evaluating a novel polymeric solubilizer for anticancer drugs, i.e., poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (PVP-b-PDLLA). This copolymer self-assembles in water to yield polymeric micelles (PM) that efficiently solubilize anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DCTX), teniposide (TEN) and etoposide (ETO). A PM-PTX formulation was evaluated, both, in vitro on three different cancer cell lines and in vivo for its safety, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumor activity. In vitro, cytotoxicity studies revealed that the drug-loaded PM formulation was equipotent to the commercial PTX formulation (Taxol). In the absence of drug, PVP-b-PDLLA with 37% DLLA content was less cytotoxic than CrmEL. In vivo, acute toxicity was assessed in mice after a single injection of escalating dose levels of formulated PTX. PM-PTX was well tolerated and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached even at 100 mg/kg, whereas the MTD of Taxol was established at 20 mg/kg. At 60 mg/kg, PM-PTX demonstrated greater in vivo antitumor activity than Taxol injected at its MTD. Finally, it was shown in mice and rabbits that the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves were inversely related to PM drug loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Le Garrec
- Canada Research Chair in Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal (Québec) Canada H3C 3J7
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56
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Abstract
A number of proteins produced by certain bacteria and plants are potently toxic to mammalian cells. This toxicity results from their ability to catalytically modify macromolecules that are required for essential cellular functions such as vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal assembly, signalling or protein synthesis. To reach their targets, these proteins bind specific surface receptors before endocytosis and translocation across an internal membrane. The surface receptors exploited by different toxins include a range of proteins and lipids. Here we focus on specific glycosphingolipid receptors and two well-characterised subsets of toxins that exploit them for surface binding, intracellular trafficking, and signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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57
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Holub JM, O'Toole-Colin K, Getzel A, Argenti A, Evans MA, Smith DC, Dalglish GA, Rifat S, Wilson DL, Taylor BM, Miott U, Glersaye J, Lam KS, McCranor BJ, Berkowitz JD, Miller RB, Lukens JR, Krumpe K, Gupton JT, Burnham BS. Lipid-lowering effects of ethyl 2-phenacyl-3-aryl-1H-pyrrole- 4-carboxylates in rodents. Molecules 2004; 9:134-57. [PMID: 18007418 DOI: 10.3390/90300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of substituted 2-phenacyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-4-carboxylates were prepared from substituted acetophenones in 6 steps. The final condensations between a chloroenal and an aminoketone were carried out under neutral conditions in parallel to yield the series listed below. Selected pyrrole derivatives proved to be potent hypolipidemic agents lowering serum triglyceride concentrations in CF-1 male mice after 14 days of I.P. administration. One agent orally lowered serum cholesterol in Sprague-Dawley male rats at 2mg/kg/day after 14 days. The agents demonstrated a lowering of mouse serum LDL- cholesterol levels and selected compounds showed an elevation of serum HDL-cholesterol levels. The cholesterol concentrations in the liver were raised while the cholesterol and triglyceride contents of the aorta were significantly lowered by the selected trisubstituted pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Holub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Rd., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
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58
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Mehlenbacher SA, Brown RN, Davis JW, Chen H, Bassil NV, Smith DC, Kubisiak TL. RAPD markers linked to eastern filbert blight resistance in Corylus avellana. Theor Appl Genet 2004; 108:651-656. [PMID: 14569427 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,110 decamer primers were screened for RAPD markers linked to a dominant allele in hazelnut ( Corylus avellana) that confers resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala. Twenty RAPD markers linked in coupling, and five markers linked in repulsion, were found. A seedling population was used to construct a linkage map of the region flanking the resistance locus. The map spans 46.6 cM, with 14 markers on one side of the resistance locus and eight on the other side. Eleven markers showed less than 3% recombination with resistance, including three that showed no recombination. Seven of these 11 markers are sufficiently robust to allow their use in marker-assisted selection. These include AA12(850) which shows no recombination, and six markers on one side of the resistance locus: 173(500), 152(800), 122(825), 275(1130), H19(650) and O16(1250). Marker 268(580), which flanks the resistance locus on the other side, is also suitable for use in marker-assisted selection, but shows 5.8% recombination with resistance. Other markers are less suitable for marker-assisted selection because of sensitivity to changes in primer or MgCl(2) concentration, or the long time required for electrophoresis to separate bands of similar size. The 16 markers closest to the resistance locus were cloned and sequenced. The W07(365) marker, which showed no recombination with the resistance locus but is difficult to score, includes a CT microsatellite repeat. The sequence information will allow the design of SCAR primers and eventual map-based cloning of the resistance allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mehlenbacher
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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59
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Bell SL, Smith DC, Allen R, Lutman ME. Recording the middle latency response of the auditory evoked potential as a measure of depth of anaesthesia. A technical note. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92:442-5. [PMID: 14742332 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The middle latency response of the auditory evoked potential may be useful as an indicator of the hypnotic state during anaesthesia. However, it is difficult to record in some circumstances. This communication provides some suggestions and guidance for those not familiar with the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Bell
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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60
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Nandhakumar IS, Gabriel T, Li X, Attard GS, Markham M, Smith DC, Baumberg JJ. Optical properties of mesoporous II–VI semiconductor compound films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2004:1374-5. [PMID: 15179471 DOI: 10.1039/b403423f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct liquid crystal templating from non-ionic polyoxyethylene surfactants has been utilised to produce well-defined birefringent films of nanostructured cadmium telluride films which displayed good optical properties as evidenced by UV/VIS reflectance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Nandhakumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UKSO17 1BJ.
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61
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Lord JM, Deeks E, Marsden CJ, Moore K, Pateman C, Smith DC, Spooner RA, Watson P, Roberts LM. Retrograde transport of toxins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31:1260-2. [PMID: 14641038 DOI: 10.1042/bst0311260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several protein toxins, including the A chain of the plant protein ricin (RTA), enter mammalian cells by endocytosis and catalytically modify cellular components to disrupt essential cellular processes. In the case of ricin, the process inhibited is protein synthesis. In order to reach their cytosolic substrates, several toxins undergo retrograde transport to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) before translocating across the ER membrane. To achieve this export, these toxins exploit the ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation) pathway but must escape, at least in part, the normal degradative fate of ERAD substrates in order to intoxicate the cell. Toxins that translocate from the ER have an unusually low lysine content that reduces the likelihood of ubiquitination and ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. We have changed the two lysyl residues normally present in RTA to arginyl residues. Their replacement in RTA did not have a significant stabilizing effect on the protein, suggesting that the endogenous lysyl residues are not sites for ubiquitin attachment. However, when four additional lysyl residues were introduced into RTA in a way that did not compromise the activity, structure or stability of the toxin, degradation was significantly enhanced. Enhanced degradation resulted from ubiquitination that predisposed the toxin to proteasomal degradation. Treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin increased the cytotoxicity of the lysine-enriched RTA to a level approaching that of wild-type RTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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62
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Bouchard M, Smith DC. Catalogue of 45 reference Raman spectra of minerals concerning research in art history or archaeology, especially on corroded metals and coloured glass. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2003; 59:2247-2266. [PMID: 12909139 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(03)00069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Small catalogues of reference Raman spectra of interest for analysing geomaterials or biomaterials of relevance to art history or archaeology are gradually being published by different research groups. However, except for some older catalogues, they are all concerned primarily with pigments, whether inorganic or organic. Here we present for the first time a catalogue of Raman spectra of minerals that may be found in corroded metal artworks or artefacts. At the same time we include some inorganic pigments that may be found in or on stained glass. Most of the minerals analysed came from the Gallery of Mineralogy at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and most were verified by X-ray diffraction in order to augment the confidence in the mineral identity (which is not the case with many other catalogues). A number of problems encountered with mineral terminology are discussed. Comments are made on the spectra where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchard
- Bâtiment Minéralogie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and CNRS, 61 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
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63
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Evans MA, Smith DC, Holub JM, Argenti A, Hoff M, Dalglish GA, Wilson DL, Taylor BM, Berkowitz JD, Burnham BS, Krumpe K, Gupton JT, Scarlett TC, Durham RW, Hall IH. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of substituted ethyl 2-phenacyl-3-phenylpyrrole-4-carboxylates. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2003; 336:181-90. [PMID: 12822184 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200390018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The substituted ethyl-2-phenacyl-3-phenylpyrrole-4-carboxylates were synthesized by a condensation of a beta-chloroenal and an alpha-aminoketone under neutral conditions. They proved to be potent cytotoxic agents against the growth of murine L1210 and P388 leukemias and human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia, HuT-78 lymphoma, and HeLa-S(3) uterine carcinoma. Selective compounds were active against the growth of Tmolt(3) and Tmolt(4) leukemias and THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia, liver Hepe-2, ovary 1-A9, ileum HCT-8 adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma HSO. A mode of action study in HL-60 cells demonstrated that DNA and protein syntheses were inhibited after 60 min at 100 microM. DNA and RNA polymerases, PRPP-amido transferase, dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, and TMP kinase activities were interfered with by the agent with reduction of d[NTP] pools. Nonspecific interaction with the bases of DNA and cross-linking of the DNA may play a role in the mode of action of these carboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
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64
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Smith DC, Marsden CJ, Lord JM, Roberts LM. Expression, Purification and Characterization of Ricin vectors used for exogenous antigen delivery into the MHC Class I presentation pathway. Biol Proced Online 2003; 5:13-19. [PMID: 12734560 PMCID: PMC150387 DOI: 10.1251/bpo42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2002] [Revised: 12/03/2002] [Accepted: 12/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disarmed versions of the cytotoxin ricin can deliver fused peptides into target cells leading to MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation [Smith et al. J Immunol 2002; 169:99-107]. The ricin delivery vector must contain an attenuated catalytic domain to prevent target cell death, and the fused peptide epitope must remain intact for delivery and functional loading to MHC class I molecules. Expression in E. coli and purification by cation exchange chromatography of the fusion protein is described. Before used for delivery, the activity of the vector must be characterized in vitro, via an N-glycosidase assay, and in vivo, by a cytotoxicity assay. The presence of an intact epitope must be confirmed using mass spectrometry by comparing the actual mass with the predicted mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick. Coventry, CV4 7AL. UK
| | | | - J. Michael Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick. Coventry, CV4 7AL. UK
| | - Lynne M. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick. Coventry, CV4 7AL. UK
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65
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Abstract
Ricin is a heterodimeric protein produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis). It is exquisitely potent to mammalian cells, being able to fatally disrupt protein synthesis by attacking the Achilles heel of the ribosome. For this enzyme to reach its substrate, it must not only negotiate the endomembrane system but it must also cross an internal membrane and avoid complete degradation without compromising its activity in any way. Cell entry by ricin involves a series of steps: (i) binding, via the ricin B chain (RTB), to a range of cell surface glycolipids or glycoproteins having beta-1,4-linked galactose residues; (ii) uptake into the cell by endocytosis; (iii) entry of the toxin into early endosomes; (iv) transfer, by vesicular transport, of ricin from early endosomes to the trans-Golgi network; (v) retrograde vesicular transport through the Golgi complex to reach the endoplasmic reticulum; (vi) reduction of the disulphide bond connecting the ricin A chain (RTA) and the RTB; (vii) partial unfolding of the RTA to render it translocationally-competent to cross the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane via the Sec61p translocon in a manner similar to that followed by misfolded ER proteins that, once recognised, are targeted to the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery; (viii) avoiding, at least in part, ubiquitination that would lead to rapid degradation by cytosolic proteasomes immediately after membrane translocation when it is still partially unfolded; (ix) refolding into its protease-resistant, biologically active conformation; and (x) interaction with the ribosome to catalyse the depurination reaction. It is clear that ricin can take advantage of many target cell molecules, pathways and processes. It has been reported that a single molecule of ricin reaching the cytosol can kill that cell as a consequence of protein synthesis inhibition. The ready availability of ricin, coupled to its extreme potency when administered intravenously or if inhaled, has identified this protein toxin as a potential biological warfare agent. Therapeutically, its cytotoxicity has encouraged the use of ricin in 'magic bullets' to specifically target and destroy cancer cells, and the unusual intracellular trafficking properties of ricin potentially permit its development as a vaccine vector. Combining our understanding of the ricin structure with ways to cripple its unwanted properties (its enzymatic activity and promotion of vascular leak whilst retaining protein stability and important immunodominant epitopes), will also be crucial in the development of a long awaited protective vaccine against this toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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66
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Abstract
A number of bacterial toxins have evolved diverse strategies for crossing membrane barriers in order to reach their substrates in the mammalian cytosol. Recent studies show that this property can be exploited for the delivery of fused antigens into the major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted presentation pathway, with the goal of eliciting a specific immune response. Here we discuss the peculiarities of the trafficking pathways of a variety of toxins, and how these may allow the toxins to be used as delivery vehicles for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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67
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Smith DC, Gallimore A, Jones E, Roberts B, Lord JM, Deeks E, Cerundolo V, Roberts LM. Exogenous peptides delivered by ricin require processing by signal peptidase for transporter associated with antigen processing-independent MHC class I-restricted presentation. J Immunol 2002; 169:99-107. [PMID: 12077234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate that a disarmed version of the cytotoxin ricin can deliver exogenous CD8(+) T cell epitopes into the MHC class I-restricted pathway by a TAP-independent, signal peptidase-dependent pathway. Defined viral peptide epitopes genetically fused to the N terminus of an attenuated ricin A subunit (RTA) that was reassociated with its partner B subunit were able to reach the early secretory pathway of sensitive cells, including TAP-deficient cells. Successful processing and presentation by MHC class I proteins was not dependent on proteasome activity or on recycling of MHC class I proteins, but rather on a functional secretory pathway. Our results demonstrated a role for signal peptidase in the generation of peptide epitopes associated at the amino terminus of RTA. We showed, first, that potential signal peptide cleavage sites located toward the N terminus of RTA can be posttranslationally cleaved by signal peptidase and, second, that mutation of one of these sites led to a loss of peptide presentation. These results identify a novel MHC class I presentation pathway that exploits the ability of toxins to reach the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum by retrograde transport, and suggest a role for endoplasmic reticulum signal peptidase in the processing and presentation of MHC class I peptides. Because TAP-negative cells can be sensitized for CTL killing following retrograde transport of toxin-linked peptides, application of these results has direct implications for the development of novel vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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68
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Abstract
The multifocal ERG technique is a powerful method of studying the function of different areas of the retina. Display systems such as the CRT, which are commonly used for stimulation, are subject to limitations such as those imposed by the raster method of scanning. This work describes a novel stimulating display using LEDs that retains the established hexagonal areas but overcomes some of the limitations of the CRT display systems. The design and construction of the instrument is described together with some preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Smith
- Department of Clinical Physics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF
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69
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Evans AL, Martin CJ, Smith DC, Currie GD, McCalman S, Bilsland D, Dunn S. Instrument for scanning the angular variation of irradiance in ultraviolet phototherapy cabinets. J Med Eng Technol 2002; 26:126-31. [PMID: 12350280 DOI: 10.1080/03091900210127906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An instrument is described that measures irradiance and the angular distribution of the intensity of ultraviolet radiation sources inside phototherapy cabinets. Failed lamps and lamps with higher or lower outputs are readily identified. The measurements are controlled from outside the cabinet, thus reducing the risk to staff from exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Evans
- Department of Clinical Physics and Bio-engineering, North and South Glasgow University Hospitals NHS Trusts, Glasgow GS1 4TF, UK.
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70
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Deeks ED, Cook JP, Day PJ, Smith DC, Roberts LM, Lord JM. The low lysine content of ricin A chain reduces the risk of proteolytic degradation after translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Biochemistry 2002; 41:3405-13. [PMID: 11876649 DOI: 10.1021/bi011580v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several protein toxins, including the A chain of ricin (RTA), enter mammalian cells by endocytosis and subsequently reach their cytosolic substrates by translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. To achieve this export, such toxins exploit the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway but must escape, at least in part, the normal degradative fate of ERAD substrates. Toxins that translocate from the ER have an unusually low lysine content. Since lysyl residues are potential ubiquitination sites, it has been proposed that this paucity of lysines reduces the chance of ubiquitination and subsequent ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation [Hazes, B., and Read, R. J. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 11051-11054]. Here we provide experimental support for this hypothesis. The two lysyl residues within RTA were changed to arginyl residues. Their replacement in RTA did not have a significant stabilizing effect, suggesting that the endogenous lysyl residues are not the usual sites for ubiquitin attachment. However, when four additional lysines were introduced into RTA in a way that did not compromise the activity, structure, or stability of the toxin, degradation was significantly enhanced. Enhanced degradation resulted from ubiquitination that predisposed the toxin to proteasomal degradation. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone increased the cytotoxicity of the lysine-rich RTA to a level approaching that of wild-type ricin. The introduction of four additional lysyl residues into a second ribosome-inactivating protein, abrin A chain, also dramatically decreased the cytotoxicity of the holotoxin compared to wild-type abrin. This effect could also be reversed by proteasomal inhibition. Our data support the hypothesis that the evolution of a low lysine content is a degradation-avoidance strategy for toxins that retrotranslocate from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Deeks
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Smith JC, Watkins GE, Taylor FC, Carlson LA, Karst JG, Smith DC. Angioplasty or stent placement in the proximal common iliac artery: is protection of the contralateral side necessary? J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12:1395-8. [PMID: 11742012 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if protection of the contralateral common iliac artery is necessary when performing angioplasty or stent placement in a proximal common iliac artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of all patients undergoing endovascular treatment for unilateral common iliac artery stenosis or occlusion from 1979 to 2000 was performed. All angiograms were reviewed independently by three experienced vascular interventional radiologists who evaluated both common iliac arteries before and after angioplasty or stent placement. RESULTS The medical records or angiograms of 514 patients were located. Of these, complete records and angiograms were found for 175 patients who underwent proximal (within 2 cm of its origin) common iliac artery angioplasty or stent placement without treatment or protection of the contralateral common iliac artery. Treatment of proximal common iliac stenosis in 160 patients resulted in luminal compromise of the contralateral common iliac in two patients (17% and 24% reduction in luminal diameter). No contralateral compromise was noted in 15 patients treated for iliac occlusion. CONCLUSION The data reported herein suggest that protection of the contralateral common iliac artery during angioplasty or stent placement in a proximal common iliac artery is not mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Smith
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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Mohammed S, Chalmers MJ, Gielbert J, Ferro M, Gora L, Smith DC, Gaskell SJ. A novel tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer allowing gaseous collisional activation and surface induced dissociation. J Mass Spectrom 2001; 36:1260-1268. [PMID: 11754117 DOI: 10.1002/jms.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer is described that enables gaseous collision-induced dissociation (CID) and surface-induced dissociation (SID) experiments. The instrument consists of a commercially available triple quadrupole mass spectrometer connected to an SID region and an additional, orthogonal quadrupole mass analyser. The performance of the instrument was evaluated using leucine-enkephalin, allowing a comparison between CID and SID, and with previous reports of other SID instruments. The reproducibility of SID data was assessed by replicate determinations of the collision energy required for 50% dissociation of leucine-enkephalin; excellent precision was observed (standard deviation of 0.6 eV) though, unexpectedly, the reproducibility of the equivalent figure for CID was superior. Several peptides were analysed using SID in conjunction with liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry or electrospray; a comparison of the fragmentation of singly protonated peptide ions and the further dissociation of y-type fragments was consistent with the equivalence of the latter fragments to protonated peptides. Few product ions attributable to high-energy cleavages of amino acid side-chains were observed. The SID properties were investigated of a series of peptides differing only in the derivatization of a cysteine residue; similar decomposition efficiencies were observed for all except the cysteic acid analogue, which demonstrated significantly more facile fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohammed
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, UMIST, Sackville Street, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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73
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McGinn CJ, Zalupski MM, Shureiqi I, Robertson JM, Eckhauser FE, Smith DC, Brown D, Hejna G, Strawderman M, Normolle D, Lawrence TS. Phase I trial of radiation dose escalation with concurrent weekly full-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:4202-8. [PMID: 11709563 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.22.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this phase I trial was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose of radiation that could be delivered to the primary tumor concurrent with full-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty seven patients with unresectable (n = 34) or incompletely resected pancreatic cancer (n = 3) were treated. Gemcitabine was administered as a 30-minute intravenous infusion at a dose of 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Radiation therapy was initiated on day 1 and directed at the primary tumor alone, without prophylactic nodal coverage. The starting radiation dose was 24 Gy in 1.6-Gy fractions. Escalation was achieved by increasing the fraction size in increments of 0.2 Gy, keeping the duration of radiation constant at 3 weeks. A second cycle of gemcitabine alone was intended after a 1-week rest. RESULTS Two of six assessable patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity at the final planned dose level of the trial (42 Gy in 2.8-Gy fractions), one with grade 4 vomiting and one with gastric/duodenal ulceration. Two additional patients at this dose level experienced late gastrointestinal toxicity that required surgical management. CONCLUSION The final dose investigated (42 Gy) is not recommended for further study considering the occurrence of both acute and late toxicity. However, a phase II trial of this novel gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy approach, at a radiation dose of 36 Gy in 2.4-Gy fractions, is recommended on the basis of tolerance, patterns of failure, and survival data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McGinn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010, USA.
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Smith DC, Mader TJ, Smithline HA. Low dose intravenous ketamine as an analgesic: a pilot study using an experimental model of acute pain. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19:531-2. [PMID: 11593484 DOI: 10.1053/ajem.2001.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Smith
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02881-1197, USA.
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Abstract
The oropharyngeal airway (OPA) has been a remarkably safe device since its invention by Guedel in 1933. This plastic device is easily placed in the mouth and used for aiding in mask ventilation. We report a case of the aspiration of an OPA causing near total upper airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Munshi HG, Pienta KJ, Smith DC. Chemotherapy in patients with prostate specific antigen-only disease after primary therapy for prostate carcinoma: a phase II trial of oral estramustine and oral etoposide. Cancer 2001; 91:2175-80. [PMID: 11391599 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010601)91:11<2175::aid-cncr1246>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Phase II study was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral regimen of etoposide and estramustine in patients with early recurrent prostate carcinoma. METHODS Patients with early recurrent prostate carcinoma as indicated by an increasing prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and without any evidence of metastatic disease were treated with oral etoposide 50 mg/m2/day and estramustine 15 mg/kg/day in divided doses for 21 days, followed by a 7-day rest period. Patients received a maximum of four cycles. RESULTS Eighteen patients were entered in this study. The median serum PSA was 3.1 (range, 0.3-30.3) at the time of entry into the trial. Sixteen patients were assessable for response. Serum PSA declined to undetectable levels in 13 patients with 2 additional patients meeting the criteria for partial response; the median duration of response was 8.5 months (range, 1-18 months). Most patients developed gastrointestinal, cardiac, or hematologic complications. Grade 3 toxicities included neutropenia (one patient), deep venous thrombosis (three patients), and chest pain (one patient). One patient developed acute myelogenous leukemia (French-American-British, acute myelogenous leukemia M5) 23 months after initiating the chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The combination of oral etoposide and oral estramustine resulted in a high rate but only a short duration of response in patients with early recurrent prostate carcinoma. The regimen was poorly tolerated, and the toxicity was significant. This regimen should not be considered standard therapy for the treatment of early recurrent prostate carcinoma, but further exploration of treatment in this setting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Munshi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hussain M, Vaishampayan U, Du W, Redman B, Smith DC. Combination paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine is an active treatment for advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:2527-33. [PMID: 11331332 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.9.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the drug combination of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients eligible included those with advanced urothelial malignancy of any histology, no previous chemotherapy for metastatic disease, Southwest Oncology Group performance status of 2 or less, serum creatinine levels of 2 mg/dL or less, and adequate bone marrow and hepatic function. Treatment consisted of paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, carboplatin (target area under the curve = 5) on day 1, and gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, repeated every 21 days. RESULTS Forty-nine patients (44 men and five women) were enrolled; the patients' median age was 63 years, and their median creatinine clearance was 78 mL/min (range, 26 to 165 mL/min). Forty-three patients had transitional cell carcinoma, and six had squamous cell carcinoma or mixed histology. Ten patients had metastases to lymph nodes only, six had locally advanced disease, four had locally recurrent disease, 24 patients had visceral metastases, and five had soft tissue metastases. Twenty-one patients had disease in one site, 16 in two sites, and 12 in three sites. A total of 272 cycles were administered (median, six cycles; range, 1 to 15 cycles). Major toxicities were grade 3 and 4 neutropenia in 17 and 19 patients, respectively; grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia in 15 and six patients, respectively; grade 3 and 4 anemia in 10 and two patients, respectively; grade 3 neuropathy in four patients; and diarrhea in two patients. The incidence of febrile neutropenia was 1.4%; no patients died of drug toxicity. Forty-seven of the 49 patients were assessable for response. Fifteen (32%) patients experienced a complete response, and 17 (36%) patients experienced a partial response (32 of 47 patients, 68%; 95% confidence interval, 56.27 to 82.86). Responses were seen in all sites, including 15 (68%) of 22 patients with visceral metastases. The median survival was 14.7 months, with a 1-year survival of 59%. CONCLUSION Combination paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine is active; an encouraging number of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with this regimen experienced complete remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hussain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
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79
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Poston RS, Sloane RW, Morgan BR, Smith DC, Smithson JB, Hickey MS. Elective removal of an intramyocardial bullet. South Med J 2001; 94:464-6. [PMID: 11372791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A 26-year-old man had a gunshot wound in the right posterolateral aspect of the chest. A chest radiograph showed the bullet in the region of the cardiac silhouette. The patient was hemodynamically stable and had no complaints of dyspnea or abdominal pain. Echocardiography and computed tomography identified the bullet in the wall of the right ventricle. The surgical management of the injury is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Poston
- San Francisco General Hospital, Calif, USA
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80
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Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the latency of the Nb wave of the auditory evoked response (AER) and periods of awareness during propofol anaesthesia. In the anaesthetic room before cardiac surgery the AER was recorded continuously in 14 patients. Awareness was measured by the ability of the patient to respond to command using the isolated forearm technique (IFT). The Nb latencies were shorter when the patients were able to respond than at loss of response (P<0.001). In six patients who repeated this transition from response to loss of response, there was a high and significant correlation between Nb latencies. None of the patients had any recollection of events after the initial induction of anaesthesia as measured by explicit and implicit memory tests. These results suggest that the Nb latency of the AER may represent an indication of awareness in individual patients, but wide inter-patient variability limits its practical usefulness. In addition, because no evidence of memory was demonstrated, even when patients were known to be awake, the relationship between AER and memory processing remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Loveman
- Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, UK
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81
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Abstract
A novel technique for insertion of the Ash Split-Cath without a peel-away sheath to decrease the potential for air embolism is described. A retrospective review of 62 attempted Ash Split-Cath insertions at three hospitals was made. Conversion to the usual technique using a sheath was necessary in four cases, mostly because of extensive scarring from previous catheters. There was no air embolus, hematoma, or immediate catheter malfunction. The authors believe that the occurrence of air embolism during placement of Ash Split-Cath may be lessened by eliminating the use of a peel-away sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Jones PL, Moore D, Smith DC. A technique for the growth of single crystal films of zinc sulphide on (100) gallium arsenide by radio frequency sputtering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/9/4/022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
While surgery and radiation therapy remain the only definitive treatments for prostate cancer, single modality therapy has been associated with high failure rates in patients with aggressive disease. Although hormonal therapy has been effective in cases of metastatic disease, the timing of treatment with respect to definitive therapy remains controversial. This review will explore the efficacy of hormonal and chemotherapy in both the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. A MEDLINE search was performed to identify pertinent articles regarding both adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy in prostate cancer. Articles of historical relevance in addition to those using large patient numbers with a randomized design were reviewed preferentially. Since hormonal therapy has been considered standard treatment at the time of cancer progression after definitive therapy, many of the randomized trials essentially compared adjuvant therapy to delayed therapy. Historical trials using adjuvant hormonal therapy have been limited due to difficulties in clinical staging, as well as toxicities attributed to the formulations used. More recently, hormonal therapy has been found to delay disease progression, increase disease-free survival, and decrease mortality when given immediately after prostatectomy or radiation therapy in selected patients. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy can improve disease-free survival and local control when given before radiation therapy; it has only decreased positive surgical margins when given prior to radical prostatectomy. Although hormonal therapy given immediately after either radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy is highly effective, the side effects of persistent long-term use must be weighed for each patient. While the use of chemotherapy has been limited by the lack of active agents, newer combinations have shown effectiveness in patients with hormone refractory disease, raising the possibility of their use in the adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
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84
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Schuster TG, Smith DC, Montie JE. Pelvic recurrences post cystectomy: current treatment strategies. Semin Urol Oncol 2001; 19:45-50. [PMID: 11246733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Pelvic recurrence following cystectomy is a devastating problem for both physician and patient. Patients who recur locally usually do so within the first 2 years following surgery. Stage, grade, and possibly p53 status of the tumor are prognostic indicators for local failure. Patients with extensive disease at the time of diagnosis may benefit from adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment to attempt to decrease the rate of recurrence. Treatment of patients with local failure should use a multimodality approach that includes systemic chemotherapy with or without local radiation therapy or surgery. Although rare, long-term survival can be achieved in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Schuster
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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85
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Hussain MH, Glass TR, Forman J, Sakr W, Smith DC, Al-Sarraf M, Jones J, Balcerzak SP, Crawford ED, Grossman HB. Combination cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy for locally advanced unresectable or medically unfit bladder cancer cases: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol 2001; 165:56-60; discussion 60-1. [PMID: 11125363 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200101000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with locally advanced bladder cancer or who are not medically fit for surgery are a therapeutic dilemma. Radiotherapy with or without single agent cisplatin has been the major therapeutic modality. A phase II Southwest Oncology Group trial investigated the efficacy and feasibility of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and radiation in this patient subset. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible patients had muscle invasive bladder cancer (clinical stages T2-T4) with nodal involvement at or below the level of bifurcation of the iliac vessels, were medically or surgically inoperable, or refused cystectomy. Patients underwent pretreatment cystoscopy and detailed tumor mapping, and were treated with 75 mg. /m.2 cisplatin on day 1 and 1 gm./m.2 daily, 5-fluorouracil on days 1 to 4 and definitive radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was repeated every 28 days, twice during and twice after radiation. RESULTS From October 1993 to April 1998, 60 patients were enrolled in study. Of the 56 eligible patients 34% had unresectable tumors, 21% were not medically fit for surgery and 45% refused cystectomy. Overall, 68% of the patients had clinical T3 tumors or greater and 22% had nodal metastasis. Treatment was completed as planned in 32 of 56 (57%) patients. The most frequent grade 3 or 4 toxicities were neutropenia, stomatitis or mucositis, diarrhea, neuropathy and nausea. There were 53 patients who were evaluable for response, although response was not determined for 18. The overall response rate was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37 to 65) based on intent to treat with a complete response rate of 49% (95% CI 35 to 63). Estimated median survival of the 56 patients was 27 months (95% CI 21 to 40 months) with an overall 5-year survival of 32%. The 5-year survival of the 25 patients who refused surgery was 45%. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and radiation therapy is feasible. Despite a promising complete response rate, the overall 5-year survival suggests the need for more effective systemic therapy. The 5-year survival of patients who refused cystectomy suggests that this combined modality may provide another alternative to cystectomy for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hussain
- Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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Mucci NR, Rubin MA, Strawderman MS, Montie JE, Smith DC, Pienta KJ. Expression of nuclear antigen Ki-67 in prostate cancer needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1941-2. [PMID: 11106686 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.23.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N R Mucci
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0946, USA
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Kemmerer SR, Piampiano PP, Smith DC. Treatment of subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm with use of US-guided percutaneous thrombin injection. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11:1039-42. [PMID: 10997467 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S R Kemmerer
- Loma Linda University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, CA 92354, USA.
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Patel RS, Smith DC, Reid I. One stop breast clinics--victims of their own success? A prospective audit of referrals to a specialist breast clinic. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000; 26:452-4. [PMID: 11016464 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.1999.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to assess the number of unnecessary referrals to a specialist breast clinic, with special reference to urgent referrals, and to compare referrals with published guidelines for referral to these clinics. METHODS We carried out a prospective audit of new patient referrals from primary care to a specialist breast clinic. We assessed the total number of referrals, proportion of urgent and non-urgent referrals, proportion of unnecessary referrals according to published guidelines, waiting times for outpatient appointments and outcomes for these patients. RESULTS Of the total of 321 referrals, 35% were urgent. Twenty-eight per cent of urgent referrals and 37% of non-urgent were inappropriate according to published guidelines. Ten per cent of referrals had breast cancer while 90% had benign disease or no pathology. CONCLUSIONS There is a proliferation of guidelines (NHS, SIGN, BASO, Patients' Charter) for the organization of specialist breast clinics with the aim of providing rapid diagnosis for patients with malignant disease, or reassurance for symptomatic patients that they do not have breast cancer. However increasing numbers of patients are being referred to these clinics with minimal or no pathology, and this is not acknowledged by these guidelines. In this prospective study of referrals from primary care to a specialist breast clinic, one-third of referrals were inappropriate and this inevitably reduced the efficiency of the service provided for patients with significant symptoms.
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89
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Zeng Q, Smith DC, Suscovich TJ, Gooding WE, Trump DL, Grandis JR. Determination of intermediate biomarker expression levels by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in oral mucosa of cancer patients treated with liarozole. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:2245-51. [PMID: 10873074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Liarozole is a 1-substituted imidazole derivative that inhibits cytochrome P450 activity and increases endogenous plasma concentrations of retinoid acid (RA). We have previously demonstrated that RA down-modulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by decreasing the transcription rate of these two genes. Previous reports suggest that RA receptor (RAR)-beta levels are down-modulated in head and neck cancer and are restored by RA therapy. Cellular RA-binding protein (CRABP)-II is up-regulated by RA and appears to modulate intracellular RA metabolism. In conjunction with a Phase I clinical trial, total intact RNA was extracted from oral cavity mucosa biopsied from 17 patients with advanced malignancies, before and after treatment with a 4-week course of liarozole. To analyze these limited quantities of total RNA (as little as 0.6 microg/sample), a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay was developed using delayed dropping of the 5' beta-actin primer to amplify the highly abundant beta-actin gene as an internal control. We used this method to determine the expression levels of TGF-alpha, EGFR, RAR-beta, and CRABP-II before and after treatment. There was a trend toward elevation of RAR-beta levels in oral mucosa after liarozole therapy (P = 0.107), whereas TGF-alpha, EGFR, and CRABP-II were not modulated by systemic liarozole treatment. These results suggest that liarozole may up-regulate RAR-beta in tissues from cancer patients and that expression levels of potential intermediate biomarkers may be determined in small tissue biopsies using a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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90
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91
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Abstract
Oral chemotherapy has become a major component of the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The recognition that prostate cancer grows very slowly and must be treated continuously with active agents has led to the development of several therapeutic regimens. These regimens employ oral agents such as estramustine, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide, as they can be taken on a daily basis at home by the patients. These regimens have demonstrated activity in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer; declines in both prostate specific antigen and soft tissue lesions have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Pienta
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109-0005, USA
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92
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Abstract
The increase, in the last two decades, in the application of silicones (polysiloxanes) and inorganic silicon compounds in medicine and the food industry, has exposed the human body to extensive contacts with these substances. Most silicone breast implants contain a gel consisting of a crosslinked silicone elastomer swollen by silicone oil (PDMS). Diffusion of PDMS through the silicone elastomer envelope and rupture of the envelope with release of the gel contents both occur clinically. The amount and distribution of silicone compounds in various tissues are key issues in the assessment of health problems connected with silicone implants. We have measured by GFAAS the Si content of tissues from normal and implant patients and the organic solvent extractable Si levels (assumed to be silicone), using careful control of sample collection and preparation. Whole blood levels were: implant patients mean 38.8 (SD 25.6) (microg/kg), controls mean 24.2 (SD 26.7) (microg/kg) in one study and subsequently 103.8 (SD 112.1) and 74.3 (SD 86.5) (microg/kg) in another study. Capsular tissue levels were: gel implants 25047 (SD 39313) (mg/kg of dry tissue), saline implants 20.0 (SD 27.3) (mg/kg of dry tissue) and controls 0.24 (SD 0.39) (mg/kg of dry tissue). Breast milk levels were: implant patients mean 58.7 (SD 33.8) (microg/kg), controls mean 51.1 (SD 31.0) (microg/kg); infant formula mean was 4.40 (mg/kg). Various precautions were undertaken to avoid Si contamination in this work, the most important being a) the use of a Class 100 laboratory for sample preparation and b) application of strict and elaborate washing procedure for specimen collection tools and laboratory plasticware. This data demonstrated that to properly interpret the importance of these numbers for human health, a larger study of "normal" levels of Si in human tissues should be undertaken and factors such as diet, water, race and geographical location should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lugowski
- Centre for Biomaterials, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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93
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Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the efficacy and toxicity of suramin administered using a fixed dose schedule in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Fourteen eligible patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma were enrolled and treated on a fixed dose schedule of suramin administered over 12 weeks. Suramin was administered by intravenous infusions over 1 hour. None of the 13 evaluable patients demonstrated an objective response. Only 3 patients completed the 12-week therapy course, with the majority developing progressive disease on therapy. The fixed dosage schedule was well tolerated with minimal to moderate toxicity. Suramin in this fixed dose schedule is well tolerated but has no activity in advanced renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dreicer
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, and The University of Iowa Cancer Center, Iowa City, USA.
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94
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Rubin MA, Putzi M, Mucci N, Smith DC, Wojno K, Korenchuk S, Pienta KJ. Rapid ("warm") autopsy study for procurement of metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:1038-45. [PMID: 10741732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the distribution of metastases from 14 patients who had hormone-refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate and agreed while alive to undergo directed autopsies after their deaths. These autopsies were undertaken specifically to document the distribution of metastases, characterize tumors phenotypically and immunohistochemically, harvest fresh and snap frozen tumor and normal control tissues suitable for molecular examination, and establish cell lines via passages through generations of severe combined immunodeficient and athymic mice. Achievement of these goals was obtained through the development of a multidisciplinary team approach. Team members included a medical oncologist, pathologists, urologists, and researchers. The autopsy and tissue procurement teams were available on a round-the-clock basis. The tissues harvested from these autopsies yielded high-quality tumor samples, as evidenced by excellent preservation seen by light microscopy, strong prostate-specific antigen immunostaining, and the successful development of xenografts. The development and expansion of this program represent a valuable resource for molecular and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rubin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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95
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Kaindl RA, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Smith DC, Ryan JF, Farnan GA, McCurry MP, Walmsley DG. Ultrafast mid-infrared response of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta). Science 2000; 287:470-3. [PMID: 10642545 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5452.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Optical spectra of high-transition-temperature superconductors in the mid-infrared display a gap of in-plane conductivity whose role for superconductivity remains unresolved. Femtosecond measurements of the mid-infrared reflectivity of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) after nonequilibrium optical excitation are used to demonstrate the ultrafast fill-in of this gap and reveal two gap constituents: a picosecond recovery of the superconducting condensate in underdoped and optimally doped material and, in underdoped YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta), an additional subpicosecond component related to pseudogap correlations. The temperature-dependent amplitudes of both contributions correlate with the antiferromagnetic 41-millielectronvolt peak in neutron scattering, supporting the coupling between charges and spin excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- RA Kaindl
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast
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96
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Abstract
A number of pharmacologic agents have been used for induction during rapid sequence intubation (RSI). Some of these agents may have adverse effects that can limit their use in certain clinical settings. This study was undertaken to determine the safety and utility of etomidate in patients with a range of underlying clinical conditions. Thirty-four patients underwent RSI in the emergency department (ED). Hemodynamic measurements and clinical assessments were recorded before and after intubation. The results suggest that etomidate is a safe and effective agent for use in a range of patients undergoing RSI in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA
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97
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Nanson JK, Sheppard SV, Kulkarni M, Smith DC. A comparison of sequential total and activated white cell count in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, using cardiopulmonary bypass, with and without a white cell filter. Crit Care 1999. [PMCID: PMC4097134 DOI: 10.1186/cc654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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98
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Roberts PR, Allen S, Smith DC, Urban JF, Euler DE, Kallok MJ, Morgan JM. Improved efficacy of anodal biphasic defibrillation shocks following a failed defibrillation attempt. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22:1753-9. [PMID: 10642128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1999.tb00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally assumed that defibrillation becomes more difficult when the duration of VF is prolonged, after a failed defibrillation attempt, there is little information on the defibrillation efficacy of multiple shocks delivered at the same energy. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the efficacy of a second shock delivered at the same or reversed polarity after a failed first shock. Defibrillation was attempted after 10 seconds of VF in 12 pigs (30-56 kg) using biphasic waveforms and a nonthoracotomy lead system. Shock energy was held constant for the first and second shocks at 50%-90% of the DFT. The second shock was delivered 10 seconds after a failed first shock. First and second shock polarity (first phase) was randomized to (+, +), (+, -), (-, -), (-, +). The incidence of successful defibrillation (for all polarities) was 12.3% for first and 49.1% for second shocks (P < 0.0001). Anodal first shocks had a 17.2% incidence of success as opposed to a 7.4% incidence of success with cathodal first shocks (P = 0.001). Anodal second shocks had a 55.5% incidence of success compared to a 42.7% incidence of success with cathodal second shocks (P = 0.008). There was no significant benefit from polarity reversal after a failed first shock (P = 0.29). In conclusion, less energy is required for successful defibrillation by a second shock after a failed first. The optimal configuration for first and second shocks is with the RV as anode. Polarity reversal of a second shock after a failed first does not affect the probability of second shock success.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Roberts
- Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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99
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Woolley PV, Freiha FS, Smith DC, Carlson L, Hofacker J, Quinn N, Grove W, Trump DL. A phase II trial of CI-958 in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 44:511-7. [PMID: 10550573 DOI: 10.1007/s002800051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the antitumor activity of the benzothiopyranoindazole CI-958 ¿5-[(2-aminomethyl)amino]-2-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2H- [l]benzothiopyrano[4,3,2-cd]-indazol-8-ol trihydrochloride¿ in hormone-resistant prostate carcinoma, using an intravenous dose of 700 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients eligible for this study had advanced prostate carcinoma that had failed hormonal treatment. Changes in an initially elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and regression of objectively measurable disease were used as response criteria. RESULTS All 33 patients enrolled were evaluated. Of 30 with elevated PSA levels, 6 had a >50% decline maintained for >30 days; response durations ranged from 105 to 623 days. Eleven patients had objectively measurable disease; two had partial responses (lasting 316 and 461 days) consisting of shrinkage of retroperitoneal nodes and of masses surrounding the rectum and bladder. The survival of all responding patients ranged from 366 days to 709 days and the median survival of all patients was 12 months (range 1-23 + months). Neutropenia was common, but thrombocytopenia was not. Nonhematologic side effects included nausea, vomiting, anorexia, asthenia, and chills, but were usually mild. The drug caused phlebitis when given into peripheral veins and central venous administration is recommended. No consistent reductions in cardiac function were documented by sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fractions. CONCLUSIONS CI-958 has modest but definite antitumor activity in hormone-resistant prostate carcinoma. Its toxicities include neutropenia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, asthenia, chills and phlebitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Woolley
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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100
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Abstract
This article describes the findings of a pilot program designed to enter advanced prostate cancer patients into the hospice benefit while they are still being actively treated, but in situations where treatment is known to be primarily palliative in nature. The supportive care program (SCP) combines the medical model's goal to prolong life with the goal of hospice to palliate symptoms and improve quality of life (QOL). The concept of a SCP was developed to create a team approach where advanced prostate cancer patients who are starting investigational chemotherapy are concurrently enrolled into a hospice program. The objectives were to identify whether SCP improved QOL and continuity of care while remaining cost-effective. Data were collected on patient quality of life, performance status, use of health care resources, and costs for the 36 enrolled patients. A comparison was made to a matched set of 23 control patients. Our findings indicate that the SCP contributes to continuity of care while being cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Esper
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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