51
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, and visiting professor at Keio University School of Medicine and Global Research Institute, Tokyo
| | | | - John E J Rasko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia
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52
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Guan FHX, Bailey CG, Metierre C, O'Young P, Gao D, Khoo TL, Holst J, Rasko JEJ. The antiproliferative ELF2 isoform, ELF2B, induces apoptosis in vitro and perturbs early lymphocytic development in vivo. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:75. [PMID: 28351373 PMCID: PMC5371273 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ELF2 (E74-like factor 2) also known as NERF (new Ets-related factor), a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, regulates genes important in B and T cell development, cell cycle progression, and angiogenesis. Conserved ELF2 isoforms, ELF2A, and ELF2B, arising from alternative promoter usage can exert opposing effects on target gene expression. ELF2A activates, whilst ELF2B represses, gene expression, and the balance of expression between these isoforms may be important in maintaining normal cellular function. Methods We compared the function of ELF2 isoforms ELF2A and ELF2B with other ELF subfamily proteins ELF1 and ELF4 in primary and cancer cell lines using proliferation, colony-forming, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays. We further examined the role of ELF2 isoforms in haemopoietic development using a Rag1-/-murine bone marrow reconstitution model. Results ELF2B overexpression significantly reduced cell proliferation and clonogenic capacity, minimally disrupted cell cycle kinetics, and induced apoptosis. In contrast, ELF2A overexpression only marginally reduced clonogenic capacity with little effect on proliferation, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis. Deletion of the N-terminal 19 amino acids unique to ELF2B abrogated the antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions of ELF2B thereby confirming its crucial role. Mice expressing Elf2a or Elf2b in haemopoietic cells variously displayed perturbations in the pre-B cell stage and multiple stages of T cell development. Mature B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells in steady state were unaffected, suggesting that the main role of ELF2 is restricted to the early development of B and T cells and that compensatory mechanisms exist. No differences in B and T cell development were observed between ELF2 isoforms. Conclusions We conclude that ELF2 isoforms are important regulators of cellular proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. In respect to this, ELF2B acts in a dominant negative fashion compared to ELF2A and as a putative tumour suppressor gene. Given that these cellular processes are critical during haemopoiesis, we propose that the regulatory interplay between ELF2 isoforms contributes substantially to early B and T cell development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0446-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H X Guan
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Cynthia Metierre
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Patrick O'Young
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Teh Liane Khoo
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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53
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Marshall AD, Bailey CG, Champ K, Vellozzi M, O'Young P, Metierre C, Feng Y, Thoeng A, Richards AM, Schmitz U, Biro M, Jayasinghe R, Ding L, Anderson L, Mardis ER, Rasko JEJ. CTCF genetic alterations in endometrial carcinoma are pro-tumorigenic. Oncogene 2017; 36:4100-4110. [PMID: 28319062 PMCID: PMC5519450 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CTCF is a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor gene with diverse normal functions in genome structure and gene regulation. However the mechanism by which CTCF haploinsufficiency contributes to cancer development is not well understood. CTCF is frequently mutated in endometrial cancer. Here we show that most CTCF mutations effectively result in CTCF haploinsufficiency through nonsense-mediated decay of mutant transcripts, or loss-of-function missense mutation. Conversely, we identified a recurrent CTCF mutation K365T, which alters a DNA binding residue, and acts as a gain-of-function mutation enhancing cell survival. CTCF genetic deletion occurs predominantly in poor prognosis serous subtype tumours, and this genetic deletion is associated with poor overall survival. In addition, we have shown that CTCF haploinsufficiency also occurs in poor prognosis endometrial clear cell carcinomas and has some association with endometrial cancer relapse and metastasis. Using shRNA targeting CTCF to recapitulate CTCF haploinsufficiency, we have identified a novel role for CTCF in the regulation of cellular polarity of endometrial glandular epithelium. Overall, we have identified two novel pro-tumorigenic roles (promoting cell survival and altering cell polarity) for genetic alterations of CTCF in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Marshall
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Champ
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Vellozzi
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P O'Young
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Metierre
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Thoeng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A M Richards
- Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - U Schmitz
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Biro
- Cell Motility and Mechanobiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Jayasinghe
- Cancer Genomics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Ding
- Cancer Genomics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Anderson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E R Mardis
- Cancer Genomics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - J E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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54
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Middleton R, Gao D, Thomas A, Singh B, Au A, Wong JJL, Bomane A, Cosson B, Eyras E, Rasko JEJ, Ritchie W. IRFinder: assessing the impact of intron retention on mammalian gene expression. Genome Biol 2017; 18:51. [PMID: 28298237 PMCID: PMC5353968 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intron retention (IR) occurs when an intron is transcribed into pre-mRNA and remains in the final mRNA. We have developed a program and database called IRFinder to accurately detect IR from mRNA sequencing data. Analysis of 2573 samples showed that IR occurs in all tissues analyzed, affects over 80% of all coding genes and is associated with cell differentiation and the cell cycle. Frequently retained introns are enriched for specific RNA binding protein sites and are often retained in clusters in the same gene. IR is associated with lower protein levels and intron-retaining transcripts that escape nonsense-mediated decay are not actively translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Middleton
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | | | - Babita Singh
- Pompeu Fabra University, UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, E08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy Au
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Gene Regulation in Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Alexandra Bomane
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR7216, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Cosson
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR7216, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Eyras
- Pompeu Fabra University, UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, E08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,CNRS, UPR 1142, Montpellier, 34094, France. .,CNRS, UMR 5203, Montpellier, 34094, France.
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55
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Kwok CT, Marshall AD, Rasko JEJ, Wong JJL. Erratum to: Genetic alterations of m 6A regulators predict poorer survival in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:49. [PMID: 28212678 PMCID: PMC5314618 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chau-To Kwok
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Gene Regulation in Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Amy D Marshall
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Justin J L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,Gene Regulation in Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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56
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Kwok CT, Marshall AD, Rasko JEJ, Wong JJL. Genetic alterations of m 6A regulators predict poorer survival in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:39. [PMID: 28153030 PMCID: PMC5290707 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of N6 adenosine (m6A) is known to be important for diverse biological processes including gene expression control, translation of protein, and messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing. However, its role in the development of human cancers is poorly understood. By analyzing datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) study, we discover that mutations and/or copy number variations of m6A regulatory genes are strongly associated with the presence of TP53 mutations in AML patients. Further, our analyses reveal that alterations in m6A regulatory genes confer a worse survival in AML. Our work indicates that genetic alterations of m6A regulatory genes may cooperate with TP53 and/or its regulator/downstream targets in the pathogenesis and/or maintenance of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-To Kwok
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Gene Regulation in Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Amy D Marshall
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Justin J L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,Gene Regulation in Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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57
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Abstract
Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the early 1990s, these small molecules have been increasingly recognized as key players in the regulation of critical biological processes. They have also been implicated in many diverse human diseases. The canonical function of miRNAs is to target the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of cytoplasmic messenger RNA to post-transcriptionally regulate mRNA and protein levels. It has now been shown that miRNAs can also bind to the promoter regions of genes or primary miRNA transcripts to regulate gene expression. Such observations have indicated the presence of miRNAs in the nucleus and implied additional non-canonical functions. Nevertheless, the role(s) of nuclear miRNAs in normal hemopoiesis and cancer remains elusive despite a burgeoning literature. Herein, we review current knowledge concerning the abundance and/or functions of nuclear miRNAs during blood cell development and cancer biology. We also discuss ongoing challenges in order to provoke further studies into identifying key roles for nuclear miRNAs in the development of other cell lineages and human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia. .,Gene Regulation in Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia. .,, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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58
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Abstract
In this chapter we discuss computational methods for the prediction of microRNA (miRNA) targets. More specifically, we consider machine learning-based approaches and explain why these methods have been relatively unsuccessful in reducing the number of false positive predictions. Further we suggest approaches designed to improve their performance by considering tissue-specific target regulation. We argue that the miRNA targetome differs depending on the tissue type and introduce a novel algorithm that predicts miRNA targets specifically for colorectal cancer. We discuss features of miRNAs and target sites that affect target recognition, and how next-generation sequencing data can support the identification of novel miRNAs, differentially expressed miRNAs and their tissue-specific mRNA targets. In addition, we introduce some experimental approaches for the validation of miRNA targets as well as web-based resources sharing predicted and validated miRNA target interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Amirkhah
- Reza Institute of Cancer Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hojjat Naderi Meshkin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Farazmand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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59
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Marshall AD, van Geldermalsen M, Otte NJ, Anderson LA, Lum T, Vellozzi MA, Zhang BK, Thoeng A, Wang Q, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. LAT1 is a putative therapeutic target in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2529-39. [PMID: 27486861 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
l-type amino acid transporters (LAT1-4) are expressed in various cancer types and are involved in the uptake of essential amino acids such as leucine. Here we investigated the expression of LAT1-4 in endometrial adenocarcinoma and evaluated the contribution of LATs to endometrial cancer cell growth. Analysis of human gene expression data showed that all four LAT family members are expressed in endometrial adenocarcinomas. LAT1 was the most highly expressed, and showed a significant increase in both serous and endometrioid subtypes compared to normal endometrium. Endometrioid patients with the highest LAT1 levels exhibited the lowest disease-free survival. The pan-LAT inhibitor BCH led to a significant decrease in cell growth and spheroid area in four endometrial cancer cell lines tested in vitro. Knockdown of LAT1 by shRNA inhibited cell growth in HEC1A and Ishikawa cells, as well as inhibiting spheroid area in HEC1A cells. These data show that LAT1 plays an important role in regulating the uptake of essential amino acids such as leucine into endometrial cancer cells. Increased ability of BCH compared to LAT1 shRNA at inhibiting Ishikawa spheroid area suggests that other LAT family members may also contribute to cell growth. LAT1 inhibition may offer an effective therapeutic strategy in endometrial cancer patients whose tumours exhibit high LAT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Marshall
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle van Geldermalsen
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Otte
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyndal A Anderson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trina Lum
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa A Vellozzi
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake K Zhang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annora Thoeng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qian Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Liu HJ, Ooms LM, Srijakotre N, Man J, Vieusseux J, Waters JE, Feng Y, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Price JT, Mitchell CA. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Rac Exchanger 1 (PREX1) Rac-Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) Activity Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth via Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17258-70. [PMID: 27358402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (PREX1) is a Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) overexpressed in a significant proportion of human breast cancers that integrates signals from upstream ErbB2/3 and CXCR4 membrane surface receptors. However, the PREX1 domains that facilitate its oncogenic activity and downstream signaling are not completely understood. We identify that ERK1/2 MAPK acts downstream of PREX1 and contributes to PREX1-mediated anchorage-independent cell growth. PREX1 overexpression increased but its shRNA knockdown decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to EGF/IGF-1 stimulation, resulting in induction of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) PREX1-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, anchorage-independent cell growth, and cell migration were suppressed by inhibition of MEK1/2/ERK1/2 signaling. PREX1 overexpression reduced staurosporine-induced apoptosis whereas its shRNA knockdown promoted apoptosis in response to staurosporine or the anti-estrogen drug tamoxifen. Expression of wild-type but not GEF-inactive PREX1 increased anchorage-independent cell growth. In addition, mouse xenograft studies revealed that expression of wild-type but not GEF-dead PREX1 resulted in the formation of larger tumors that displayed increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not AKT. The impaired anchorage-independent cell growth, apoptosis, and ERK1/2 signaling observed in stable PREX1 knockdown cells was restored by expression of wild-type but not GEF-dead-PREX1. Therefore, PREX1-Rac-GEF activity is critical for PREX1-dependent anchorage-independent cell growth and xenograft tumor growth and may represent a possible therapeutic target for breast cancers that exhibit PREX1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jia Liu
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nuthasuda Srijakotre
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joey Man
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica Vieusseux
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - JoAnne E Waters
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yue Feng
- the Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- the Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, New South Wales 2050, Australia, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia, and
| | - John T Price
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, the Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- From the Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia,
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61
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van Geldermalsen M, Wang Q, Nagarajah R, Marshall AD, Thoeng A, Gao D, Ritchie W, Feng Y, Bailey CG, Deng N, Harvey K, Beith JM, Selinger CI, O'Toole SA, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. ASCT2/SLC1A5 controls glutamine uptake and tumour growth in triple-negative basal-like breast cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:3201-8. [PMID: 26455325 PMCID: PMC4914826 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2; SLC1A5) mediates uptake of glutamine, a conditionally essential amino acid in rapidly proliferating tumour cells. Uptake of glutamine and subsequent glutaminolysis is critical for activation of the mTORC1 nutrient-sensing pathway, which regulates cell growth and protein translation in cancer cells. This is of particular interest in breast cancer, as glutamine dependence is increased in high-risk breast cancer subtypes. Pharmacological inhibitors of ASCT2-mediated transport significantly reduced glutamine uptake in human breast cancer cell lines, leading to the suppression of mTORC1 signalling, cell growth and cell cycle progression. Notably, these effects were subtype-dependent, with ASCT2 transport critical only for triple-negative (TN) basal-like breast cancer cell growth compared with minimal effects in luminal breast cancer cells. Both stable and inducible shRNA-mediated ASCT2 knockdown confirmed that inhibiting ASCT2 function was sufficient to prevent cellular proliferation and induce rapid cell death in TN basal-like breast cancer cells, but not in luminal cells. Using a bioluminescent orthotopic xenograft mouse model, ASCT2 expression was then shown to be necessary for both successful engraftment and growth of HCC1806 TN breast cancer cells in vivo. Lower tumoral expression of ASCT2 conferred a significant survival advantage in xenografted mice. These responses remained intact in primary breast cancers, where gene expression analysis showed high expression of ASCT2 and glutamine metabolism-related genes, including GLUL and GLS, in a cohort of 90 TN breast cancer patients, as well as correlations with the transcriptional regulators, MYC and ATF4. This study provides preclinical evidence for the feasibility of novel therapies exploiting ASCT2 transporter activity in breast cancer, particularly in the high-risk basal-like subgroup of TN breast cancer where there is not only high expression of ASCT2, but also a marked reliance on its activity for sustained cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Geldermalsen
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Q Wang
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Nagarajah
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A D Marshall
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Thoeng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Gao
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Deng
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Harvey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Beith
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C I Selinger
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S A O'Toole
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Holst
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Associate, Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia. E-mail:
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Wong JJL, Au AYM, Gao D, Pinello N, Kwok CT, Thoeng A, Lau KA, Gordon JEA, Schmitz U, Feng Y, Nguyen TV, Middleton R, Bailey CG, Holst J, Rasko JEJ, Ritchie W. RBM3 regulates temperature sensitive miR-142-5p and miR-143 (thermomiRs), which target immune genes and control fever. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2888-97. [PMID: 26825461 PMCID: PMC4824108 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is commonly used to diagnose disease and is consistently associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. However, the molecular controls of elevated body temperature are poorly understood. We discovered that the expression of RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), known to respond to cold stress and to modulate microRNA (miRNA) expression, was reduced in 30 patients with fever, and in THP-1-derived macrophages maintained at a fever-like temperature (40°C). Notably, RBM3 expression is reduced during fever whether or not infection is demonstrable. Reduced RBM3 expression resulted in increased expression of RBM3-targeted temperature-sensitive miRNAs, we termed thermomiRs. ThermomiRs such as miR-142–5p and miR-143 in turn target endogenous pyrogens including IL-6, IL6ST, TLR2, PGE2 and TNF to complete a negative feedback mechanism, which may be crucial to prevent pathological hyperthermia. Using normal PBMCs that were exogenously exposed to fever-like temperature (40°C), we further demonstrate the trend by which decreased levels of RBM3 were associated with increased levels of miR-142–5p and miR-143 and vice versa over a 24 h time course. Collectively, our results indicate the existence of a negative feedback loop that regulates fever via reduced RBM3 levels and increased expression of miR-142–5p and miR-143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J-L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amy Y M Au
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chau-To Kwok
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Annora Thoeng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine A Lau
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane E A Gordon
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yue Feng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Trung V Nguyen
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Middleton
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia CNRS, UMR 5203, Montpellier 34094, France
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63
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J.-L. Wong
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
| | - Amy Y. M. Au
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
| | - John E. J. Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
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Pugacheva EM, Rivero-Hinojosa S, Espinoza CA, Méndez-Catalá CF, Kang S, Suzuki T, Kosaka-Suzuki N, Robinson S, Nagarajan V, Ye Z, Boukaba A, Rasko JEJ, Strunnikov AV, Loukinov D, Ren B, Lobanenkov VV. Comparative analyses of CTCF and BORIS occupancies uncover two distinct classes of CTCF binding genomic regions. Genome Biol 2015; 16:161. [PMID: 26268681 PMCID: PMC4562119 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CTCF and BORIS (CTCFL), two paralogous mammalian proteins sharing nearly identical DNA binding domains, are thought to function in a mutually exclusive manner in DNA binding and transcriptional regulation. Results Here we show that these two proteins co-occupy a specific subset of regulatory elements consisting of clustered CTCF binding motifs (termed 2xCTSes). BORIS occupancy at 2xCTSes is largely invariant in BORIS-positive cancer cells, with the genomic pattern recapitulating the germline-specific BORIS binding to chromatin. In contrast to the single-motif CTCF target sites (1xCTSes), the 2xCTS elements are preferentially found at active promoters and enhancers, both in cancer and germ cells. 2xCTSes are also enriched in genomic regions that escape histone to protamine replacement in human and mouse sperm. Depletion of the BORIS gene leads to altered transcription of a large number of genes and the differentiation of K562 cells, while the ectopic expression of this CTCF paralog leads to specific changes in transcription in MCF7 cells. Conclusions We discover two functionally and structurally different classes of CTCF binding regions, 2xCTSes and 1xCTSes, revealed by their predisposition to bind BORIS. We propose that 2xCTSes play key roles in the transcriptional program of cancer and germ cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0736-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Pugacheva
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Samuel Rivero-Hinojosa
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Celso A Espinoza
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sungyun Kang
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Teruhiko Suzuki
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.,Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kosaka-Suzuki
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Susan Robinson
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhen Ye
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abdelhalim Boukaba
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Alexander V Strunnikov
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Dmitri Loukinov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Victor V Lobanenkov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Hussein SMI, Puri MC, Tonge PD, Benevento M, Corso AJ, Clancy JL, Mosbergen R, Li M, Lee DS, Cloonan N, Wood DLA, Munoz J, Middleton R, Korn O, Patel HR, White CA, Shin JY, Gauthier ME, Cao KAL, Kim JI, Mar JC, Shakiba N, Ritchie W, Rasko JEJ, Grimmond SM, Zandstra PW, Wells CA, Preiss T, Seo JS, Heck AJR, Rogers IM, Nagy A. Corrigendum: Genome-wide characterization of the routes to pluripotency. Nature 2015; 523:626. [PMID: 26083747 DOI: 10.1038/nature14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Wang Q, Hardie RA, Hoy AJ, van Geldermalsen M, Gao D, Fazli L, Sadowski MC, Balaban S, Schreuder M, Nagarajah R, Wong JJL, Metierre C, Pinello N, Otte NJ, Lehman ML, Gleave M, Nelson CC, Bailey CG, Ritchie W, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Targeting ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake blocks prostate cancer growth and tumour development. J Pathol 2015; 236:278-89. [PMID: 25693838 PMCID: PMC4973854 DOI: 10.1002/path.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is conditionally essential in cancer cells, being utilized as a carbon and nitrogen source for macromolecule production, as well as for anaplerotic reactions fuelling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In this study, we demonstrated that the glutamine transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5) is highly expressed in prostate cancer patient samples. Using LNCaP and PC‐3 prostate cancer cell lines, we showed that chemical or shRNA‐mediated inhibition of ASCT2 function in vitro decreases glutamine uptake, cell cycle progression through E2F transcription factors, mTORC1 pathway activation and cell growth. Chemical inhibition also reduces basal oxygen consumption and fatty acid synthesis, showing that downstream metabolic function is reliant on ASCT2‐mediated glutamine uptake. Furthermore, shRNA knockdown of ASCT2 in PC‐3 cell xenografts significantly inhibits tumour growth and metastasis in vivo, associated with the down‐regulation of E2F cell cycle pathway proteins. In conclusion, ASCT2‐mediated glutamine uptake is essential for multiple pathways regulating the cell cycle and cell growth, and is therefore a putative therapeutic target in prostate cancer. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rae-Anne Hardie
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle van Geldermalsen
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bioinformatics, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Seher Balaban
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Schreuder
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia Metierre
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Otte
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bioinformatics, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Wang Q, Hardie RA, Hoy AJ, van Geldermalsen M, Gao D, Fazli L, Sadowski MC, Balaban S, Schreuder M, Nagarajah R, Wong JJL, Metierre C, Pinello N, Otte NJ, Lehman ML, Gleave M, Nelson CC, Bailey CG, Ritchie W, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Targeting ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake blocks prostate cancer growth and tumour development. J Pathol 2015. [PMID: 25693838 DOI: 10.1002/path.4518.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is conditionally essential in cancer cells, being utilized as a carbon and nitrogen source for macromolecule production, as well as for anaplerotic reactions fuelling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In this study, we demonstrated that the glutamine transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5) is highly expressed in prostate cancer patient samples. Using LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines, we showed that chemical or shRNA-mediated inhibition of ASCT2 function in vitro decreases glutamine uptake, cell cycle progression through E2F transcription factors, mTORC1 pathway activation and cell growth. Chemical inhibition also reduces basal oxygen consumption and fatty acid synthesis, showing that downstream metabolic function is reliant on ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake. Furthermore, shRNA knockdown of ASCT2 in PC-3 cell xenografts significantly inhibits tumour growth and metastasis in vivo, associated with the down-regulation of E2F cell cycle pathway proteins. In conclusion, ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake is essential for multiple pathways regulating the cell cycle and cell growth, and is therefore a putative therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rae-Anne Hardie
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle van Geldermalsen
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bioinformatics, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Seher Balaban
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Schreuder
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia Metierre
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Otte
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bioinformatics, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Hussein SMI, Puri MC, Tonge PD, Benevento M, Corso AJ, Clancy JL, Mosbergen R, Li M, Lee DS, Cloonan N, Wood DLA, Munoz J, Middleton R, Korn O, Patel HR, White CA, Shin JY, Gauthier ME, Cao KAL, Kim JI, Mar JC, Shakiba N, Ritchie W, Rasko JEJ, Grimmond SM, Zandstra PW, Wells CA, Preiss T, Seo JS, Heck AJR, Rogers IM, Nagy A. Genome-wide characterization of the routes to pluripotency. Nature 2014; 516:198-206. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Clancy JL, Patel HR, Hussein SMI, Tonge PD, Cloonan N, Corso AJ, Li M, Lee DS, Shin JY, Wong JJL, Bailey CG, Benevento M, Munoz J, Chuah A, Wood D, Rasko JEJ, Heck AJR, Grimmond SM, Rogers IM, Seo JS, Wells CA, Puri MC, Nagy A, Preiss T. Small RNA changes en route to distinct cellular states of induced pluripotency. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5522. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Wong JJL, Lau KA, Pinello N, Rasko JEJ. Epigenetic modifications of splicing factor genes in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1457-63. [PMID: 25220401 PMCID: PMC4462368 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in splicing factor genes have frequently been reported in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although aberrant epigenetic changes are frequently implicated in blood cancers, their direct role in suppressing one or both alleles of critical splicing factors has not been previously examined. Here, we examined promoter DNA hypermethylation of nine splicing factors, SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1, ZRSR2, SF3A1, HNRNPR, MATR3, ZFR, and YBX3 in 10 leukemic cell lines and 94 MDS or AML patient samples from the Australasian Leukemia and Lymphoma Group Tissue Bank. The only evidence of epigenetic effects was hypermethylation of the YBX3 promoter in U937 cells in conjunction with an enrichment of histone marks associated with gene silencing. In silico analysis of DNA methylation data for 173 AML samples generated by the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network revealed promoter hypermethylation of the gene encoding Y box binding protein 3, YBX3, in 11/173 (6.4%) AML cases, which was significantly associated with reduced mRNA expression (P < 0.0001). Hypermethylation of the ZRSR2 promoter was also detected in 7/173 (4%) cases but was not associated with decreased mRNA expression (P = 0.1204). Hypermethylation was absent at the promoter of seven other splicing factor genes in all cell lines and patient samples examined. We conclude that DNA hypermethylation does not frequently silence splicing factors in MDS and AML. However, in the case of YBX3, promoter hypermethylation-induced downregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis or maintenance of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J-L Wong
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Wong JJL, Ritchie W, Gao D, Lau KA, Gonzalez M, Choudhary A, Taft RJ, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Identification of nuclear-enriched miRNAs during mouse granulopoiesis. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:42. [PMID: 24886830 PMCID: PMC4046156 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are coordinators of cellular differentiation, including granulopoiesis. Although differential expression of many miRNAs is associated with the maturation of granulocytes, analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs and their cellular localization across all stages of granulopoiesis, starting from hemopoietic stems cells, is not well characterized. Methods We analyzed whole cell miRNA and mRNA expression during granulopoiesis using Taqman low-density and Affymetrix arrays respectively. We also performed nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation followed by Taqman low-density array and/or quantitative PCR to identify nuclear-enriched miRNAs in hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells, promyelocytes, myelocytes, granulocytes and several hemopoietic cell lines. Anti-correlation between the expression of miRNA and target pairs was used to determine putative miRNA targets. Results Analyses of our array data revealed distinct clusters of differentially expressed miRNAs that are specific to promyelocytes and granulocytes. While the roles of many of these miRNAs in granulopoiesis are not currently known, anti-correlation of the expression of miRNA/mRNA target pairs identified a suite of novel target genes. Clusters of miRNAs (including members of the let-7 and miR-17-92 families) are downregulated in hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells, potentially allowing the expression of target genes known to facilitate stem cell proliferation and homeostasis. Additionally, four miRNAs (miR-709, miR-706, miR-690 and miR-467a*) were found to be enriched in the nucleus of myeloid cells and multiple hemopoietic cell lines compared to other miRNAs, which are predominantly cytoplasmic-enriched. Both miR-709 and miR-706 are nuclear-enriched throughout granulopoiesis and have putative binding sites of extensive complementarity downstream of pri-miRNAs. Nuclear enrichment of miR-467a* is specific to hemopoietic stem/progenitors and promyelocytes. These miRNAs are also nuclear-enriched in other hemopoietic cell lines, where nuclear sequestering may fine-tune the expression of cytoplasmic mRNA targets. Conclusions Overall, we have demonstrated differentially expressed miRNAs that have not previously been associated with hemopoietic differentiation and provided further evidence of regulated nuclear-enrichment of miRNAs. Further studies into miRNA function in granulocyte development may shed light on fundamental aspects of regulatory RNA biology and the role of nuclear miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Holst
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia.
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Wang Q, Beaumont KA, Otte NJ, Font J, Bailey CG, van Geldermalsen M, Sharp DM, Tiffen JC, Ryan RM, Jormakka M, Haass NK, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Targeting glutamine transport to suppress melanoma cell growth. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1060-71. [PMID: 24531984 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids, especially leucine and glutamine, are important for tumor cell growth, survival and metabolism. A range of different transporters deliver each specific amino acid into cells, some of which are increased in cancer. These amino acids consequently activate the mTORC1 pathway and drive cell cycle progression. The leucine transporter LAT1/4F2hc heterodimer assembles as part of a large complex with the glutamine transporter ASCT2 to transport amino acids. In this study, we show that the expression of LAT1 and ASCT2 is significantly increased in human melanoma samples and is present in both BRAF(WT) (C8161 and WM852) and BRAF(V600E) mutant (1205Lu and 451Lu) melanoma cell lines. While inhibition of LAT1 by BCH did not suppress melanoma cell growth, the ASCT2 inhibitor BenSer significantly reduced both leucine and glutamine transport in melanoma cells, leading to inhibition of mTORC1 signaling. Cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were significantly reduced in the presence of BenSer in melanoma cells in 2D and 3D cell culture. This included reduced expression of the cell cycle regulators CDK1 and UBE2C. The importance of ASCT2 expression in melanoma was confirmed by shRNA knockdown, which inhibited glutamine uptake, mTORC1 signaling and cell proliferation. Taken together, our study demonstrates that ASCT2-mediated glutamine transport is a potential therapeutic target for both BRAF(WT) and BRAF(V600E) melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ritchie W, Rasko JEJ. Refining microRNA target predictions: sorting the wheat from the chaff. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:780-4. [PMID: 24525131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs are short RNAs that reduce gene expression by binding to their targets. The accurate prediction of microRNA targets is essential to understanding the function of microRNAs. Computational predictions indicate that all human genes may be regulated by microRNAs, with each microRNA possibly targeting thousands of genes. Here we discuss computational methods for identifying mammalian microRNA targets and refining them for further experimental validation. We describe microRNA target prediction resources and procedures and how they integrate with various types of experimental techniques that aim to validate them or further explore their function. We also provide a list of target prediction databases and explain how these are curated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenarym Institute, University of Sydney, Locked Bag No 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenarym Institute, University of Sydney, Locked Bag No 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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Lim SH, Becker TM, Chua W, Caixeiro NJ, Ng WL, Kienzle N, Tognela A, Lumba S, Rasko JEJ, de Souza P, Spring KJ. Circulating tumour cells and circulating free nucleic acid as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 346:24-33. [PMID: 24368189 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of circulating tumour cells or circulating free tumour nucleic acids can potentially guide treatment and inform prognosis in colorectal cancer using minimally invasive "liquid biopsies". Current literature supports the notion that high circulating tumour cell counts or presence of tumour nucleic acid correlate with inferior clinical outcomes for patients, but they are not yet part of routine clinical care. Future research evolves around the examination of the molecular phenotype of circulating tumour cells. The key unanswered areas include differentiating between circulating tumour cell presence and their proliferative capacity and dormancy, identifying tumour heterogeneity and understanding the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lim
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia.
| | - T M Becker
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - W Chua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - N J Caixeiro
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Liverpool Clinical School, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - W L Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - N Kienzle
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - A Tognela
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Liverpool Clinical School, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - S Lumba
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - J E J Rasko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - P de Souza
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Liverpool Clinical School, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool 2170, Australia
| | - K J Spring
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool 2170, Australia; South West Sydney Translational Cancer Research Unit, Liverpool 2170, Australia; Liverpool Clinical School, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool 2170, Australia
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Marshall AD, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ. CTCF and BORIS in genome regulation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 24:8-15. [PMID: 24657531 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CTCF plays a vital role in chromatin structure and function. CTCF is ubiquitously expressed and plays diverse roles in gene regulation, imprinting, insulation, intra/interchromosomal interactions, nuclear compartmentalisation, and alternative splicing. CTCF has a single paralogue, the testes-specific CTCF-like gene (CTCFL)/BORIS. CTCF and BORIS can be deregulated in cancer. The tumour suppressor gene CTCF can be mutated or deleted in cancer, or CTCF DNA binding can be altered by epigenetic changes. BORIS is aberrantly expressed frequently in cancer, leading some to propose a pro-tumourigenic role for BORIS. However, BORIS can inhibit cell proliferation, and is mutated in cancer similarly to CTCF suggesting BORIS activation in cancer may be due to global genetic or epigenetic changes typical of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Marshall
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Missenden Road, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Missenden Road, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Missenden Road, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia.
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Wang Q, Tiffen J, Bailey CG, Lehman ML, Ritchie W, Fazli L, Metierre C, Feng YJ, Li E, Gleave M, Buchanan G, Nelson CC, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Targeting amino acid transport in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: effects on cell cycle, cell growth, and tumor development. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1463-73. [PMID: 24052624 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) uptake neutral amino acids including L-leucine into cells, stimulating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and protein synthesis. LAT1 and LAT3 are overexpressed at different stages of prostate cancer, and they are responsible for increasing nutrients and stimulating cell growth. METHODS We examined LAT3 protein expression in human prostate cancer tissue microarrays. LAT function was inhibited using a leucine analog (BCH) in androgen-dependent and -independent environments, with gene expression analyzed by microarray. A PC-3 xenograft mouse model was used to study the effects of inhibiting LAT1 and LAT3 expression. Results were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U or Fisher exact tests. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS LAT3 protein was expressed at all stages of prostate cancer, with a statistically significant decrease in expression after 4-7 months of neoadjuvant hormone therapy (4-7 month mean = 1.571; 95% confidence interval = 1.155 to 1.987 vs 0 month = 2.098; 95% confidence interval = 1.962 to 2.235; P = .0187). Inhibition of LAT function led to activating transcription factor 4-mediated upregulation of amino acid transporters including ASCT1, ASCT2, and 4F2hc, all of which were also regulated via the androgen receptor. LAT inhibition suppressed M-phase cell cycle genes regulated by E2F family transcription factors including critical castration-resistant prostate cancer regulatory genes UBE2C, CDC20, and CDK1. In silico analysis of BCH-downregulated genes showed that 90.9% are statistically significantly upregulated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Finally, LAT1 or LAT3 knockdown in xenografts inhibited tumor growth, cell cycle progression, and spontaneous metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION Inhibition of LAT transporters may provide a novel therapeutic target in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, via suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity and M-phase cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Affiliations of authors: Origins of Cancer Laboratory (QW, JT, JH) and Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program (QW, JT, CGB, WR, CM, YF, JEJR, JH), Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (QW, JT, CGB, WR, CM, YF, JEJR, JH); Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (MLL, LF, EL, MG, CCN); Cancer Biology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (GB); Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (CCN, MLL); Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (JEJR)
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Abstract
RESULT We have developed miREval 2.0, an online tool that can simultaneously search up to 100 sequences for novel microRNAs (miRNAs) in multiple organisms. miREval 2.0 uses multiple published in silico approaches to detect miRNAs in sequences of interest. This tool can be used to discover miRNAs from DNA sequences or to validate candidates from sequencing data. AVAILABILITY http://mimirna.centenary.org.au/mireval/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Gao
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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Wong JJL, Ritchie W, Ebner OA, Selbach M, Wong JWH, Huang Y, Gao D, Pinello N, Gonzalez M, Baidya K, Thoeng A, Khoo TL, Bailey CG, Holst J, Rasko JEJ. Orchestrated intron retention regulates normal granulocyte differentiation. Cell 2013; 154:583-95. [PMID: 23911323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intron retention (IR) is widely recognized as a consequence of mis-splicing that leads to failed excision of intronic sequences from pre-messenger RNAs. Our bioinformatic analyses of transcriptomic and proteomic data of normal white blood cell differentiation reveal IR as a physiological mechanism of gene expression control. IR regulates the expression of 86 functionally related genes, including those that determine the nuclear shape that is unique to granulocytes. Retention of introns in specific genes is associated with downregulation of splicing factors and higher GC content. IR, conserved between human and mouse, led to reduced mRNA and protein levels by triggering the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. In contrast to the prevalent view that NMD is limited to mRNAs encoding aberrant proteins, our data establish that IR coupled with NMD is a conserved mechanism in normal granulopoiesis. Physiological IR may provide an energetically favorable level of dynamic gene expression control prior to sustained gene translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J-L Wong
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
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79
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key to the pathogenesis of human malignancies and increasingly recognized as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Haematological malignancies, being the earliest human malignancies linked to aberrant miRNA expression, have consistently underpinned our understanding of the role that miRNAs play in cancer development. Here, we review the expanding roles attributed to miRNAs in the pathogenesis of different types of myeloid malignancies and highlight key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E A Gordon
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Tiffen JC, Bailey CG, Marshall AD, Metierre C, Feng Y, Wang Q, Watson SL, Holst J, Rasko JEJ. The cancer-testis antigen BORIS phenocopies the tumor suppressor CTCF in normal and neoplastic cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1603-13. [PMID: 23553099 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BORIS and CTCF are paralogous, multivalent 11-zinc finger transcription factors that play important roles in organizing higher-order chromatin architecture. BORIS is a cancer-testis antigen with a poorly defined function in cancer, although it has been hypothesized to exhibit oncogenic properties. CTCF, however, has been postulated as a candidate tumor suppressor. We collated the genetic lesions in BORIS and CTCF from multiple cancers identified using high-throughput genomics. In BORIS, nonsense and missense mutations are evenly distributed. In CTCF, recurrent mutations are mostly clustered in the conserved zinc finger domain and at residues critical for contacting DNA and zinc ion co-ordination. Three missense mutations are common to both proteins. We used an inducible lentivector to express wildtype BORIS or CTCF in primary cells and cancer cell lines in order to define their functional differences. Both BORIS and CTCF caused a significant decrease in cell proliferation and clonogenic capacity, without alteration of specific cell cycle phases. Both BORIS and CTCF conferred protective effects in primary cells and some cancer cells during UV damage-induced apoptosis. Using a bioluminescent MCF-7 orthotopic breast cancer model in vivo, we demonstrated that CTCF and BORIS suppressed breast cancer growth. These findings provide further evidence that CTCF behaves as a tumor suppressor, and show BORIS has a similar growth inhibitory effect in vitro and in vivo. Hence, acquired zinc finger mutations may disrupt these functions, thereby contributing to tumor growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamy C Tiffen
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Khoo TL, Xiros N, Guan F, Orellana D, Holst J, Joshua DE, Rasko JEJ. Performance evaluation of the Abbott CELL-DYN Emerald for use as a bench-top analyzer in a research setting. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35:447-56. [PMID: 23279758 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The CELL-DYN Emerald is a compact bench-top hematology analyzer that can be used for a three-part white cell differential analysis. To determine its utility for analysis of human and mouse samples, we evaluated this machine against the larger CELL-DYN Sapphire and Sysmex XT2000iV hematology analyzers. METHODS 120 human (normal and abnormal) and 30 mouse (normal and abnormal) samples were analyzed on both the CELL-DYN Emerald and CELL-DYN Sapphire or Sysmex XT2000iV analyzers. For mouse samples, the CELL-DYN Emerald analyzer required manual recalibration based on the histogram populations. RESULTS Analysis of the CELL-DYN Emerald showed excellent precision, within accepted ranges (white cell count CV% = 2.09%; hemoglobin CV% = 1.68%; platelets CV% = 4.13%). Linearity was excellent (R² ≥ 0.99), carryover was minimal (<1%), and overall interinstrument agreement was acceptable for both human and mouse samples. Comparison between the CELL-DYN Emerald and Sapphire analyzers for human samples or Sysmex XT2000iV analyzer for mouse samples showed excellent correlation for all parameters. CONCLUSION The CELL-DYN Emerald was generally comparable to the larger reference analyzer for both human and mouse samples. It would be suitable for use in satellite research laboratories or as a backup system in larger laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-L Khoo
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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82
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Abstract
Stem cells and their malignant counterparts require the support of a specific microenvironment or "niche". While various anti-cancer therapies have been broadly successful, there are growing opportunities to target the environment in which these cells reside to further improve therapeutic efficacy and outcome. This is particularly true when the aim is to target normal or malignant stem cells. The field aiming to target or use the niches that harbor, protect, and support stem cells could be designated as "nichotherapy". In this essay, we provide a few examples of nichotherapies. Some have been employed for decades, such as hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, whereas others are emerging, such as chemosensitization of leukemia stem cells by targeting their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Biological Therapies Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia.
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83
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Abstract
MOTIVATION microRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting target mRNA genes. Next-generation sequencing combined with bioinformatics analyses provide an opportunity to predict numerous novel miRNAs. The efficiency of these predictions relies on the set of positive and negative controls used. We demonstrate that commonly used positive and negative controls may be unreliable and provide a rational methodology with which to replace them.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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84
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Abstract
The accurate prediction of microRNA targets is essential to understanding their function. Commonly used software produces a prohibitive number of predicted targets for each microRNA. Here, we describe procedures that refine these predictions by integrating available software and expression data from experiments available online. These procedures are tailored to experiments, where predicting true targets is more important than detecting all putative targets. Our approach is tailored to the experimental biologist who seeks to identify a workable set of putative microRNA target genes for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
In recent years, stem cells have generated increasing excitement, with frequent claims that they are revolutionizing medicine. For those not directly involved in stem cell research, however, it can be difficult to separate fact from fiction or realistic expectation from wishful thinking. This article aims to provide internists with a clear and concise introduction to the field. While recounting some scientific and medical milestones, the authors discuss the 3 main varieties of stem cells-adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent-comparing their advantages and disadvantages for clinical medicine. The authors have sought to avoid the moral and political debates surrounding stem cell research, focusing instead on scientific and medical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Power
- Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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86
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Wang Q, Bailey CG, Ng C, Tiffen J, Thoeng A, Minhas V, Lehman ML, Hendy SC, Buchanan G, Nelson CC, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Androgen receptor and nutrient signaling pathways coordinate the demand for increased amino acid transport during prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7525-36. [PMID: 22007000 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-Type amino acid transporters such as LAT1 and LAT3 mediate the uptake of essential amino acids. Here, we report that prostate cancer cells coordinate the expression of LAT1 and LAT3 to maintain sufficient levels of leucine needed for mTORC1 signaling and cell growth. Inhibiting LAT function was sufficient to decrease cell growth and mTORC1 signaling in prostate cancer cells. These cells maintained levels of amino acid influx through androgen receptor-mediated regulation of LAT3 expression and ATF4 regulation of LAT1 expression after amino acid deprivation. These responses remained intact in primary prostate cancer, as indicated by high levels of LAT3 in primary disease, and by increased levels of LAT1 after hormone ablation and in metastatic lesions. Taken together, our results show how prostate cancer cells respond to demands for increased essential amino acids by coordinately activating amino acid transporter pathways vital for tumor outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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87
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Balamatsias D, Kong AM, Waters JE, Sriratana A, Gurung R, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Tiganis T, Macaulay SL, Mitchell CA. Identification of P-Rex1 as a novel Rac1-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that promotes actin remodeling and GLUT4 protein trafficking in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43229-40. [PMID: 22002247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.306621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling promotes the translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane in insulin-sensitive tissues to facilitate glucose uptake. In adipocytes, insulin-stimulated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton has been proposed to play a role in promoting GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake, in a PI3K-dependent manner. However, the PI3K effectors that promote GLUT4 translocation via regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in adipocytes remain to be fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that the PI3K-dependent Rac exchange factor, P-Rex1, enhances membrane ruffling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and promotes GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane at submaximal insulin concentrations. P-Rex1-facilitated GLUT4 trafficking requires a functional actin network and membrane ruffle formation and occurs in a PI3K- and Rac1-dependent manner. In contrast, expression of other Rho GTPases, such as Cdc42 or Rho, did not affect insulin-stimulated P-Rex1-mediated GLUT4 trafficking. P-Rex1 siRNA knockdown or expression of a P-Rex1 dominant negative mutant reduced but did not completely inhibit glucose uptake in response to insulin. Collectively, these studies identify a novel RacGEF in adipocytes as P-Rex1 that, at physiological insulin concentrations, functions as an insulin-dependent regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that contributes to GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Balamatsias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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88
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Bröer A, Juelich T, Vanslambrouck JM, Tietze N, Solomon PS, Holst J, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Bröer S. Impaired nutrient signaling and body weight control in a Na+ neutral amino acid cotransporter (Slc6a19)-deficient mouse. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26638-51. [PMID: 21636576 PMCID: PMC3143628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.241323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid uptake in the intestine and kidney is mediated by a variety of amino acid transporters. To understand the role of epithelial neutral amino acid uptake in whole body homeostasis, we analyzed mice lacking the apical broad-spectrum neutral (0) amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 (Slc6a19). A general neutral aminoaciduria was observed similar to human Hartnup disorder which is caused by mutations in SLC6A19. Na(+)-dependent uptake of neutral amino acids into the intestine and renal brush-border membrane vesicles was abolished. No compensatory increase of peptide transport or other neutral amino acid transporters was detected. Mice lacking B(0)AT1 showed a reduced body weight. When adapted to a standard 20% protein diet, B(0)AT1-deficient mice lost body weight rapidly on diets containing 6 or 40% protein. Secretion of insulin in response to food ingestion after fasting was blunted. In the intestine, amino acid signaling to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was reduced, whereas the GCN2/ATF4 stress response pathway was activated, indicating amino acid deprivation in epithelial cells. The results demonstrate that epithelial amino acid uptake is essential for optimal growth and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
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89
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Abstract
In the past few years, relatively straightforward laboratory techniques have been developed to reprogram normal body cells to enter an embryonic stem cell-like state. Not only do these induced pluripotent stem cells hold great medical promise--perhaps greater than that of embryonic stem cells--but they also have escaped the ethical controversy in which the latter is mired. This article examines how cell reprogramming is likely to transform regenerative and reproductive medicine and highlights some of the medical, moral, and political hurdles that it faces. It also argues that induced pluripotent stem cells are more ethically problematic than most people believe and that cell reprogramming will not solve the stem cell controversy but complicate it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Power
- Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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90
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Gunter KC, Caplan AL, Mason C, Salzman R, Janssen WE, Nichols K, Bouzas LF, Lanza F, Levine BL, Rasko JEJ, Shimosaka A, Horwitz E. Cell therapy medical tourism: time for action. Cytotherapy 2011; 12:965-8. [PMID: 21073261 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.532663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt C Gunter
- Department of Research and Development, Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, USA.
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91
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Sen S, Merchan J, Dean J, Ii M, Gavin M, Silver M, Tkebuchava T, Yoon YS, Rasko JEJ, Aikawa R. Autologous transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells genetically modified by adeno-associated viral vector delivering insulin-like growth factor-1 gene after myocardial infarction. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:1327-34. [PMID: 20497036 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative potential of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has been adapted for the treatment of myocardial and limb ischemia via ex vivo expansion. We sought to enhance EPC function by the efficient genetic modification of EPCs in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Peripheral blood EPCs were expanded and transduced, using adeno-associated virus (AAV). AAV-mediated EPC transduction efficacy was 23 ± 1.2%, which was improved by 4.0- to 7.2-fold after pretreatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Adult rats (n = 7 in each group) underwent myocardial infarction by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, and received autologous EPCs transduced by AAV-IGF-1 or AAV-lacZ into the periinfarct area. Echocardiography demonstrated that cardiac function in the IGF-1-EPC group was significantly improved compared with the lacZ-EPC control group 12 weeks after myocardial infarction. In addition, IGF-1-expressing EPCs led to reduced cardiac apoptosis, increased cardiomyocyte proliferation, and increased numbers of capillaries in the periinfarct area. AAV expression was limited to the targeted heart region only. Pretreatment with genistein markedly improved AAV transduction of EPCs. IGF-1-expressing EPCs exhibit favorable cell-protective effects with tissue-limited expression in rat heart postinfarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Sen
- Cardiovascular Research, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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92
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Bailey CG, Ryan RM, Thoeng AD, Ng C, King K, Vanslambrouck JM, Auray-Blais C, Vandenberg RJ, Bröer S, Rasko JEJ. Loss-of-function mutations in the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:446-53. [PMID: 21123949 DOI: 10.1172/jci44474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 1, member 1 (SLC1A1; also known as EAAT3 and EAAC1) is the major epithelial transporter of glutamate and aspartate in the kidneys and intestines of rodents. Within the brain, SLC1A1 serves as the predominant neuronal glutamate transporter and buffers the synaptic release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate within the interneuronal synaptic cleft. Recent studies have also revealed that polymorphisms in SLC1A1 are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in early-onset patient cohorts. Here we report that SLC1A1 mutations leading to substitution of arginine to tryptophan at position 445 (R445W) and deletion of isoleucine at position 395 (I395del) cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, an autosomal recessive disorder of urinary glutamate and aspartate transport that can be associated with mental retardation. These mutations of conserved residues impeded or abrogated glutamate and cysteine transport by SLC1A1 and led to near-absent surface expression in a canine kidney cell line. These findings provide evidence that SLC1A1 is the major renal transporter of glutamate and aspartate in humans and implicate SLC1A1 in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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93
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Tiffen JC, Bailey CG, Ng C, Rasko JEJ, Holst J. Luciferase expression and bioluminescence does not affect tumor cell growth in vitro or in vivo. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:299. [PMID: 21092230 PMCID: PMC3002927 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Live animal imaging is becoming an increasingly common technique for accurate and quantitative assessment of tumor burden over time. Bioluminescence imaging systems rely on a bioluminescent signal from tumor cells, typically generated from expression of the firefly luciferase gene. However, previous reports have suggested that either a high level of luciferase or the resultant light reaction produced upon addition of D-luciferin substrate can have a negative influence on tumor cell growth. To address this issue, we designed an expression vector that allows simultaneous fluorescence and luminescence imaging. Using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), we generated clonal cell populations from a human breast cancer (MCF-7) and a mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cell line that stably expressed different levels of luciferase. We then compared the growth capabilities of these clones in vitro by MTT proliferation assay and in vivo by bioluminescence imaging of tumor growth in live mice. Surprisingly, we found that neither the amount of luciferase nor biophotonic activity was sufficient to inhibit tumor cell growth, in vitro or in vivo. These results suggest that luciferase toxicity is not a necessary consideration when designing bioluminescence experiments, and therefore our approach can be used to rapidly generate high levels of luciferase expression for sensitive imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamy C Tiffen
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
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94
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Tang C, Russell PJ, Martiniello-Wilks R, Rasko JEJ, Khatri A. Concise review: Nanoparticles and cellular carriers-allies in cancer imaging and cellular gene therapy? Stem Cells 2010; 28:1686-702. [PMID: 20629172 PMCID: PMC2996089 DOI: 10.1002/stem.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective treatment and poor patient management continue to plague the arena of clinical oncology. The crucial issues include inadequate treatment efficacy due to ineffective targeting of cancer deposits, systemic toxicities, suboptimal cancer detection and disease monitoring. This has led to the quest for clinically relevant, innovative multifaceted solutions such as development of targeted and traceable therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the intrinsic ability to "home" to growing tumors and are hypoimmunogenic. Therefore, these can be used as (a) "Trojan Horses" to deliver gene therapy directly into the tumors and (b) carriers of nanoparticles to allow cell tracking and simultaneous cancer detection. The camouflage of MSC carriers can potentially tackle the issues of safety, vector, and/or transgene immunogenicity as well as nanoparticle clearance and toxicity. The versatility of the nanotechnology platform could allow cellular tracking using single or multimodal imaging modalities. Toward that end, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is fast becoming a clinical favorite, though there is scope for improvement in its accuracy and sensitivity. In that, use of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPION) as MRI contrast enhancers may be the best option for tracking therapeutic MSC. The prospects and consequences of synergistic approaches using MSC carriers, gene therapy, and SPION in developing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tang
- Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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95
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Engler JR, Zannettino ACW, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Hughes TP, White DL. OCT-1 function varies with cell lineage but is not influenced by BCR-ABL. Haematologica 2010; 96:213-20. [PMID: 20971815 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.033290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the excellent responses to imatinib therapy observed in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia, approximately 25% of patients display primary resistance or suboptimal response. The OCT-1 activity in mononuclear cells reflects the efficiency of active influx of imatinib. OCT-1 activity in mononuclear cells is highly variable between patients and significantly correlates with a patient's molecular response to imatinib treatment and overall survival. The present study examined whether cell lineage and BCR-ABL expression influenced OCT-1 activity. DESIGN AND METHODS The OCT-1 activity and OCT-1 mRNA expression was assessed in pure populations of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes recovered from chronic myeloid leukemia patients at diagnosis, in cytogenetic remission and normal individuals. The role of BCR-ABL on OCT-1 activity and differentiation was examined in a cell line model of ectopic BCR-ABL expression. RESULTS The OCT-1 activity and OCT-1 mRNA expression was highest in the neutrophil population and lowest in lymphocytes (P<0.05). This was observed for patients at diagnosis, in cytogenetic remission and normal individuals. Interestingly, neutrophil OCT-1 activity was not significantly different between patients at diagnosis, in remission and normal donors. This was also observed for monocytes and lymphocytes. Furthermore, OCT-1 activity in mononuclear cells was significantly correlated with the OCT-1 activity in neutrophils (P=0.001). In a cell line model in which BCR-ABL was ectopically expressed, we found no evidence that BCR-ABL directly affected OCT-1 expression and function. However, BCR-ABL stimulated granulocyte differentiation which, in turn, led to significantly increased OCT-1 activity (P=0.024). CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that the predictive OCT-1 activity in patient mononuclear cells is strongly related to cell lineage, particularly the presence of neutrophils in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, BCR-ABL expression is unlikely to directly influence OCT-1 activity but may have an indirect role by enhancing granulocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Engler
- Department of Haematology, SA Pathology (RAH Campus), Frome Road, Adelaide. Australia
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96
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Deans R, Gunter KC, Allsopp T, Bonyhadi M, Burger SR, Carpenter M, Clark T, Cox CS, Driscoll D, Field E, Huss R, Lardenoije R, Lodie TA, Mason C, Neubiser R, Rasko JEJ, Rowley J, Maziarz RT. A changing time: the International Society for Cellular Therapy embraces its industry members. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:853-6. [PMID: 20942603 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.523958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a dramatic rise in the development of new cellular therapeutics in a wide range of indications. There have been acceptable safety profiles reported in early studies using blood-derived and adherent stem cell products, but also an inconsistent efficacy record. Further expansion has been hindered in part by a lack of capital (both private and public) and delayed entry into the cell therapy space by large healthcare and pharmaceutical companies, those members of the industry most reliably able to initiate and maintain advanced-phase clinical trials. With recognition that the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) is uniquely positioned to serve the global translational regenerative medicine research community as a network hub for scientific standards and policy, the ISCT commissioned the establishment of an Industry Task Force (ITF) to address current and future roles for industry. The objectives of the ITF were to gather information and prioritize efforts for a new Commercialization Committee (CC) and to construct innovative platforms that would foster constructive and synergistic collaborations between industry and ISCT. Recommendations and conclusions of the ITF included that the new CC: (1) foster new relationships with therapeutic and stem cell societies, (2) foster educational workshops and forums to cross-educate and standardize practices, (3) create industry subcommittees to address priority initiatives, with clear benchmarks and global implementation, and (4) establish a framework for a greater industry community within ISCT, opening doors for industry to share the new vision for commercialization of cell therapy, emphasizing the regenerative medicine space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Deans
- Regenerative Medicine, Athersys Inc., 3201 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland OH 44115, USA.
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97
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Holst J, Watson S, Lord MS, Eamegdool SS, Bax DV, Nivison-Smith LB, Kondyurin A, Ma L, Oberhauser AF, Weiss AS, Rasko JEJ. Substrate elasticity provides mechanical signals for the expansion of hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:1123-8. [PMID: 20890282 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly little is known about the effects of the physical microenvironment on hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells. To explore the physical effects of matrix elasticity on well-characterized primitive hemopoietic cells, we made use of a uniquely elastic biomaterial, tropoelastin. Culturing mouse or human hemopoietic cells on a tropoelastin substrate led to a two- to threefold expansion of undifferentiated cells, including progenitors and mouse stem cells. Treatment with cytokines in the presence of tropoelastin had an additive effect on this expansion. These biological effects required substrate elasticity, as neither truncated nor cross-linked tropoelastin reproduced the phenomenon, and inhibition of mechanotransduction abrogated the effects. Our data suggest that substrate elasticity and tensegrity are important mechanisms influencing hemopoietic stem and progenitor cell subsets and could be exploited to facilitate cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holst
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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98
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Einecke G, Kayser D, Vanslambrouck JM, Sis B, Reeve J, Mengel M, Famulski KS, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Halloran PF. Loss of solute carriers in T cell-mediated rejection in mouse and human kidneys: an active epithelial injury-repair response. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:2241-51. [PMID: 20883558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated rejection of kidney allografts causes epithelial deterioration, manifested by tubulitis, but the mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that interstitial inflammation triggers a stereotyped epithelial response similar to that triggered by other types of injury such as ischemia-reperfusion. We identified solute carrier transcripts with decreased expression in mouse allografts, and compared their behavior in T cell-mediated rejection to native kidneys with ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Average loss of solute carrier expression was similar in ATN (77%) and T cell-mediated rejection (75%) with high correlation of individual transcripts. Immunostaining of SLC6A19 confirmed loss of proteins. Analysis of human kidney transplant biopsies confirmed that T cell-mediated rejection and ATN showed similar loss of solute carrier mRNAs. The loss of solute carrier expression was weakly correlated with interstitial inflammation, but kidneys with ATN showed decreased solute carriers despite minimal inflammation. Loss of renal function correlated better with decreased solute carrier expression than with histologic lesions (r = 0.396, p < 0.001). Thus the loss of epithelial transcripts in rejection is not a unique consequence of T cell-mediated rejection but an active injury-repair response of epithelium, triggered by rejection but also by other injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Einecke
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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99
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Khalafallah A, Dennis A, Bates J, Bates G, Robertson IK, Smith L, Ball MJ, Seaton D, Brain T, Rasko JEJ. A prospective randomized, controlled trial of intravenous versus oral iron for moderate iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy. J Intern Med 2010; 268:286-95. [PMID: 20546462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common deficiency disorder in the world, affecting more than one billion people, with pregnant women at particular risk. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN We conducted a single site, prospective, nonblinded randomized-controlled trial to compare the efficacy, safety, tolerability and compliance of standard oral daily iron versus intravenous iron. SUBJECTS We prospectively screened 2654 pregnant women between March 2007 and January 2009 with a full blood count and iron studies, of which 461 (18%) had moderate IDA. Two hundred women matched for haemoglobin concentration and serum ferritin level were recruited. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to daily oral ferrous sulphate 250 mg (elemental iron 80 mg) with or without a single intravenous iron polymaltose infusion. RESULTS Prior to delivery, the intravenous plus oral iron arm was superior to the oral iron only arm as measured by the increase in haemoglobin level (mean of 19.5 g/L vs. 12 g/L; P < 0.001); the increase in mean serum ferritin level (222 microg/L vs. 18 ug/L; P < 0.001); and the percentage of mothers with ferritin levels below 30 microg/L (4.5% vs. 79%; P < 0.001). A single dose of intravenous iron polymaltose was well tolerated without significant side effects. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that intravenous iron polymaltose is safe and leads to improved efficacy and iron stores compared to oral iron alone in pregnancy-related IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalafallah
- Launceston General Hospital (LGH), University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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100
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Taft RJ, Simons C, Nahkuri S, Oey H, Korbie DJ, Mercer TR, Holst J, Ritchie W, Wong JJL, Rasko JEJ, Rokhsar DS, Degnan BM, Mattick JS. Nuclear-localized tiny RNAs are associated with transcription initiation and splice sites in metazoans. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:1030-4. [PMID: 20622877 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) are derived from sequences immediately downstream of transcription start sites. Here, using cytoplasmic and nuclear small RNA high-throughput sequencing datasets, we report the identification of a second class of nuclear-specific approximately 17- to 18-nucleotide small RNAs whose 3' ends map precisely to the splice donor site of internal exons in animals. These splice-site RNAs (spliRNAs) are associated with highly expressed genes and show evidence of developmental stage- and region-specific expression. We also show that tiRNAs are localized to the nucleus, are enriched at chromatin marks associated with transcription initiation and possess a 3'-nucleotide bias. Additionally, we find that microRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs), the miR-15/16 cluster previously linked to oncosuppression and most small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)-derived small RNAs (sdRNAs) are enriched in the nucleus, whereas most miRNAs and two H/ACA sdRNAs are cytoplasmically enriched. We propose that nuclear-localized tiny RNAs are involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Taft
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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