Molecular pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma: two signaling pathways underlying the antiapoptotic effect of API2-MALT1 fusion protein

At least three recurrent chromosomal translocations, t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), involving the API2-MALT1 fusion protein, BCL10 and MALT1, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Several lines of evidence indicated that both BCL10 and MALT1 are required for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation by antigen receptor stimulation in lymphocytes, and API2-MALT1 can bypass this BCL10/MALT1 signaling pathway. Nuclear factor kappa B activation may contribute to antiapoptotic effect through NF-kappaB-mediated upregulation of apoptotic inhibitor genes. We recently demonstrated that API2-MALT1 can induce transactivation of the API2 gene through NF-kappaB activation, thus highlighting a positive feedback-loop mechanism of self-activation by upregulating its own expression in t(11;18) MALT lymphomas. We also demonstrated that API2-MALT1 possesses an antiapoptotic effect, in part, through its direct interaction with apoptotic regulators. These findings therefore led us to hypothesize that the antiapoptotic effect by API2-MALT1 may be mediated by its interaction with apoptotic regulators, on the one hand, and by NF-kappaB-mediated upregulation of apoptotic inhibitor genes on the other. We also found that BCL10 and MALT1 are shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm, and that MALT1 can regulate the subcellular location of BCL10.

Cytokines differentially regulate ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on human gingival fibroblasts

The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) may be important for migration and retention of inflammatory cells in periodontally diseased tissue. This study aimed to assess which cytokines regulate ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on HGF. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma enhanced both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on HGF. Interleukin (IL)-1beta mainly up-regulated ICAM-1 expression. On the other hand, IL-4 and IL-13 enhanced only VCAM-1 expression on HGF. IL-10 did not modulate both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 enhanced ICAM-1 expression. However, TGF-beta1 inhibited the VCAM-1 expression induced by TNF-alpha or IL-4. Both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression by HGF was inhibited by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation inhibitor (MG-132). Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors did not influence ICAM-1 expression induced by TNF-alpha. Interestingly, VCAM-1 expression was enhanced by MEK inhibitor (PD98059) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125). These results mean that the balance of cytokines in periodontally diseased tissue may be essential for control of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on HGF, and the balance of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression might be important for regulation of leucocytes infiltration and retention in periodontally diseased tissue.

Increase of CCL20 expression by human gingival fibroblasts upon stimulation with cytokines and bacterial endotoxin

We have demonstrated recently that CCL20 was expressed in periodontal diseased tissues and abundant CCR6 positive T cells infiltrated in periodontally diseased tissue. However, it is uncertain which cells can elicit CCL20 production. In the present study, we examined the properties of CCL20 production by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) culture. Here, we report that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can significantly induce the production of CCL20 by HGF. We found that TNF-alpha and E. coli LPS enhanced the production of CCL20 by HGF treated with IL-1beta. In contrast, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) dramatically diminished CCL20 production induced by IL-1beta. Moreover, we demonstrated that nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) play an important role in mediating the production of CCL20 induced by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. On the other hand, we found that not only NF-kappaB, p38 MAPK and ERK but also c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) are involved in CCL20 production induced by E. coli LPS. Finally, we found that HGF express CCR6, CCL20 receptor, and CCL20 induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by HGF. Taken together, these findings that HGF will be a source of CCL20 in periodontal tissue, and the CCL20 production will be controlled by proinflammatory cytokine and bacterial LPS in periodontally diseased tissue. Thus, CCL20 by HGF might be involved in inflammatory cells infiltration, and promote the progression of periodontal disease.

CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression by human gingival fibroblasts in periodontal disease

CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine that is related to lymphocyte infiltration and angiogenesis in inflammatory sites such as arthritis. However, the expression and roles of CXCL12 in periodontal disease are uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, in periodontal tissue and to investigate the properties of CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). RT-PCR analysis revealed that CXCL12 and CXCR4 mRNA were expressed in both normal gingival tissues and periodontal diseased tissues. Immunohistochemistry disclosed that CXCL12 was expressed and CXCR4 positive cells were found in both normal and periodontal diseased gingival tissues. Our in vitro experiments elucidated that HGF constitutively produced CXCL12, and the levels were enhanced by stimulation with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and macrophage inflammatory protein 3(alpha) (MIP-3(alpha)). On the other hand, heat killed Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and P. gingivalis LPS reduced the CXCL12 production by HGF. Flow cytometry analysis clarified that CXCR4 was highly expressed on HGF, and CXCR4 expression was abrogated by TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and P. gingivalis LPS. Moreover, CXCL12 induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by HGF. Our results demonstrated that CXCL12 might be related to CXCR4+ cells infiltration and angiogenesis both in normal periodontal tissues and periodontal diseased tissue. P. gingivalis, a known periodontal pathogen, inhibits the production of CXCL12 and the expression of CXCR4 by HGF. This fact means that P. gingivalis may inhibit CXCR4+ cells infiltration and neovascularization in periodontal tissue and escape from the immune response.

Anti-apoptotic action of API2-MALT1 fusion protein involved in t(11;18)(q21;q21) MALT lymphoma

At least three distinct chromosomal translocations, t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving the API2 (also known as c-IAP2)-MALT1 fusion protein, BCL10, and MALT1, respectively, have been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Our findings showed that several variants of the API2-MALT1 fusion protein can occur in patients with t(11;18)(q21;q21), and that API2-MALT1 can potently enfance activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling, which may be relevant to the pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas. We also found that MALT1 is rapidly degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, as is the case with API2, but upon the synthesis of fusion, API2-MALT1 becomes stable against this pathway. This stability of API2-MALT1 may thus result in inappropriate nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma. Recent biochemical and genetic studies have clearly shown that BCL10 and MALT1 form a physical and functional complex and are both required for NF-kappaB activation by antigen receptor stimulation in T and B lymphocytes. It has also been shown that CARMA1, a newly discovered member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) families, is critical for antigen receptor-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. It can be assumed that API2-MALT1 can bypass this normal BCL10/MALT1 cellular signaling pathway linked to NF-kappaB activation, thereby inducing antigen receptor-independent proliferation of lymphocytes. Furthermore, BCL10/MALT1- and API2-MALT1-induced NF-kappaB activation may contribute to anti-apoptotic action probably through NF-kappaB-mediated upregulation of apoptotic inhibitor genes. We recently provided direct evidence that API2-MALT1 indeed exerts anti-apoptotic action, in part, through its direct interaction with apoptotic regulators including Smac. Taken together, these findings prompt us to hypothesize that the anti-apoptotic action of API2-MALT1 may be mediated partly by the direct interaction with apoptotic regulators as well as partly by upregulation of apoptotic inhibitor genes. Further studies can be expected to stimulate research into the development of therapeutic drugs that specifically inhibit the antigen receptor signaling-stimulated NF-kappaB activation pathway: such molecule targeting drugs should be useful for interfering with inappropriate proliferation of lymphocytes associated with inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.

Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, in periodontal diseased tissue

The regulatory role of chemokines and chemokine receptors on specific leucocyte recruitment into periodontal diseased tissue is poorly characterized. We observed that leucocytes infiltrating inflamed gingival tissue expressed marked levels of CX3CR1. In periodontal diseased tissue, the expression of fractalkine and CX3CR1 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and further, fractalkine was distributed mainly on endothelial cells, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we can detect CX3CR1-expressing cells infiltrated in periodontal diseased tissue by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, fractalkine production by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was up-regulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thus, these findings suggested that CX3CR1 and the corresponding chemokine, fractalkine may have an important regulatory role on specific leucocyte migration into inflamed periodontal tissue.

[Complete resection for giant thymic carcinoma after simultaneous combination chemotherapy]

A 19-year-old man visited our hospital complaining of dyspnea. Chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) showed a huge mass in the right anterior mediastinum. We diagnosed this as invasive thymoma by microscopic examination of specimens obtained by echo-guided needle biopsy. The patient underwent 6 courses chemotherapy [1st course : carboplatin (CBDCA) + doxorubicin hydrochloride (DXR) + vincristine sulfate (VCR) + cyclophosphamide (CPA), 2nd, 3rd-6th course : cisplatin (CDDP) + ADM + VCR + CPA]. At achievement of partial response (the reduction rate of the tumor size : 91.4%), the tumor was completely resected. The pathological examination of the resected specimens yielded a diagnosis of large cell carcinoma. Preoperative chemotherapy with ADOC regimen may be effective in advanced thymic carcinoma.

Frequent loss of RUNX3 gene expression in remnant stomach cancer and adjacent mucosa with special reference to topography

Our previous studies suggest that a lack of RUNX3 function is causally related to the genesis and progression of human gastric cancer. This study was conducted to determine whether alteration of RUNX3 gene expression could be detected in the normal-looking gastric remnant mucosa, and to ascertain any difference in the potential of gastric carcinogenesis between the anastomotic site and other areas in the remnant stomach after distal gastrectomy for peptic ulcer (RB group) or gastric cancer (RM group), by analysing RUNX3 expression with special reference to topography. A total of 89 patients underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer from the intact stomach (GCI group) and 58 patients underwent resection of the remnant stomach for gastric cancer (RB group: 34 cases, RM group: 24 cases). We detected RUNX3 and gene promoter methylation by in situ hybridisation, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and methylation-specific PCR. The interval between the initial surgery and surgery for remnant gastric cancer (interval time) was 10.4 years in the RM group, and 27.5 years in the RB group. Cancers in the RB group were significantly more predominant in the anastomosis area (P<0.05). Within the tumour, downregulation of RUNX3 expression ranged from 74.7 to 85.7% in the three groups. The rate of downregulation of RUNX3 of adjacent mucosa was 39.2% (11 in 28 cases) in RB and 47.6% (10 in 21 cases) in RM, which are significantly higher than that of the GCI group (19.5%, 17 in 87 cases). In noncancerous mucosa of the remnant stomach in the RB group, RUNX3 expression decreased more near the anastomosis area. In the RM group, however, there were no significant differences in RUNX3 expression by sampling location. Based on RUNX3 downregulation and clinical features, residual stomach mucosa of the RM group would have a higher potential of gastric carcinogenesis compared to the RB or GCI group. Gastric stump mucosa of the RB group has higher potential especially than other areas of residual stomach mucosa. Measurement of RUNX3 expression and detection of RUNX3 methylation in remnant gastric mucosa may estimate the forward risk of carcinogenesis in the remnant stomach.

Heterogeneous copy numbers of API2-MALT1 chimeric transcripts in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

T(11;18)(q21;q21) results in a chimeric transcript between API2 at 11q21 and MALT1 at 18q21 and is a characteristic chromosomal aberration of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). API2-MALT1 chimeric transcripts are present in approximately one-third of all cases of MALT lymphoma. MALT lymphoma is also known to have variations in histological features and tumor cell proportions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine number of API2-MALT1 copies in clinical samples for further investigation of the pathophysiology of MALT lymphoma. A total of 13 samples of MALT lymphoma contained API2-MALT1 transcripts from 1.7 x 10(-2) to 1.0 copies/beta-actin copy. These findings were compared to the proportions of tumor cells in genomic VDJ PCR products determined by Southern blotting. Tumor cell ratios varied widely among the patients' samples, and no significant correlation was found between transcript copy number and tumor cell ratio. These results suggest that copy numbers of API2-MALT1 do not reflect tumor cell proportions, and that the number of copies of API2-MALT1 in a tumor cell is different for each clinical sample.

Intracranial plasma cell granuloma with genetic analysis

BACKGROUND

Plasma cell granuloma of the central nervous system is rare and less than 30 cases have been reported in literature.

METHOD/FINDINGS

A 64-year-old woman complained of headache, and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain revealed a tumour at the right anterior-third parasagittal region which led us to diagnose a parasagittal meningioma. We performed total resection of the tumour and the pathological diagnosis was plasma cell granuloma. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements produced no monoclonal band. This patient underwent no supplementary treatment and no recurrent tumour was observed for 3 years.

INTERPRETATION

A case of plasma cell granuloma which is diagnosed with genetic analysis is presented. An analysis of the clonality using the PCR procedure would play an important role in supporting the pathological and clinical diagnosis.

[Thymoma with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura preceded by mediastinal hemorrhage; report of a case]

A 62-year-old female with chest and right shoulder pain admitted to a hospital. The chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large anterior mediastinum mass with pleural effusion. Thymoma was suspected by percutaneous aspiration biopsy of it. She was referred to our hospital for operation with decreased serum platelet count (7.0 x 10(4)/microliter) and high platelet associated IgG (PA IgG) level (119.5 ng/10(7) cells). Result of bone marrow examination was normal, splenomegaly was not seen and no other autoimmune disease was not detected, so she was thought to have ITP. After giving her intravenous high-dose gamma-globulin and her platelet count increased to normal, operation was done. Extended thymectomy was performed and postoperative course was uneventful. Pathological finding showed the mass mediastinum hematoma in thymus and there found a small thymoma. The hemorrhage was thought to occur from the thymoma. After the operation, her platelet count has not been changed to normal but remained lower level. Though myasthenia gravis, one of the autoimmune disease, improve after total thymectomy, it is thought that idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) could not improve after thymectomy.

Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha-CC chemokine receptor 6 interactions play an important role in CD4+ T-cell accumulation in periodontal diseased tissue

The regulatory role of chemokines and chemokine receptors on specific lymphocyte recruitment into periodontal diseased tissue is poorly characterized. We observed that lymphocytes infiltrating inflamed gingival tissue expressed marked levels of CCR6. In periodontal diseased tissue, the expression of MIP-3alpha mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and further, MIP-3alpha was distributed in the basal layer of gingival epithelial cells, microvascular endothelial cells and the areas of inflammatory cells as shown by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, CCR6-expressing cells infiltrated into periodontal diseased tissue, and the proportion of CCR6-positive CD4+ T cells was significantly elevated in periodontal diseased tissue compared with peripheral blood in the same patients. Furthermore, gingival lymphocytes isolated from patients showed migration toward MIP-3alpha in an in vitro chemotaxis assay in which migration was abrogated by specific antibody to CCR6. Thus, these findings suggested that CCR6 and the corresponding chemokine, MIP-3alpha may have an important regulatory role in specific lymphocyte migration into inflamed periodontal tissue.

Detection of AP12-MALT1 chimaeric gene in extranodal and nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genomic long and accurate PCR analyses

t(11;18)(q21;q21) has been recognized as a characteristic chromosomal translocation in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma, and recent studies have demonstrated that this translocation results in the chimaeric transcript of API2 (apoptosis inhibitor 2)-MALT1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1). In this study, we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyse the incidence of this fusion product in a large series of MALT lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (nMZBCL) and extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL) cases. RT-PCR analysis revealed that 17 of the 95 (17.9%) MALT lymphomas but none of the nine nMZBCLs or 16 DLBLs had API2-MALT1 fusion transcripts. The incidence of API2-MALT1 varied among MALT lymphomas arising from different sites and was highest for pulmonary MALT lymphomas (10 out of 16 cases, 62.5%). The presence of the API2-MALT1 fusion gene was also confirmed by long and accurate (LA)-PCR with genomic DNA, and the result correlated well with that obtained with the RT-PCR assay, thus demonstrating the usefulness of LA-PCR for the detection of the API2-MALT1 fusion gene.

[Two cases of renal cell carcinoma that underwent radical nephrectomy subsequent to complete tumor enucleation]

We have reported the favorable therapeutic results of non-ischemic complete enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator as a method of nephron-sparing surgery for small renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We experienced two elective cases that underwent translumbar nephrectomy subsequent to the tumor enucleation. The first case showed another RCC in a cyst, concomitant with the enucleated RCC. The second case was a pT3a spindle cell carcinoma with high-grade malignancy. We decided to nephrectomize these enucleated kidney after obtaining well-informed consent. Here we report these controversial cases and discuss about the indication and outcomes of complete tumor enucleation for small RCC.

Enlarged focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver under the influence of oral contraceptives

Two cases of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in mature women treated with the oral contraceptive are described. Radiological investigations in one case revealed the typical findings of focal nodular hyperplasia with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating central scar structures while spoke-wheel appearance was evident on arteriography, in the other case however findings were atypical. Routine investigations including liver function tests and alpha-fetoprotein levels were normal while hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody were negative. The lesions of these two cases enlarged significantly during the follow-up and they were therefore surgically resected. Pathological features of both resected specimens, such as hepatocellular hyperplasia, bile duct proliferation and vascular abnormalities, were compatible with focal nodular hyperplasia. It has been suggested that tumor growth may be augmented by sex hormone stimulation and therefore estrogen and progesterone receptor expressions in the resected tumors were determined by immunocytochemistry. Interestingly, stainings for both receptors were negative. In case 2, the tumor was enlarging although oral contraceptive use had been discontinued for the past 7 years. These results suggest that there is no direct relationship of focal nodular hyperplasia with oral contraceptives. The role of sex hormones in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver merits further study.

Optical imaging of neural activity in multiple auditory cortical fields of guinea pigs

Neural activity of multiple fields in the auditory cortex of anesthetized guinea pigs in response to pure tones was visualized by optical recording using a voltage-sensitive dye (RH795). Ten auditory fields were identified based on the tonotopic organization and response latency: the core fields consisting of the primary (AI) and secondary (AII) fields and surrounding belt areas consisting of dorso-anterior (DA), dorsal (D), dorso-posterior (DP), posterior (P), ventro-posterior (VP), ventro-medial (VM), ventro-anterior (VA) and ventral (V) fields. Tonotopic organization was observed in all the fields apart from DA, D, DP and V. Spatio-temporal displays suggest that the auditory information spreads from the core fields of AI and AII to belt fields via three distinct (dorsocaudal, caudal and ventrorostral) pathways.

8,16,24,32,40,48-Hexamethoxy[2.6]metacyclophane-1,9,17,25,33,41-hexayne: a novel near-planar ammonium-selective ionophore

The titled cyclophane (cyclic [6]metaphenylacetylene) with six methoxy groups inside the cavity has a nearly planar carbon framework, forms open-channel structures in the crystal, and exhibits an ammonium-selective ionophoric property in spite of the considerably large cavity.

[Is the bronchoscopic criteria of early lung cancer valid?]

We studied the validity of the bronchoscopic criteria of the early lung cancer using the surgical specimen excised between 1980 and 1999. Twenty-four cases with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung of clinical stage I were located subsegmental or more proximal bronchi and trachea, and the size less than 20 mm in greatest dimension. We histopathologically investigated the endoscopic features in relation to the width of superficial extent, the depth of cancer invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Tumors of the thickened type lesions less than 20 mm in greatest dimension showed no invasion into the cartilaginous layer and no lymph node metastasis. On the other hand, in the nodular and polypoid types, invasion beyond the cartilaginous layer was observed more or less, and lymph node metastasis was observed in 1 case. These cases would not be suitable for bronchoscopic (photodynamic) therapy. In conclusion, the bronchoscopic criteria of early lung cancer is valid in the thickened type, but not in the nodular type or polypoid type.

In vivo analysis of mammary and non-mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice deficient in p53

Overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene and inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor have both been implicated in substantial proportions of sporadic human breast cancers. Transgenic mice with cyclin D1 overexpression targeted to mammary tissue by the MMTV enhancer-promoter have been shown to develop mammary cancers. To investigate the relationship between pathways driven by cyclin D1 overexpression and p53 loss during the development of breast cancers, we crossed MMTV-cyclin D1 mice with p53 heterozygous null (p53+/-) mice. In such crossed mice, cyclin D1-driven mammary neoplasia would need to be substantially accelerated by p53 loss in order for mammary tumors to develop prior to the expected onset of non-mammary tumors characteristic of the p53-deficient background alone. Instead, in mice heterozygous or homozygous for p53 deficiency and simultaneously carrying the MMTV-cyclin D1 transgene, only tumors typically found in p53-deficient mice developed and mammary tumors were not observed. Interestingly, MMTV-cyclin D1/p53+/- mice appeared to develop these non-mammary tumors more rapidly than p53+/- mice, and a majority of the sampled non-mammary tumors from MMTV-cyclin D1/p53+/- mice showed 'ectopic' expression of the MMTV-driven cyclin D1 transgene. Within the constraints of possible genetic background effects and limited sensitivity due to the early emergence of non-mammary tumors, these observations provide no evidence that inactivation of p53 confers a major additional selective advantage to mammary cells overexpressing cyclin D1 in this animal model of human breast cancer. Interestingly, the results do raise the possibility that p53 inactivation might complement or cooperate with cyclin D1 deregulation during the development of some types of non-mammary tumors.

[A case of adult Wilms' tumor]

Wilms' tumor is very rarely found in adults and there are no established treatment guidelines for such tumors in adults. A 56-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for further examination of macroscopic hematuria. Computed tomography scan revealed a large right renal mass with enlarged lymph nodes. Angiography showed a hypovascular tumor. She underwent right nephrectomy and resection of lymph node metastasis with a diagnosis of malignant renal tumor. Histopathological examination revealed nephroblastoma with lymph node metastasis. The disease was classified as stage III according to the National Wilms' Tumor Study classification. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide. This protocol was selected because of the published poor results with the standard Wilms' tumor chemotherapeutic agents when used in adults. She remained without tumor recurrence as of six months after surgery. Development of better therapeutic approaches to adult Wilms' tumor is awaited.

Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma in human lung cancer

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is a member of the steroid nuclear receptors. Recent studies have demonstrated that PPAR-gamma is expressed in several cancer cells. We examined the PPAR-gamma expression in both normal lung and major types of human lung cancer. The expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA was detected in 2 out of 3 normal lung tissues and its protein was detected in 3 out of 5 normal lung tissues. In contrast, a small cell carcinoma cell line and all other types of lung cancer tissues expressed PPAR-gamma mRNA and its protein. Immunoreactive PPAR-gamma is strongly expressed in cancer cells and moderately in mononuclear cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts of lung cancer tissues. Our results suggest that PPAR-gamma may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of lung cancer, and may be a novel therapeutical target for therapy of lung cancer.

An immunohistological study on cyclooxygenase-2 in human dental pulp

Characteristics of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressing cells in human dental pulp were immunohistologically studied. Extirpated pulpal tissues from extracted teeth were examined to elucidate the localization and distribution of COX-2. Pulpal tissues were examined by the labeled streptavidin biotin method using specific mouse monoclonal antibodies for COX-2. Cell types of the COX-2 expressing cells were also investigated by the double stain technique using both monoclonal antibodies for CD68/macrophage and anti-COX-2. COX-2 expressing cells could be found in all of the inflamed pulps, and these cells were mostly distributed close to the area of accumulation of inflammatory cells. COX-2 was mainly expressed in fibroblasts rather than macrophages. In contrast, COX-2 expressing cells were scarcely found in the normal pulps. These findings indicate that pulpal fibroblasts, as well as macrophages, may participate in the production of prostaglandin through COX-2 expression in pulpal inflammation, and might be involved in the pathogenesis of irreversible pulpitis.

Target genes downregulated by the BCL-6/LAZ3 oncoprotein in mouse Ba/F3 cells

The BCL-6/LAZ3 gene encodes a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor and is located at the breakpoint of the 3q27-associated translocations that occur most frequently in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). A number of chromosomal translocations involving BCL-6 have been analyzed, but the biological functions of this protein remain obscure. To examine cell responses and target genes related to the BCL-6 signaling pathway, we established Ba/F3 pro-B cells carrying a human BCL-6 transgene that is inducible under control of the lactose operon. Using a cDNA array hybridization technique, we found that the induced BCL-6 protein can downregulate the expressions of the genes, cyclin A2, chemokine receptor CXCR4, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in the Ba/F3 cells. Northern blot analysis established that the expressions of these genes were indeed downregulated by the induced BCL-6 protein but in a somewhat different manner. The induced BCL-6 protein also inhibited cell proliferation of Ba/F3 cells. These findings strongly suggest that three key genes, namely cyclin A2, CXCR4, and IGFBP-4 may play a role in the downstream of the BCL-6 signaling pathway during B-lymphoid differentiation.

Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid-targeted overexpression of cyclin D1 in transgenic mice

The relationship between abnormal cell proliferation and aberrant control of hormonal secretion is a fundamental and poorly understood issue in endocrine cell neoplasia. Transgenic mice with parathyroid-targeted overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene, modeling a gene rearrangement found in human tumors, were created to determine whether a primary defect in this cell-cycle regulator can cause an abnormal relationship between serum calcium and parathyroid hormone response, as is typical of human primary hyperparathyroidism. We also sought to develop an animal model of hyperparathyroidism and to examine directly cyclin D1's role in parathyroid tumorigenesis. Parathyroid hormone gene regulatory region--cyclin D1 (PTH--cyclin D1) mice not only developed abnormal parathyroid cell proliferation, but also developed chronic biochemical hyperparathyroidism with characteristic abnormalities in bone and, notably, a shift in the relationship between serum calcium and PTH. Thus, this animal model of human primary hyperparathyroidism provides direct experimental evidence that overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene can drive excessive parathyroid cell proliferation and that this proliferative defect need not occur solely as a downstream consequence of a defect in parathyroid hormone secretory control by serum calcium, as had been hypothesized. Instead, primary deregulation of cell-growth pathways can cause both the hypercellularity and abnormal control of hormonal secretion that are almost inevitably linked together in this common disorder.

Effect of donor age on morphologic variation of cultured human corneal endothelial cells

PURPOSE

To examine the effect of donor age on the morphologic variation of cultured human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC).

METHODS

HCEC were obtained from the remaining corneoscleral rims of seven human corneas used for penetrating keratoplasty. The donor age ranged from 2 to 75 years. Primary cultures were established from explants of the endothelial cell layer, including the Descemet's membrane, and were propagated on culture dishes coated with bovine corneal endothelial extracellular matrix. At the fourth passage, frequency distribution of cell area in the confluent monolayer was calculated and the effect of donor age on cell area was analyzed.

RESULTS

The percentage of HCEC with cell area over 2000 microm2 significantly increased with donor age (r = 0.935, p = 0.0007).

CONCLUSION

Cultured HCEC established from older donor tissue display greater heterogeneity. The use of HCEC from younger donors may be preferable to maximize the benefits of HCEC transplantation.

[A case of lung cancer underwent carinal resection with right upper lobectomy and carinal reconstruction with double-barreled anastomosis]

A 70-year-old male complaining cough was admitted to our hospital. Bronchoscopic examination revealed a tumor mass which occluded the orifice of the right upper lobe. Chest computed tomographic (CT) scans gave the image of tumor invasion at the carina. The pathological diagnosis of the tumor was squamous cell carcinoma. Operation was accomplished by right posterolateral thoracotomy approach through the fifth rib bed. The carinal resection with right upper lobectomy was followed by a double-barreled anastomosis of the right intermediate trunk and left main-stem bronchus into the carina. The operation was successfully performed and was considered curative. The length of resected airway measured 4.0 cm from tracheal line of resection to the divided the right intermediate trunk. Reinforcement of the anastomosis was not performed in this case. No postoperative complication occurred but mild ischemia of the anastomosis. The patient died of recurrent tumor in a year and 2 months after operation.

Phorbol ester synergistically increases interferon regulatory factor-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase induction in interferon-gamma-treated RAW 264.7 cells

The roles of PKC in iNOS induction by IFN-gamma have been shown in some cell types. The effect of a PKC activator, phorbol ester, in iNOS induction is thought to be due to multiple mechanisms, and it is necessary to examine the involvement of phorbol ester on IFN-gamma-induced iNOS in detail. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of phorbol ester on IFN-gamma-induced iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells. PMA synergistically increased iNOS activity, protein and mRNA levels in IFN-gamma-treated RAW 264.7 cells. PMA together with IFN-gamma increased iNOS mRNA without affecting the iNOS mRNA degradation, suggesting that the synergistic effect of PMA on IFN-gamma-induced iNOS mRNA production may depend on the elevation of the transcription rate rather than a prolongation of mRNA stability. The DNA binding proteins that are involved in the regulation of iNOS expression are mainly NF-kappa B and IRF-1. IRF-1 transcriptionally regulates many IFN-inducible genes such as iNOS whose promoter contains an IRF-1 binding site. PMA might modulate iNOS induction as a cosignal with IFN-gamma in RAW 264.7 cells because the synergistic effect of PMA was mediated through IRF-1, rather than NF-kappa B. Ro 31-8220, a PKC inhibitor, decreased iNOS activity, protein, mRNA levels and IRF-1 activity, indicating that the effect of PMA on iNOS induction might occur via the PKC pathway. It is evidence that PKC plays an important role in IRF-1 activation and that phorbol ester has a synergistic effect on iNOS induction through IRF-1 activation in IFN-gamma-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The synergistic effect of PMA on IFN-gamma-induced IRF-1 binding activity was observed in macrophage cell line J774 cells as well as RAW 264.7 cells, but not in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages.

[Validity and controversies in the new postoperative pathologic TNM classification based on the results of surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer]

In 1997, the latest revision of the International System for Staging Lung Cancer was published. To validate the new pathologic TNM classification for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we analyzed the survival data of 455 patients who underwent pulmonary resection and pathologic staging at our institution from January 1980 through December 1999. The overall 5-year survival rate was 51.0%. Using the revised new stage classification, the survival rate for each stage was as follows; IA: 74.2%, IB: 66.4%, IIA: 56.0%, IIB: 51.8%, IIIA: 21.0%, IIIB: 16.0%, and IV: 0%. The current TNM classification well reflected the long-term prognostic hierarchy. There were significant differences in survival rates between patients with stage IA and IB, and between patients with stage IIB and IIIA. However, there was no significant difference between patients with stage IIA and IIB. No significant difference in survival was observed among patients with stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IV. Five-year survival rate of 48.3% in the T3N0M0 category was significantly better than that of 21.0% found in the new stage IIIA. The survival of patients with intrapulmonary metastases in the same lobe (pm1) was not significantly better than that found in the stage IV. The TNM staging system accurately reflects the prognosis in NSCLC, but some stage definitions can be discussed.

[A case of psoas cold abscess in a young tuberculosis patient]

A 28-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a complaint of painful induration of right epididymis accompanied with right back pain and persistent low-grade fever. He was finally diagnosed with tuberculosis by sputum culture. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed right psoas abscess and vertebral caries. He underwent a percutaneous drainage of the abscess followed by multidrug (streptomycin, pyrazinamide, refanpicin, isoniazide) combination therapy. Immediately after the drainage, symptoms began to improve with these therapies. However, four months later, abdominal CT showed a worsening of the abscess. Recently there is a stagnation in the decline of incidence of tuberculosis. It is still necessary to examine young people carefully bearing urogenital tuberculosis in mind. The pathogenesis and management of this rare condition are discussed.

A phase II study of concomitant chemoradiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma using carboplatin

PURPOSE

We conducted a phase II study of concomitant chemoradiotherapy with carboplatin for laryngeal carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-four patients with stage II-IV (stage II, 36; III, 19; IV 9) laryngeal carcinoma were treated with concomitant administration of carboplatin (CBDCA) during radiotherapy (CRT group) between 1991 and 1994. There were 36 supraglottic, 25 glottic, and 3 subglottic carcinomas. Patients with stage II and stage III-IV received intravenous CBDCA of 100 mg/m2 and 120 mg/m2 once a week, respectively. Tumor response was assessed at 40 Gy in 16 fractions to select the patients suitable for total laryngectomy or radical radiotherapy of 65 Gy in 26 fractions in 6.5 weeks. The treatment results were compared with the historical control consisting of 56 patients consecutively treated from 1988 to 1990 without chemotherapy (RT group). The two studies were comparable with regard to patient characteristics, including age distribution, gender, tumor location, size, and clinical stage.

RESULTS

The actuarial 5-year survival rate was 80.3% for the CRT group and 81.3% for the RT group. A favorable response (complete response or partial response) at 40 Gy was observed in 87.5% of the patients of the CRT group and in 62.5% of the patients of the RT group (chi2 = 7.566, p < 0.01). The actuarial 5-year larynx preservation rate for the CRT group (75%) was significantly higher than that for the RT group (57%) in patients with T2 supraglottic carcinoma (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the larynx preservation rate between the two treatment arms for any T stage of glottic carcinomas.

CONCLUSION

CRT using carboplatin improved the tumor response at 40 Gy and consequently achieved a higher larynx preservation rate for T2 supraglottic carcinoma. A clinical randomized trial is indicated to certify the findings of this phase II study.

[Five cases of surgically resected chronic expanding hematoma in the chest]

We report surgically treated 5 cases of chronic expanding hematoma in the chest. Three were male and two were female, aged 53 to 76. All patients except one who was thought to have an early stage of chronic expanding hematoma, had severe dyspnea due to compression of lung parenchyma or heart. Complete removal of the hematoma with fibrous capsule was done in two cases, but in three cases the hematoma was removed but the capsule was not because of severe adhesion to the surrounding structures. Post operative course was different to each other. One patient whose capsule was not removed completely have recurrent hematoma in the chest. The pulmonary or cardiac function were improved greatly except for the two cases; an early stage case and a recurrent case. We conclude that surgical removal is the first treatment for chronic expanding hematoma and complete removal of it with capsule is recommended.

The Ikaros gene, a central regulator of lymphoid differentiation, fuses to the BCL6 gene as a result of t(3;7)(q27;p12) translocation in a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

The BCL6 gene, isolated from the breakpoints of 3q27-associated chromosomal translocations, has been implicated in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBL). Here we describe the molecular characterization of novel t(3;7)(q27;p12) translocations in 2 patients with DLBL. Molecular genetic analysis of the breakpoint area involving BCL6 revealed the presence of the Ikaros gene, a central regulator of lymphoid differentiation that had been mapped to human chromosome 7 band p13-p11.1. As a molecular consequence of the translocation, the 5' regulatory region of the BCL6 gene was replaced by the putative 5' regulatory region of the Ikaros gene, probably leading to deregulated expression of the BCL6 gene throughout B-cell differentiation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of a patient sample established that the t(3;7)(q27;p12) results in fusion of the Ikaros and BCL6 genes. This study provides the first evidence that the Ikaros gene is rearranged in human hematopoietic malignant disorders. (Blood. 2000;95:2719-2721)

Utility of near patient testing and home care analysis using a portable critical care analyser

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted in order to determine the usefulness of the application of home patient care using a portable critical care analyser (OPTI-C) after the precision of the OPTI-C was examined.

METHODOLOGY

The OPTI-C, which measures sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) as well as pH, PCO2 and PO2 in whole blood, was used. In order to confirm the linearity of the OPTI-C, analysis using reference materials was performed (n=81). Correlation testing with whole blood samples from patients was also performed using other analysers in the laboratory (n=108). Home patient testing was performed with 15 patients.

RESULTS

The slope linearity and correlation coefficients were as follows: pH, 1.0174+/-0.0091, 0.99972; PCO2, 0.9681+/-0.0094, 0.99967; PO2, 0.9844+/-0.0085, 0.99974; NaST, 0.9788+/-0.0115, 0.99911 and KST 0.9964+/-0.0128, 0.99893. The equivalent results from other analysers showed pH, 1.071+/-0.009, 0.9963; PCO2 0.985+/-0.016, 0.9870; PO2 0.989+/-0.007, 0.9976; Na+, 1.075+/-0.278, 0.9662 and K+ 1.120+/-0.020, 0.9842. The correlation coefficients and P values were as follows: pH, 0.9790, P>0.1; PCO2, 0.9990, P>0.1; PO2, 0.9980, P>0.1; Na+, 0.9438, P>0.05, and K+, 0.9174, P>0.1.

CONCLUSION

The use of portable critical care analysers for near patient testing for home-care patients is recommended in order to increase the efficiency of visits as well as to improve the quality of patient care.

[Surgical treatment for bilateral multiple lung cancers]

We reviewed 12 patients with contralateral bronchogenic carcinomas. Seven of them had metachoronous carcinomas and 5 had synchronous carcinomas. We treated 3 patients with lobectomy on both lungs, and 4 patients with lobectomy and segmentectomy, 2 patients with lobectomy and wedge resection, 2 patients with segmentectomy and thoracoscopic wedge resection, and one patient with lobectomy and ablation on each lung. Two patients who had lobectomy on both lungs were dead, one of whom of bronchofistula on operation and the other of respiratory failure 7 years and one month after second operation. The 5-year survival rate in 12 patients was 68.5% after first operation and 82.5% after second operation. We conclude that lobectomy on both lungs are not recommended because of high mortality rate and the limited resection should be considered to treat the other contralateral primary lung cancers. Because the patients with primary lung cancers have the possibility to suffer from new primary cancers in the different site of the lung, we need careful follow up of the patients after treatment on the first lung cancer.

Truncated TSG101 transcripts in human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines

Inactivation of the TSG101 gene has been shown to induce cellular transformation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts, and aberrant TSG101 transcripts have been observed not only in various human solid tumors but also in hematopoietic malignant disorders. In the present study, we performed nested reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to identify aberrant TSG101 transcripts in 43 human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. We could detect only a single band of the wild-type transcript with the expected size in virtually all cell lines after the first round of PCR. As in the case with various human solid tumors, the smaller TSG101 transcripts appeared in most of these cell lines after the second round of PCR. Thus, the expression level of the variant transcripts was extremely low as compared with that of the wild-type transcript, and this finding was also confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Identification of various truncated transcripts with extensive deletions in the TSG101 coding region was confirmed by means of sequencing analysis, and expression of these transcripts did not appear to be associated with a specific type of hematopoietic malignant disorder. Southern blot analysis did not indicate any gross TSG101 gene rearrangement. The truncated transcripts were also detected in normal peripheral blood leukocytes. Our results suggest that the truncated TSG101 transcripts are definitely detectable in various human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, but do not support the notion that the variant transcripts may have a major functional relevance in the pathogenesis of human hematopoietic malignant disorder.

Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding mouse A15, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, and its preferential expression in brain neurons

A15, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF), was isolated by differential screening of the cDNAs that are preferentially expressed on immature T cells. As a first step in the study of the biological function of the A15 molecule, we isolated cDNAs encoding the entire coding region of mouse A15. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNAs revealed that mouse A15 shares 97% amino acid sequence identity with its human counterpart. The mouse A15 protein product has not yet been characterized, but is predicted to be 244 amino acids with four hydrophobic domains. Northern blot analysis of the RNA samples from various mouse tissues disclosed that the A15 transcripts are expressed most strongly in the brains, and are detectable in the colon, muscle, heart, kidney, and spleen. In situ hybridization of the mouse brain with ribo-probe established that the A15 transcripts are expressed primarily in neurons of the frontal cortex, olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, caudoputamen, and CA3 region of the hypothalamus as well as in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex, which strongly suggests that A15 may have a special function in the fundamental neuronal functioning of the higher nervous system.

Infrequent BCL10 mutations in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

The BCL10 gene was recently isolated from the breakpoint region of t(1;14)(p22;q32) in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. Somatic mutations of BCL10 were found in not only t(1;14)-bearing MALT lymphomas, but also a wide range of other tumors. To clarify the actual frequency and spectrum of BCL10 mutations in primary B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), we examined a total of 139 NHL cases comprising 25 with MALT lymphomas, 54 with follicular B-cell lymphomas (FCL), and 60 with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBL). Polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing analyses led to the identification of four nucleotide changes in FCL and one in DLBL. In contrast, no BCL10 mutations were found in our series of MALT lymphomas. While screening for mutations, we also found three polymorphic sequence variants at codons 5 and 213 and in intron 1 of the BCL10 gene. Our results strongly suggest that somatic mutations of BCL10, if they occur at all, are rare in B-cell NHLs and do not commonly contribute to their molecular pathogenesis.

Psychological impact of informed consent in hospitalized cancer patients. A sequential study of anxiety and depression using the hospital anxiety and depression scale

Patients with cancer receive an explanation of their disease and the recommended treatment when they are asked to give informed consent (IC). In the course of this process patients suffer severe distress, including anxiety and depression, but physicians tend to underestimate it. The goal of this study was to reveal the magnitude of such stress and any changes to this during the IC process by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, a self-assessment scale. Of 171 in-patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer, 119 were assessable for serial HAD scale scores on admission, immediately after the IC process, and at 1 and again at 2 weeks after the IC. Both anxiety and depression scores increased significantly immediately after IC. Female patients had significantly higher anxiety and depression scores than males at 1 week after the IC. The patients with poor performance status demonstrated high anxiety scores on admission and immediately after the IC, and substantial depression persisted longer in these patients. The prevalence of high scores of more than 11 (judged as adjustment disorder or more severe state) immediately after the IC was 50% for anxiety and 31% for depression. The prevalence decreased significantly within 1 or 2 weeks, but 41% and 14% of the patients still showed high anxiety and depression scores, respectively. Physicians should be aware of these facts and pay special attention to their patients' psychological distress in routine clinical practice.

Human aiolos, an ikaros-related zinc finger DNA binding protein: cDNA cloning, tissue expression pattern, and chromosomal mapping

The Ikaros gene (symbol ZNFN1A1) encodes the hematopoietic zinc finger DNA binding protein, which is now recognized as a central regulator of lymphoid differentiation and has been implicated in leukemogenesis. Recently, an Ikaros-related zinc finger protein, called Aiolos (ZNFN1A3), has been identified and characterized, thus establishing the presence of a gene family whose members may be hematopoietic transcription factors. Among Aiolos-mutant mice, development of B-cell lymphoma was frequently seen. As an initial approach to examining the possible involvement of Aiolos in the pathogenesis of human lymphoid proliferative disease, we isolated cDNA clones for human Aiolos from a B-cell cDNA library. The human Aiolos protein predicted from the cDNA sequence consists of 509 amino acid residues and shares 86% sequence identity with its mouse counterpart. As in the case with mouse Aiolos, no isoform for human Aiolos has been found. Northern blot analysis of various human tissues revealed that the Aiolos transcripts are expressed most strongly in peripheral blood leukocytes, the spleen, and the thymus, supporting the notion that Aiolos plays an important role in lymphoid lineages. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a BAC clone established that the Aiolos gene is mapped to human chromosome band 17q11.2.

A novel gene, MALT1 at 18q21, is involved in t(11;18) (q21;q21) found in low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

The t(11;18) (q21;q21) translocation is a characteristic chromosomal aberration in low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type. We previously identified a YAC clone y789F3, which includes the breakpoint at 18q21 in a MALT lymphoma patient. BAC and PAC contigs were constructed on the YAC, and BAC 193f9 was found to encompass the breakpoint region. In the present study, we further narrowed down the breakpoint region at 18q21 in five MALT lymphoma patients by means of FISH and Southern blot analyses using the plasmid contig constructed from BAC 193f9. The breakpoints at 18q21 in three of the five MALT lymphoma patients were found to be clustered approximately within the 20 kb region. By using exon amplification and cDNA library screening, we identified a novel cDNA spanning the breakpoint region that exhibited aberrant mRNA signals in four of the five MALT lymphoma patients. The nucleotide sequence predicted an 813 amino acid protein that shows significant sequence similarity to the CD22beta and laminin 5 alpha3b subunit. We refer to the gene encoding this transcript as MALT1 (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1). The alteration of MALT1 by translocation strongly suggests that this gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma.

[Analysis of the long-term survived patients with P-N2 non-small cell lung cancer]

We had 308 patients with P-N2 non-small cell lung cancer who were treated with pulmonary resection therapy from June 1975 to March 1994. We analysed 9 patients who could survive for 5 years and more after the operation. All of them were male and the mean age was 61.1 years. Histologically, 2 patients had adenocarcinoma and 7 patients had squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical staging was T2N1M0 in 2 patients, T1N2M0 in one, T2N2M0 in 2, T3N2M0 in 2, and T4N2M0 in 2 patients. The histopathological staging was T1 in one patient, T2 in 4, T3 in 3, and T4 in one patient. Three patients who had absolute non-curative operation (residual carcinoma on bronchial stump in 2 patients and residual mediastinal lymph nodes in one patient) were treated with radiation therapy after having operation. The one level mediastinal lymph node metastasis was found in 7 patients and multi-level one in 2 patients. Four patients out of nine are still alive and free from the cancer and 2 patients died of other unrelated disease. The patient who even have P-N2 non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node involvement will live long after curative operation.

Selective usage of D-type cyclins in lymphoid malignancies

Three D-type cyclins, cyclin D1, D2 and D3, belong to the G1 cyclin, which regulates the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, and feature highly homologous amino acid sequences. The cyclin D1 gene was found to be transcriptionally activated in B-lymphoid malignancies with t(11;14), but available information is limited regarding expression of cyclin D2 and D3 in hematopoietic malignancies. We examined the expressions of three D-type cyclins to investigate how these homologous genes are differentially used. Northern blot hybridization with densitometric analyses was performed to examine 64 cell lines and 159 patients with various hematopoietic malignancies. Among lymphoid malignancies, cyclin D1 overexpression was exclusively detected in B cell malignancies accompanied by a genetic event consisting of 11q13 chromosomal translocation, consisting of 13 of 19 (68%) patients with mantle cell lymphoma, two of 11 (18%) with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and one of six (17%) with multiple myeloma. The cyclin D2 expression was significantly higher in T cell malignancies than in B cell malignancies (P = 0.003 for cell lines and P < 0.0001 for patient samples, respectively). In the T cell malignancies, cyclin D2 overexpression was predominantly recognized in those with mature phenotype. Furthermore, cyclin D2 expression was upregulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of normal T-lymphocytes, suggesting that this simply represents the proliferation status of mature T cells. Although cyclin D3 was ubiquitously expressed, its expression was reduced in lymphoid malignancies with cyclin D1 or D2 overexpression. In myeloid leukemias, although three D-type type cyclins were differentially expressed, no preference for particular D-type cyclins was found. This selective usage of D-type cyclins in lymphoid malignancies suggests an existence of a regulatory mechanism among three D-type cyclins.