HMZDupFinder: a robust computational approach for detecting intragenic homozygous duplications from exome sequencing data

Homozygous duplications contribute to genetic disease by altering gene dosage or disrupting gene regulation and can be more deleterious to organismal biology than heterozygous duplications. Intragenic exonic duplications can result in loss-of-function (LoF) or gain-of-function (GoF) alleles that when homozygosed, i.e. brought to homozygous state at a locus by identity by descent or state, could potentially result in autosomal recessive (AR) rare disease traits. However, the detection and functional interpretation of homozygous duplications from exome sequencing data remains a challenge. We developed a framework algorithm, HMZDupFinder, that is designed to detect exonic homozygous duplications from exome sequencing (ES) data. The HMZDupFinder algorithm can efficiently process large datasets and accurately identifies small intragenic duplications, including those associated with rare disease traits. HMZDupFinder called 965 homozygous duplications with three or less exons from 8,707 ES with a recall rate of 70.9% and a precision of 16.1%. We experimentally confirmed 8/10 rare homozygous duplications. Pathogenicity assessment of these copy number variant alleles allowed clinical genomics contextualization for three homozygous duplications alleles, including two affecting known OMIM disease genes EDAR (MIM# 224900), TNNT1(MIM# 605355), and one variant in a novel candidate disease gene: PAAF1.

Clinical heterogeneity in families with multiple cases of inborn errors of immunity

BACKGROUND

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a diverse range of genetic immune system illnesses affecting the innate and/or adaptive immune systems. Variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance have been reported in IEI patients with similar clinical diagnoses or even the same genetic mutation.

METHODS

Among all recorded patients in the national IEI registry, 193 families with multiple cases have been recognized. Clinical, laboratory and genetic variability were compared between 451 patients with different IEI entities.

RESULTS

The diagnosis of the first children led to the earlier diagnosis, lower diagnostic delay, timely treatment and improved survival in the second children in the majority of IEI. The highest discordance in familial lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity and malignancy were respectively observed in STK4 deficiency, DNMT3B deficiency and ATM deficiency. Regarding immunological heterogeneity within a unique family with multiple cases of IEI, the highest discordance in CD3+, CD4+, CD19+, IgM and IgA levels was observed in syndromic combined immunodeficiencies (CID), while non-syndromic CID particularly severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) manifested the highest discordance in IgG levels. Identification of the first ATM-deficient patient can lead to improved care and better survival in the next IEI children from the same family.

CONCLUSION

Intrafamilial heterogeneity in immunological and/or clinical features could be observed in families with multiple cases of IEI indicating the indisputable role of appropriate treatment and preventive environmental factors besides specific gene mutations in the variable observed penetrance or expressivity of the disease. This also emphasizes the importance of implementing genetic evaluation in all members of a family with a history of IEI even if there is no suspicion of an underlying IEI as other factors besides the underlying genetic defects might cause a milder phenotype or delay in presentation of clinical features. Thus, affected patients could be timely diagnosed and treated, and their quality of life and survival would improve.

Impact of tumor microenvironment on efficacy of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy or chemotherapy and transplant in large B cell lymphoma

The phase 3 ZUMA-7 trial in second-line large B cell lymphoma demonstrated superiority of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy (axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel)) over standard of care (SOC; salvage chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic transplantation) ( NCT03391466 ). Here, we present a prespecified exploratory analysis examining the association between pretreatment tumor characteristics and the efficacy of axi-cel versus SOC. B cell gene expression signature (GES) and CD19 expression associated significantly with improved event-free survival for axi-cel (P = 0.0002 for B cell GES; P = 0.0165 for CD19 expression) but not SOC (P = 0.9374 for B cell GES; P = 0.5526 for CD19 expression). Axi-cel showed superior event-free survival over SOC irrespective of B cell GES and CD19 expression (P = 8.56 × 10-9 for B cell GES high; P = 0.0019 for B cell GES low; P = 3.85 × 10-9 for CD19 gene high; P = 0.0017 for CD19 gene low). Low CD19 expression in malignant cells correlated with a tumor GES consisting of immune-suppressive stromal and myeloid genes, highlighting the inter-relation between malignant cell features and immune contexture substantially impacting axi-cel outcomes. Tumor burden, lactate dehydrogenase and cell-of-origin impacted SOC more than axi-cel outcomes. T cell activation and B cell GES, which are associated with improved axi-cel outcome, decreased with increasing lines of therapy. These data highlight differences in resistance mechanisms to axi-cel and SOC and support earlier intervention with axi-cel.

Three cases of late-onset post CAR-T therapy isolated CNS relapse in R/R large B-cell lymphoma

CD19-chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy has improved the outcomes of relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphoma significantly. However, about 50% of patients relapsed post-CAR-T therapy. Late relapse composed of 1/3 to 1/2 of CAR-T cell therapy failure, with no previous reports of isolated relapse in immune-privileged sites. Here, we report the first case series of late-onset post CAR-T cell therapy isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapses, in systemic relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphoma patients. With these cases, we suggest that additional CNS prophylaxis should be administrated for primary refractory patients on CAR-T cell therapy with previous neurological involvements, multiple extra-nodular lesions, and high CNS-IPI score pre-CAR, as well as early disappearance of circulating CAR-T cells post infusion.

Improved outcomes of large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with CD19 CAR T in the UK over time

The success of CD19 Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) has been partially offset by toxicity and logistical challenges, which off-the-shelf agents like CD20xCD3 bispecific antibodies might potentially overcome. However, when using CAR T outcomes as the 'standard-of-care comparator̕ for relapsed/refractory (r/r) LBCL, a potential learning curve with implementing a novel, complex therapy like CAR T needs to be considered. To address this, we analysed 726 UK patients intended to be treated with CD19 CAR T for r/r LBCL and compared outcomes between the first year of the national CAR T programme (Era 1; 2019) and the more recent treatment era (Era 2; 2020-2022). We identified significant improvements for Era 2 versus Era 1 in dropout rate (17% vs. 27%, p = 0.001), progression-free survival (1-year PFS 50% vs. 32%, p < 0.001) and overall survival (1-year OS 60% vs. 40%, p < 0.001). We also observed increased use of bridging therapy, improvement in bridging outcomes, more tocilizumab/corticosteroid use, reduced high-grade cytokine release syndrome (4% vs. 9%, p = 0.01) and intensive care unit admissions (20% vs. 32%, p = 0.001). Our results demonstrate significant improvement in CAR T outcomes over time, highlighting the importance of using up-to-date clinical data when comparing CAR T against new treatment options for r/r LBCL.

Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma

Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) of the jaws is currently classified as a benign mesenchymal odontogenic tumor, and only targeted approaches have been used to assess its genetic alterations. A minimal proportion of COFs harbor CDC73 somatic mutations, and copy number alterations (CNAs) involving chromosomes 7 and 12 have recently been reported in a small proportion of cases. However, the genetic background of COFs remains obscure. We used a combination of whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing to assess somatic mutations, fusion transcripts, and CNAs in a cohort of 12 freshly collected COFs. No recurrent fusions have been identified among the 5 cases successfully analyzed by RNA sequencing, with in-frame fusions being detected in 2 cases (MARS1::GOLT1B and PARG::BMS1 in one case and NCLN::FZR1 and NFIC::SAMD1 in the other case) and no candidate fusions identified for the remaining 3 cases. No recurrent pathogenic mutations were detected in the 11 cases that had undergone whole-exome sequencing. A KRAS p.L19F missense variant was detected in one case, and 2 CDC73 deletions were detected in another case. The other variants were of uncertain significance and included variants in PC, ACTB, DOK6, HACE1, and COL1A2 and previously unreported variants in PTPN14, ATP5F1C, APOBEC1, HDAC5, ATF7IP, PARP2, and ACTR3B. The affected genes do not clearly converge on any signaling pathway. CNAs were detected in 5/11 cases (45%), with copy gains involving chromosome 12 occurring in 3/11 cases (27%). In conclusion, no recurrent fusions or pathogenic variants have been detected in the present COF cohort, with copy gains involving chromosome 12 occurring in 27% of cases.

Successful antenatal treatment of MAGED2-related Bartter syndrome and review of treatment options and efficacy

A new form of transient antenatal Bartter syndrome (aBS) was recently identified that is associated with the X-linked MAGED2 variant. Case reports demonstrate that this variant leads to severe polyhydramnios that may result in preterm birth or pregnancy loss. There is limited but promising evidence that amnioreductions may improve fetal outcomes in this rare condition. We report a woman with two affected pregnancies. In the first pregnancy, the patient was diagnosed with mild-to-moderate polyhydramnios in the second trimester that ultimately resulted in preterm labor and delivery at 25 weeks with fetal demise. Whole exome sequencing of the amniotic fluid sample resulted after the pregnancy loss and revealed a c.1337G>A MAGED2 variant that was considered diagnostically. The subsequent pregnancy was confirmed by chorionic villi sampling to also be affected by this variant. The pregnancy was managed with frequent ultrasounds and three amnioreductions that resulted in spontaneous vaginal delivery at 37 weeks and 6 days of a viable newborn with no evidence of overt electrolyte abnormalities suggesting complete resolution. A detailed review of the published cases of MAGED2-related transient aBS is provided. Our review focuses on individuals who received antenatal treatment. A total of 31 unique cases of MAGED2-related transient aBS were compiled. Amnioreduction was performed in 23 cases and in 18 cases no amnioreduction was performed. The average gestational age at delivery was significantly lower in cases without serial amnioreduction (28.7 vs. 30.71 weeks, p = 0.03). Neonatal mortality was seen in 5/18 cases without serial amnioreduction, and no mortality was observed in the cases with serial amnioreduction. In cases of second trimester severe polyhydramnios without identifiable cause, whole exome sequencing should be considered. Intensive ultrasound surveillance and serial amnioreduction is recommended for the management of MAGED2-related transient aBS.

CD2AP is a potential prognostic biomarker of renal clear cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a podocyte-associated gene and its reduced expression is associated with the development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, few studies have focused on the correlation between the expression and prognosis of CD2AP in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Therefore, we aimed to assess the regulation of CD2AP expression and prognostic value in ccRCC.

METHODS

Multiple databases were employed to examine the expression of CD2AP in ccRCC. RT-qPCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to validate CD2AP expression in different cell lines and tissue samples. Kaplan-Meier analysis and ROC curve analysis were performed on the predictive prognostic performance of CD2AP. COX regression was used to construct CD2AP-related prognostic models. The TIMER and TISIDB databases were used to analyze the correlation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells with gene expression, mutations, somatic copy number variation, and immune molecules. Mass spectrometry was used to detect methylation status of the promoter CpG site of CD2AP in multiple cells.

RESULTS

We found that CD2AP expression was downregulated in ccRCC and its lower expression level was correlation with worse patient prognosis, higher tumor stage and grade and distant metastasis through analysis of databases, ccRCC cell lines and clinical tissue samples. Moreover, database and mass spectrometry techniques identified and validated cg12968598 hypermethylation as one of the key reasons for the downregulation of CD2AP expression. CD2AP expression was also associated with macrophage and neutrophil infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our results suggest that CD2AP can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients and that DNA hypermethylation plays an important role in reducing CD2AP expression.

Simulated microgravity altered the gene expression profiles and inhibited the proliferation of Kupffer cells in the early phase by downregulating LMO2 and EZH2

Microgravity is a primary challenge that need to overcome, when human travel to space. Our study provided evidence that Kupffer cells (KCs) are sensitive to simulated microgravity (SMG), and no similar research report has been found in the literature. Using transcriptome sequencing technology, it was showed that 631 genes were upregulated and 801 genes were downregulated in KCs after treatment under SMG for 3 days. The GO analysis indicated that the proliferation of KCs was affected when exposed to SMG for 3 days. CCK-8 assay confirmed that the proliferation of KCs was inhibited in the third day under the environment of SMG. Furthermore, we identified 8 key genes that affect the proliferation of KCs and predicted 2 transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the 8 key genes. Significantly, we found that microgravity could affect the expression of LMO2 and EZH2 to reduce the transcription of Racgap1, Ccna2, Nek2, Aurka, Plk1, Haus4, Cdc20, Bub1b, which resulting in the reduction in KCs proliferation. These finding suggested that the inhibition of KCs proliferation under microgravity may influence the homeostasis of liver, and LMO2 and EZH2 can be the targets in management of KCs' disturbance in the future practice of space medicine.

Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with cold spells during 2000-19: a three-stage modelling study

BACKGROUND

Exposure to cold spells is associated with mortality. However, little is known about the global mortality burden of cold spells.

METHODS

A three-stage meta-analytical method was used to estimate the global mortality burden associated with cold spells by means of a time series dataset of 1960 locations across 59 countries (or regions). First, we fitted the location-specific, cold spell-related mortality associations using a quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag non-linear model with a lag period of up to 21 days. Second, we built a multivariate meta-regression model between location-specific associations and seven predictors. Finally, we predicted the global grid-specific cold spell-related mortality associations during 2000-19 using the fitted meta-regression model and the yearly grid-specific meta-predictors. We calculated the annual excess deaths, excess death ratio (excess deaths per 1000 deaths), and excess death rate (excess deaths per 100 000 population) due to cold spells for each grid across the world.

FINDINGS

Globally, 205 932 (95% empirical CI [eCI] 162 692-250 337) excess deaths, representing 3·81 (95% eCI 2·93-4·71) excess deaths per 1000 deaths (excess death ratio), and 3·03 (2·33-3·75) excess deaths per 100 000 population (excess death rate) were associated with cold spells per year between 2000 and 2019. The annual average global excess death ratio in 2016-19 increased by 0·12 percentage points and the excess death rate in 2016-19 increased by 0·18 percentage points, compared with those in 2000-03. The mortality burden varied geographically. The excess death ratio and rate were highest in Europe, whereas these indicators were lowest in Africa. Temperate climates had higher excess death ratio and rate associated with cold spells than other climate zones.

INTERPRETATION

Cold spells are associated with substantial mortality burden around the world with geographically varying patterns. Although the number of cold spells has on average been decreasing since year 2000, the public health threat of cold spells remains substantial. The findings indicate an urgency of taking local and regional measures to protect the public from the mortality burdens of cold spells.

FUNDING

Australian Research Council, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, EU's Horizon 2020 Project Exhaustion.

Lactate promoted cisplatin resistance in NSCLC by modulating the m6A modification-mediated FOXO3/MAGI1-IT1/miR-664b-3p/IL-6R axis

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin resistance is one of the major obstacles in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Intriguingly, elevated lactate levels were observed in cisplatin-resistant cells, which spurred further investigation into their underlying biological mechanisms.

METHODS

Lactate levels were measured by lactate detection kit. Cisplatin-resistance NSCLC cells were established using progressive concentration of cisplatin. Cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8, EdU, and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell proliferation in vivo was determined by immunohistochemistry of Ki67 and apoptotic cells were calculated by the TUNEL. MeRIP-PCR was used to measure FOXO3 m6A levels. The interactions of genes were analyzed via RIP, ChIP, Dual-luciferase reporter, and RNA pull-down, respectively.

RESULTS

Elevated lactate levels were observed in both NSCLC patients and cisplatin-resistance cells. Lactate treatment increased cisplatin-resistance cell viability in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, lactate downregulated FOXO3 by YTHDF2-mediated m6A modification. FOXO3 transcriptionally reduced MAGI1-IT1 expression. FOXO3 overexpression inhibited the lactate-induced promotion of cisplatin resistance in NSCLC, which were reversed by MAGI1-IT1 overexpression. MAGI1-IT1 and IL6R competitively bound miR-664b-3p. FOXO3 overexpression or MAGI1-IT1 knockdown repressed lactate-mediated cisplatin resistance in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Lactate promoted NSCLC cisplatin resistance through regulating FOXO3/MAGI1-IT1/miR-664b-3p/IL6R axis in YTHDF2-mediated m6A modification.

Myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves in a fetus with 6q25.1 (TAB2) deletion

Myxomatous degeneration of one or more cardiac valves has been reported in trisomy 18, Noonan, Marfan, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. 6q25.1 (TAB2) deletion is one of the notable causes for myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves. Whole exome sequencing must be considered in these subsets of cases for effective prenatal counselling. A 23-week fetus presented with cardiomegaly, redundant myxomatous tricuspid, mitral valve leaflets, thickened pulmonary valve, and bicuspid aortic valves detected to have 6q25.1 (TAB2) deletion was presented with literature review.

The experiences and impact on wellness among international students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective Assessing experiences and impact on wellness among international students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants: 405 undergraduate and graduate international students from 65 countries studying at a large public university. Methods: An online, voluntary and anonymous survey consisting of 50 quantitative and qualitative questions was conducted through Qualtrics. Descriptive and frequency analyses were used. Results: 27% of the students had concerns about the changes in student visa status that could seriously disrupt their studies in the U.S. 66.2% of them reported a moderate level, 18.8% reported a high level of stress related to the pandemic. Students identified the highest confidence in getting tested for infection but the lowest confidence in getting treatment if infected. They preferred telehealth for mental health services. Conclusions: Universities can best help international students by assisting with student visa and international travel issues, access to treatment for COVID-19 infection and developing telehealth for mental health services.

An integrated transcriptomics and network pharmacology approach to explore the mechanism of Wang-Bi tablet against SAPHO syndrome

BACKGROUND

SAPHO syndrome is recognized as a rare entity with damage to skin and bones due to inflammation. Currently, the treatment for SAPHO syndrome is still a challenge in clinical practice. In this study, an integrated transcriptomics and network pharmacology approach was applied to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Wang-Bi tablet (WBT) on SAPHO syndrome.

METHODS

The main components of WBT and their targets, as well as the targets of SAPHO syndrome, were collected from databases. Network visualization was performed using Cytoscape software. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was executed by David dataset. Then, the molecular mechanism of WBT improving SAPHO syndrome was validated by transcriptomics of peripheral blood neutrophils in SAPHO syndrome. Finally, the above results were validated by molecular docking.

RESULTS

The Network Pharmacology results showed there are 152 core targets for WBT treatment on SAPHO syndrome. RNA-seq data showed 442 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood neutrophils of SAPHO patients. Intriguingly, NIK/NF-kappaB-, MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor-, and MAPK pathway were included in the enrichment results of network pharmacology and RNA-seq. Moreover, we verified that the core components of WBT have good affinity with the core targets of NIK/NF-kappaB-, MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor-, and MAPK pathway by molecular docking.

CONCLUSIONS

This study illustrated that the possible mechanisms of WBT against SAPHO syndrome may be related to NIK/NF-kappaB-, MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor-, and MAPK pathway, and further experiments are needed to prove these predictions.

Distinct distribution of subplate neuron subtypes between the sensory cortices during the early postnatal period

Subplate neurons (SpNs) are a heterogeneous neuronal population actively involved in early cortical circuit formation. In rodents, many SpNs survive and form layer 6b. The molecular heterogeneity of SpNs raises the question of whether different subpopulations of SpNs survive through the early postnatal period similarly and whether such diverse SpN populations in the auditory cortex (ACtx) share a common distribution pattern with other sensory systems. To address that, we investigated the expression pattern of multiple specific SpN markers in the ACtx, as well as in the visual (VCtx) and somatosensory (SCtx) cortices as controls, using complexin 3 (Cplx3) antibodies and different SpN-specific Cre-driver mice, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1a), and neurexophilin 4 (Nxph4). We focused on two early time windows in auditory development: (1) during the second postnatal week (PNW) before ear-canal opening and (2) during the third PNW after ear-canal opening. We compared the expression pattern of different SpN markers in ACtx with VCtx and SCtx. At both examined timepoints, Cplx3 and Nxph4 expressing SpNs form the largest and smallest population in the ACtx, respectively. Similar distribution patterns are observable in the VCtx and SCtx during the second PNW but not during the third PNW, for a higher proportion of Drd1a expressing SpNs is detected in the VCtx and CTGF expressing SpNs in the SCtx. This study suggests that different populations of SpNs might contribute differently to the development of individual sensory circuits.

BAG3 as a novel prognostic biomarker in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma correlating with immune infiltrates

PURPOSE

BCL-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is an anti-apoptotic protein that plays an essential role in the onset and progression of multiple cancer types. However, the clinical significance of BAG3 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remains unclear.

METHODS

Using Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we explored the expression, prognostic value, and clinical correlations of BAG3 in KIRC. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of HKH cohort further validated the expression of BAG3 in KIRC and its impact on prognosis. Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA) was utilized to scrutinize the prognostic value of BAG3 methylation. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to identify potential biological functions of BAG3 in KIRC. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was performed to confirm the correlation between BAG3 expression and immune cell infiltration.

RESULTS

BAG3 mRNA expression and protein expression were significantly downregulated in KIRC tissues compared to normal kidney tissues, associated with adverse clinical-pathological factors and poor clinical prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that low expression of BAG3 was an independent prognostic factor in KIRC patients. GSEA analysis showed that BAG3 is mainly involved in DNA methylation and the immune-related pathways in KIRC. In addition, the expression of BAG3 is closely related to immune cell infiltration and immune cell marker set.

CONCLUSION

BAG3 might be a potential therapeutic target and valuable prognostic biomarker of KIRC and is closely related to immune cell infiltration.

Evaluation of transcription factors and cytokine expressions of T-cell subsets in CD19 deficiency and their possible relationship with autoimmune disease

CD19 deficiency is a rare, predominantly antibody deficiency, and there are few studies showing that it can be seen in autoimmune diseases. The aim of study was evaluated to transcription factor and cytokine expressions of helper T (Th)-cell subsets in CD19 deficiency and the possible mechanism role of this factor expression in autoimmune disease. Transcription factor and cytokine expressions of Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. In the study, in the patient/control comparison, transcription factor and cytokine expressions of Th1 (T-bet, STAT1, and STAT4) were found to be significantly downregulated, but IFN-γ was significantly upregulated in patients. Th2 factor GATA3, STAT6, IL-4, and IL-5 were significantly downregulated. For Th17, RORγt was downregulated while IL-22 was upregulated. In the heterozygous/control comparison, there was no significant change in gene expressions other than IL-5. T-bet, STAT1, GATA3, IL-4, RORγt, FoxP3, and TGF-β were significantly downregulated in the patient/heterozygous comparison. It was revealed for the first time that the expression of the transcription factors and cytokines in CD19 deficiency. These findings might be showing the predominance of Th1 factors and suppressed Treg factors which could be related with autoimmunity in CD19 deficiency.

ATM-Mediated translocation of RanBPM regulates DNA damage response by stabilizing p21 in non-small cell lung cancer cells

PURPOSE

Platinum-based chemotherapy remains a standard-of-care for most patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DNA damage response (DDR) induced by platinum or Etoposide activated a panel of cell cycle-regulatory proteins including p21 through p53 pathway. Previous studies have reported that RanBPM has been involved in various cellular processes such as DDR by interacting with multiple proteins. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS

NSCLC tissue microarrays were used for assessing the expression of RanBPM by immunohistochemical staining. The roles of RanBPM in the DDR of NSCLC progression was examined in in vitro cell lines and in vivo animal models. The regulation of RanBPM on protein stability and ubiquitination levels were investigated by immunoblots and in vivo ubiquitylation assay.

RESULTS

The level of p21 or RanBPM is lower in NSCLC than non-malignant tissues and has a highly positive correlation. Mechanistically, RanBPM protein physically interacts with p21, and RanBPM deubiquitinates p21 by recruiting a deubiquitinase USP11 to maintain protein stability of p21. RanBPM silencing significantly decreased p21 protein level. Conversely, RanBPM overexpression led to the accumulation of endogenous p21 protein regardless of p53 status. Functionally, RanBPM regulates DDR in a p21-dependent manner. Furthermore, DNA damage significantly promoted the nuclear translocation of RanBPM protein through ATM signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

RanBPM is a novel regulator of P21 protein stability, and plays a critical role in the regulation of DDR.

Effect of RNA-binding proteins on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Tissue regeneration mediated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an ideal way to repair bone defects. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) can affect cell function through post-transcriptional regulation. Exploring the role of RBPs in the process of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is helpful to find a key method to promote the osteogenic efficiency of BMSCs. By reviewing the literature, we obtained a differentially expressed mRNA dataset during the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and a human RBP dataset. A total of 82 differentially expressed RBPs in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were screened by intersection of the two datasets. Functional analysis showed that the differentially expressed RBPs were mainly involved in RNA transcription, translation and degradation through the formation of spliceosomes and ribonucleoprotein complexes. The top 15 RBPs determined by degree score were FBL, NOP58, DDX10, RPL9, SNRPD3, NCL, IFIH1, RPL18A, NAT10, EXOSC5, ALYREF, PA2G4, EIF5B, SNRPD1 and EIF6. The results of this study demonstrate that the expression of many RBPs changed during osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

Gustav Peter Bucky: An Engineer in the Service of Health

This history page in the series "Leaders in MSK radiology" is dedicated to the memory and achievements of the German radiologist Gustav Peter Bucky who invented the Bucky diaphragm grids. He wanted to become an engineer but bowed to his parents' wishes and went to medical school. By using his technical skills, he made revolutionary contributions to the early X-ray technique.

Effect of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and its extracts on the immunization outcome of avian influenza vaccine in broilers

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP) is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant with immunomodulatory effects. However, the immunomodulatory effects of EP on broilers after vaccination are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim is to study the effect of EP and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench extracts(EE) on avian influenza virus (AIV) immunity, and further explore the potential mechanism of immune regulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Broilers were fed with feed additives containing 2% EP or 0.5% EE, and vaccinated against avian influenza. The samples were collected on the 7th, 21st, and 35th day after vaccination, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Blood antibody titer, jejunal sIgA content, tight junction protein, gene and protein expression of TLR4-MAPK signaling pathway were also detected.

RESULTS

The results showed that vaccination could cause immune stress, weight loss, increase sIgA content, and up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins, including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1, as well as the genes of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), activator protein 1 (AP-1) protein gene expression on TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and the protein expression of MyD88, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). EP and EE could increase the body weight of broilers, further improve antibody titers, decrease FCR, increase sIgA levels, up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1, as well as the genes of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and AP-1 and the protein expression of MyD88, ERK, and JNK in the TLR4-MAPK signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, EP and EE can increase the broiler's production performance and improve vaccine immune effect through the TLR4-MAPK signaling pathway.

Flavonoid extract from propolis alleviates periodontitis by boosting periodontium regeneration and inflammation resolution via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and RANK/NF-κB pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In traditional Chinese medicine, propolis has been used for treating oral diseases for centuries, widely. Flavonoid extract is the main active ingredient in propolis, which has attracted extensive attention in recent years.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective and novelty of the current study aims to identify the mechanism of total flavonoid extract of propolis (TFP) for the treatment of periodontitis, and evaluate the therapeutic effect of TFP-loaded liquid crystal hydrogel (TFP-LLC) in rats with periodontitis.

METHODS

In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide-stimulated periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) to construct in vitro inflammation model, and investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of TFP by expression levels of inflammatory factors. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed using alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red staining. Meanwhile, the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) etc, were quantitated to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of TFP. Finally, we constructed TFP-LLC using a self-emulsification method and administered it to rats with periodontitis via periodontal pocket injection to evaluate the therapeutic effects. The therapeutic index, microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT), H&E staining, TRAP staining, and Masson staining were used for this evaluation.

RESULTS

TFP reduced the expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and inflammatory factor in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PDLSCs. Meanwhile, TFP simultaneously regulating alkaline phosphatase, RANK, runt-associated transcription factor-2 and matrix metalloproteinase production to accelerate osteogenic differentiation and collagen secretion. In addition, TFP-LLC can stably anchor to the periodontal lesion site and sustainably release TFP. After four weeks of treatment with TFP-LLC, we observed a decrease in the levels of NF-κB and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the periodontal tissues of rats, as well as a significant reduction in inflammation in HE staining. Similarly, Micro CT results showed that TFP-LLC could significantly inhibit alveolar bone resorption, increase bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce trabecular bone space (Tb.Sp) in rats with periodontitis.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, we have firstly verified the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of TFP in PDLSCs for periodontitis treatment. Our results indicate that TFP perform anti-inflammatory and tissue repair activities through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and RANK/NF-κB pathways in PDLSCs. Meanwhile, for the first time, we employed LLC delivery system to load TFP for periodontitis treatment. The results showed that TFP-LLC could be effectively retained in the periodontal pocket and exerted a crucial role in inflammation resolution and periodontal tissue regeneration.

Emergence of periodic circumferential actin cables from the anisotropic fusion of actin nanoclusters during tubulogenesis

The periodic circumferential cytoskeleton supports various tubular tissues. Radial expansion of the tube lumen causes anisotropic tensile stress, which can be exploited as a geometric cue. However, the molecular machinery linking anisotropy to robust circumferential patterning is poorly understood. Here, we aim to reveal the emergent process of circumferential actin cable formation in a Drosophila tracheal tube. During luminal expansion, sporadic actin nanoclusters emerge and exhibit circumferentially biased motion and fusion. RNAi screening reveals the formin family protein, DAAM, as an essential component responding to tissue anisotropy, and non-muscle myosin II as a component required for nanocluster fusion. An agent-based model simulation suggests that crosslinkers play a crucial role in nanocluster formation and cluster-to-cable transition occurs in response to mechanical anisotropy. Altogether, we propose that an actin nanocluster is an organizational unit that responds to stress in the cortical membrane and builds a higher-order cable structure.

Yeast 26S proteasome nuclear import is coupled to nucleus-specific degradation of the karyopherin adaptor protein Sts1

In eukaryotes, the ubiquitin-proteasome system is an essential pathway for protein degradation and cellular homeostasis. 26S proteasomes concentrate in the nucleus of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the essential import adaptor protein Sts1 and the karyopherin-α protein Srp1. Here, we show that Sts1 facilitates proteasome nuclear import by recruiting proteasomes to the karyopherin-α/β heterodimer. Following nuclear transport, the karyopherin proteins are likely separated from Sts1 through interaction with RanGTP in the nucleus. RanGTP-induced release of Sts1 from the karyopherin proteins initiates Sts1 proteasomal degradation in vitro. Sts1 undergoes karyopherin-mediated nuclear import in the absence of proteasome interaction, but Sts1 degradation in vivo is only observed when proteasomes successfully localize to the nucleus. Sts1 appears to function as a proteasome import factor during exponential growth only, as it is not found in proteasome storage granules (PSGs) during prolonged glucose starvation, nor does it appear to contribute to the rapid nuclear reimport of proteasomes following glucose refeeding and PSG dissipation. We propose that Sts1 acts as a single-turnover proteasome nuclear import factor by recruiting karyopherins for transport and undergoing subsequent RanGTP-initiated ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation in the nucleus.

Exploration and bioinformatic prediction for profile of mRNA bound to circular RNA BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563 in coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

As a novel circRNA, BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563 has not been fully investigated in coronary artery disease (CAD). Our aim is to reveal the possible functional role and regulatory pathway of BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563 in CAD via exploring genes combined with BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563.

METHODS

A total of 45 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of CAD patients were enrolled. The ChIRP-RNAseq assay was performed to directly explore genes bound to BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were conducted to reveal possible functions of these genes. The interaction network was constructed by the STRING database and the Cytoscape software. The Cytoscape software were used again to identify clusters and hub genes of genes bound to BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563. The target miRNAs of hub genes were predicted via online databases.

RESULTS

In this study, a total of 221 mRNAs directly bound to BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563 were identified in PBMCs of CAD patients via ChIRP-RNAseq. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that these mRNAs may participate in translation and necroptosis. Moreover, the interaction network showed that there may be a close relationship between these mRNAs. Eight clusters can be further subdivided from the interaction network. RPS3 and RPSA were identified as hub genes and hsa-miR-493-5p was predicted to be the target miRNA of RPS3.

CONCLUSIONS

BTBD7_hsa_circ_0000563 and mRNAs directly bound to it may influence the initiation and progression of CAD, among which RPS3 and RPSA may be hub genes. These findings may provide innovative ideas for further research on CAD.

NLRP12 interacts with NLRP3 to block the activation of the human NLRP3 inflammasome

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that drive inflammation and contribute to protective immunity against pathogens and immune pathology in autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes assemble when an inflammasome scaffold protein senses an activating signal and forms a signaling platform with the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC. The NLRP subfamily of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) includes inflammasome nucleators (such as NLRP3) and also NLRP12, which is genetically linked to familial autoinflammatory disorders that resemble diseases caused by gain-of-function NLRP3 mutants that generate a hyperactive NLRP3 inflammasome. We performed a screen to identify ASC inflammasome-nucleating proteins among NLRs that have the canonical pyrin-NACHT-LRR domain structure. Only NLRP3 and NLRP6 could initiate ASC polymerization to form "specks," and NLRP12 failed to nucleate ASC polymerization. However, wild-type NLRP12 inhibited ASC inflammasome assembly induced by wild-type and gain-of-function mutant NLRP3, an effect not seen with disease-associated NLRP12 mutants. The capacity of NLRP12 to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome assembly was limited to human NLRP3 and was not observed for wild-type murine NLRP3. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with an NLRP12 mutant-associated inflammatory disorder produced increased amounts of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in response to NLRP3 stimulation. Thus, our findings provide insights into NLRP12 biology and suggest that NLRP3 inhibitors in clinical trials for NLRP3-driven diseases may also be effective in treating NLRP12-associated autoinflammatory diseases.

Exosomal secreted SCIMP regulates communication between macrophages and neutrophils in pneumonia

In pneumonia, the deficient or delayed pathogen clearance can lead to pathogen proliferation and subsequent overactive immune responses, inducing acute lung injury (ALI). While screening human genome coding genes using our peripheral blood cell chemotactic platform, we unexpectedly find SLP adaptor and CSK interacting membrane protein (SCIMP), a protein with neutrophil chemotactic activity secreted during ALI. However, the specific role of SCIMP in ALI remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the secretion of SCIMP in exosomes (SCIMPexo) by macrophages after bacterial stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo. We observe a significant increase in the levels of SCIMPexo in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of pneumonia patients. We also find that bronchial perfusion with SCIMPexo or SCIMP N-terminal peptides increases the survival rate of the ALI model. This occurs due to the chemoattraction and activation of peripheral neutrophils dependent on formyl peptide receptor 1/2 (FPR1/2). Conversely, exosome suppressors and FPR1/2 antagonists decrease the survival rate in the lethal ALI model. Scimp-deficient and Fpr1/2-deficient mice also have lower survival rates and shorter survival times than wild-type mice. However, bronchial perfusion of SCIMP rescues Scimp-deficient mice but not Fpr1/2-deficient mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that the macrophage-SCIMP-FPRs-neutrophil axis plays a vital role in the innate immune process underlying ALI.

Pathogen recognition pathway gene variants and inflammasome sensors gene expression in tuberculosis patients under treatment

BACKGROUND

Several epidemiological studies have suggested that genetic variations in encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) genes such as Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) and their signaling products, may influence the susceptibility, severity and outcome of tuberculosis (TB). After sensing a pathogen, the cell responds producing an inflammatory response, to restrain the pathogen's successful course of infection. Herein we assessed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and gene expression from pathogen recognition and inflammasome pathways in Brazilian TB patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

For genetic association analysis we included MYD88 and TLR4, PRRs sensing proteins. Allele distribution for MYD88 rs6853 (A > G) and TLR4 rs7873784 (C > G) presented conserved among the tested samples with statistically differential distribution in TB patients versus controls. However, when testing according to sample ethnicity (African or Caucasian-derived individuals) we identified that the rs6853 G/G genotype was associated with a lower susceptibility to TB in Caucasian population. Meanwhile, the rs7873784 G/G genotype was associated with a higher TB susceptibility in Afro-descendant ethnicity individuals. We also aimed to verify MYD88 and the inflammasome genes NLRP1 and NLRC4 expression in order to connect to active TB and/or clinical aspects.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified that inflammasome gene expression in TB patients under treatment display a similar pattern as in healthy controls, indicating that TB treatment impairs NLRP1 inflammasome activation.

Brief research report: in-depth immunophenotyping reveals stability of CD19 CAR T-cells over time

Variability or stability might have an impact on treatment success and toxicity of CD19 CAR T-cells. We conducted a prospective observational study of 12 patients treated with Tisagenlecleucel for CD19+ B-cell malignancies. Using a 31-color spectral flow cytometry panel, we analyzed differentiation stages and exhaustion markers of CAR T-cell subsets prior to CAR T-cell infusion and longitudinally during 6 months of follow-up. The majority of activation markers on CAR T-cells showed stable expression patterns over time and were not associated with response to therapy or toxicity. Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed an immune signature of CAR T-cell products associated with the development of immune cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Warranting validation in an independent patient cohort, in-depth phenotyping of CAR T-cell products as well as longitudinal monitoring post cell transfer might become a valuable tool to increase efficacy and safety of CAR T-cell therapy.

Developing a prognosis and chemotherapy evaluating model for colon adenocarcinoma based on mitotic catastrophe-related genes

Mitotic catastrophe (MC) is a novel form of cell death that plays an important role in the treatment and drug resistance of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). However, MC related genes in COAD treatment and prognosis evaluation are rarely studied. In this study, the transcriptome data, somatic mutation and copy number variation data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The mitotic catastrophe related genes (MCRGs) were obtained from GENCARDS website. Differential gene analysis was conducted with LIMMA package. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify prognostic related genes. Mutation analysis was performed and displayed by maftools package. RCircos package was used for localizing the position of genes on chromosomes. "Glmnet" R package was applied for constructing a risk model via the LASSO regression method. Consensus clustering analyses was implemented for clustering different subtypes. Functional enrichment analysis through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) methods, immune infiltration analysis via single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), tumor mutation burden and drug sensitivity analysis by pRRophetic R package were also carried out for risk model or molecular subtype's assessment. Additionally, the connections between the expression of hub genes and overall survival (OS) were obtained from online Human Protein Atlas (HPA) website. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‑qPCR) further validated the expression of hub genes. A total of 207 differentially expressed MCRGs were selected in the TCGA cohort, 23 of which were significantly associated with OS in COAD patients. Subsequently, we constructed risk score prognostic models with 5 hub MCRGs, including SYCE2, SERPINE1, TRIP6, LIMK1, and EEPD1. The high-risk patients suffered from poorer prognosis. Furthermore, we developed a nomogram that gathered age, sex, staging, and risk score to accurately forecast the clinical survival outcomes in 1, 3, and 5 years. The results of functional enrichment suggested a significant correlation between MCRGs characteristics and cancer progression, with important implications for the immune microenvironment. Moreover, patients who displayed high TMB and high risk score showed worse prognosis, and risk characteristics were associated with different chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, RT‑qPCR verified the increased expression of the five MCRGs in clinical samples. The five MCRGs in the prognostic signature were associated with prognosis, and could be treated as reliable prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for COAD patients with distinct clinicopathological characteristics, thereby providing a foundation for the precise application of pertinent drugs in COAD patients.

Autophagy Markers Are Altered in Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Frontotemporal Dementia

The accumulation of protein aggregates defines distinct, yet overlapping pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In this study, we investigated ATG5, UBQLN2, ULK1, and LC3 concentrations in 66 brain specimens and 120 plasma samples from AD, DLB, FTD, and control subjects (CTRL). Protein concentration was measured with ELISA kits in temporal, frontal, and occipital cortex specimens of 32 AD, 10 DLB, 10 FTD, and 14 CTRL, and in plasma samples of 30 AD, 30 DLB, 30 FTD, and 30 CTRL. We found alterations in ATG5, UBQLN2, ULK1, and LC3 levels in patients; ATG5 and UBQLN2 levels were decreased in both brain specimens and plasma samples of patients compared to those of the CTRL, while LC3 levels were increased in the frontal cortex of DLB and FTD patients. In this study, we demonstrate alterations in different steps related to ATG5, UBQLN2, and LC3 autophagy pathways in DLB and FTD patients. Molecular alterations in the autophagic processes could play a role in a shared pathway involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, supporting the hypothesis of a common molecular mechanism underlying major neurodegenerative dementias and suggesting different potential therapeutic targets in the autophagy pathway for these disorders.

Cell-to-cell communications of cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immune microenvironment

Targeting cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a promising strategy for tumor treatment. The pattern recognition receptor cGAS identifies dsDNA and catalyzes the formation of a second messenger 2'3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), activating the downstream interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the adaptor protein STING. Notably, in tumor immune microenvironment, key components of cGAS-STING pathway are transferred among neighboring cells. The intercellular transmission under these contexts serves to sustain and amplify innate immune responses while facilitating the emergence of adaptive immunity. The membrane-based system, including extracellular vesicles transport, phagocytosis and membrane fusion transmit dsDNA, cGAMP and activated STING, enhances the immune surveillance and inflammatory responses. The membrane proteins, including a specific protein channel and intercellular gap junctions, transfer cGAMP and dsDNA, which are crucial to regulate immune responses. The ligand-receptor interactions for interferon transmission amplifies the anti-tumor response. This review elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of cell-to-cell communications of cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immune microenvironment, explores how these mechanisms modulate immunological processes and discusses potential interventions and immunotherapeutic strategies targeting these signaling cascades.

Identifying hub genes of sepsis-associated and hepatic encephalopathies based on bioinformatic analysis-focus on the two common encephalopathies of septic cirrhotic patients in ICU

BACKGROUND

In the ICU ward, septic cirrhotic patients are susceptible to suffering from sepsis-associated encephalopathy and/or hepatic encephalopathy, which are two common neurological complications in such patients. However, the mutual pathogenesis between sepsis-associated and hepatic encephalopathies remains unclear. We aimed to identify the mutual hub genes, explore effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the two common encephalopathies and provide novel, promising insights into the clinical management of such septic cirrhotic patients.

METHODS

The precious human post-mortem cerebral tissues were deprived of the GSE135838, GSE57193, and GSE41919 datasets, downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed genes and screened hub genes with weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The hub genes were then subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway functional enrichment analyses, and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed. Receiver operating characteristic curves and correlation analyses were set up for the hub genes. Finally, we explored principal and common signaling pathways by using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and the association between the hub genes and immune cell subtype distribution by using CIBERSORT algorithm.

RESULTS

We identified seven hub genes-GPR4, SOCS3, BAG3, ZFP36, CDKN1A, ADAMTS9, and GADD45B-by using differentially expressed gene analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis method. The AUCs of these genes were all greater than 0.7 in the receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results demonstrated that mutual signaling pathways were mainly enriched in hypoxia and inflammatory response. CIBERSORT indicated that these seven hub genes were closely related to innate and adaptive immune cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified seven hub genes with promising diagnostic value and therapeutic targets in septic cirrhotic patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy and/or hepatic encephalopathy. Hypoxia, inflammatory, and immunoreaction responses may share the common downstream pathways of the two common encephalopathies, for which earlier recognition and timely intervention are crucial for management of such septic cirrhotic patients in ICU.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory material basis of Lagotis brachystachya in HepG2 and THP-1 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE LAGOTIS BRACHYSTACHYA

Maxim is a traditional ethnic medicine commonly used in Tibet. In Tibetan medicine theory, Lagotis brachystachya is mainly used for the treatment of inflammatory related diseases. However, the active components and mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of Lagotis brachystachya are not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The putative anti-inflammatory active compounds from Lagotis brachystachya Maxim and its anti-inflammation related mechanism involving in the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of 32 compounds extracted from Lagotis brachystachya in HepG2 and THP-1 cells using the alcohol-induced HepG2 cell injury model and the monosodium urate (MSU) combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cell inflammation model.

RESULTS

The results found that six compounds, including Echinacoside, Quercetin, Homoplantaginin, Tricin-7-O-glucoside, Apigenin and Luteolin-7-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside, were shown to exhibit significant anti-inflammatory effects in both cell models. Furthermore, these compounds were shown to inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways and reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in both cell models.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that Echinacoside, Quercetin, Homoplantaginin, Tricin-7-O-glucoside, Apigenin and Luteolin-7-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside from Lagotis brachystachya have promising potential as natural anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases. The discovery of bioactive compounds from this plant opens up possibilities for the development of novel treatments for inflammatory-related diseases, potentially providing alternative or adjunctive options to conventional therapies.

Involvement of Yes-Associated Protein 1 Activation in the Matrix Degradation of Human-Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Chondrocytes Induced by T-2 Toxin and Deoxynivalenol Alone and in Combination

T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) are two prevalent mycotoxins that cause cartilage damage in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in chondrocytes is a significant pathological feature of KBD. It has been shown that the Hippo pathway is involved in cartilage ECM degradation. This study aimed to examine the effect of YAP, a major regulator of the Hippo pathway, on the ECM degradation in the hiPS-derived chondrocytes (hiPS-Ch) model of KBD. The hiPS-Ch injury models were established via treatment with T-2 toxin/DON alone or in combination. We found that T-2 toxin and DON inhibited the proliferation of hiPS-Ch in a dose-dependent manner; significantly increased the levels of YAP, SOX9, and MMP13; and decreased the levels of COL2A1 and ACAN (all p values < 0.05). Immunofluorescence revealed that YAP was primarily located in the nuclei of hiPS-Ch, and its expression level increased with toxin concentrations. The inhibition of YAP resulted in the dysregulated expression of chondrogenic markers (all p values < 0.05). These findings suggest that T-2 toxin and DON may inhibit the proliferation of, and induce the ECM degradation, of hiPS-Ch mediated by YAP, providing further insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to cartilage damage caused by toxins.

Transcriptome analysis of adenomyosis eutopic endometrium reveals molecular mechanisms involved in adenomyosis-related implantation failure and pregnancy disorders

BACKGROUND

Women with adenomyosis are characterized by having defective decidualization, impaired endometrial receptivity and/or embryo-maternal communication, and implantation failure. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying adenomyosis-related infertility remain unknown, mainly because of the restricted accessibility and the difficult preservation of endometrial tissue in vitro. We have recently shown that adenomyosis patient-derived endometrial organoids, maintain disease-specific features while differentiated into mid-secretory and gestational endometrial phase, overcoming these research barriers and providing a robust platform to study adenomyosis pathogenesis and the associated molecular dysregulation related to implantation and pregnancy disorders. For this reason, we aim to characterize the dysregulated mechanisms in the mid-secretory and gestational endometrium of patients with adenomyosis by RNA-sequencing.

METHODS

Endometrial organoids were derived from endometrial biopsies collected in the proliferative phase of women with adenomyosis (ADENO) or healthy oocyte donors (CONTROL) (n = 15/group) and differentiated into mid-secretory (-SECorg) and gestational (-GESTorg) phases in vitro. Following RNA-sequencing, the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR < 0.05) were identified and selected for subsequent functional enrichment analysis and QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Statistical differences in gene expression were evaluated with the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test.

RESULTS

We identified 1,430 DEGs in ADENO-SECorg and 1,999 DEGs in ADENO-GESTorg. In ADENO-SECorg, upregulated genes included OLFM1, FXYD5, and RUNX2, which are involved in impaired endometrial receptivity and implantation failure, while downregulated genes included RRM2, SOSTDC1, and CHAC2 implicated in recurrent implantation failure. In ADENO-GESTorg, upregulated CXCL14 and CYP24A1 and downregulated PGR were related to pregnancy loss. IPA predicted a significant inhibition of ID1 signaling, histamine degradation, and activation of HMGB1 and Senescence pathways, which are related to implantation failure. Alternatively, IPA predicted an inhibition of D-myo-inositol biosynthesis and VEGF signaling, and upregulation of Rho pathway, which are related to pregnancy loss and preeclampsia.

CONCLUSIONS

Identifying dysregulated molecular mechanisms in mid-secretory and gestational endometrium of adenomyosis women contributes to the understanding of adenomyosis-related implantation failure and/or pregnancy disorders revealing potential therapeutic targets. Following experimental validation of our transcriptomic and in silico findings, our differentiated adenomyosis patient-derived organoids have the potential to provide a reliable platform for drug discovery, development, and personalized drug screening for affected patients.

PSIP1/LEDGF reduces R-loops at transcription sites to maintain genome integrity

R-loops that accumulate at transcription sites pose a persistent threat to genome integrity. PSIP1 is a chromatin protein associated with transcriptional elongation complex, possesses histone chaperone activity, and is implicated in recruiting RNA processing and DNA repair factors to transcription sites. Here, we show that PSIP1 interacts with R-loops and other proteins involved in R-loop homeostasis, including PARP1. Genome-wide mapping of PSIP1, R-loops and γ-H2AX in PSIP1-depleted human and mouse cell lines revealed an accumulation of R-loops and DNA damage at gene promoters in the absence of PSIP1. R-loop accumulation causes local transcriptional arrest and transcription-replication conflict, leading to DNA damage. PSIP1 depletion increases 53BP1 foci and reduces RAD51 foci, suggesting altered DNA repair choice. Furthermore, PSIP1 depletion increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to PARP1 inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents that induce R-loop-induced DNA damage. These findings provide insights into the mechanism through which PSIP1 maintains genome integrity at the site of transcription.

Efficacy and safety of anakinra and canakinumab in PSTPIP1-associated inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive scoping review

Introduction

This scoping review explores the effectiveness of IL-1 pathway inhibitors in managing PSTPIP1-associated inflammatory diseases (PAID). These diseases are marked by abnormal IL-1 pathway activation due to genetic mutations.

Methods

Our methodology adhered to a pre-published protocol and involved a thorough search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to February 2022, following the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. The review included studies reporting on IL-1 pathway inhibitor use in PAID patients.

Results

From an initial pool of 5,225 articles, 36 studies involving 43 patients were selected. The studies predominantly used observational designs and exhibited diversity in patient demographics, treatment approaches, and outcomes. Anakinra and canakinumab demonstrated promise in treating sterile pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA) and PSTPIP1-associated myeloid-related-proteinemia inflammatory (PAMI) syndromes, with scant data on other syndromes. Notably, there was a paucity of information on the adverse effects of these treatments, necessitating cautious interpretation of their safety profile.

Conclusion

Current evidence on IL-1 pathway inhibitors for PAID is primarily from observational studies and remains limited. Rigorous research with larger patient cohorts is imperative for more definitive conclusions. Collaborative efforts among specialized research centers and international health initiatives are key to advancing this field.

Increased cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase drives neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only a response to pathophysiological events, but also plays a causative role in neurodegeneration. Cytoplasmic cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) is considered to be a stimulant for immune responses to diseases; however, it remains unknown whether CARS is involved in the pathogenesis of AD.

METHODS

Postmortem human temporal cortical tissues at different Braak stages and AD patient-derived serum samples were used to investigate the changes of CARS levels in AD by immunocytochemical staining, real-time PCR, western blotting and ELISA. After that, C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 transgenic mice and BV-2 cell line were used to explore the role of CARS protein in memory and neuroinflammation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Finally, the associations of morphological features among CARS protein, microglia and dense-core plaques were examined by immunocytochemical staining.

RESULTS

A positive correlation was found between aging and the intensity of CARS immunoreactivity in the temporal cortex. Both protein and mRNA levels of CARS were increased in the temporal cortex of AD patients. Immunocytochemical staining revealed increased CARS immunoreactivity in neurons of the temporal cortex in AD patients. Moreover, overexpression of CARS in hippocampal neurons induced and aggravated cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 mice, respectively, accompanied by activation of microglia and the TLR2/MyD88 signaling pathway as well as upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro experiments showed that CARS treatment facilitated the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of the TLR2/MyD88 signaling pathway of BV-2 cells. The accumulation of CARS protein occurred within dense-core Aβ plaques accompanied by recruitment of ameboid microglia. Significant upregulation of TLR2/MyD88 proteins was also observed in the temporal cortex of AD.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that the neuronal CARS drives neuroinflammation and induces memory deficits, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.

GRB2 is a BECN1 interacting protein that regulates autophagy

GRB2 is an adaptor protein of HER2 (and several other tyrosine kinases), which we identified as a novel BECN1 (Beclin 1) interacting partner. GRB2 co-immunoprecipitated with BECN1 in several breast cancer cell lines and regulates autophagy through a mechanism involving the modulation of the class III PI3Kinase VPS34 activity. In ovo studies in a CAM (Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane) model indicated that GRB2 knockdown, as well as overexpression of GRB2 loss-of-function mutants (Y52A and S86A-R88A) compromised tumor growth. These differences in tumor growth correlated with differential autophagy activity, indicating that autophagy effects might be related to the effects on tumorigenesis. Our data highlight a novel function of GRB2 as a BECN1 binding protein and a regulator of autophagy.

Free heme induces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment by microglial activation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Red blood cells (RBCs) transfusion is related to perioperative neurocognitive disorders. The toxic effect of free heme has been identified in many pathologies. However, the underlying mechanisms of RBCs transfusion or free heme in cognitive impairment have not been clearly explored. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the mechanism of free heme-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment.

METHODS

Rats were received intraperitoneal injection of hemin alone or combined with intracerebroventricular injection of Hemopexin (HPX), and MWM test was conducted to measure cognitive function. The amount of heme-HPX complexes was evaluated by flow cytometry for CD91 + cells. The microglial inflammatory response in rat brain was observed by immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1, and the inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in rat brain and BV2 cells were detected by ELISA analysis. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis in HT22 cells alone and in HT22 + BV2 coculture system was detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, western blot was conducted to detect TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB proteins in rat brain and BV2 cells treated with hemin or combined with pathway inhibitors. Additionally, the M1 surface marker CD86 was observed in BV2 cells to further confirm neuroinflammation.

RESULTS

Intraperitoneal injection of hemin induced cognitive impairment, increase of CD91 + cells, up-regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β, down-regulation of IL-6, activation of microglia, and activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in rat brain. Significantly, intracerebroventricular injection of HPX reduced the above effects. Hemin induced boost of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in BV2 cells, as well as apoptosis in HT22 cells. Notably, when HT22 cells were cocultured with BV2 cells, apoptosis was significantly increased. Hemin also induced activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and increased the M1 surface marker CD86 in BV2 cells, and inhibiting this pathway reduced the inflammatory responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Free heme induces cognitive impairment, and the underlying mechanism may involve neuronal apoptosis and microglial inflammation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. HPX may have potential therapeutic effects. Video Abstract.

RNF5: inhibiting antiviral immunity and shaping virus life cycle

RNF5 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in various physiological processes such as protein localization and cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that RNF5 significantly inhibits antiviral innate immunity by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of STING and MAVS, which are essential adaptor proteins, as well as their downstream signal IRF3. The abundance of RNF5 is delicately regulated by both host factors and viruses. Host factors have been found to restrict RNF5-mediated ubiquitination, maintaining the stability of STING or MAVS through distinct mechanisms. Meanwhile, viruses have developed ingenious strategies to hijack RNF5 to ubiquitinate and degrade immune proteins. Moreover, recent studies have revealed the multifaceted roles of RNF5 in the life cycle of various viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and KSHV. Based on these emerging discoveries, RNF5 represents a novel means of modulating antiviral immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the roles of RNF5 in antiviral immunity and virus life cycle. This comprehensive understanding could offer valuable insights into exploring potential therapeutic applications focused on targeting RNF5 during viral infections.

A biphenotypic lymphocyte subset displays both T- and B-cell functionalities

T cell/B cell mixed phenotypic lymphocytes have been observed in different disease contexts, yet their presence and function in physiological conditions remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of a lymphocyte subset endogenously expressing both T- and B-cell lineage markers in mice. The majority of these T/B phenotypic lymphocytes (CD3+CD19+) show an origin of pro/pre B cells and distribute widely in mouse bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood. Functional assays show that these biphenotypic lymphocytes can be activated through stimulating TCR or BCR signaling pathways. Moreover, we show that these cells actively participate both the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by vaccination. Compared to conventional T cells, these biphenotypic lymphocytes can secrete a higher level of IL-2 but a lower level of TNF-α upon antigen specific stimulation. An equivalent lymphocyte subset is found in freshly isolated human PBMCs and exhibits similar functionality, albeit at a lower frequency than in mice.

TYROBP as a molecular target in cholangiocarcinoma, renal cancer and abdominal aortic aneurysm

Cholangiocarcinoma occurs when there is a malignant tumor in the bile duct system. Renal cancer originates from renal tubular epithelial cells. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a permanently localized dilation caused by a lesion or injury to abdominal aortic wall. However, the relationship between TYROBP and cholangiocarcinoma, renal cancer and AAA remains unclear. The profiles of cholangiocarcinoma dataset GSE107943, renal cell carcinoma dataset GSE213324, and AAA dataset GSE47472 were downloaded from the GEO database using the platforms GPL18573, GPL24676, and GPL10558. DEGs were screened, WGCNA was performed as well as construction and analysis of PPI network. Functional enrichment analysis, GSEA, heat map of gene expression, survival analysis, and immune infiltration analysis were performed. The most relevant diseases to core genes were found by CTD. The GSE107943 dataset identified 3383 DEGs for cholangiocarcinoma, GSE47472 identified 95 DEGs for abdominal aortic aneurysm, and GSE213324 identified 10245 DEGs for renal cell carcinoma. For the GSE107943 cholangiocarcinoma dataset, GO analysis revealed enrichment in immune response, cell adhesion, extracellular space, and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG analysis indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cell apoptosis, the cell cycle, and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. In the GSE47472 AAA dataset, GO analysis showed enrichment in neuroblast differentiation, cardiac muscle myofilament complex, and alkaline binding. KEGG analysis indicated enrichment in mRNA surveillance pathway and purine metabolism. In the GSE213324 renal cell carcinoma dataset, GO analysis indicated enrichment in immune system processes, cell adhesion, and membrane parts. KEGG analysis showed enrichment in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, and hematopoietic cell lineage. Furthermore, for cholangiocarcinoma (GSE107943), enriched terms associated with DEGs were in metabolic pathways, cell apoptosis, and the cell cycle. For AAA (GSE47472), enriched terms were in alkaline binding and cellular redox homeostasis. For renal cell carcinoma (GSE213324), enriched terms were in biological adhesion, regulation of immune system processes, and cell surface. Common core genes (ADH6, AGXT, CYP3A43, TYROBP) were identified for cholangiocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and AAA. ADH6 and TYROBP were associated with cholangiocarcinoma, AAA, renal tumors, kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. TYROBP is abnormally expressed in cholangiocarcinoma, renal cancer and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy-induced nervous system toxicity: a real-world study based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database

BACKGROUND

Nervous system toxicity (NST) is one of the most frequent and dangerous side effects of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, which is an effective treatment for related tumors in most relapsed/refractory (r/r) hematologic malignancies. Current clinical trial data do not fully reflect the real-world situation. Therefore, this study evaluated the NST of CAR-T therapy using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

METHODS

Data were retrieved from FAERS for the period from January 1, 2017 to March 31, 2023. Disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis were used for data mining. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) for NST with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each CAR-T product. The time to onset (TTO) and clinical outcomes due to CAR-T therapy-associated NST were assessed.

RESULTS

Overall, 6946 cases of NST associated with CAR-T therapy were identified. The patients had a median age of 61 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 47-69 years). Significant signals were observed for all CAR-T products (ROR: 2.19, 95% CI: 2.13-2.44). Anti-CD19 CAR-T products showed a higher NST signal than anti-B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR-T products (ROR025 2.13 vs. 1.98). Brexucabtagene autoleucel (ROR: 3.17, 95% CI: 2.90-3.47) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (ROR: 2.92, 95% CI: 2.81-3.03) had the two highest NST signals. For the preferred term "brain edema," the highest signals were obtained for CD28 CAR-T products. The median TTO of NST for all CAR-T products was 7 days (IQR: 3-17 days). The proportion of death, life-threatening and hospitalization adverse events associated with NST was 20.06%, 7.21%, and 32.70%, respectively. The proportion of death outcomes was higher in patients treated with tisagenlecleucel (30.36%) than in those treated with other CAR-T products, except ciltacabtagene autoleucel (P < 0.001). The proportion of hospitalizations was significantly higher for lisocabtagene maraleucel-associated NST (53.85%) than for other drugs, except for ciltacabtagene autoleucel (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

NST is more closely associated with anti-CD19 CAR-Ts and CAR-Ts containing CD28. Serious NST (brain oedema) is likely to occur with CAR-Ts that contain CD28. CAR-T-related NST warrants greater attention owing to the high proportion of serious adverse events and delayed NST.

The metabolic basis of inherited neutropenias

Neutrophils are the shortest-lived blood cells, which requires a prodigious degree of proliferation and differentiation to sustain physiologically sufficient numbers and be poised to respond quickly to infectious emergencies. More than 107 neutrophils are produced every minute in an adult bone marrow-a process that is tightly regulated by a small group of cytokines and chemical mediators and dependent on nutrients and energy. Like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the primary growth factor for granulopoiesis, they stimulate signalling pathways, some affecting metabolism. Nutrient or energy deficiency stresses the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophils and their precursors. Thus, it is not surprising that monogenic disorders related to metabolism exist that result in neutropenia. Among these are pathogenic mutations in HAX1, G6PC3, SLC37A4, TAFAZZIN, SBDS, EFL1 and the mitochondrial disorders. These mutations perturb carbohydrate, lipid and/or protein metabolism. We hypothesize that metabolic disturbances may drive the pathogenesis of a subset of inherited neutropenias just as defects in DNA damage response do in Fanconi anaemia, telomere maintenance in dyskeratosis congenita and ribosome formation in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. Greater understanding of metabolic pathways in granulopoiesis will identify points of vulnerability in production and may point to new strategies for the treatment of neutropenias.

Pathway-driven analysis of synthetic lethal interactions in cancer using perturbation screens

Synthetic lethality offers a promising approach for developing effective therapeutic interventions in cancer when direct targeting of driver genes is impractical. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed large-scale CRISPR, shRNA, and PRISM screens to identify potential synthetic lethal (SL) interactions in pan-cancer and 12 individual cancer types, using a new computational framework that leverages the biological function and signaling pathway information of key driver genes to mitigate the confounding effects of background genetic alterations in different cancer cell lines. This approach has successfully identified several putative SL interactions, including KRAS-MAP3K2 and APC-TCF7L2 in pan cancer, and CCND1-METTL1, TP53-FRS3, SMO-MDM2, and CCNE1-MTOR in liver, blood, skin, and gastric cancers, respectively. In addition, we proposed several FDA-approved cancer-targeted drugs for various cancer types through PRISM drug screens, such as cabazitaxel for VHL-mutated kidney cancer and alectinib for lung cancer with NRAS or KRAS mutations. Leveraging pathway information can enhance the concordance of shRNA and CRISPR screens and provide clinically relevant findings such as the potential efficacy of dasatinib, an inhibitor of SRC, for colorectal cancer patients with mutations in the WNT signaling pathway. These analyses revealed that taking signaling pathway information into account results in the identification of more promising SL interactions.

Astragaloside IV promotes exosome secretion of endothelial progenitor cells to regulate PI3KR2/SPRED1 signaling and inhibit pyroptosis of diabetic endothelial cells

BACKGROUND AIMS

Treating chronic non-healing diabetic wounds and achieving complete skin regeneration has always been a critical clinical challenge.

METHODS

In order to address this issue, researchers conducted a study aiming to investigate the role of miR-126-3p in regulating the downstream gene PIK3R2 and promoting diabetic wound repair in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-derived extracellular vesicles. The study involved culturing EPCs with astragaloside IV, transfecting them with miR-126-3p inhibitor or mock plasmid, interfering with high glucose-induced damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and treating diabetic skin wounds in rats.

RESULTS

The healing of rat skin wounds was observed through histological staining. The results revealed that treatment with miR-126-3p-overexpressing EPC-derived extracellular vesicles accelerated the healing of rat skin wounds and resulted in better tissue repair with slower scar formation. In addition, the transfer of EPC-derived extracellular vesicles with high expression of miR-126-3p to high glucose-damaged HUVECs increased their proliferation and invasion, reduced necrotic and apoptotic cell numbers and improved tube formation. In this process, the expression of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)A, VEGFB, VEGFC, basic fibroblast growth factor and Ang-1 significantly increased, whereas the expression of caspase-1, NRLP3, interleukin-1β, inteleukin-18, PIK3R2 and SPRED1 was suppressed. Furthermore, miR-126-3p was able to target and inhibit the expression of the PIK3R2 gene, thereby restoring the proliferation and migration ability of high glucose-damaged HUVEC.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, these research findings demonstrate the important role of miR-126-3p in regulating downstream genes and promoting diabetic wound repair, providing a new approach for treating chronic non-healing diabetic wounds.