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Chism PN, Latimer FG, Patton CS, Rohrbach BW, Blackford JT. Tissue strength and wound morphology of the equine linea alba after ventral median celiotomy. Vet Surg 2000; 29:145-51. [PMID: 10730707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2000.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the tensile strength and wound morphology of the equine linea alba at intervals over 6 months after ventral median celiotomy. STUDY DESIGN Linea alba tensile strength and wound morphology were determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Linea alba samples from 3 unoperated horses were used as controls. ANIMALS Eighteen adult horses, weighing 400 to 500 kg, 4 to 15 years old. METHODS Tensile strength and thickness of incised linea alba samples collected at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after ventral median celiotomy were compared with control linea alba samples. Additional samples were subjectively evaluated for wound morphology, notably collagen morphology. RESULTS Control linea alba had a mean (+/-SEM) tensile strength of 484.9 +/- 58.3 N and was significantly (P < or = .05) stronger than at 2 weeks (87.7 +/- 61.4 N) after surgery. The tensile strength of 4-week (305.8 +/- 61.7 N), 8-week (465.4 +/- 56.5 N), and 16-week (477.8 +/- 57.2 N) samples were not significantly different from control linea alba. At 24 weeks, the tensile strength (721.0 +/- 57.9 N) was significantly stronger than control. The 2-, 4-, and 8-week samples were significantly thicker than controls, whereas the 16- and 24-week samples were not different from controls. On microscopy, control samples were characterized by dense mature collagen bundles. At 2 weeks, samples consisted primarily of granulation tissue, whereas at 4 weeks, samples had immature collagen fibers that were not formed into bundles, and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks, all samples had abundant mature collagen fibers formed into bundles. CONCLUSIONS At 8 weeks, incised and sutured equine linea alba had a tensile strength comparable with non-incised linea alba and was characterized by mature collagen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on tensile strength and wound morphology, horses that have had an uncomplicated recovery after ventral median celiotomy should be able to return to controlled exercise as early as 60 days after surgery.
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Kraje BJ, Kraje AC, Rohrbach BW, Anderson KA, Marks SL, Macintire DK. Intrathoracic and concurrent orthopedic injury associated with traumatic rib fracture in cats: 75 cases (1980-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:51-4. [PMID: 10638318 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize rib, intrathoracic, and concurrent orthopedic injuries, and prognosis associated with traumatic rib fracture in cats. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 75 cats. PROCEDURE Medical records from January 1980 to August 1998 were examined for cats with traumatic rib fracture. Signalment, cause of trauma, interval from trauma to evaluation at a veterinary teaching hospital, referral status and date, method of diagnosis, duration of hospitalization, number and location of rib fractures, presence of flail chest, costal cartilage involvement, intrathoracic and concurrent orthopedic injury, and clinical outcome were reviewed. RESULTS Median age was 3 years. Twenty-five (58%) cats with reported cause of trauma were injured by interaction with another animal. Forty-seven (78%) cats that were treated survived. Cats that died had a median duration of hospitalization of < 1 day. Ten (13%) cats had flail chest. Sixty-five (87%) cats had intrathoracic injury (median, 2 injuries). Nine (100%) cats without detected intrathoracic injury that were treated survived. Thirty-five (47%) cats had concurrent orthopedic injury. Cats with flail chest, pleural effusion, or diaphragmatic hernia were significantly more likely to die than cats without each injury. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Traumatic rib fracture in cats is associated with intrathoracic and concurrent orthopedic injury. Aggressive treatment of cats with traumatic rib fracture is warranted, because the prognosis is generally favorable. Diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic injury associated with traumatic rib fracture in cats should precede management of concurrent orthopedic injury.
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Rohrbach BW, Cannedy AL, Freeman K, Slenning BD. Risk factors for abomasal displacement in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214:1660-3. [PMID: 10363100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether various periparturient events or 305-day milk production during the previous lactation period were associated with abomasal displacement in dairy cows. DESIGN Retrospective, case-control study. ANIMALS 75 pairs of case and control cows from 3 university-owned and 3 commercial dairy herds. PROCEDURE Cows with abomasal displacement were matched with control cows on the basis of herd of origin, breed, age, and calving date. Frequency of specific periparturient events during the period from 2 weeks prior to parturition to diagnosis of abomasal displacement, as well as milk production during the preceding lactation period, were compared between case and control cows. RESULTS Multivariate analyses indicated that case cows were significantly more likely to have had retained placenta, ketosis, a stillborn calf, metritis, twins, or parturient paresis than were control cows. Dystocia, mastitis, and milk production during the previous lactation period were not associated with abomasal displacement. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Results indicated that a variety of periparturient events were associated with development of abomasal displacement among dairy cows.
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Schultze AE, Rohrbach BW, Fribourg HA, Waller JC, Oliver JW. Alterations in bovine serum biochemistry profiles associated with prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue. VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 1999; 41:133-9. [PMID: 10349700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a forage grass that is widely used in pastures in the eastern US for cattle, sheep and horses. The endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum is endemic in tall fescue pastures in the US. The turfgrass industry intentionally infects fescue cultivars with strains of the fungus to impart desirable growth and disease tolerance qualities to the plants. In contrast, ergot and pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxins produced by fungus-infected plants have been incriminated causally in bovine tall fescue toxicosis, a poorly defined syndrome of morbidity that occurs in cattle that consume endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+TF). We compared the serum biochemistry profiles from cattle that grazed E+TF with those from control cattle that grazed on endophyte-free tall fescue (E-TF). Cattle were bled on 7 dates from April 1 to August 30, 1996 and on 5 dates from May 1 to July 30, 1997. Cattle that grazed E+TF retained rough winter haircoats and had lesser weight gains, typical of tall fescue toxicosis, compared to those grazing E-TF. They had decreased activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase. Compared to controls, they had lower values for serum prolactin and globulin concentrations. The concentration of creatinine and the albumin/globulin ratio were increased in the cattle grazing E+TF. Isozyme determination of alkaline phosphatase indicated that the decrease in serum activity of cattle grazing E+TF was due to decreases in both intestinal and bone isozymes. Serum protein electrophoresis indicated that the decrease in serum globulin concentration was due to decreases in both alpha and gamma globulin fractions of this protein. The data collected in these experiments add to our understanding of the alterations that occur in the serum chemistry profiles when cattle consume E+TF for prolonged periods of time.
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Mitchell SK, Toal RL, Daniel GB, Rohrbach BW. Evaluation of renal hemodynamics in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats with pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:451-8. [PMID: 9771599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility and reproducibility of obtaining the pulsed-wave Doppler measurements of resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were investigated in intrarenal arteries of normal, nonsedated cats, and cats anesthetized with isoflurane. In addition, relative renal function and relative renal blood flow were evaluated using quantitative renal scintigraphy. The percentage of injected dose uptake, time to peak activity, and two indices of renal blood flow (K/A ratio and flow index) obtained during the first pass of 99mTc-MAG3, were determined for both awake and anesthetized cats. Results indicate that measuring RI and PI in nonsedated cats is readily accomplished and that the results are reproducible within an animal. Mean RI and PI values in the awake cats were 0.55 and 0.8, respectively. Significant differences between the awake and anesthetized cats were found for all pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphic measurements evaluated.
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Wan PY, Blackford JT, Bemis DA, Rohrbach BW, Knoll DE, Provenza MK. Evaluation of surgical scrub methods for large animal surgeons. Vet Surg 1997; 26:382-5. [PMID: 9381663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 5-minute surgical scrub using either a one-brush or a two-brush technique in clean and dirty surgical procedures, and to compare the efficacy of povidone iodine with chlorhexidine as surgical scrub solutions. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. METHODS Nine veterinarians scrubbed their hands on eight separate occasions using either povidone iodine or chlorhexidine gluconate. A 5-minute scrub and either a one-brush or two-brush technique used in both clean and dirty operations were evaluated by taking glove juice samples before scrubbing, immediately after scrubbing, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after scrubbing. Glove juice samples were cultured and the colonies were counted. Percent reductions of bacterial forming units were calculated for all eight scrub procedures. RESULTS All scrub procedures provided an adequate percent reduction in colony forming units (CFU) during the 2-hour sampling period. The number of CFU immediately after scrubbing were significantly lower than prescrub. At 120 minutes, there were significantly fewer CFUs than presecrub, but there were more than immediately after scrubbing. No significant difference in reduction in CFUs were detected between one-brush and two-brush techniques. Both chlorhexidine and povidone iodine scrub solutions adequately reduced bacterial colony counts for 120 minutes after scrubbing regardless of the amount of contamination before skin preparation. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial counts after a hand scrub procedure using a one-brush technique were not significantly different than after a procedure that used a two-brush technique. Povidone iodine and chlorhexidine are equally effectively in decreasing bacterial numbers on the skin, given a variety of contamination levels present before the scrub procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgeons may use either chlorhexidine or povidone iodine for antiseptic preparation of their hands before surgery. A two-brush technique is not necessary.
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Doherty TJ, Geiser DR, Rohrbach BW. Effect of high volume epidural morphine, ketamine and butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies. Equine Vet J 1997; 29:370-3. [PMID: 9306063 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of epidurally administered morphine, ketamine and butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in ponies. Seven ponies were anaesthetised with thiopentone and succinylcholine, intubated and anaesthesia maintained with halothane. Ventilation was controlled and blood pressure was maintained within normal limits. Following the determination of baseline halothane MAC for the pelvic and thoracic limbs the ponies were given morphine (0.1 mg/kg bwt), ketamine (0.8 or 1.2 mg/kg bwt), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt) or saline, epidurally, to a final volume of 0.15 ml/kg bwt. The halothane MAC for the pelvic and thoracic limbs was redetermined following each treatment. The baseline halothane MAC for the control group was mean +/- s.e. 0.85 +/- 0.02% and no significant change occurred after saline administration. Morphine significantly (P = 0.002) decreased MAC from, mean +/- s.e. 0.90 +/- 0.05% to 0.77 +/- 0.06% in the pelvic limb. Ketamine significantly decreased MAC in the pelvic limb from mean +/- s.e. 0.86 +/- 0.06% to 0.71 +/- 0.04%, and 0.82 +/- 0.03% to 0.71 +/- 0.02%, for the low (P = 0.008) and high dose (P = 0.001), respectively. No significant change in MAC occurred following butorphanol. No treatment reduced halothane MAC for the thoracic limb.
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Doherty TJ, Geiser DR, Rohrbach BW. Effect of acepromazine and butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies. Equine Vet J 1997; 29:374-6. [PMID: 9306064 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of i.v. acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bwt), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt) and a combination of acepromazine and butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined in 7 mixed-breed ponies. Ventilation was controlled, and blood pressure and temperature were maintained within normal limits. Following the determination of baseline MAC, treatments were administered to each pony in a random manner. The control treatment was normal saline. The baseline halothane dMAC for the control group was 0.91 +/- 0.04%, and no significant change occurred after saline administration. Acepromazine decreased (P = 0.0001) the halothane MAC from mean +/- s.e. 0.92 +/- 0.02% to 0.58 +/- 0.04%, and the combination of acepromazine and butorphanol, decreased (P = 0.003) halothane MAC, from mean +/- s.e. 0.95 +/- 0.04% to 0.59 +/- 0.06%. This represents a decrease of 36.9 and 37.8%, respectively. However, the difference between these 2 treatments was not significant. Butorphanol did not significantly change the mean group value for MAC; nevertheless, 3 ponies had an increase, one a decrease, while the MAC did not change in the remaining 3 ponies following butorphanol treatment.
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Doherty TJ, Geiser DR, Rohrbach BW. The effect of epidural xylazine on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1997; 20:246-8. [PMID: 9185094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Legendre AM, Rohrbach BW, Toal RL, Rinaldi MG, Grace LL, Jones JB. Treatment of blastomycosis with itraconazole in 112 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10:365-71. [PMID: 8947868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred twelve client-owned dogs with blastomycosis were treated with itraconazole, 5 or 10 mg/kg/d. The first group of 70 dogs treated in 1987 and 1988 received 10 mg/kg/d (group 1), and the second group of 42 dogs treated after October 1988 received 5 mg/kg/d (group 2). Even though the groups were treated at different times, the dogs were similar in age and gender distribution, number of sites involved, and percent and severity of pulmonary involvement. The proportion of dogs cured with a 60-day course of itraconazole was similar for both groups (53.6% versus 54.3%) and for a second historical control group treated with amphotericin B (57%); the recurrence rate was also similar, 20%, 21.4%, and 20%, respectively. Dogs treated with itraconazole had similar mortality rates (25.7% at 5 mg/kg/d; 25% at 10 mg/kg/day) to those treated with amphotericin B (23%). Seventeen of the 23 dogs that died (74%), did so during the first week of treatment; these early deaths were usually attributed to respiratory failure. The only site of infection that was significantly associated with failure (death or recurrence) was the brain. There was a marked difference in survival times between dogs without lung disease or with mild lung disease compared with dogs with moderate or severe lung disease. Serum itraconazole concentrations reached steady state by 14 days of treatment. Dogs receiving 5 mg/kg/d of itraconazole (group 2) had mean serum concentrations of 3.55 +/- 2.81 mg/mL (range, 0.67 to 10.8 micrograms/mL), whereas dogs receiving 10 micrograms/kg/d (group 1) had mean concentrations of 13.46 +/- 8.49 micrograms/mL (range, 1.8 to 28 micrograms/mL) (P < or = .001). There was no association between cure and serum itraconazole concentrations. Dogs in group 1 had significantly more adverse effects than dogs in group 2 (P = .046). Anorexia was the most common adverse effect, occurring in 14.9% of dogs in group 1. Only 8% of dogs in group 2 had adverse effects. Serum concentrations of itraconazole were positively correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Our findings indicate that itraconazole administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d is the drug of choice for blastomycosis in dogs.
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Geiser DR, Andrews FM, Rohrbach BW, Provenza MK. Cerebrospinal fluid acid-base status during normocapnia and acute hypercapnia in equine neonates. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:1483-7. [PMID: 8896689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine normal acid-base status of the CSF and to compare it with changes during acute hypercapnia in equine neonates. ANIMALS 10 clinically normal foals between 1 and 12 days old. PROCEDURE CSF and arterial and venous blood samples were collected every 15 minutes during 45 minutes of normocapnia and 90 minutes of hypercapnia in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. CSF samples were collected via a subarachnoid catheter placed in the atlanto-occipital space. RESULTS Comparison of blood and CSF gases during normocapnia indicated that CSF was significantly more acidic than blood. The lower pH was attributable to higher CO2 and lower bicarbonate concentrations than those in blood. During hypercapnia, CSF CO2 increased and pH decreased parallel to changes in blood, but changes were not a great as similar changes in venous blood, indicating that some degree of buffering occurs in the CSF of foals. CONCLUSIONS Normal CSF acid-base status in equine neonates is similar to that in other domestic species. The blood-brain and blood-CSF interfaces in neonates allow rapid diffusion of CO2, but allow only slow diffusion of bicarbonate. Equine neonates are capable of buffering respiratory-induced acid-base changes in the CSF, but the buffering capacity is less than that of the vascular compartment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Neonatal foals may develop severe respiratory compromise, resulting in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Because the ability of the CSF to buffer acid-base changes in neonates is reduced, hypercapnia may contribute to the CNS abnormalities that often develop in sick neonates. Thus, normal blood gas values should be maintained in diseased equine neonates.
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Bravo L, Legendre AM, Hahn KA, Rohrbach BW, Abraha T, Lothrop CD. Serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) concentrations after chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in normal and tumor-bearing dogs. Exp Hematol 1996; 24:11-7. [PMID: 8536786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is regulated by complex interactions of hematopoietic growth factors known as colony-stimulating factors and interleukins. We used sensitive bioassays to quantitate serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) concentrations in normal and tumor-bearing dogs following administration of myelosuppressive chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide). Serum G-CSF and IL-1 increased during the neutrophil nadir in 13 of the 16 dogs. Serum G-CSF concentrations were significantly increased in normal and in tumor-bearing dogs on neutropenic compared to non-neutropenic days. Serum IL-1 concentrations increased significantly on neutropenic days in normal dogs but not in tumor-bearing dogs. A marked neutrophilia was observed in normal dogs, but not in tumor-bearing dogs, following the increases in serum G-CSF and IL-1 concentrations (days 7, 8, and 9, p < 0.05). Normal dogs produced significantly more G-CSF on neutropenic days compared to dogs with lymphoma. On non-neutropenic days, serum IL-1 concentrations were significantly increased in dogs with lymphoma and in dogs with nonlymphoid malignancies compared to normal dogs. These results suggest an important role for G-CSF and IL-1 in hematopoietic recovery after chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and document an altered hematopoietic regulation in animals with malignancy compared to normal subjects.
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Geiser DR, Andrews FM, Rohrbach BW, White SL, Maykuth PL, Green EM, Provenza MK. Blood ionized calcium concentrations in horses before and after the cross-country phase of three-day event competition. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:1502-5. [PMID: 8585664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and pH; plasma lactate concentrations; and total protein, total calcium (CaT), albumin, and phosphorus concentrations in serum were determined in 40 healthy horses before (T1), at the finish line (T2), and 10 minutes after the finish (T3) of the cross-country phase of a 3-day-event competition. Mean (+/- SEM) Ca2+ concentrations decreased from 6.22 +/- 0.04 mg/dl at T1 to 5.04 +/- 0.07 mg/dl at T2 (P < or = 0.05). This decrease was accompanied by a nonsignificant increase in CaT between T1 and T2. The mean (+/- SEM) percent ionization of calcium decreased significantly (P < or = 0.05), from 50.9 +/- 2.75% at T1 to 40.3 +/- 3.58% at T2. Significant increases in mean albumin, total protein, phosphorus, and lactate concentrations and a significant decrease in mean pH were observed at T2 (P < or = 0.05). At T3, mean Ca2+ and percent ionization had increased, but remained significantly less than resting values. Mean CaT was significantly decreased at T3, compared with values at T1 and T2. Correlation of mean Ca2+ concentration with all other measured variables at each time was evaluated; correlation coefficients between mean Ca2+ and all other variables were low (r2 < or = 0.38), indicating low biological significance.
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Quigley JD, Martin KR, Bemis DA, Potgieter LN, Reinemeyer CR, Rohrbach BW, Dowlen HH, Lamar KC. Effects of housing and colostrum feeding on serum immunoglobulins, growth, and fecal scores of Jersey calves. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:893-901. [PMID: 7790581 PMCID: PMC7131206 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-six Jersey calves were used to evaluate the effects of housing and method of colostrum feeding on serum Ig concentrations, incidence and severity of scours, intake, and BW changes from birth to 35 d of age. Calves were separated from the dam and fed 2 L of colostrum in nipple-bottles or allowed to nurse the dam for 3 d. Calves were housed in individual hutches or wooden pens in a barn. Intake of colostrum by calves allowed to nurse the dam was not controlled. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations at 24 h of age were greater for calves that nursed the dam. Scours were less severe when calves were housed in hutches, but number of days scouring was unaffected by treatment. Calves fed colostrum in nipple-bottles and housed in the barn consumed more starter than did other calves from 3 to 5 wk of age. The BW were greater for calves allowed to nurse the dam and housed in hutches. Feed efficiency over the 35-d study was improved when calves nursed the dam. Optimal transfer of passive immunity and housing in hutches appeared to maximize health and growth in this study.
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Rohrbach BW, Green EM, Oliver JW, Schneider JF. Aggregate risk study of exposure to endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue as a risk factor for laminitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:22-6. [PMID: 7695144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Loline and ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue (EITF) cause vasoconstriction of equine vessels in vitro. An aggregate risk study was used to evaluate the association between horses exposed to EITF and development of laminitis. Veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Base were grouped by whether equine accessions were likely to have been at high, moderate, or low risk for exposure to EITF. From 1980-1990, there were 185,781 accessions, of which 5,536 had diagnosis of laminitis. Proportion of equine accessions with laminitis reported by veterinary teaching hospitals for high, moderate, and low risks, were 3.41, 3.04, and 2.00 cases/100 accessions, respectively (P < 0.0001). Comparison of the proportion of accessions with laminitis in the high- and moderate-risk groups with that in the low-risk group revealed significant differences between risk groups over all months (P = 0.063) and differences from month to month within risk groups (P = 0.0001). If the difference among risk groups is attributed entirely to exposure to EITF, the population-attributable risk is 7 cases/1,000 admissions, or 15% of all admissions for laminitis at veterinary teaching hospitals in our data base. Preliminary data support an association between horses exposed to EITF and increased risk of laminitis; however, studies at the individual animal level are indicated to confirm this hypothesis.
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Quigley JD, Martin KR, Bemis DA, Potgieter LN, Reinemeyer CR, Rohrbach BW, Dowlen HH, Lamar KC. Effects of housing and colostrum feeding on the prevalence of selected infectious organisms in feces of Jersey calves. J Dairy Sci 1994; 77:3124-31. [PMID: 7836601 PMCID: PMC7131234 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal Jersey calves (n = 96) were used to evaluate effects of housing (individual hutches or wooden pens in a barn) and colostrum feeding (calves were separated from the dam and fed 2 L of colostrum in nipple-bottles or allowed to nurse the dam for 3 d) on the prevalence of selected organisms in feces. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria were reduced, and prevalence of rotavirus tended to be reduced, when calves were housed in hutches. Prevalence of coronavirus was unaffected by treatment. Weekly prevalence of Giardia was increased when calves were left to nurse the dam for 3 d. Mean prevalence of Cryptosporidia (wk 1 to 4), Eimeria (wk 4 to 5), Giardia, rotavirus, and coronavirus (wk 1 to 5) were 34.7, 20.6, 27.1, 15.8, and 4.9%, respectively. Escherichia coli (K99 positive) were observed in 3 of 174 samples cultured. Methods of housing and colostrum feeding affected acquisition of enteropathogens in this study.
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Rohrbach BW, Hall RF, Hitchcock JP. Effect of subclinical infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in commingled feeder swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:1095-8. [PMID: 8473222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sequential serologic analysis for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was done on 240 commingled feeder swine at 1 and 21 days after purchase and at slaughter. At the beginning of the experiment, mean weight of the pigs was 18.6 kg, and the pigs were maintained to a mean slaughter weight of 109.95 kg. A fourfold increase in antibody titer against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was demonstrated in 28 (12%) pigs. Mean adjusted rate of gain for infected pigs was 0.74 +/- 0.10 kg/d and 0.77 +/- 0.09 kg/d for uninfected pigs. Differences in feed efficiency were not detected between infected and uninfected pigs. Our findings suggested that 5.64 additional days are required for pigs with subclinical infection to reach market weight of 113.6 kg, compared with that for uninfected herdmates. A vaccination program to prevent subclinical infection may not be cost effective.
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Geiser DR, Rohrbach BW. Use of end-tidal CO2 tension to predict arterial CO2 values in isoflurane-anesthetized equine neonates. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53:1617-21. [PMID: 1416365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were determined and compared in isoflurane-anesthetized spontaneously breathing equine neonates. End-tidal carbon dioxide and PaCO2 values increased with respect to time. Difference between values of PetCO2 and PaCO2 increased over time. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was useful to predict changes in and was more closely correlated with PaCO2 early in the anesthetic period (T less than or equal to 60 minutes). The dead space volume to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) ratio increased with respect to time, indicating increase in physiologic dead space in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. The data indicate that the increased difference between widening of the PetCO2 and PaCO2 values over time may have been attributable to hypoventilation and decreased pulmonary capillary perfusion of alveoli.
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Reinemeyer CR, Rohrbach BW, Grant VM, Radde GL. A survey of ovine parasite control practices in Tennessee. Vet Parasitol 1992; 42:111-22. [PMID: 1615622 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(92)90107-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 126 sheep producers in Tennessee was randomly selected from the members of a statewide organization of sheep producers. Data about the participants' farms, sheep, parasite control practices and sources of information regarding ovine parasite control were obtained by a telephone survey. The response rate was 99%. The typical respondent kept 20 lambs, 20 ewes and 2 rams on three pastures totalling 20 acres. In order of decreasing frequency, anthelmintics were given according to a regular schedule, to coincide with breeding management procedures, or to treat clinical signs of parasitism. Proportions of producers deworming the various classes of sheep zero, one, two, three, four or more than four times annually were as follows: lambs--3, 28, 40, 16, 9 and 8%, respectively; ewes--3, 8, 20, 16, 34 and 22%, respectively; rams--1, 9, 19, 15, 38 and 19%, respectively. The majority of respondents planned to deworm lambs (89%) and ewes (82%) the same number of times in the following year. Of the producers who dewormed sheep two or more times during 1989, 39-49% (ranges include different proportions for lambs, ewes and rams) used the same anthelmintic exclusively, and 51-61% used two or more drug classes. Of the owners using a single anthelmintic exclusively, most (39-66%) used ivermectin, followed by levamisole (19-33%) and benzimidazoles (13-24%). One hundred and three of 124 (83%) producers intended to use the same anthelmintics in the future. Sixty-four of 124 (52%) producers had discontinued using at least one ovine anthelmintic. The most common reasons for discontinuance were dissatisfaction with the clinical response after treatment and inconvenience of administration. Sheep-oriented publications, other sheep producers and veterinarians were considered the most important sources of information about deworming programs and choice of anthelmintics.
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Hawks DM, Legendre AM, Rohrbach BW. Comparison of four test kits for feline leukemia virus antigen. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 199:1373-7. [PMID: 1666085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity and specificity of 4 commercial FeLV ELISA kits, using blood, were compared with results of virus isolation from blood and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing on blood. Significant differences were not found among the 4 ELISA kits. Marked decrease in sensitivity of the ELISA kits was detected when virus isolation was used as the standard of positivity rather than the IFA test. Virus isolation was a more sensitive indicator of early infection, with marked discrepancy among results obtained by virus isolation, ELISA, and the IFA test. Results became progressively more concordant as infection became fully established. Cats FeLV-positive by virus isolation alone were more likely to eliminate viremia. All cats FeLV-positive by IFA testing remained persistently viremic. Virus isolation, ELISA, and IFA testing appear to differ in their prognostic value. The use of blood rather than serum for the ELISA resulted in several discordant results. Six cats were FeLV-positive by ELISA when blood was tested but were FeLV-negative when serum was tested. Positive ELISA results were obtained for 4 of these cats when serum was tested, using extended incubation to increase sensitivity. It is possible that blood may actually be more sensitive than serum for use of the ELISA method.
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Hawks DM, Legendre AM, Rohrbach BW, Sebring R, Chavez L, Chu HJ, Acree WM. Antibody response of kittens after vaccination followed by exposure to feline leukemia virus-infected cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 199:1463-9. [PMID: 1666104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein (western) blot analysis and virus-neutralization assay were used to evaluate the antibody response of specific-pathogen-free kittens to FeLV vaccination and followed by natural exposure. Several kittens had barely detectable reactions to specific FeLV antigens prior to vaccination or exposure. Correlation was not found between protection against persistent viremia and antibody response after vaccination as measured by western blot analysis or virus neutralization assay. A statistically significant (P less than 0.01) difference in the antibody response against p27 antigen after natural exposure to FeLV was observed between persistently viremic kittens and transiently viremic or aviremic kittens. Measurable (P less than 0.05) virus neutralizing antibody titer after FeLV exposure was found only in a small number of kittens that were protected against persistent viremia. Lack of association between humoral response and vaccination-induced protection against persistent FeLV infection suggests an important role for cell-mediated immunity in such protection.
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Rohrbach BW, Westerman E, Istre GR. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in Oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. South Med J 1991; 84:1091-6. [PMID: 1891728 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199109000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of tularemia in 165 Oklahomans from 1979 to 1985. The ulceroglandular form of the disease was most common (60%), followed by typhoidal (18%), glandular (15%), oropharyngeal (7%), and oculoglandular (1%) forms. The male-female ratio was 3.7:1, and the highest rates of disease were found in the age groups 5 to 14, 35 to 44, and 55 to 74. Ticks were most frequently implicated as the source of infection (84/154 [55%]), followed by rabbits, (58/154 [38%]). Seventy percent of the patients were hospitalized, and four (2.5%) died. The annual number of patients who reported that rabbits were their probable source of exposure to Francisella tularensis and the estimated number of rabbits harvested (ie, killed by hunters) for the year correlated closely with the total number of cases reported from year to year.
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Jenkins CC, DeNovo RC, Patton CS, Bright RM, Rohrbach BW. Comparison of effects of cimetidine and omeprazole on mechanically created gastric ulceration and on aspirin-induced gastritis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52:658-61. [PMID: 1854088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A double-blind study was conducted to compare gastric ulcer healing time in nontreated dogs with that in dogs treated with either cimetidine or omeprazole. Single ulcers were created in the gastric antrum by use of a suction biopsy capsule. Each dog was given 25 mg of aspirin/kg of body weight orally for 20 days after ulcer induction. Five control dogs were given aspirin only (no anti-ulcer medication) during the 20-day study. Six dogs were given cimetidine at dosage of 10 mg/kg orally every 8 hours, and 6 dogs were given omeprazole orally at dosage of 2 mumol/kg (0.7 mg/kg) once daily. All dogs were examined endoscopically on days 5, 10, 15, and 20 and were given a score for the size of the mechanically created ulcer and a score for the degree of aspirin-induced gastritis. All dogs were euthanatized on day 21, and gastric lesions were examined histologically. Significant differences were not evident in ulcer healing scores or degree of aspirin-induced gastritis among treated and nontreated dogs on days 5, 10, 15, and 20. However, aspirin-induced gastritis was less severe in dogs of the omeprazole group than in dogs of the cimetidine or control group on each day observations were made. The effect of omeprazole given once daily was comparable with that of cimetidine given every 8 hours in lessening aspirin-induced gastritis.
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Kerr LA, Pringle JK, Rohrbach BW, Edwards WC, Offutt JE. Aldicarb toxicosis in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198:1636-9. [PMID: 2061181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldicarb, an extremely toxic carbamate, caused sudden death of several lactating Holstein cows. Confirmation of this toxic agent as the cause of death was hindered by its rapid breakdown in biological tissue. Therefore, aldicarb was not detected in rumen contents of some of the dead cows, and brain acetylcholinesterase values were essentially normal. The analyses were conducted 2 to 4 days after death of the cows. Rapid testing of tissue samples is necessary if a carbamate insecticide is suspected.
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Adair HS, Goble DO, Vanhooser S, Blackford JT, Rohrbach BW. Evaluation of use of dimethyl sulfoxide for intra-articular lavage in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52:333-6. [PMID: 2012346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The antebrachiocarpal and tarsocrural joints of 10 adult horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Groups were formulated and were treated as follows: group 1, control (arthrocentesis only); group 2, buffered lactated Ringer solution; group 3, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; w/v) in lactated Ringer solution; and group 4, 30% DMSO (w/v) in lactated Ringer solution. Joints were lavaged once with the respective solution. Prior to lavage and on days 1, 4, and 8 after lavage, all horses were evaluated for lameness and joint effusion; synovial fluid total and differential WBC counts, synovial fluid total protein concentration, and mucin clot quality were determined. Horses were euthanatized on day 8, and joints were evaluated grossly, histologically, and histochemically. Significant difference was not observed in effect of lactated Ringer solution, 10% DMSO, and 30% DMSO on any measured variable. At 24 hours after treatment, significant (P less than 0.05) difference in synovial fluid WBC numbers and total protein concentration was detected between control and treated joints. Eighty percent of lavaged joints had effusion 24 hours after treatment, compared with 30% of control joints. Gross, histopathologic, or histochemical differences were not detected between treated and control joints. Results of the study indicate that buffered lactated Ringer, 10% DMSO, and 30% DMSO solutions induce similar inflammatory changes in articular structures and significantly greater inflammatory reaction than does arthrocentesis alone.
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