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Kobayashi Y, Endo Y, Ito N, Iijima Y, Mizuki N. [A case of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a female patient with the recrudescence of hyperthyroidism]. NIPPON GANKA GAKKAI ZASSHI 2007; 111:905-910. [PMID: 18051821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone increases oxygen consumption and regulates mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy(LHON), retinal ganglion cells are exposed to the oxidative stress generated during the process of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, eventually leading to a loss of vision. Although there is a possibility that the thyroid hormone may have a role in the development or the course of LHON, no case has been reported indicating a relation between them. We report a female case with LHON who also presented exacerbation of hyperthyroidism during the course of the disease. CASE The patient was a thirty-nine-year-old woman who complained of bilateral loss of vision. Her corrected visual acuity was 0.2 in the right eye, and 0.1 in the left. Fundus examination showed characteristic findings of LHON in both eyes. The blood free thyroxin(FT4) level at that time was abnormally high. The diagnosis of LHON was confirmed by the presence of mitochondrial DNA mutation at the nucleotide position 11778. Her visual acuity improved after one month of FT4 normalization. A year later, her corrected visual acuity recovered to 0.9 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left. CONCLUSION Hyperthyroidism may be a trigger in the development of LHON.
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Küker W, Weir A, Quaghebeur G, Palace J. White matter changes in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: MRI findings. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:591-3. [PMID: 17437624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a mitochondrial disorder causing bilateral optic nerve degeneration. It is sometimes associated with clinical signs of multiple sclerosis. We report MRI findings in two patients with LHON-MS and comment on possible distinguishing features of this disease entity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Disease Progression
- Early Diagnosis
- Female
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/etiology
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/pathology
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/physiopathology
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Optic Nerve/pathology
- Optic Nerve/physiopathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Sensation Disorders/etiology
- Sensation Disorders/pathology
- Sensation Disorders/physiopathology
- Vision, Low/etiology
- Vision, Low/pathology
- Vision, Low/physiopathology
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Cardaioli E, Da Pozzo P, Gallus GN, Franceschini R, Rufa A, Dotti MT, Caporossi A, Federico A. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy associated with cocaine, ecstasy and telithromycin consumption. J Neurol 2007; 254:255-6. [PMID: 17334960 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sanchez RN, Smith AJ, Carelli V, Sadun AA, Keltner JL. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy possibly triggered by exposure to tire fire. J Neuroophthalmol 2007; 26:268-72. [PMID: 17204920 DOI: 10.1097/01.wno.0000249320.27110.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report three members of one family, a mother and two daughters aged 4 and 7 years, who developed visual loss from Leber hereditary optic neuropathy within a 19-month period. All three had been exposed to smoke from two large rubber tire fires within the previous 24 months, suggesting the possibility of an epigenetic triggering factor.
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Vedantham V, Jethani J, Vijayalakshmi P. Electroretinographic assessment and diagnostic reappraisal of children with visual dysfunction: A prospective study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007; 55:113-6. [PMID: 17322600 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.30704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the presence or absence of a retinal cause of visual impairment using electroretinography (ERG) in children with no obvious discernable cause on ocular examination. DESIGN Prospective observational case series. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was carried out involving 120 children with the mean age 4.4+/-3.2 years with visual dysfunction. All children underwent ERG under general anesthesia using a special handheld mini-Ganzfeld (Kurbisfeld) dome. RESULTS Fifty-two (43.3%) children were male and 68 (56.7%) were female. The clinical diagnosis was as follows: Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) (n=47), achromatopsia (n=25), congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) (n=9) and others (unclassifiable, n=39). The visual acuity ranged from perception of light (PL) to PL with projection in children with LCA. In the rest (n=73), some sort of visually guided behavior was discernable. Following ERG, a diagnostic reappraisal resulted as follows: LCA (n=49), achromatopsia (n=28), CSNB (n=4), cone-rod dystrophy (n=22), rod-cone degeneration (n=7), normal (n=8) and others (unclassifiable, n=2). Except for the two unclassifiable cases, ERG was successful in the diagnosis or exclusion of retinal dysfunction in the rest. By Pearson Chi-square test, there was a statistically significant association between the clinical and ERG diagnosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION LCA was the commonest cause of visual dysfunction in our series. A statistically significant correlation between clinical and electrophysiological diagnosis was seen. ERG helped in firmly establishing the presence or absence of global retinal dysfunction in the majority (118/120) of pediatric patients with visual dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Child, Preschool
- Color Vision Defects/complications
- Color Vision Defects/diagnosis
- Color Vision Defects/physiopathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Electroretinography
- Evoked Potentials, Visual
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Night Blindness/complications
- Night Blindness/diagnosis
- Night Blindness/physiopathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/complications
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Retina/physiopathology
- Vision, Low/diagnosis
- Vision, Low/etiology
- Vision, Low/physiopathology
- Visual Acuity
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Barboni P, Savini G, Valentino ML, La Morgia C, Bellusci C, De Negri AM, Sadun F, Carta A, Carbonelli M, Sadun AA, Carelli V. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy with Childhood Onset. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:5303-9. [PMID: 17122117 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the clinical features of childhood-onset Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) as defined by a pathogenic mtDNA mutation and age at onset equal to or less than 10 years of age. METHODS Fifty-six LHON Italian pedigrees including 180 affected individuals were reviewed, and 14 of 18 patients with childhood LHON were enrolled. LHON was classified as acute bilateral, acute unilateral, slowly progressive, and subclinical, according to disease features. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head analysis (ONH), and were compared with age- and optic disc size-matched control groups. RESULTS The prevalence of childhood LHON in this case series was 11.5%. Five patients had an acute bilateral course, three an acute unilateral course with subclinical signs in the fellow eye, and six a slowly progressive course. Four of five acute patients with acute bilateral disease experienced visual recovery. Slowly progressive cases presented a better visual acuity and visual field outcome than acute cases. A significant diffuse reduction of RNFL was evident in children with acute LHON compared with the control group, whereas a significant reduction of the temporal quadrant was present in the slowly progressive and subclinical LHON cases. Acute LHON children had a smaller disc area and vertical disc diameter than did the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically characterized for the first time the subgroup of LHON with childhood onset. The peculiar clinical and anatomic features of childhood LHON offer insights for the understanding of LHON's pathophysiology as well as a basis for the differential diagnosis of visual loss in childhood.
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Beretta S, Wood JPM, Derham B, Sala G, Tremolizzo L, Ferrarese C, Osborne NN. Partial mitochondrial complex I inhibition induces oxidative damage and perturbs glutamate transport in primary retinal cultures. Relevance to Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). Neurobiol Dis 2006; 24:308-17. [PMID: 16959493 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited form of visual loss, due to selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Despite the established aetiological association between LHON and mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting complex I of the electron transport chain, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains obscure. Primary rat retinal cultures were exposed to increasing concentrations of rotenone to titrate complex I inhibition. Neural cells were more sensitive than Müller glial cells to rotenone toxicity. Rotenone induced an increase in mitochondrial-derived free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Sodium-dependent glutamate uptake, which is mostly mediated by the glutamate transporter GLAST expressed by Müller glial cells, was reduced dose-dependently by rotenone with no changes in GLAST expression. Our findings suggest that complex I-derived free radicals and disruption of glutamate transport might represent key elements for explaining the selective retinal ganglion cell death in LHON.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electron Transport Complex I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1/metabolism
- Free Radicals/metabolism
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Lipid Peroxidation/physiology
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/metabolism
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retina/physiopathology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology
- Rotenone/toxicity
- Uncoupling Agents/toxicity
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Gränse L. Alterations in multifocal visual evoked potentials during the acute phase of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2006; 84:549-51. [PMID: 16879580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This report aimed to investigate alterations in multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEPs) during the acute stage of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). METHODS A 27-year-old woman with a point mutation at nucleotide 11778 in the mitochondrial DNA was examined during the acute phase of LHON, which is generally investigated only rarely because of its rapid progress. She was examined repeatedly, with testing of best corrected visual acuity, pupil function, Goldmann perimetry, ophthalmoscopy and frequent assessment of mfVEPs. RESULTS Multifocal VEPs, which reveal topographical information about different parts of the visual pathways, demonstrated reduced responses in all parts of the central visual field. The mean amplitude (summarized amplitude of the first two components) in the mfVEPs in the previously described sector C, which has been identified as a hallmark of other optic nerve disorders, was evaluated. This amplitude demonstrated a correlation with the progression of the disease during the acute period of LHON, which also correlated with the VA, pupil function and Goldmann perimetry. CONCLUSIONS These alterations in the components of mfVEPs reflect the reduction in the function of the visual pathways in different parts of the central field; the drop in amplitude in a localized area (sector C), not previously described, demonstrates the acute course of this disorder. Multifocal VEPs may be of further interest in evaluating the pathogenesis of this disorder and of clinical value in representing an objective method for monitoring the course of this disease.
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Newman NJ, Biousse V, Newman SA, Bhatti MT, Hamilton SR, Farris BK, Lesser RL, Turbin RE. Progression of visual field defects in leber hereditary optic neuropathy: experience of the LHON treatment trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:1061-1067. [PMID: 16765674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the visual fields of patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a maternally inherited disorder characterized by bilateral, often sequential vision loss, before and during progressive visual deterioration. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal follow-up of serial visual fields in patients enrolled onto an open-label, nonrandomized pilot study of topical brimonidine purite as prophylactic treatment after first eye involvement in LHON. METHODS Nine molecularly confirmed primary mutation patients with LHON with monocular vision loss for less than six months and normal visual function in the other eye were followed prospectively for up to two years. Visual fields were performed on automated perimetry at baseline and on many follow-up visits. RESULTS Despite normal visual acuity at baseline in all patients, seven patients had some minimal changes in the central visual field of the second eye. All patients had subsequent deterioration of visual acuity, mean deviation, and foveal sensitivity in their second eye. The earliest pattern of abnormality was typically a cecocentral defect enlarging to become a central defect, often with a superior or inferior predilection. The visual field defects in the two eyes of any given patient were remarkably similar. CONCLUSIONS LHON may be a bilateral condition at onset more frequently than appreciated. Automated static perimetry of the "normal" eye may reveal subclinical findings that typically worsen rapidly over weeks to months to similar central scotomatous damage. Quantitative automated static perimetry is helpful in elucidating the natural history of LHON and in understanding the underlying pathology and pathophysiology of this disease.
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Spruijt L, Kolbach DN, de Coo RF, Plomp AS, Bauer NJ, Smeets HJ, de Die-Smulders CEM. Influence of mutation type on clinical expression of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:676-82. [PMID: 16564802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this research was to determine the molecular factors of influence on the clinical expression of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), which might aid in counseling LHON patients and families. The prevalence of LHON in the Dutch population was determined. DESIGN Observational, retrospective population cohort study. METHODS The clinical characteristics of LHON patients of 25 families, previously described in 1963, were reevaluated. The mutation and haplotype were determined in the DNA of one affected LHON patient per family. The genotype of their relatives could be deducted, enabling us to evaluate retrospectively the genotype-phenotype correlation. The prevalence of LHON was determined on the basis of anamnestic evaluation of patients in 1963 and by using population registers of that period. RESULTS The LHON mutation does not influence disease penetrance (50% in male subjects; 10% to 20% in female subjects). More than half of the patients with the 14484 mutation exhibit a partial recovery of vision, regardless of the acuteness of disease onset (P = .001), whereas only 22% of the 11778 carriers and 15.4% of the 3460 carriers recovered. The recovery did not take place within the first year after onset and was uncommon after four years. The onset of LHON is in general very acute but might be more gradual in 11778 carriers and in children. The calculated prevalence of LHON in the Dutch population (1/39,000) is very likely an underestimation caused by a selection bias of familial cases in the original study. CONCLUSIONS The LHON genotype influences the recovery of vision and disease onset but is unrelated to age, acuteness of onset, or gender. The genotype does not influence disease penetrance. Children might exhibit a slower onset of disease.
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Yokoyama T, Fujiki K, Murakami A, Hotta Y. Long-term Follow-up of Two Sisters with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006; 50:78-80. [PMID: 16453198 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-005-0274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zanna C, Ghelli A, Porcelli AM, Martinuzzi A, Carelli V, Rugolo M. Caspase-independent death of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy cybrids is driven by energetic failure and mediated by AIF and Endonuclease G. Apoptosis 2006; 10:997-1007. [PMID: 16151635 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-0742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is associated with mitochondrial DNA point mutations affecting different subunits of complex I. By replacing glucose with galactose in the medium, cybrids harboring each of the three LHON pathogenic mutations (11778/ND4, 3460/ND1, 14484/ND6) suffered a profound ATP depletion over a few hours and underwent apoptotic cell death, which was caspase-independent. Control cybrids were unaffected. In addition to cytochrome c, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG) were also released from the mitochondria into the cytosol in LHON cybrids, but not in control cells. Exposure of isolated nuclei to cytosolic fractions from LHON cybrids maintained in galactose medium caused nuclear fragmentation, which was strongly reduced by immuno-depletion with anti-AIF and anti-EndoG antibodies. In conclusion, the caspase-independent death of LHON cybrids incubated in galactose medium is triggered by rapid ATP depletion and mediated by AIF and EndoG.
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Ventura DF, Quiros P, Carelli V, Salomão SR, Gualtieri M, Oliveira AGF, Costa MF, Berezovsky A, Sadun F, de Negri AM, Sadun AA. Chromatic and luminance contrast sensitivities in asymptomatic carriers from a large Brazilian pedigree of 11778 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 46:4809-14. [PMID: 16303983 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether asymptomatic 11778 LHON carriers demonstrated impairments in (1) chromatic red/green (R/G) and blue/yellow (B/Y) contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) and in (2) luminance contrast sensitivity functions in the spatial CSF (SCSF) and temporal CSF (TCSF) domains. METHODS Twenty-five carriers (8 male, 17 female; 34.1 +/- 15.1 years of age) of homoplasmic 11778 LHON from the same well-described family and 30 age-matched controls (17 male, 13 female; 29.2 +/- 7.1 years of age) were tested in one eye, randomly selected. Of the 25 eyes tested, 18 had normal fundus, 5 had swelling and microangiopathy, and 2 had temporal pallor. The R/G and B/Y CSFs were obtained after equiluminance correction with bichromatic horizontal sinusoidal gratings at 0.3, 0.7, and 2 cycles per degree (cpd); the SCSFs were obtained with achromatic gratings at 0.3, 2, 6, and 12 cpd; and the TCSFs were obtained at 2, 10, 20, and 33 Hz with sinusoidal modulation of a 2.7 degrees field with a superimposed spatial Gabor function. RESULTS Differences between carriers and controls were statistically significant for all spatial frequencies of chromatic and luminance SCSFs, but not for the TCSFs. R/G equiluminance settings of carriers differed from those of controls (P < 0.001), requiring higher luminance in the green; B/Y equiluminance settings were not statistically different in carriers and controls. Fundus findings did not correlate with CS results. CONCLUSIONS Luminance and chromatic spatial CS losses that affected all tested spatial frequencies, are reported in LHON asymptomatic carriers with the mtDNA 11778 mutation. No losses were found in the temporal CSF. An intriguing finding is that the blue system is substantially spared in this LHON family. These represent subclinical visual impairments in otherwise asymptomatic LHON carriers.
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Pato-Pato A, Cimas-Hernando I, Lorenzo-González JR. [Leber's optic neuropathy: a case report]. Rev Neurol 2006; 42:22-4. [PMID: 16402322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leber's optic neuropathy is a hereditary disease that mainly affects young males and is produced by specific mutations of the mitochondrial DNA, which affect the complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. CASE REPORT An 18-year-old male who presented with a 3-week history of progressive loss of sight in the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed numerous hyperintense lesions in the periventricular and subcortical white matter, and the visual evoked potentials showed bilateral optic neuropathy that was mild on the left side and severe on the right side. A spinal tap was performed and oligoclonal bands were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. In the weeks that followed vision continued to get worse on both sides and the patient had hyalinised vessels in the papilla, with lower amplitude responses bilaterally in the electroretinogram. A genetic study was conducted that revealed a primary mutation 11778 in gene MTND4 and secondary mutation 15257 in gene MTCYB, which were compatible with a diagnosis of Leber's optic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS The absence of inflammation of the optic disc, which could lead to the suspicion of a retrobulbar neuritis, must act as a warning to the physician that he or she is possibly before a case of Leber's optic neuropathy, especially when the loss of vision is still progressing, when there is early bilateral involvement or if there is a family history of optic neuritis or multiple sclerosis.
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Spruijt L, Hoogendijk JE, Hendrickx ATM, de Coo IF, Doevendans PA, de Jong PTVM, Spliet WGM, Kroes H, Smeets HJ. Additional mitochondrial DNA mutations may explain extra-ocular involvement in LHON. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1478-81. [PMID: 16770803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Watanabe M, Mita S, Takita T, Goto YI, Uchino M, Imamura S. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy with dystonia in a Japanese family. J Neurol Sci 2005; 243:31-4. [PMID: 16380132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a Japanese family with generalized dystonia attributed to striatal degeneration, which occurred in childhood, and late-onset optic neuropathy. We determined the entire nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the proband and compared our findings with the 2001 Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. The mtDNA of the proband showed a total of 42 nucleotide changes. We identified two A3203G and G14459A mutations, which were completely absent in a population of 200 healthy Japanese, by estimating the frequency of each nucleotide change. The nucleotide G14459A mutation occurs in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6, and has been suggested previously as the disease-causing mutation in Hispanic, African-American and Caucasian families of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and/or dystonia. The significance of the A3203G mutation remains unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first case of LHON with dystonia that revealed a mtDNA mutation in a Japanese family.
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Abstract
Moore discusses a new study showing rescue of photoreceptor function using gene and drug therapies in a mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis.
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Blakely EL, de Silva R, King A, Schwarzer V, Harrower T, Dawidek G, Turnbull DM, Taylor RW. LHON/MELAS overlap syndrome associated with a mitochondrial MTND1 gene mutation. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:623-7. [PMID: 15657614 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic point mutations in the mitochondrial MTND1 gene have previously been described in association with two distinct clinical phenotypes -- Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Here we report the first heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutation (3376G>A) in the MTND1 gene associated with an overlap syndrome comprising the clinical features of both LHON and MELAS. Muscle histochemistry revealed subtle mitochondrial abnormalities, while biochemical analysis showed an isolated complex I deficiency. Our findings serve to highlight the growing importance of mutations in mitochondrial complex I structural genes in MELAS and its associated overlap syndromes.
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Wilhelm H. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and the pupil. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243:1077-9. [PMID: 16041586 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Hirano M, DiMauro S. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: biochemical lights in a blurry scenario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:711-2. [PMID: 15883256 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.62.5.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To provide a clinical update on the hereditary optic neuropathies. METHODS Review of the literature. RESULTS The hereditary optic neuropathies comprise a group of disorders in which the cause of optic nerve dysfunction appears to be hereditable, based on familial expression or genetic analysis. In some hereditary optic neuropathies, optic nerve dysfunction is typically the only manifestation of the disease. In others, various neurologic and systemic abnormalities are regularly observed. CONCLUSION The most common hereditary optic neuropathies are autosomal dominant optic atrophy (Kjer's disease) and maternally inherited Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. We review the clinical phenotypes of these and other inherited disorders with optic nerve involvement.
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MESH Headings
- Dysautonomia, Familial/complications
- Dysautonomia, Familial/genetics
- Female
- Friedreich Ataxia/complications
- Friedreich Ataxia/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Muscular Dystrophies/complications
- Muscular Dystrophies/genetics
- Optic Atrophies, Hereditary/complications
- Optic Atrophies, Hereditary/genetics
- Optic Atrophies, Hereditary/physiopathology
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/complications
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/physiopathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/complications
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Pedigree
- Spinocerebellar Ataxias/complications
- Spinocerebellar Ataxias/genetics
- Vision Disorders/etiology
- Vision Disorders/genetics
- Vision Disorders/physiopathology
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47
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Nagai A, Nakamura M, Kusuhara S, Kanamori A, Negi A. Unilateral manifestation of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy after blunt ocular trauma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005; 49:65-7. [PMID: 15692782 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-004-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
MESH Headings
- DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis
- Eye Injuries/complications
- Eye Injuries/physiopathology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Nerve Fibers/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/etiology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology
- Tomography, Optical Coherence
- Visual Acuity
- Visual Fields
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/physiopathology
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48
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Dyer MA, Donovan SL, Zhang J, Gray J, Ortiz A, Tenney R, Kong J, Allikmets R, Sohocki MM. Retinal degeneration in Aipl1-deficient mice: a new genetic model of Leber congenital amaurosis. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 132:208-20. [PMID: 15582159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe inherited retinopathy, with the earliest age of onset. Because this currently incurable disease is present from birth and is a relatively rare disorder, the development of animal models that closely resemble the phenotype in patients is especially important. Our previous genetic analyses of LCA patients identified mutations in the aryl-hydrocarbon interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) gene. Here we present development of an animal model of AIPL1-associated LCA, the Aipl1-deficient mouse. Aipl1 is expressed at low levels throughout human and mouse retinal development and is rapidly upregulated as photoreceptors differentiate. The mouse displays rapid retinal degeneration and massive Müler cell gliosis, resembling the phenotype of the rd mouse, which is caused by a mutation in the gene for the beta-subunit of the rod-specific phosphodiesterase. We confirm that this phenotype is consistent with the human disease using electroretinograms, and document the disease pathogenesis by analyzing the development of all retinal cell types and synaptogenesis during retinal histogenesis. Ectopic expression of AIPL1 led to deregulated retinal progenitor cell proliferation and alterations in cell fate specification; however, no gross abnormalities of proliferation during retinal development were detected. Data from analysis of proliferation and cell fate specification during retinal development of Aipl1-deficient mice suggests that there may be redundancy or compensation for Aipl1 loss by other related proteins. Because this mouse model closely mimics the human retinopathy caused by homozygous mutations in this gene, it provides a preclinical model for testing therapies to rescue the vision of children whose blindness is caused by AIPL1 mutations.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Division
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electroretinography
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Retinal Degeneration/genetics
- Retinal Degeneration/pathology
- Retinal Degeneration/physiopathology
- Stem Cells/cytology
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49
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Carelli V, Rugolo M, Sgarbi G, Ghelli A, Zanna C, Baracca A, Lenaz G, Napoli E, Martinuzzi A, Solaini G. Bioenergetics shapes cellular death pathways in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: a model of mitochondrial neurodegeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1658:172-9. [PMID: 15282189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) was the first maternally inherited disease to be associated with point mutations in mitochondrial DNA and is now considered the most prevalent mitochondrial disorder. The pathology is characterized by selective loss of ganglion cells in the retina leading to central vision loss and optic atrophy, prevalently in young males. The pathogenic mtDNA point mutations for LHON affect complex I with the double effect of lowering the ATP synthesis driven by complex I substrates and increasing oxidative stress chronically. In this review, we first consider the biochemical changes associated with the proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase of mitochondria in cybrid cells carrying the most common LHON mutations. However, the LHON cybrid bioenergetic dysfunction is essentially compensated under normal conditions, i.e. in glucose medium, but is unrevealed by stressful conditions such as growing cybrids in glucose free/galactose medium, which forces cells to rely only on respiratory chain for ATP synthesis. In fact, the second part of this review deals with the investigation of LHON cybrid death pathway in galactose medium. The parallel marked changes in antioxidant enzymes, during the time-course of galactose experiments, also reveal a relevant role played by oxidative stress. The LHON cybrid model sheds light on the complex interplay amongst the different levels of biochemical consequences deriving from complex I mutations in determining neurodegeneration in LHON, and suggests an unsuspected role of bioenergetics in shaping cell death pathways.
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50
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Battisti C, Formichi P, Cardaioli E, Bianchi S, Mangiavacchi P, Tripodi SA, Tosi P, Federico A. Cell response to oxidative stress induced apoptosis in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1731-6. [PMID: 15548492 PMCID: PMC1738830 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.024372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disease in which acute or subacute bilateral visual loss occurs preferentially in young men. Over 95% of LHON cases are associated with one of three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations, but only 50% of men and 10% of women who harbour a pathogenetic mtDNA mutation develop optic neuropathy. This incomplete penetrance and preference for men suggests that additional genetic (nuclear or mitochondrial) and/or environmental factors must modulate phenotype expression in LHON. A role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondrial diseases, secondary to mtDNA mutations, or as a result of the direct effect of ROS cytotoxicity, has been implicated in many mitochondrial disorders, including LHON. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress induced apoptosis in LHON. METHODS The 2-deoxy-D-ribose induced apoptotic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from six patients with LHON and six healthy subjects was investigated using light microscopy, flow cytometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, and the measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential. RESULTS Cells of patients with LHON had a higher rate of apoptosis than those of controls and there was evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the activation of the apoptotic cascade. CONCLUSIONS These differences in oxidative stress induced apoptosis are in line with the hypothesis that redox homeostasis could play a role in the expression of genetic mutations in different individuals and could represent a potential target in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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