An autophagy-independent role of ULK1/ULK2 in mechanotransduction and breast cancer cell migration

The progression of breast cancer is often accompanied by changes in extracellular matrix stiffness and cell adhesion ability, which are closely related to cellular mechanotransduction. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain mysterious. Our study reveals that the macroautophagy/autophagy-inducing kinases, ULK1 and ULK2, inhibit the assembly of focal adhesions and F-actin by phosphorylating the adhesion protein PXN, to prevent breast cancer cell migration in an autophagy-independent fashion. Interestingly, ULK1/ULK2-mediated serine phosphorylation of PXN counteracts PXN phosphorylation at the adjacent tyrosine residues by PTK2 and SRC, to gatekeep cellular mechanotransduction. Our research establishes a new function of ULK1/ULK2 in governing cellular mechanotransduction that might be harnessed for treating breast cancer.

Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE1 is active at cell-cell contacts and facilitates cell dissemination during collective migration of melanoma cells

Tumour cell detachment from the primary tumour is an early and crucial step of the metastatic cascade. At the single cell level, it was already shown that migrating melanoma cells establish both intra- and extracellular pH gradients and that the Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE1 accumulates at the leading edges to strengthen cell-matrix interactions. However, less is known about the role of NHE1 in collective cell migration and the specific pH microenvironment at tumour cell-cell contacts. We used MV3 melanoma cells transfected with a NHE1-expressing vector or a control vector. NHE1 localization at cell-cell contacts was assessed via immunofluorescence imaging. Collective migration was analysed by live-cell imaging. The NHE1 activity and the perimembranous pH were measured both intra- and extracellularly by ratiometric fluorescence microscopy. NHE1 clearly localizes at cell-cell contacts. Its overexpression further increases migratory speed and translocation in multidirectional pathway analyses. NHE1 overexpressing MV3 cells also move further away from their neighbouring cells during wound closure assays. pH measurements revealed that the NHE1 is highly active at cell-cell contacts of melanoma cells. NHE1-mediated pH dynamics at such contact sites are more prominent in NHE1-overexpressing melanoma cells. Our findings highlight the contribution of the NHE1 towards modulation and plasticity of melanoma cell-cell contacts. We propose that its localization and functional activity at cell-cell contacts promotes evasion of single melanoma cells from the primary tumour.

Decanoylcarnitine Inhibits Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression via Mmp9 in an Intermittent Fasting Obesity Mouse

Purpose: Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains challenging. Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a promising approach to improve metabolic health of various metabolic disorders. Clinical studies indicate IF is essential for TNBC progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic remodeling in regulating IF and TNBC progression are still unclear. Methods: In this study, we utilized a robust mouse model of TNBC and exposed subjects to a high-fat diet (HFD) with IF to explore its impact on the metabolic reprogramming linked to cancer progression. To identify crucial serum metabolites and signaling events, we utilized targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Furthermore, we conducted immunoblotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), cell migration assays, lentivirus-mediated Mmp9 overexpression, and Mmp9 inhibitor experiments to elucidate the role of decanoylcarnitine/Mmp9 in TNBC cell migration. Results: Our observations indicate that IF exerts notable inhibitory effects on both the proliferation and cancer metastasis. Utilizing targeted metabolomics and RNA-seq, we initially identified pivotal serum metabolites and signaling events in the progression of TNBC. Among the 349 serum metabolites identified, decanoylcarnitine was picked out to inhibit TNBC cell proliferation and migration. RNA-seq analysis of TNBC cells treated with decanoylcarnitine revealed its suppressive effects on extracellular matrix-related protein components, with a notable reduction observed in Mmp9. Further investigations confirmed that decanoylcarnitine could inhibit Mmp9 expression in TNBC cells, primary tumors, lung, and liver metastasis tissues. Mmp9 overexpression abolished the inhibitory effect of decanoylcarnitine on cell migration. Conclusion: This study pioneers the exploration of IF intervention and the role of decanoylcarnitine/Mmp9 in the progression of TNBC in obese mice, enhancing our comprehension of the potential roles of various dietary patterns in the process of cancer treatment.

Initial IL-10 production dominates the therapy of mesenchymal stem cell scaffold in spinal cord injury

Rationale: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an acute damage to the central nervous system that results in severe morbidity and permanent disability. Locally implanted scaffold systems with immobilized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely proven to promote locomotor function recovery in SCI rats; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Methods and Results: In this study, we constructed a hyaluronic acid scaffold system (HA-MSC) to accelerate the adhesive growth of human MSCs and prolong their survival time in SCI rat lesions. MSCs regulate local immune responses by upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, the dramatically increased, but transient expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) is found to be secreted by MSCs in the first week. Blocking the function of the initially produced IL-10 by the antibody completely abolished the neurological and behavioral recovery of SCI rats, indicating a core role of IL-10 in SCI therapy with HA-MSC implantation. Transcriptome analyses indicated that IL-10 selectively promotes the migration and cytokine secretion-associated programs of MSCs, which in turn helps MSCs exert their anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. Conclusion: Our findings highlight a novel role of IL-10 in regulating MSC migration and cytokine secretion-associated programs, and determine the vital role of IL-10 in the domination of MSC treatment for spinal cord repair.

Chemokine platelet factor 4 accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration by regulating Schwann cell activation and axon elongation

Schwann cells in peripheral nerves react to traumatic nerve injury by attempting to grow and regenerate. However, it is unclear what factors play a role in this process. In this study, we searched a GEO database and found that expression of platelet factor 4 was markedly up-regulated after sciatic nerve injury. Platelet factor is an important molecule in cell apoptosis, differentiation, survival, and proliferation. Further, polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the change in platelet factor 4 in the sciatic nerve at different time points after injury. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that platelet factor 4 was secreted by Schwann cells. We also found that silencing platelet factor 4 decreased the proliferation and migration of primary cultured Schwann cells, while exogenously applied platelet factor 4 stimulated Schwann cell proliferation and migration and neuronal axon growth. Furthermore, knocking out platelet factor 4 inhibited the proliferation of Schwann cells in injured rat sciatic nerve. These findings suggest that Schwann cell-secreted platelet factor 4 may facilitate peripheral nerve repair and regeneration by regulating Schwann cell activation and axon growth. Thus, platelet factor 4 may be a potential therapeutic target for traumatic peripheral nerve injury.

miR-9 promotes canine endothelial-like cell migration by targeting COL15A1

BACKGROUND

Endothelial cell migration is the initial stage of angiogenesis. In previous studies, miR-9 has been found to regulate angiogenesis and cell migration in human medicine.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to reveal the regulatory effect of miR-9 on canine endothelial cell migration.

METHODS

Embryonic canine ventricle myocardium tissues were collected and induced to differentiate into endothelial-like cells (ELCs). A transwell and invasion assay were used to evaluate the impact of miR-9 on the migration capacity of ELCs, after which a luciferase reporter assay, western blotting, RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism.

RESULTS

Our results showed that we successfully induced the primary cells derived from canine cardiac embryo tissues into ELCs. MiR-9 also promoted the migration and invasion of canine ELCs, and inhibited the expression of collagen XV, an angiogenic inhibitor, at the translational level by targeting the 3' untranslated region of COL15A1 gene. Furthermore, RNA sequencing showed that overexpression of miR-9 impacted several signalling pathways and eight genes involved in angiogenesis and cell migration in canine ELCs.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that miR-9 enhances the migration of canine ELCs and may serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for canine diseases involved in endothelial cells migration and angiogenesis, but more further studies are needed.

Inhibition of p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway Activation by Realgar Promotes the Inhibition of Esophageal Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Realgar, a Chinese herbal decoction, has been used to treat various types of tumors with positive outcomes; however, there is a lack of convincing evidence on its use for the treatment of esophageal cancer (EC). In this study, the role of the p62-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the regulation of EC cell proliferation, migration, and ferroptosis in response to realgar was assessed.

METHODS

Different concentrations of realgar (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μmol/L) were applied to the EC cell lines Eca109 and KYSE150. The inhibition rate and half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) were determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Subsequently, the cells were treated with realgar (1/2IC50, IC50, 2IC50). Cell migration was measured using the scratch assay, and cell invasion was measured using the transwell assay. The mRNA expression of p62, Keap1, and Nrf2 was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the protein expression of p62, Keap1, Nrf2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin, Slug, N-cadherin, and vimentin was measured by Western blot. The control, 2IC50, shRNA-NC, shRNA-p62, 2IC50 + shRNA-NC, 2IC50 + shRNA-p62, shRNA-Keap1, 2IC50 + shRNA-Keap1, and 2IC50 + shRNA-p62 + shRNA-Keap1 groups were defined. The CCK-8 method was used to measure the cell inhibition rate, and the clone formation assay was used to measure the clone formation ability. Moreover, the scratch assay was used to detect the cell migration ability, and the transwell assay was used to detect the cell invasion ability. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the mitochondrial morphology, Prussian blue staining was used to observe the intracellular iron particle distribution, and flow cytometry was used to detect changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species. In addition, qRT-PCR was performed to detect p62, Keap1, Nrf2, and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) mRNA expression, and Western blot was performed to detect p62, Keap1, Nrf2, E-cadherin, Slug, N-cadherin, and GPX4 protein expression.

RESULTS

Realgar inhibited Eca109 and KYSE150 cell proliferation in a time- and concentrationdependent manner. It also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells and affected the mRNA and protein expression of p62, Keap1, and Nrf2. In response to realgar, low p62 expression inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells, as well as ferroptosis induction.

CONCLUSION

The findings demonstrate that inhibiting the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway promotes the inhibitory effects of realgar on EC cells.

The mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced decreased splenic size: A network meta-analysis study

BACKGROUND

Organ weight change is widely accepted as a measure of toxicologic pathology. We and other groups have shown that excessive alcohol exposure leads to decreased spleen weight in rodents. This study explores the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced splenic injury through a network meta-analysis.

METHODS

QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology were used to identify alcohol-related molecules associated with the small spleen phenotype. Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and IPA bioinformatics tools were then used to analyze the biologic processes and enriched signaling pathways engaging these molecules. In addition, the "downstream effects analysis" algorithm was used to quantify alcohol's effects.

RESULTS

IPA identified 623 molecules affected by alcohol and a Venn diagram revealed that 26 of these molecules overlapped with those associated with the MP Ontology of small spleen. The 26 molecules are TGFB1, CASP8, MTOR, ESR1, CXCR4, CAMK4, NFKBIA, DRD2, BCL2, FAS, PEBP1, TRAF2, ATM, IGHM, EDNRB, MDM2, GLRA1, PRF1, TLR7, IFNG, ALOX5, FOXO1, IL15, APOE, IKBKG, and RORA. Some of the 26 molecules were also associated with the MP Ontology of abnormal white pulp and red pulp morphology of the spleen, abnormal splenic cell ratio, decreased splenocyte number, abnormal spleen physiology, increased splenocyte apoptosis, and reduced splenocyte proliferation. STRING and IPA "Core Analysis" showed that these molecules were mainly involved in pathways related to cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and immune responses. IPA's "Molecular Activity Predictor" tool showed that concurrent effects of activation and inhibition of these molecules led to decreased spleen size by modulating apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of splenocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our network meta-analysis revealed that excessive alcohol exposure can damage the spleen through a variety of molecular mechanisms, thereby affecting immune function and human health. We found that alcohol-mediated splenic atrophy is largely mediated by increased apoptosis signaling, migration of cells, and inhibition of splenocyte proliferation.

Involvement of Cannabinoid Receptors and Adenosine A2B Receptor in Enhanced Migration of Lung Cancer A549 Cells Induced by γ-Ray Irradiation

Residual cancer cells after radiation therapy may acquire malignant phenotypes such as enhanced motility and migration ability, and therefore it is important to identify targets for preventing radiation-induced malignancy in order to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy. G-Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as adenosine A2B receptor and cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2, and GPR55) may be involved, as they are known to have roles in proliferation, invasion, migration and tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the involvement of A2B and cannabinoid receptors in γ-radiation-induced enhancement of cell migration and actin remodeling, as well as the involvement of cannabinoid receptors in cell migration enhancement via activation of A2B receptor in human lung cancer A549 cells. Antagonists or knockdown of A2B, CB1, CB2, or GPR55 receptor suppressed γ-radiation-induced cell migration and actin remodeling. Furthermore, BAY60-6583 (an A2B receptor-specific agonist) enhanced cell migration and actin remodeling in A549 cells, and this enhancement was suppressed by antagonists or knockdown of CB2 or GPR55, though not CB1 receptor. Our results indicate that A2B receptors and cannabinoid CB1, CB2, and GPR55 receptors all contribute to γ-radiation-induced acquisition of malignant phenotypes, and in particular that interactions of A2B receptor and cannabinoid CB2 and GPR55 receptors play a role in promoting cell migration and actin remodeling. A2B receptor-cannabinoid receptor pathways may be promising targets for blocking the appearance of malignant phenotypes during radiotherapy of lung cancer.

Dynamic Micropatterning Reveals Substrate-Dependent Differences in the Geometric Control of Cell Polarization and Migration

Cells are highly dynamic and adopt variable shapes and sizes. These variations are biologically important but challenging to investigate in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Micropatterning, confining cells on microfabricated substrates with defined geometries and molecular compositions, is a powerful tool for controlling cell shape and interactions. However, conventional binary micropatterns are static and fail to address dynamic changes in cell polarity, spreading, and migration. Here, a method for dynamic micropatterning is reported, where the non-adhesive surface surrounding adhesive micropatterns is rapidly converted to support specific cell-matrix interactions while allowing simultaneous imaging of the cells. The technique is based on ultraviolet photopatterning of biotinylated polyethylene glycol-grafted poly-L-lysine, and it is simple, inexpensive, and compatible with a wide range of streptavidin-conjugated ligands. Experiments using biotinylation-based dynamic micropatterns reveal that distinct extracellular matrix ligands and bivalent integrin-clustering antibodies support different degrees of front-rear polarity in human glioblastoma cells, which correlates to altered directionality and persistence upon release and migration on fibronectin. Unexpectedly, however, neither an asymmetric cell shape nor centrosome orientation can fully predict the future direction of migration. Taken together, biotinylation-based dynamic micropatterns allow easily accessible and highly customizable control over cell morphology and motility.

Revitalizing Skin Repair: Unveiling the Healing Power of Livisin, a Natural Peptide Calcium Mimetic

When the skin is damaged, accelerating the repair of skin trauma and promoting the recovery of tissue function are crucial considerations in clinical treatment. Previously, we isolated and identified an active peptide (livisin) from the skin secretion of the frog Odorrana livida. Livisin exhibited strong protease inhibitory activity, water solubility, and stability, yet its wound-healing properties have not yet been studied. In this study, we assessed the impact of livisin on wound healing and investigated the underlying mechanism contributing to its effect. Our findings revealed livisin effectively stimulated the migration of keratinocytes, with the underlying mechanisms involved the activation of CaSR as a peptide calcium mimetic. This activation resulted in the stimulation of the CaSR/E-cadherin/EGFR/ERK signaling pathways. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of livisin were partially reduced by blocking the CaSR/E-cadherin/EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. The interaction between livisin and CaSR was further investigated by molecular docking. Additionally, studies using a mouse full-thickness wound model demonstrated livisin could accelerate skin wound healing by promoting re-epithelialization and collagen deposition. In conclusion, our study provides experimental evidence supporting the use of livisin in skin wound healing, highlighting its potential as an effective therapeutic option.

Oleuropein Stimulates Migration of Human Trophoblast Cells and Expression of Invasion-Associated Markers

Successful pregnancy establishment requires highly synchronized cross talk between the invasive trophoblast cells and the receptive maternal endometrium. Any disturbances in this tightly regulated process may lead to pregnancy complications. Local factors such as nutrients, hormones, cytokines and reactive oxygen species modulate the invasion of extravillous trophoblasts through critical signaling cascades. Epidemiological studies strongly indicate that a Mediterranean diet can significantly impact molecular pathways during placentation. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine whether oleuropein (OLE), one of the main compounds of the Mediterranean diet, may influence trophoblast cell adhesion and migration, as well as the expression of invasion-associated molecular markers and inflammatory pathways fostering these processes. HTR-8/SVneo cells were incubated with OLE at selected concentrations of 10 and 100 µM for 24 h. Results showed that OLE did not affect trophoblast cell viability, proliferation and adhesion after 24 h in in vitro treatment. The mRNA expression of integrin subunits α1, α5 and β1, as well as matrix-degrading enzymes MMP-2 and -9, was significantly increased after treatment with 10 µM OLE. Furthermore, OLE at a concentration of 10 µM significantly increased the protein expression of integrin subunits α1 and β1. Also, OLE inhibited the activation of JNK and reduced the protein expression of COX-2. Finally, a lower concentration of OLE 10 µM significantly stimulated migration of HTR-8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the effects of OLE on the function of trophoblast cells by promoting cell migration and stimulating the expression of invasion markers. As suggested from results, these effects may be mediated via inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway.

Automated tracking of cell migration in phase contrast images with CellTraxx

The ability of cells to move and migrate is required during development, but also in the adult in processes such as wound healing and immune responses. In addition, cancer cells exploit the cells' ability to migrate and invade to spread into nearby tissue and eventually metastasize. The majority of cancer deaths are caused by metastasis and the process of cell migration is therefore intensively studied. A common way to study cell migration is to observe cells through an optical microscope and record their movements over time. However, segmenting and tracking moving cells in phase contrast time-lapse video sequences is a challenging task. Several tools to track the velocity of migrating cells have been developed. Unfortunately, most of the automated tools are made for fluorescence images even though unlabelled cells are often preferred to avoid phototoxicity. Consequently, researchers are constrained with laborious manual tracking tools using ImageJ or similar software. We have therefore developed a freely available, user-friendly, automated tracking tool called CellTraxx. This software makes it easy to measure the velocity and directness of migrating cells in phase contrast images. Here, we demonstrate that our tool efficiently recognizes and tracks unlabelled cells of different morphologies and sizes (HeLa, RPE1, MDA-MB-231, HT1080, U2OS, PC-3) in several types of cell migration assays (random migration, wound healing and cells embedded in collagen). We also provide a detailed protocol and download instructions for CellTraxx.

Chemoproteomic strategy identified p120-catenin glutathionylation regulates E-cadherin degradation and cell migration

Identification of cysteines with high oxidation susceptibility is important for understanding redox-mediated biological processes. In this report, we report a chemical proteomic strategy that finds cysteines with high susceptibility to S-glutathionylation. Our proteomic strategy, named clickable glutathione-based isotope-coded affinity tag (G-ICAT), identified 1,518 glutathionylated cysteines while determining their relative levels of glutathionylated and reduced forms upon adding hydrogen peroxide. Among identified cysteines, we demonstrated that CTNND1 (p120) C692 has high susceptibility to glutathionylation. Also, p120 wild type (WT), compared to C692S, induces its dissociation from E-cadherin under oxidative stress, such as glucose depletion. p120 and E-cadherin dissociation correlated with E-cadherin destabilization via its proteasomal degradation. Lastly, we showed that p120 WT, compared to C692S, increases migration and invasion of MCF7 cells under glucose depletion, supporting a model that p120 C692 glutathionylation increases cell migration and invasion by destabilization of E-cadherin, a core player in cell-cell adhesion.

MET Oncogene Enhances Pro-Migratory Functions by Counteracting NMDAR2B Cleavage

The involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate-gated ion channel, in promoting the invasive growth of cancer cells is an area of ongoing investigation. Our previous findings revealed a physical interaction between NMDAR and MET, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this NMDAR/MET interaction remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the NMDAR2B subunit undergoes proteolytic processing, resulting in a low-molecular-weight form of 100 kDa. Interestingly, when the NMDAR2B and MET constructs were co-transfected, the full-size high-molecular-weight NMDAR2B form of 160 kDa was predominantly observed. The protection of NMDAR2B from cleavage was dependent on the kinase activity of MET. We provide the following evidence that MET opposes the autophagic lysosomal proteolysis of NMDAR2B: (i) MET decreased the protein levels of lysosomal cathepsins; (ii) treatment with either an inhibitor of autophagosome formation or the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosome elevated the proportion of the NMDAR2B protein's uncleaved form; (iii) a specific mTOR inhibitor hindered the anti-autophagic effect of MET. Finally, we demonstrate that MET coopts NMDAR2B to augment cell migration. This implies that MET harnesses the functionality of NMDAR2B to enhance the ability of cancer cells to migrate.

8-Methoxy-α-lapachone and lawsone: antiproliferative effects on bladder tumour cells

Quinones are chemical compounds produced from the oxidation of phenols. Among the quinones, naphthoquinones stand out as potential antitumor agents. Bladder tumour is the tenth most diagnosed in the world. Based on this, using a urothelial carcinoma cell line (T24), two naphthoquinones had their cytotoxicity tested by the MTT colorimetric method and were submitted to assays of clonogenic survival, morphology, cell cycle, cell migration and species reactive oxygen. The results showed 8-methoxy-α-lapachone and lausone presented selectivity indexes (19.5 and 28.0, respectively) for T24 cells. Moreover, the two naphthoquinones reduced the cell viability, interfered with the process of cell migration, changed the cell cycle kinectics and induced the production of species reactive oxygen (ROS). Additionaly, 8-methoxy-α-lapachone altered the morphology of the cells. In conclusion, the studied naphthoquinones showed potential antiproliferative effects in bladder cancer cells, interfering in cellular processes, possibly through oxidative stress.

Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates A549 Cell Migration through p-Tyr 42 RhoA and Phospholipase D1 Activity

Cell migration is a crucial contributor to metastasis, a critical process associated with the mortality of cancer patients. The initiation of metastasis is triggered by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), along with the changes in the expression of EMT marker proteins. Inflammation plays a significant role in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a typical inflammatory agent, promoted the generation of superoxide through the activation of p-Tyr42 RhoA, Rho-dependent kinase 2 (ROCK2), and the phosphorylation of p47phox. In addition, p-Tyr42 RhoA activated phospholipase D1 (PLD1), with PLD1 and phosphatidic acid (PA) being involved in superoxide production. PA also regulated the expression of EMT proteins. Consequently, we have identified MHY9 (Myosin IIA, NMIIA) as a PA-binding protein in response to LPS. MYH9 also contributed to cell migration and the alteration in the expression of EMT marker proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed the formation of a complex involving p-Tyr42 RhoA, PLD1, and MYH9. These proteins were found to be distributed in both the cytosol and nucleus. In addition, we have found that p-Tyr42 RhoA PLD1 and MYH9 associate with the ZEB1 promoter. The suppression of ZEB1 mRNA levels was achieved through the knockdown of RhoA, PLD1, and MYH9 using si-RNAs. Taken together, we propose that p-Tyr42 RhoA and PLD1, responsible for producing PA, and PA-bound MYH9 are involved in the regulation of ZEB1 expression, thereby promoting cell migration.

Characterization and prognostic impact of ACTBL2-positive tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in epithelial ovarian cancer

Actin beta-like 2 (ACTBL2) was recently identified as a new mediator of migration in ovarian cancer cells. Yet, its impact on tumor-infiltrating and thus migrating leukocytes (TILs) remains to date unknown. This study characterizes the subset of ACTBL2-expressing TILs in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and elucidates their prognostic influence on the overall survival of EOC patients with special regard to different histological subtypes. Comprehensive immunohistochemical analyses of Tissue-Microarrays of 156 ovarian cancer patients revealed, that a tumor infiltration by ACTBL2-positive leukocytes was significantly associated with an improved overall survival (OS) (61.2 vs. 34.4 months; p = 0.006) and was identified as an independent prognostic factor (HR = 0.556; p = 0.038). This significant survival benefit was particularly evident in patients with low-grade serous carcinoma (OS: median not reached vs. 15.6 months, p < 0.001; HR = 0.058, p = 0.018). In the present cohort, ACTBL2-positive TILs were mainly composed of CD44-positive cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) and macrophages (CD68+), as depicted by double-immunofluorescence and various immunohistochemical serial staining. Our results provide significant evidence of the prognostic impact and cellular composition of ACTBL2-expressing TILs in EOC. Complementary studies are required to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms of ACTBL2 as a marker for activated migrating leukocytes and to further characterize its immunological impact on ovarian carcinogenesis.

The Effect of Silencing Fatty Acid Elongase 4 and 6 Genes on the Proliferation and Migration of Colorectal Cancer Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells show some alterations in lipid metabolism, including an increased fatty acid elongation. This study was focused on investigating the effect of a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated decrease in fatty acid elongation on CRC cells' survival and migration. In our study, the elongase 4 (ELOVL4) and elongase 6 (ELOVL6) genes were observed to be highly overexpressed in both the CRC tissue obtained from patients and the CRC cells cultured in vitro (HT-29 and WiDr cell lines). The use of the siRNAs for ELOVL4 and ELOVL6 reduced cancer cell proliferation and migration rates. These findings indicate that the altered elongation process decreased the survival of CRC cells, and in the future, fatty acid elongases can be potentially good targets in novel CRC therapy.

Analysis of Bulk Transcriptome Sequencing Data and in vitro Experiments Reveal SIN3A as a Potential Target for Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Background

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a severe complication of diabetes associated with reduced quality of life, lower limb amputations, hospitalizations, increased incidence, and mortality. Importantly, a significant number of pathogenic genes remain unexplored in DFUs.

Methods

A series of bioinformatics analyses were performed on publicly available bulk transcriptome sequencing datasets GSE134431 and GSE80178 to explore the transcriptomic changes in DFUs and select core genes for in vitro functional validation. In a focused examination, the differential expression analysis unveiled distinctions in gene expression patterns between DFUs and non-ulcerated diabetic skin tissues. Enriched functional annotations of differentially expressed genes were explored using the DAVID online tool. Protein-protein interaction analysis was conducted to investigate interactions among differentially expressed genes and select core genes. Knockdown or overexpression of core genes in HaCaT keratinocytes was performed to assess their impact on cell proliferation and migration.

Results

Ten core genes were identified. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and scratch assays demonstrated that downregulation of the core gene SIN3A significantly inhibited the migration and proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, while overexpression of SIN3A reversed the high-glucose-induced suppression of HaCaT cell viability and migration.

Conclusion

SIN3A expression is downregulated in DFUs. In vitro, SIN3A promotes the proliferation and migration of HaCaT keratinocytes, suggesting it may be a potential therapeutic target for DFUs.

Combined In Silico and In Vitro Analyses to Assess the Anticancer Potential of Thiazolidinedione-Thiosemicarbazone Hybrid Molecules

The number of people affected by cancer and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has increased, such that both diseases are already seen as current and future leading causes of death globally. To address this issue, based on a combined in silico and in vitro approach, we explored the anticancer potential of known antibacterials with a thiazolidinedione-thiosemicarbazone (TZD-TSC) core structure. A cytotoxicity assessment showed encouraging results for compounds 2-4, with IC50 values against T98G and HepG2 cells in the low micromolar range. TZD-TSC 3 proved to be most toxic to cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 2.97 ± 0.39 µM against human hepatoma HepG2 cells and IC50 values of 28.34 ± 2.21 µM against human glioblastoma T98G cells. Additionally, compound 3 induced apoptosis and showed no specific hemolytic activity. Furthermore, treatment using 3 on cancer cell lines alters these cells' morphology and further suppresses migratory activity. Molecular docking, in turn, suggests that 3 would have the capacity to simultaneously target HDACs and PPARγ, by the activation of PPARγ and the inhibition of both HDAC4 and HDAC8. Thus, the promising preliminary results obtained with TZD-TSC 3 represent an encouraging starting point for the rational design of novel chemotherapeutics with dual antibacterial and anticancer activities.

Smooth muscle cell-targeted RNA ligand promotes accelerated reendothelialization in a swine peripheral injury model

The local delivery of antiproliferative agents to inhibit neointimal growth is not specific to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and delays reendothelialization and vascular healing. This investigation was intended to evaluate the effect of luminal delivery of a VSMC-specific aptamer on endothelial healing. The impact of an RNA aptamer (Apt 14) was first examined on the migration and proliferation of primary cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) in response to in vitro scratch wound injury. We further evaluated the impact of Apt 14 on reendothelialization when delivered locally in a swine iliofemoral injury model. Although Apt 14 did not affect EC migration and proliferation, in vitro results confirmed that paclitaxel significantly inhibited EC migration and proliferation. En face scanning electron microscopy demonstrated confluent endothelium with elongated EC morphology in Apt 14-treated arteries 14 and 28 days post-treatment. In contrast, vessels treated with paclitaxel-coated balloons displayed a cobblestone morphology and significant platelet and fibrin attachment at cell junctions. These results provide the first evidence of the efficacy of a cell-targeted RNA aptamer to facilitate endothelial healing in a clinically relevant large animal model.

Adaptive pathfinding by nucleokinesis during amoeboid migration

Motile cells encounter microenvironments with locally heterogeneous mechanochemical composition. Individual compositional parameters, such as chemokines and extracellular matrix pore sizes, are well known to provide guidance cues for pathfinding. However, motile cells face diverse cues at the same time, raising the question of how they respond to multiple and potentially competing signals on their paths. Here, we reveal that amoeboid cells require nuclear repositioning, termed nucleokinesis, for adaptive pathfinding in heterogeneous mechanochemical micro-environments. Using mammalian immune cells and the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, we discover that frequent, rapid and long-distance nucleokinesis is a basic component of amoeboid pathfinding, enabling cells to reorientate quickly between locally competing cues. Amoeboid nucleokinesis comprises a two-step polarity switch and is driven by myosin-II forces that readjust the nuclear to the cellular path. Impaired nucleokinesis distorts path adaptions and causes cellular arrest in the microenvironment. Our findings establish that nucleokinesis is required for amoeboid cell navigation. Given that many immune cells, amoebae, and some cancer cells utilize an amoeboid migration strategy, these results suggest that nucleokinesis underlies cellular navigation during unicellular biology, immunity, and disease.

Hs27 fibroblast response to contact guidance cues

Contact guidance is the phenomena of how cells respond to the topography of their external environment. The morphological and dynamic cell responses are strongly influenced by topographic features such as lateral and vertical dimensions, namely, ridge and groove widths and groove depth ([Formula: see text], respectively). However, experimental studies that independently quantify the effect of the individual dimensions as well as their coupling on cellular function are still limited. In this work, we perform extensive parametric studies in the dimensional space-well beyond the previously studied range in the literature-to explore topographical effects on morphology and migration of Hs27 fibroblasts via static and dynamic analyses of live cell images. Our static analysis reveals that the [Formula: see text] is most significant, followed by the [Formula: see text]. The fibroblasts appear to be more elongated and aligned in the groove direction as the [Formula: see text] increases, but their trend changes after 725 nm. Interestingly, the cell shape and alignment show a very strong correlation regardless of [Formula: see text]. Our dynamic analysis confirms that directional cell migration is also strongly influenced by the [Formula: see text], while the effect of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is statistically insignificant. Directional cell migration, as observed in the static cell behavior, shows the statistically significant transition when the [Formula: see text] is 725 nm, showing the intimate links between cell morphology and migration. We propose possible scenarios to offer mechanistic explanations of the observed cell behavior.

Circadian oscillation in primary cilium length by clock genes regulates fibroblast cell migration

Various mammalian cells have autonomous cellular clocks that are produced by the transcriptional cycle of clock genes. Cellular clocks provide circadian rhythms for cellular functions via transcriptional and cytoskeletal regulation. The vast majority of mammalian cells possess a primary cilium, an organelle protruding from the cell surface. Here, we investigated the little-known relationship between circadian rhythm and primary cilia. The length and number of primary cilia showed circadian dynamics both in vitro and in vivo. The circadian rhythm of primary cilium length was abolished by SR9011 and Bmal1 knockout. A centrosomal protein, pericentrin, transiently accumulates in centriolar satellites, the base of primary cilia at the shortest cilia phase, and induces elongation of primary cilia at the longest cilia phase in the circadian rhythm of primary cilia. In addition, rhythmic cell migration during wound healing depends on the length of primary cilia and affects the rate of wound healing. Our findings demonstrate that the circadian dynamics of primary cilium length by clock genes control fibroblast migration and could provide new insights into chronobiology.

T cell migration requires ion and water influx to regulate actin polymerization

Migration of T cells is essential for their ability to mount immune responses. Chemokine-induced T cell migration requires WNK1, a kinase that regulates ion influx into the cell. However, it is not known why ion entry is necessary for T cell movement. Here we show that signaling from the chemokine receptor CCR7 leads to activation of WNK1 and its downstream pathway at the leading edge of migrating CD4+ T cells, resulting in ion influx and water entry by osmosis. We propose that WNK1-induced water entry is required to swell the membrane at the leading edge, generating space into which actin filaments can polymerize, thereby facilitating forward movement of the cell. Given the broad expression of WNK1 pathway proteins, our study suggests that ion and water influx are likely to be essential for migration in many cell types, including leukocytes and metastatic tumor cells.

Val-Leu-Leu-Tyr (VLLY) Alleviates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Cell Impairment by Improving Mitochondrial Fission

Ethanolic gastric mucosal impairment is one of the most common disorders in the gastrointestinal system. In this study, we investigated the potential alleviating effects of sea cucumber peptides on Ges-1 impairment caused by ethanol and the associated mechanisms. The sea cucumber peptide VLLY could promote the proliferation and migration of healthy Ges-1 cells. After ethanol injury, VLLY peptide treatment could greatly promote the migration of Ges-1 cells, scavenge intracellular and mitochondrial ROS, reverse mitochondrial fission and F-actin depolymerization, and improve mitochondrial respiration. VLLY peptide restored mitochondrial dynamics by downregulating Drp1 and Fis1 and upregulating Mfn2 against excessive mitochondrial fission. In addition, the VLLY peptide maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential, ablated the leakage of cytochrome c to the cytoplasm, upregulated the expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-XL, decreased the expression of the proapoptotic factors of Bax, BAD, and cleaved caspase-3, and finally blocked the mitochondria-related apoptotic pathway. These findings strongly suggested that sea cucumber peptides could promote proliferation and migration of healthy Ges-1 cells and reverse ethanol-induced excess mitochondrial fission and maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through the Fis1/Bax pathway, thereby improving ethanol-induced apoptosis. VLLY offers a new perspective for improving the ethanolic gastric mucosal epithelial cell injury.

SOX2 promotes vasculogenic mimicry by accelerating glycolysis via the lncRNA AC005392.2-GLUT1 axis in colorectal cancer

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a new model of angiogenesis, fulfills the metabolic demands of solid tumors and contributes to tumor aggressiveness. Our previous study demonstrated the effect of SOX2 in promoting VM in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanisms behind this effect remain elusive. Here, we show that SOX2 overexpression enhanced glycolysis and sustained VM formation via the transcriptional activation of lncRNA AC005392.2. Suppression of either glycolysis or AC005392.2 expression curbed SOX2-driven VM formation in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, SOX2 combined with the promoter of AC005392.2, which decreased H3K27me3 enrichment and thus increased its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of AC005392.2 increased the stability of GLUT1 protein by enhancing its SUMOylation, leading to a decrease in the ubiquitination and degradation of GLUT1. Accumulation of GLUT1 contributed to SOX2-mediated glycolysis and VM. Additionally, clinical analyses showed that increased levels of AC005392.2, GLUT1, and EPHA2 expression were positively correlated with SOX2 and were also associated with poor prognoses in patients with CRC. Our study conclusively demonstrates that the SOX2-lncRNA AC005392.2-GLUT1 signaling axis regulates VM formation in CRC, offering a foundation for the development of new antiangiogenic drugs or new drug combination regimens.

CXCL12 targets the primary cilium cAMP/cGMP ratio to regulate cell polarity during migration

Directed cell migration requires sustained cell polarisation. In migrating cortical interneurons, nuclear movements are directed towards the centrosome that organises the primary cilium signalling hub. Primary cilium-elicited signalling, and how it affects migration, remain however ill characterised. Here, we show that altering cAMP/cGMP levels in the primary cilium by buffering cAMP, cGMP or by locally increasing cAMP, influences the polarity and directionality of migrating interneurons, whereas buffering cAMP or cGMP in the apposed centrosome compartment alters their motility. Remarkably, we identify CXCL12 as a trigger that targets the ciliary cAMP/cGMP ratio to promote sustained polarity and directed migration. We thereby uncover cAMP/cGMP levels in the primary cilium as a major target of extrinsic cues and as the steering wheel of neuronal migration.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid Reduces Cell Growth, Inhibits Autophagy, and Counteracts Prostate Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion: Evidence from In Vitro Studies

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural antioxidant dithiol compound, exerting antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects in various cancer cell lines. In our study, we demonstrated that ALA reduces the cell growth of prostate cancer cells LNCaP and DU-145. Western blot results revealed that in both cancer cells, ALA, by upregulating pmTOR expression, reduced the protein content of two autophagy initiation markers, Beclin-1 and MAPLC3. Concomitantly, MTT assays showed that chloroquine (CQ) exposure, a well-known autophagy inhibitor, reduced cells' viability. This was more evident for treatment using the combination ALA + CQ, suggesting that ALA can reduce cells' viability by inhibiting autophagy. In addition, in DU-145 cells we observed that ALA affected the oxidative/redox balance system by deregulating the KEAP1/Nrf2/p62 signaling pathway. ALA decreased ROS production, SOD1 and GSTP1 protein expression, and significantly reduced the cytosolic and nuclear content of the transcription factor Nrf2, concomitantly downregulating p62, suggesting that ALA disrupted p62-Nrf2 feedback loop. Conversely, in LNCaP cells, ALA exposure upregulated both SOD1 and p62 protein expression, but did not affect the KEAP1/Nrf2/p62 signaling pathway. In addition, wound-healing, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays evidenced that ALA significantly reduced the motility of LNCaP and DU-145 cells and downregulated the protein expression of TGFβ1 and vimentin and the deposition of fibronectin. Finally, a soft agar assay revealed that ALA decreased the colony formation of both the prostate cancer cells by affecting the anchorage independent growth. Collectively, our in vitro evidence demonstrated that in prostate cancer cells, ALA reduces cell growth and counteracts both migration and invasion. Further studies are needed in order to achieve a better understanding of the underlined molecular mechanisms.

Lymphangiogenic responses of lymphatic endothelial cells to steady direct-current electric fields

Lymphangiogenesis plays pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological conditions. Steady direct-current electric fields (DC EFs) induce vascular endothelial behaviors related to angiogenesis have been observed. This study investigated the effects of DC EFs on the lymphangiogenic response of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We demonstrated that EFs stimulation induced directional migration, reorientation, and elongation of human LECs in culture. These lymphangiogenic responses required VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) activation and were mediated through the PI3K-Akt, Erk1/2, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in relation to the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Our results indicate that endogenous EFs may play a role in lymphangiogenesis in vivo, and VEGFR-3 signaling activation may be involved in the cellular function of LECs driven by EFs.

Cellular Prion protein moonlights vascular smooth muscle cell fate: Surveilled by trophoblast cells

Uterine spiral artery remodeling (uSAR) is a hallmark of hemochorial placentation. Compromised uSAR leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Salient developmental events involved in uSAR are active areas of research and include (a) trophendothelial cell invasion into the spiral arteries, selected demise of endothelial cells; (b) de-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC); and (c) migration and/or death of VSMCs surrounding spiral arteries. Here we demonstrated that cellular prion (PRNP) is expressed in the rat metrial gland, the entry point of spiral arteries with the highest expression on E16.5, the day at which trophoblast invasion peaks. PRNP is expressed in VSMCs that drift away from the arterial wall. RNA interference of Prnp functionally restricted migration and invasion of rat VSMCs. Furthermore, PRNP interacted with two migration-promoting factors, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), forming a ter-molecular complex in both the metrial gland and A7r5 cells. The presence of multiple putative binding site of odd skipped related-1 (OSR1) transcription factor on the Prnp promoter was observed using in silico promoter analysis. Ectopic overexpression of OSR1 increased, and knockdown of OSR1 decreased expression of PRNP in VSMCs. Coculture of VSMCs with rat primary trophoblast cells decreased the levels of OSR1 and PRNP. Interestingly, PRNP knockdown led to apoptotic death in ~9% of VSMCs and activated extrinsic apoptotic pathways. PRNP interacts with TRAIL-receptor DR4 and protects VSMCs from TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. These results highlight the biological functions of PRNP in VSMC cell-fate determination during uteroplacental development, an important determinant of healthy pregnancy outcome.

Research of restricted migration evaluation of MDA-MB-231 cells in 2D and 3D co-culture models

The restricted migration evaluation is conducive to more complex tumor migration research because of the conformity with in vivo tumors. However, the differences between restricted and unrestricted cell migration and the distinction between different evaluation methods have not been systematically studied, hindering related research. In this study, by constructing the restricted environments on chips, the influence of co-culture conditions on the cancer cell migration capacity was studied. The results showed that the restricted channels can discriminate the influence of weak tumor environmental factors on complex tumor migration behaviors by limiting the free growth instinct of tumor cells. Through the comparison of 2D and 3D restricted migration methods, the extracellular matrix (ECM) restriction was also helpful in distinguishing the influence of the weak tumor environmental factor. However, the 3D ECM can better reflect the tortuosity of the cell migration process and the cooperative behavior among cancer cells. In the anticancer drug evaluation, 3D ECM can more accurately reflect the cytotoxicity of drugs and is more consistent with the drug resistance in the human body. In conclusion, the research will help to distinguish different evaluation methods of cancer cell migration, help researchers select appropriate evaluation models, and promote the research of tumor metastasis.

Cellular consequences triggered by ketamine on exposure to human glioblastoma epithelial (LN-229) cells

Ketamine is generally a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that interrelates with various other receptors, contributing to a wide range of actions. They are mainly approved as a general anesthetic, but a low dose of ketamine is applied for pain management, depression, and as analgesics. However, there is a significant concern regarding the long-term usage as antidepressants and as an abused drug. The study mainly aims to exhibit the possible long-term side effects of ketamine as an antidepressant and in recreational users. The study explores the in vitro cytotoxicity revealed on LN-229 cells in a dose-dependent manner. According to the cell viability assays, there is a dose-dependent response toward ketamine. Morphological and nuclear integrity was changed on exposure and assessed using Giemsa, Rhodamine phalloidin, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and Acridine orange staining. The apoptotic cell death marked by nuclear condensation, Lactate dehydrogenase leakage, pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-β) release, and inhibition of cell migration was observed. The study highlights the importance of nonanesthetic usage of ketamine, which can lead to severe adverse side effects on long-term exposure rather than a single exposure as an anesthetic agent.

Iron inhibits glioblastoma cell migration and polarization

Glioblastoma is one of the deadliest malignancies facing modern oncology today. The ability of glioblastoma cells to diffusely spread into neighboring healthy brain makes complete surgical resection nearly impossible and contributes to the recurrent disease faced by most patients. Although research into the impact of iron on glioblastoma has addressed proliferation, there has been little investigation into how cellular iron impacts the ability of glioblastoma cells to migrate-a key question, especially in the context of the diffuse spread observed in these tumors. Herein, we show that increasing cellular iron content results in decreased migratory capacity of human glioblastoma cells. The decrease in migratory capacity was accompanied by a decrease in cellular polarization in the direction of movement. Expression of CDC42, a Rho GTPase that is essential for both cellular migration and establishment of polarity in the direction of cell movement, was reduced upon iron treatment. We then analyzed a single-cell RNA-seq dataset of human glioblastoma samples and found that cells at the tumor periphery had a gene signature that is consistent with having lower levels of cellular iron. Altogether, our results suggest that cellular iron content is impacting glioblastoma cell migratory capacity and that cells with higher iron levels exhibit reduced motility.

MEHP activates JNK to inhibit the migration of human foreskin fibroblasts

This study aimed to investigate the impact of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of human foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF-1) and the role of the JNK signaling pathway in cell migration. HFF-1 cells were randomly assigned to the control group with 0 MEHP exposure (M0) or the experimental groups with 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μmol/L MEHP exposure (M25, M50, M100, M200, and M400, respectively). After 24 and 48 h of MEHP exposure, the proliferation of HFF-1 cells in any group had no significant change. However, compared with the M0 group, the M200 and M400 groups presented substantially increased apoptosis of HFF-1 cells. Moreover, cell migration ability significantly decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the transcription and phosphorylated protein activation of JNK kinase in HFF-1 cells were substantially upregulated with the increase in MEHP exposure. Subsequently, HFF-1 cells were randomly divided into three groups: the DMSO blank control group, the 100 μM MEHP experimental group (M100), and the 100 μM MEHP plus 10 μM SP600125 (specific JNK inhibitor) experimental group (S10). The activation of JNK protein in HFF-1 cells was substantially downregulated in the S10 group. HFF-1 cells were also divided into the blank control group (M0). They were treated with 100 μM MEHP and varying concentrations of SP600125 (5, 10, and 15 μM for S5, S10, and S15, respectively). As the concentration of the antagonist increased, the migration ability of HFF-1 cells was returned to normal. Finally, the ROS in HFF-1 cells increased under MEHP exposure. This finding indicates that the regulation of cell migration by the JNK signaling pathway may be important in the occurrence of hypospadias.

Inhibitory activity of Limosilactobacillus reuteri isolated from camel milk against Helicobacter pylori effects in human gastric epithelial cells

This study aimed to evaluate anti-Helicobacter pylori effects of Limosilactobacillus reuteri 2892 (L. reuteri 2892) isolated from camel milk in GC cell lines (AGS and MKN). From 15 camel milk samples, 132 microbial strains were isolated. Based on microbial and biochemical analysis, 11 potential probiotic candidates were selected. The potential probiotic candidates were assayed for anti-H. pylori activity, and the strain with the highest anti-H. pylori activity was identified genotypically. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing, the selected strain with the best activity against H. pylori (inhibition zone = 15.5 ± 0.8) belonged to the Lactobacillus reuteri strain 2892. Cell treatment with H. pylori HC-113 inhibits gene expression of Claudin-4, ZO-1, MUC5AC, and MUC2 in gastric cells, which are attenuated by L. reuteri 2892. The simulative effects of H. pylori HC-113 on the cell migration and invasion of gastric cells were lost when cells were cotreated with L. reuteri 2892. Cell treatment with H. pylori HC-113 promoted cell death, whereas cotreatment with L. reuteri 2892 markedly decreased necrotic and late apoptotic cells. The present study demonstrates that L. reuteri 2892 has potent anti-H. pylori effects and thus can be considered as an alternative protective agent against inflammatory effects of H. pylori in gastric cells.

AURKAIP1 actuates tumor progression through stabilizing DDX5 in triple negative breast cancer

Aurora-A kinase interacting protein 1 (AURKAIP1) has been proved to take an intermediary role in cancer by functioning as a negative regulator of Aurora-A kinase. However, it remains unclear whether and how AURKAIP1 itself would directly engage in regulating malignancies. The expression levels of AURKAIP1 were detected in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) by immunohistochemistry and western blots. The CCK8, colony formation assays and nude mouse model were conducted to determine cell proliferation whereas transwell and wound healing assays were performed to observe cell migration. The interaction of AURKAIP1 and DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5) were verified through co-immunoprecipitation and successively western blots. From the results, we found that AURKAIP1 was explicitly upregulated in TNBC, which was positively associated with tumor size, lymph node metastases, pathological stage and unfavorable prognosis. AURKAIP1 silencing markedly inhibited TNBC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. AURKAIP1 directly interacted with and stabilized DDX5 protein by preventing ubiquitination and degradation, and DDX5 overexpression successfully reversed proliferation inhibition induced by knockdown of AURKAIP1. Consequently, AURKAIP1 silencing suppressed the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in a DDX5-dependent manner. Our study may primarily disclose the molecular mechanism by which AURKAIP1/DDX5/β-catenin axis modulated TNBC progression, indicating that AURKAIP1 might serve as a therapeutic target as well as a TNBC-specific biomarker for prognosis.

A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution

The plasma membrane is widely regarded as the hub of the numerous signal transduction activities. Yet, the fundamental biophysical mechanisms that spatiotemporally compartmentalize different classes of membrane proteins remain unclear. Using multimodal live-cell imaging, here we first show that several lipid-anchored membrane proteins are consistently depleted from the membrane regions where the Ras/PI3K/Akt/F-actin network is activated. The dynamic polarization of these proteins does not depend upon the F-actin-based cytoskeletal structures, recurring shuttling between membrane and cytosol, or directed vesicular trafficking. Photoconversion microscopy and single-molecule measurements demonstrate that these lipid-anchored molecules have substantially dissimilar diffusion profiles in different regions of the membrane which enable their selective segregation. When these diffusion coefficients are incorporated into an excitable network-based stochastic reaction-diffusion model, simulations reveal that the altered affinity mediated selective partitioning is sufficient to drive familiar propagating wave patterns. Furthermore, normally uniform integral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins partition successfully when membrane domain-specific peptides are optogenetically recruited to them. We propose "dynamic partitioning" as a new mechanism that can account for large-scale compartmentalization of a wide array of lipid-anchored and integral membrane proteins during various physiological processes where membrane polarizes.

Translational regulation of cell invasion through extracellular matrix-an emerging role for ribosomes

Many developmental and physiological processes require cells to invade and migrate through extracellular matrix barriers. This specialized cellular behavior is also misregulated in many diseases, such as immune disorders and cancer. Cell invasive activity is driven by pro-invasive transcriptional networks that activate the expression of genes encoding numerous different proteins that expand and regulate the cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, cell adhesion, signaling pathways, and metabolic networks. While detailed mechanistic studies have uncovered crucial insights into pro-invasive transcriptional networks and the distinct cell biological attributes of invasive cells, less is known about how invasive cells modulate mRNA translation to meet the robust, dynamic, and unique protein production needs of cell invasion. In this review we outline known modes of translation regulation promoting cell invasion and focus on recent studies revealing elegant mechanisms that expand ribosome biogenesis within invasive cells to meet the increased protein production requirements to invade and migrate through extracellular matrix barriers.

High spatial-resolved heat manipulating membrane heterogeneity alters cellular migration and signaling

Plasma membrane heterogeneity is a key biophysical regulatory principle of membrane protein dynamics, which further influences downstream signal transduction. Although extensive biophysical and cell biology studies have proven membrane heterogeneity is essential to cell fate, the direct link between membrane heterogeneity regulation to cellular function remains unclear. Heterogeneous structures on plasma membranes, such as lipid rafts, are transiently assembled, thus hard to study via regular techniques. Indeed, it is nearly impossible to perturb membrane heterogeneity without changing plasma membrane compositions. In this study, we developed a high-spatial resolved DNA-origami-based nanoheater system with specific lipid heterogeneity targeting to manipulate the local lipid environmental temperature under near-infrared (NIR) laser illumination. Our results showed that the targeted heating of the local lipid environment influences the membrane thermodynamic properties, which further triggers an integrin-associated cell migration change. Therefore, the nanoheater system was further applied as an optimized therapeutic agent for wound healing. Our strategy provides a powerful tool to dynamically manipulate membrane heterogeneity and has the potential to explore cellular function through changes in plasma membrane biophysical properties.

CD56/NCAM mediates cell migration of human NK cells by promoting integrin-mediated adhesion turnover

Natural killer (NK) cells patrol tissue to mediate lysis of virally infected and tumorigenic cells. Human NK cells are typically identified by their expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, CD56), yet, despite its ubiquitous expression on NK cells, CD56 remains a poorly understand protein on immune cells. CD56 has been previously demonstrated to play roles in NK cell cytotoxic function and cell migration. Specifically, CD56-deficient NK cells have impaired cell migration on stromal cells and CD56 is localized to the uropod of NK cells migrating on stroma. Here, we show that CD56 is required for NK cell migration on ICAM-1 and is required for the establishment of persistent cell polarity and unidirectional actin flow. The intracellular domain of CD56 (NCAM-140) is required for its function, and the loss of CD56 leads to enlarged actin foci and sequestration of phosphorylated Pyk2, accompanied by increased size and frequency of activated LFA-1 clusters. Together, these data identify a role for CD56 in regulating human NK cell migration through modulation of actin dynamics and integrin turnover.

Unexpected Differences in the Speed of Non-Malignant versus Malignant Cell Migration Reveal Differential Basal Intracellular ATP Levels

Cellular locomotion is required for survival, fertility, proper embryonic development, regeneration, and wound healing. Cell migration is a major component of metastasis, which accounts for two-thirds of all solid tumor deaths. While many studies have demonstrated increased energy requirements, metabolic rates, and migration of cancer cells compared with normal cells, few have systematically compared normal and cancer cell migration as well as energy requirements side by side. Thus, we investigated how non-malignant and malignant cells migrate, utilizing several cell lines from the breast and lung. Initial screening was performed in an unbiased high-throughput manner for the ability to migrate/invade on collagen and/or Matrigel. We unexpectedly observed that all the non-malignant lung cells moved significantly faster than cells derived from lung tumors regardless of the growth media used. Given the paradigm-shifting nature of our discovery, we pursued the mechanisms that could be responsible. Neither mass, cell doubling, nor volume accounted for the individual speed and track length of the normal cells. Non-malignant cells had higher levels of intracellular ATP at premigratory-wound induction stages. Meanwhile, cancer cells also increased intracellular ATP at premigratory-wound induction, but not to the levels of the normal cells, indicating the possibility for further therapeutic investigation.

Fate specification is spatially intermingled across planarian stem cells

Regeneration requires mechanisms for producing a wide array of cell types. Neoblasts are stem cells in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea that undergo fate specification to produce over 125 adult cell types. Fate specification in neoblasts can be regulated through expression of fate-specific transcription factors. We utilize multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH) and whole-mount FISH to characterize fate choice distribution of stem cells within planarians. Fate choices are often made distant from target tissues and in a highly intermingled manner, with neighboring neoblasts frequently making divergent fate choices for tissues of different location and function. We propose that pattern formation is driven primarily by the migratory assortment of progenitors from mixed and spatially distributed fate-specified stem cells and that fate choice involves stem-cell intrinsic processes.

Long noncoding RNA LINC00665 is a diagnostic biomarker that enhances cell proliferation and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between LINC00665 expression levels and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Chinese Han nationality patients and to explore the influence of LINC00665 dysregulation on the proliferation and migration potential of HCC cells.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We investigated the expression of LINC00665 in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Then, we confirmed the expression of LINC00665 in 54 pairs of surgical tissues from HCC patients and in liver cancer cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we manipulated the expression level of LINC00665 and examined the cell proliferation and migration abilities of HCC cells.

RESULTS

In the TCGA cohort, a high level of LINC00665 in patients with HCC was significantly associated with tumor stage, tumor differentiation grade, and overall survival. In our HCC patient cohort, overexpression of LINC00665 in patients showed positive correlations with alpha-fetoprotein level, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and tumor differentiation grade. In addition, LINC00665 was upregulated in HCC cells, especially in cells with rapid growth rates and high migration abilities. A new LINC00665 isoform with a length of 1,371 nucleotides was identified in MHCC-97H cells. Interfering with LINC00665 expression weakened the proliferation and migration abilities of HCC cells. In contrast, LINC00665 overexpression enhanced proliferation and migration abilities.

CONCLUSION

LINC00665 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells and might be used to predict a poor prognosis of HCC patients. In addition, LINC00665 may promote the malignant progression of HCC by enhancing proliferation and migration capacities.

Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cell Lines Are Inhibited by 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazol-1,2,3-triazole Hybrids through Interaction with p53

The anticarcinogenic potential of a series of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (T-THs) was evaluated in the breast cancer (BC)-derived cell lines MCF-7 (ER+, PR+, and HER2-), CAMA-1 (ER+, PR+/-, and HER2-), SKBR-3 (ER+, PR+, and HER2+), and HCC1954 (ER+, PR+, and HER2+). The T-THs 7f, 7l, and 7g inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and CAMA-1, HCC1954, and SKBR-3 cells, respectively. The compounds with stronger effect in terms of migration and invasion inhibition were 7o, 7b, 7n, and 7k for the CAMA-1, MCF-7, HCC1954, and SKBR-3 cells respectively. Interestingly, these T-THs were the compounds with a fluorine present in their structures. To discover a possible target protein, a molecular docking analysis was performed for p53, p38, p58, and JNK1. The T-THs presented a higher affinity for p53, followed by JNK1, p58, and lastly p38. The best-predicted affinity for p53 showed interactions between the T-THs and both the DNA fragment and the protein. These results provide an opportunity for these compounds to be studied as potential drug candidates for breast cancer treatment.

The CD2v protein of African swine fever virus inhibits macrophage migration and inflammatory cytokines expression by downregulating EGR1 expression through dampening ERK1/2 activity

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious and deadly virus that leads to high mortality rates in domestic swine populations. Although the envelope protein CD2v of ASFV has been implicated in immunomodulation, the molecular mechanisms underlying CD2v-mediated immunoregulation remain unclear. In this study, we generated a stable CD2v-expressing porcine macrophage (PAM-CD2v) line and investigated the CD2v-dependent transcriptomic landscape using RNA-seq. GO terms enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that CD2v predominantly affected the organization and assembly process of the extracellular matrix. Wound healing and Transwell assays showed that CD2v inhibited swine macrophage migration. Further investigation revealed a significant decrease in the expression of transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR1) through inhibiting the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Notably, EGR1 knockout in swine macrophages restricted cell migration, whereas EGR1 overexpression in PAM-CD2v restored the ability of macrophage migration, suggesting that CD2v inhibits swine macrophage motility by downregulating EGR1 expression. Furthermore, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing for EGR1 and the histone mark H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac), and we found that EGR1 co-localized with the activated histone modification H3K27ac neighboring the transcriptional start sites. Further analysis indicated that EGR1 and H3K27ac co-occupy the promoter regions of cell locomotion-related genes. Finally, by treating various derivatives of swine macrophages with lipopolysaccharides, we showed that depletion of EGR1 decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, IL6, and IL8, which play essential roles in inflammation and host immune response. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the immunomodulatory mechanism of ASFV CD2v.

Protein kinase B/AKT phosphorylates hypoxia-inducible factor-3α1 in response to insulin, promoting cell growth and migration

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are best known for their roles in the adaptation to low oxygen environments. Besides hypoxia, HIF-1/2 α-subunits are also regulated by various non-hypoxic stimuli including insulin which can act via the PI3K/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway. However, with respect to insulin little is known about HIF-3α. We aimed to investigate this relationship and found that insulin stimulates HIF-3α expression under both normal and low oxygen conditions. Blocking PKB activity reversed the effects of insulin, indicating that HIF-3α is a direct target of PKB. We identified serine 524, located in the oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-3α, as a phosphorylation site of PKB. Mutating serine 524 impaired binding of PKB to HIF-3α and its ubiquitination, suggesting that PKB regulates HIF-3α stability through phosphorylation, thereby affecting important cellular processes such as cell viability and cell adhesion. Importantly, we discovered that this phosphorylation site also influenced insulin-dependent cell migration. These findings shed light on a novel mechanism by which insulin affects PKB-dependent HIF-3α expression and activity, with potential implications in metabolic diseases and cancer.

NG2/CSPG4 attenuates motility in mandibular fibrochondrocytes under serum starvation conditions

The migration of mandibular fibrochondrocytes is important for the development of the mandible, the homeostasis of the mandibular cartilage, and for the capacity of the tissue to respond to injury. Mandibular fibrochondrocytes have to overcome formidable obstacles during migration including a dense and heterogeneous three-dimensional matrix. Guiding the direction of cell migration and commitment to a migratory phenotype in this microenvironment necessitates a multivalent response to chemotactic and extracellular matrix-mediated stimuli. One of the key matrix components in the cartilage of the temporomandibular joint is type VI collagen. Neuron/glial antigen 2 (NG2/CSPG4) is a transmembrane proteoglycan that binds with collagen VI and has been implicated in a wide range of cell behaviors including cell migration, motility, adhesion, and proliferation. While NG2/CSPG4 has been shown to be a key regulator of mandibular cartilage homeostasis, its role in the migration of mandibular fibrochondrocytes during normal and cell stress conditions has yet to be resolved. Here, we address this gap in knowledge by characterizing NG2/CSPG4-dependent migration in mandibular fibrochondrocytes using primary mandibular fibrochondrocytes isolated from control and full length NG2/CSPG4 knockout mice, in primary mandibular fibrochondrocytes isolated from NG2|DsRed reporter mice and in an immortalized mandibular fibrochondrocyte cell line with a mutated NG2/CSPG4 ectodomain. All three cells demonstrate similar results, with loss of the full length or truncated NG2/CSPG4 increasing the rate of cell migration in serum starvation/cell stress conditions. These findings clearly implicate NG2/CSPG4 as a key molecule in the regulation of cell migration in mandibular fibrochondrocytes in normal and cell stress conditions, underscoring the role of NG2/CSPG4 as a mechanosensitive signaling hub in the mandibular cartilage.

cellPLATO: an unsupervised method for identifying cell behaviour in heterogeneous cell trajectory data

Advances in imaging, cell segmentation, and cell tracking now routinely produce microscopy datasets of a size and complexity comparable to transcriptomics or proteomics. New tools are required to process this 'phenomics' type data. Cell PLasticity Analysis TOol (cellPLATO) is a Python-based analysis software designed for measurement and classification of diverse cell behaviours based on clustering of parameters of cell morphology and motility. cellPLATO is used after segmentation and tracking of cells from live cell microscopy data. The tool extracts morphological and motility metrics from each cell per timepoint, before being using them to segregate cells into behavioural subtypes with dimensionality reduction. Resultant cell tracks have a 'behavioural ID' for each cell per timepoint corresponding to their changing behaviour over time in a sequence. Similarity analysis allows the grouping of behavioural sequences into discrete trajectories with assigned IDs. Trajectories and underlying behaviours generate a phenotypic fingerprint for each experimental condition, and representative cells are mathematically identified and graphically displayed for human understanding of each subtype. Here, we use cellPLATO to investigate the role of IL-15 in modulating NK cell migration on ICAM-1 or VCAM-1. We find 8 behavioural subsets of NK cells based on their shape and migration dynamics, and 4 trajectories of behaviour. Therefore, using cellPLATO we show that IL-15 increases plasticity between cell migration behaviours and that different integrin ligands induce different forms of NK cell migration.