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Abstract
Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) may play a role in depression. Mild depressive-like symptoms can be induced in humans through activation of the innate immune system with endotoxin. Whether preventive treatment with antidepressants can reduce endotoxin-induced symptoms has never been tested. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, we administered intravenous low-dose endotoxin (0.8 ng/kg) or placebo to 11 healthy subjects who had received oral pre-treatment with citalopram (10 mg twice a day) or placebo for 5 days. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a visual analog scale were used to measure depressive and anxiety symptoms and social anhedonia. Serum levels of TNF and IL-6 were measured with immunoassays. Compared to placebo, endotoxin administration increased serum levels of TNF and IL-6, and caused mild depressive-like symptoms, in particular lassitude and social anhedonia. While citalopram pre-treatment had no effect on the innate immune response to endotoxin, it reduced the endotoxin-induced MADRS total score by 50%, with a moderate effect size (Cohen's d=0.5). Most of the MADRS total score was due to the lassitude item, and citalopram pre-treatment specifically reduced endotoxin-induced lassitude with a large effect size (Cohen's d=0.9). These results suggest that subchronic pre-treatment with the serotonin-reuptake inhibitor citalopram blunts mood symptoms induced by acute immune system activation with endotoxin without inhibiting the peripheral immune response.
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Occurrence of critical driver's behavior as a result of alcohol intoxication. NEURO ENDOCRINOLOGY LETTERS 2011; 32:671-675. [PMID: 22167143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Operator's movements are one of the areas where variability is undesirable. Vehicle driving is probably the most frequent operator movement in society where errors can result in serious social, medical and economic consequences. In this article we focused on the influence of moderate alcohol intoxication (less then 1.0 g/kg) on right hand movement variability during manual gear selection and on driving ability. METHODS The test took place in a laboratory setup in a passenger vehicle simulator. Simulated traffic lights were used to stop the car and hand movement was measured by kinematical analysis with the use of a motion capture system. RESULTS Large variability in blood alcohol concentrations were observed as well as large intra-individual hand movement variability and reaction time to visual stimulus. DISCUSSION The findings are somewhat ambiguous. Research outcomes did not confirm the hypothesis about the impact of moderate alcohol intoxication on movement variability. On the other hand, in some cases the observed data indicate critical behavior regarding safe driving and response to particular traffic situations.
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Effects of prescribed medications on cognition and behavior in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2010; 25:566-71. [PMID: 20930186 PMCID: PMC10845326 DOI: 10.1177/1533317510382285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
A retrospective chart review of 21 patients meeting core clinical criteria for behavioral or aphasic variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) was conducted. Data recorded included Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, medications prescribed, and subjective reports of behavioral symptoms from each visit. Behaviors were graded on a scale from 1 to 3 and totaled for each visit. Changes in MMSE and behavior scores between visits 1 month and 6 months apart where a new medication was started were analyzed using a paired t test and were compared between medication classes using an unpaired t test. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) were associated with a decrease in MMSE scores by 1.6 (P = .02) and an increase in total behavior scores by 1.0 (P = .03). Mean MMSE and behavior scores were statistically more improved by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors than AChEIs (P = .04). This data suggest a potential worsening of objective measures of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in FTLD with AChEI treatment.
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A pilot study to assess smokeless tobacco use reduction with varenicline. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:1037-40. [PMID: 20724382 PMCID: PMC2948050 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term smokeless tobacco (ST) use is known to increase the risk for oropharyngeal cancer, heart attack, and stroke. Extant literature on cigarette smokers suggests that smoking reduction increases smoking abstinence among smokers not interested in quitting. Similarly, a reduction strategy may reduce ST exposure and increase ST abstinence rates among ST users not interested in quitting. METHODS We conducted a pilot study to obtain preliminary data on the use of 12 weeks of varenicline as a tobacco reduction strategy among ST users not interested in quitting. RESULTS We enrolled 20 male ST users with a mean age of 42.8 ± 11.7 years who used an average of 3.9 ± 1.7 cans/pouches per week for 18.6 ± 8.6 years. At end of treatment (12 weeks), 60% (12/20) of subjects reduced their ST use by ≥ 50% and 15% (3/20) were biochemically confirmed abstinent from tobacco. At end of study (6 months), 50% (10/20) reduced by ≥ 50% of baseline use and 10% (2/20) were biochemically confirmed abstinent from tobacco. Varenicline reduced ST satisfaction, reward, and craving. Among subjects able to reduce ST, all subjects reported that reduction increased motivation and confidence in being able to maintain reduction and quit. The most common side effects were sleep disturbance (25%) and nausea (15%). DISCUSSION Varenicline may be effective in reducing ST use and achieving ST abstinence among ST users with no plans to quit but who are interested in reducing their ST use.
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[Zolpidem-induced sleep-related behavioural disorders]. Neurologia 2010; 25:491-497. [PMID: 20965000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present five patients with zolpidem-induced sleep-related behavioural disorders. METHODS Evaluation using a questionnaire designed to study sleep behaviours and past medical history in all patients. RESULTS The patients performed complex actions while sleep-walking (telephoning, house-cleaning, feeding the dog or waxing their legs). Inappropriate feeding behaviour with excessive food intake during the night were reported by all patients. All had weight gain, which in one patient led to extreme obesity. Two patients suffered injuries (knife cuts and burns) related to attempting to prepare food. One patient took a laxative. CONCLUSION Withdrawal of zolpidem resolved the behaviours in all cases, highlighting the importance of an adequate diagnosis of this side effect.
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The use of α-2A adrenergic agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:1595-605. [PMID: 20925474 PMCID: PMC3143019 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a highly evolved brain region that mediates executive functioning. The dorsolateral PFC is specialized for regulating attention and behavior, while the ventromedial PFC is specialized for regulating emotion. These abilities arise from PFC pyramidal cell networks that excite each other to maintain goals and rules 'in mind'. Imaging studies have shown reduced PFC gray matter, weaker PFC connections and altered PFC function in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Thus, medications that strengthen PFC network connections may be particularly useful for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders. Recent data show that compounds such as guanfacine can enhance PFC function by stimulating postsynaptic α-2A receptors on the dendritic spines of PFC pyramidal cells where networks interconnect. Stimulation of these receptors inhibits cAMP signaling, thus closing potassium channels and strengthening physiological connections. These actions may benefit patients with weak PFC function.
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Modulation of the vasopressin system for the treatment of CNS diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT 2010; 13:538-547. [PMID: 20812145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin (also known as arginine vasopressin [AVP]) is a small cyclic peptide that acts at the V1a, V1b and V2 GPCRs to regulate a wide range of physiological functions, including vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contractility, response to stress, and excretion of water and sodium via the kidney. The potential therapeutic applications of AVP receptor ligands have prompted significant interest in this target within the pharmaceutical research community, and several small-molecule drugs targeting the AVP receptor have reached the market, mainly for cardiovascular indications. The development of AVP receptor modulators for the treatment of CNS indications has proven more challenging, and is the focus of this review. The regulatory role of AVP on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suggests potential uses for AVP receptor modulators in various CNS indications, including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Several clinical trials of V1a and V1b receptor antagonists in CNS indications have been conducted, but none of these drugs have reached the market. In recent years, the discovery of the key role of AVP in modulating complex social behaviors has provided a unique opportunity to understand the physiological mechanisms of social interactions. Ultimately, the ongoing research in this field may enable the development of treatments to alleviate the social deficits associated with conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. Given the large unmet medical need in these areas, a renewed interest in the field of CNS-penetrant AVP receptors modulators is expected.
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The effect of opioid receptor blockade on the neural processing of thermal stimuli. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12344. [PMID: 20811582 PMCID: PMC2930255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system represents one of the principal systems in the modulation of pain. This has been demonstrated in studies of placebo analgesia and stress-induced analgesia, where anti-nociceptive activity triggered by pain itself or by cognitive states is blocked by opioid antagonists. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of opioid receptor blockade on the physiological processing of painful thermal stimulation in the absence of cognitive manipulation. We therefore measured BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) signal responses and intensity ratings to non-painful and painful thermal stimuli in a double-blind, cross-over design using the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. On the behavioral level, we observed an increase in intensity ratings under naloxone due mainly to a difference in the non-painful stimuli. On the neural level, painful thermal stimulation was associated with a negative BOLD signal within the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, and this deactivation was abolished by naloxone.
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Estradiol replacement alters expression of genes related to neurotransmission and immune surveillance in the frontal cortex of middle-aged, ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3847-62. [PMID: 20534718 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) modulates a wide range of functions of the frontal cerebral cortex. From the onset of menopause, declining levels of E2 can cause cognitive disturbances and changes in behavior that can be counterbalanced by hormone replacement. To study the effect of E2 replacement on the cortical transcriptome in a rodent model with low serum E2 level, we treated middle-aged, ovariectomized rats with E2 or vehicle using osmotic minipumps for 4 wk. Six animals for each group were selected, and samples of their frontal cortex were subjected to expression profiling using oligonucleotide microarrays. The explored E2-regulated genes were related to neurotransmission (Adora2a, Cartpt, Drd1a, Drd2, Gjb2, Nts, and Tac1), immunity (C3, C4b, Cd74, Fcgr2b, Mpeg1, and RT1-Aw2), signal transduction (Igf2, Igfbp2, Igfbp6, Rgs9, and Sncg), transport (Abca1, Hba-a2, Slc13a3, and Slc22a8), extracellular matrix (Col1a2, Col3a1, Fmod, and Lum), and transcription (Irf7 and Nupr1). Seventy-four percent of the transcriptional changes identified by microarray were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. The genes identified by expression profiling indicated that chronic E2 replacement significantly altered the transcriptome of the frontal cortex. The genomic effects of E2 influenced dopaminergic and peptidergic neurotransmission, immune surveillance, adenosine and insulin-like growth factor signaling and transport processes, among other functions. Identification of these novel E2-regulated mechanisms highlights the wide range of genomic responses of the aging female frontal cerebral cortex subjected to hormone replacement. Some of the genomic effects identified in this study may underlie the beneficial effects of E2 on cognition, behavior, and neuroprotection.
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Abstract
Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress and hydromineral imbalance. Historically, adrenocorticosteroid actions are attributed to effects on gene transcription. More recently, however, it has become clear that genome-independent pathways represent an important facet of adrenal steroid actions. These hormones exert nongenomic effects throughout the body, although a significant portion of their actions are specific to the central nervous system. These actions are mediated by a variety of signalling pathways, and lead to physiologically meaningful events in vitro and in vivo. We review the nongenomic effects of adrenal steroids in the central nervous system at the levels of behaviour, neural system activity, individual neurone activity and subcellular signalling activity. A clearer understanding of adrenal steroid activity in the central nervous system will lead to a better ability to treat human disease as well as reduce the side-effects of the steroid treatments already in use.
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Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly self-administered psychoactive substance worldwide. At usual doses, the effects of caffeine on vigilance, attention, mood and arousal largely depend on the modulation of central adenosine receptors. The present review article describes the action of caffeine within the striatum, to provide a possible molecular mechanism at the basis of the psychomotor and reinforcing properties of this pharmacological agent. The striatum is in fact a subcortical area involved in sensorimotor, cognitive, and emotional processes, and recent experimental findings showed that chronic caffeine consumption enhances the sensitivity of striatal GABAergic synapses to the stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. The endocannabinoid system is involved in the psychoactive effects of many compounds, and adenosine A2A receptors (the main receptor target of caffeine) elicit a permissive effect towards CB1 receptors, thus suggesting that A2A-CB1 receptor interaction plays a major role in the generation and maintenance of caffeine reinforcing behavior. Aim of this review is to describe the effects of caffeine on striatal neurotransmission with special reference to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system.
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Abstract
Despite the therapeutic use and abuse potential of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB or Xyrem), relatively few studies have examined the behavioral effects of GHB in humans under controlled laboratory conditions. Thus, this eight-session study examined in 10 non-substance-abusing volunteers the behavioral effects of GHB at each of the following doses: 0, 0.32, 0.56, 0.75, 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, 3.2 g/70 kg, orally. Order of dose testing was random, except that the first two participants received active doses in ascending order and 2.4 g/70 kg was always tested before 3.2 g/70 kg. Before drug administration and at several postdrug time points, self-report, observer report, physiological, and psychomotor performance measures were obtained. Analyses based on area under the curve showed that GHB produced dose-related increases in subjective ratings of sedative-like, stimulant-like, positive mood, and dissociative effects, but no changes in psychomotor performance measures or blood pressure. Analyses based on peak effects generally showed dose-related increases in ratings indicating sedative-like, dissociative, and drug liking, although some measures showed U-shaped dose-related changes. These initial findings suggest that GHB at doses of 0.32-3.2 g/70 kg produces dissociative, sedating and some stimulant-like effects in humans without a history of sedative abuse.
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Human behavioral pharmacology, past, present, and future: symposium presented at the 50th annual meeting of the Behavioral Pharmacology Society. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:251-77. [PMID: 20664330 PMCID: PMC2913311 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833bb9f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A symposium held at the 50th annual meeting of the Behavioral Pharmacology Society in May 2007 reviewed progress in the human behavioral pharmacology of drug abuse. Studies on drug self-administration in humans are reviewed that assessed reinforcing and subjective effects of drugs of abuse. The close parallels observed between studies in humans and laboratory animals using similar behavioral techniques have broadened our understanding of the complex nature of the pharmacological and behavioral factors controlling drug self-administration. The symposium also addressed the role that individual differences, such as sex, personality, and genotype play in determining the extent of self-administration of illicit drugs in human populations. Knowledge of how these factors influence human drug self-administration has helped validate similar differences observed in laboratory animals. In recognition that drug self-administration is but one of many choices available in the lives of humans, the symposium addressed the ways in which choice behavior can be studied in humans. These choice studies in human drug abusers have opened up new and exciting avenues of research in laboratory animals. Finally, the symposium reviewed behavioral pharmacology studies conducted in drug abuse treatment settings and the therapeutic benefits that have emerged from these studies.
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Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans: influence of subclinical levels of inattention and hyperactivity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2010; 36:220-227. [PMID: 20560842 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2010.494213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies suggest a link between stimulant abuse and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms (e.g., inattention and hyperactivity). To further assess the nature of this relationship, the present study examined the association between subclinical symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity and the behavioral effects of d-amphetamine. METHODS Participants were classified into a High- (n = 8) or Low-Score (n = 9) group based on their responses on a rating scale that assessed inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. RESULTS The participants did not differ across the High-Score and Low-Score groups in their ability to discriminate d-amphetamine. The participants in the High-Score group were significantly more sensitive to the positive participant-rated effects of d-amphetamine (e.g., Good Effects, Like Drug), but less sensitive to drug-induced increases in blood pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSION The selective increase in positive subjective effects of d-amphetamine suggests that individuals with subclinical inattention and hyperactivity symptoms may have increased vulnerability to stimulant abuse.
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The nociceptin/orphanin FQ system as a target for treating alcoholism. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2010; 9:87-93. [PMID: 20201819 DOI: 10.2174/187152710790966713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin (known also as orphanin FQ) is the most recently discovered member of the endogenous opioid peptide family, albeit nearly 15 years ago. Nociceptin renders or influences many behavioral, psychological and neurobiological processes, including memory, anxiety, stress and reward. Since its discovery, results of a steady stream of studies have suggested that endogenous nociceptin might be involved in responses to addictive drugs, and that targeting the nociceptin system may be beneficial in treating addictions. The current review summarizes and critically appraises those studies, particularly those that point to an application in treating alcoholism. Overall, most, studies suggest that the endogenous nociceptin system has a physiological role in mediating or regulating behavioral responses to alcohol, and that activating nociceptin receptors suppresses ongoing alcohol consumption or reinstatement of responding for alcohol. These findings encourage the development of therapies targeted at the nociceptin system for the treatment of alcoholism in humans, though a minor number of studies showing continuous activation of the nociceptin receptor can produce increased, rather than reduced, alcohol consumption emphasize the necessity of further investigation.
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[The influence of estazolam on human neurobehavioral function]. FA YI XUE ZA ZHI 2010; 26:30-32. [PMID: 20232740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relation between human blood estazolam concentration and neurobehavioral function. METHODS The neurobehavioral ability of 10 volunteers were measured with computer-administered neurobehavioral evaluation system-chinese3 (NES-C3) and SMART EquiTest system. RESULTS The neurobehavioral ability and balance function declined 1 h later after dosing estazolam. The neurobehavioral ability index and balance function declined to the lowest level 3 h later after dosing estazolam. The neurobehavioral ability recovered partly 6 h later after dosing estazolam, and neurobehavioral ability recovered completely 10 h later. CONCLUSION Driving ability was impaired when estazolam concentration in blood is 20 ng/mL, and the neurobehavioral ability declined when estazolam concentration is 40 ng/mL in blood. The influence to human in absorption process is greater than the metabolic process with the same estazolam concentration.
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Behavioral and cognitive effects of anti-epileptic drugs. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2010; 9:138-144. [PMID: 20193640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) have a variety of mechanisms of action which are reflected through different anticonvulsant activities and behavioral effects. Two categories of AEDs are considered based on psychotropic profile. The first group is characterized by potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmission, and comprises of agents such as vigabatrin, tiagabine, and gabapentin. These agents are noted to have sedating effects ranging from cognitive slowing to anti-manic effects. On the other hand, the second group is typified by attenuation of glutamate excitatory neurotransmission and has activating effects including anxiogenic and antidepressant actions. Lamotrigine and felbamate feature in this latter group. Mechanisms of action, chief clinical indications, as well as behavioral profile including comment on chief cognitive effects of the newer AEDs are reviewed in accordance with this dual categorization. In clinical practice, assessment of an individual patient alongside consideration of AED behavioral profile primes for appropriate prescription according to patient mood profile, also permitting exposure of AED-induced behavioral disturbance.
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Abstract
Early experiences can modify regulatory factors affecting gene expression in such a way that, although the DNA sequence itself is not changed, the individual's physiology and behavior is substantially influenced. In some instances these epigenetic effects are exerted upon exposure, while in other instances they are transmitted across generations via incorporation into the germline. Examples of both types of epigenetic effects are presented. First, experience with siblings (littermates) organizes behaviors and their underlying neural substrates in such a way that, as adults, rats and knockout mice behave differently. Second, exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin early in pregnancy imprints the male lineage in such a manner that rats exhibit distinct behavioral profiles as well as unique patterns of gene expression in relevant brain regions. Taken together, this work demonstrates that present and past environments alike modify both social and affiliative related behaviors and their related metabolic activity in specific brain nuclei as well as influencing the abundance of specific genes altering the epigenome in the target brain areas.
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A cure for crime? Psycho-pharmaceuticals and crime trends. JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT : [THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT] 2010; 30:29-56. [PMID: 21465827 DOI: 10.1002/pam.20544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we consider possible links between the diffusion of new pharmaceuticals used for treating mental illness and crime rates. We describe recent trends in crime and review the evidence showing that mental illness is a clear risk factor both for criminal behavior and victimization. We summarize the development of a number of new pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of mental illness that came into wide use during the “great American crime decline.” We examine limited international data, as well as more detailed American data, to assess the relationship between rates of prescriptions of psychotropic drugs and crime rates, while controlling for other factors that may explain trends in crime rates. Using state-level variation in the rates that various drug therapies disperse within populations to identify impacts on crime rates, we find some evidence that the expansion of psychiatric drugs is associated with decreased violent crime rates, but not property crime rates. We find no robust impacts on homicide rates and no effects on arrest rates. Further, the magnitudes of the estimated effects of expanded drug treatment on violent crime are small. Our estimates imply that about 5 percent of the decline in crime during the period of our study was due to expanded mental health treatment.
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Alcohol's effects on brain and behavior. ALCOHOL RESEARCH & HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM 2010; 33:127-43. [PMID: 23579943 PMCID: PMC3625995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, rigorous examination of brain function, structure, and attending factors through multidisciplinary research has helped identify the substrates of alcohol-related damage in the brain. One main area of this research has focused on the neuropsychological sequelae of alcoholism, which has resulted in the description of a pattern of sparing and impairment that provided an essential understanding of the functional deficits as well as of spared capabilities that could be useful in recovery. These studies have elucidated the component processes of memory, problem solving, and cognitive control, as well as visuospatial, and motor processes and their interactions with cognitive control processes. Another large area of research has focused on observable brain pathology, using increasingly sophisticated imaging technologies--progressing from pneumoencephalography to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI--that have enabled ever more detailed insight into brain structure and function. These advancements also have allowed analysis of the course of brain structural changes through periods of drinking, abstinence, and relapse.
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The association between serotonin transporter gene promotor polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and elemental mercury exposure on mood and behavior in humans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1003-1020. [PMID: 20526950 PMCID: PMC2882654 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903566591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is reported to affect mood and behavior in humans. In this study, the effects of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on neurobehavioral and mood domains that are known to be affected by elemental mercury (Hg degrees ) exposure in human subjects were examined. The Behavioral Evaluation for Epidemiologic Studies (BEES) test battery was administered concurrently with urine and buccal-cell collections for 164 male dentists (DD) and 101 female dental assistants (DA) with occupational exposure to Hg degrees for an average of 19 and 10 yr, respectively. Geometric mean urinary mercury (Hg) levels in DD and DA were 2.52 (2.22) microg/L and 1.98 (1.98) microg/L, respectively. Corresponding indices of chronic occupational Hg degrees exposure, weighted for historical exposure, were 1212 (1877) and 316 (429). 5-HTTLPR status was 40% and 20% wild type, 40% and 56% single allelic substitution, and 20% and 24% double allelic substitution for the two genders. DD and DA were evaluated separately. Regression analyses controlled for age, premorbid intelligence, frequency of alcohol per week, and education. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was associated with 5 behavioral measures in DD and with 12 behavioral measures in DA. Mood scores were more consistently associated with the variant in both groups. The strongest evidence for an additive effect for urinary Hg and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in both groups was for tests of Finger Tap(Alternate) and Hand Steadiness(Factor1). Other significant additive effects that were less consistent across groups were also observed. These results add to the growing evidence of genetic determinants of mood and behavior that potentially increase susceptibility to Hg toxicity in humans.
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[Categories of alcohol consumers and the criteria for classification]. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2009; 29:635-646. [PMID: 20440462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consequences of alcohol intake can be public health problems. A well-constructed classification system of alcohol consumers will assist in designing strategies for mitigation and control of alcohol-induced behaviors. OBJECTIVE A categorization of alcohol consumers was developed based on a set of consumer-associated variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS A set of 1,199 subjects between 18 and 60 years old was selected and each subject classified in three categories of alcohol intake: type A, intake desirable; type B, excessive consumption without related problems; and type C, problematic consumption or dependence. Using multinomial logistic regression model, the decisive variables of each category were fixed. RESULTS Subject with positive expectations associated with consumption such as increase in expressivity and the sexuality have 1.6 (95% CI; 1.0 - 2.5) times greater probability to be placed in the C category that those without those expectations. For relationships associated with inhibition and feelings of power, this risk even greater- 2.2 (95%CI; 1.1- 4.3). Age is in an inverse relationship and a protective factor to be classified type B or C. Men have a greater probability than women to be classes in B or C; this probability is the same as subjects who indicate having moderate pleasure or a rise in pleasure induced by the alcoholic drinks. DISCUSSION The results can be translated into programs for interventions at the population level directed to groups of higher risk, such as scholars and preteens, and with a gender focus. The personality element on which to focus the intervention is that of self-esteem. This is an element built from a behavioral-cognitive perspective within the context of the social and cultural learning process.
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Parents’ Views and Experiences About Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments for Their Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 40:494-503. [PMID: 19904598 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Environmental and physiological controls of blue crab avoidance behavior during exposure to hypoxia. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2009; 217:161-172. [PMID: 19875821 DOI: 10.1086/bblv217n2p161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Generalizing the impacts of hypoxia on aquatic animal populations is difficult due to differences in behavioral and physiological responses among individuals as well as varying hydrodynamics of hypoxic events. Information on which environmental cues animals use to avoid hypoxia and how abiotic covariates and physiology influence avoidance behavior is lacking. Our laboratory flume studies quantified the interacting effects of hydrography (dissolved oxygen [DO], temperature, and salinity), hydrodynamics (rate of DO decline and current speed), and physiological state on avoidance behaviors of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Changes in DO stimulated increased rates of movement, regardless of whether the change resulted in hypoxia. Increased rates of DO decline stimulated faster movement rates under hypoxic conditions because crabs spent less time in hypoxia compared to crabs under conditions of slow rate of DO decline. Blue crabs that had hemocyanin structures with a high affinity for O(2) (hypoxia-tolerant) were less active under hypoxic conditions than conspecifics with hemocyanins with a low O(2) affinity, suggesting that physiological state influences behavioral responses to stressors. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how physiological acclimation and hypoxia hydrodynamics may influence population dynamics.
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Neurobiological consequences of maternal cannabis on human fetal development and its neuropsychiatric outcome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259:395-412. [PMID: 19568685 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of marijuana use among pregnant women and adolescents, the impact of cannabis on the developing brain is still not well understood. However, growing evidence supports that the endocannabinoid system plays a major role in CNS patterning in structures relevant for mood, cognition, and reward, such as the mesocorticolimbic system. It is thus clear that exposure to cannabis during early ontogeny is not benign and potential compensatory mechanisms that might be expected to occur during neurodevelopment appear insufficient to eliminate vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders in certain individuals. Both human longitudinal cohort studies and animal models strongly emphasize the long-term influence of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on behavior and mental health. This review provides an overview of the endocannabinoid system and examines the neurobiological consequences of cannabis exposure in pregnancy and early life by addressing its impact on the development of neurotransmitters systems relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders and its association with these disorders later in life. It posits that studying in utero cannabis exposure in association with genetic mutations of neural systems that have strong relationships to endocannabinoid function, such as the dopamine, opioid, glutamate, and GABA, might help to identify individuals at risk. Such data could add to existing knowledge to guide public health platform in regard to the use of cannabis and its derivatives during pregnancy.
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Lead exposure and behavior among young children in Chennai, India. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1607-11. [PMID: 20019913 PMCID: PMC2790517 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead exposure has long been associated with deficits in IQ among children. However, few studies have assessed the impact of lead on specific domains of behavior and cognition. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the associations between lead and different domains of neurobehavior and their relative sensitivity to lead. METHODS We determined blood lead levels using a LeadCare instrument in 756 children 3-7 years of age attending pre- and elementary schools in Chennai, India. Anxiety, social problems, inattention, hyperactivity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as executive function were assessed in children by their schoolteachers using Conners' Teacher Rating Scales-39, Conners' ADHD/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Scales (CADS), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function questionnaires, with higher scores denoting worse behavior. Analyses were carried out using multivariate generalized estimating equations with comparisons of outcome Z-scores to assess the relative strengths of the associations between log-blood lead and the different domains of behavior. RESULTS Mean blood lead level was 11.4 +/- 5.3 microg/dL. Blood lead was associated with higher anxiety (beta = 0.27, p = 0.01), social problems (beta = 0.20, p = 0.02), and higher scores in the ADHD index (beta = 0.17; p = 0.05). The effect estimate was highest for global executive function (beta = 0.42; p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher blood lead levels in this population of young children is associated with increased risk of neurobehavioral deficits and ADHD, with executive function and attention being particularly vulnerable domains to the effects of lead.
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The addition of fentanyl to 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine has no advantage for paediatric epidural analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1084-7. [PMID: 19572930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidural opioids are frequently combined with local anaesthetics for an additive antinociceptive effect. We investigated the efficacy of epidural fentanyl to 1.25 or 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine for post-operative epidural analgesia in children. METHODS One hundred and eight children undergoing hypospadias repair were randomized to receive 1.25 mg/ml ropivacaine (R1.25 group), 1.25 mg/ml ropivacaine with 0.2 mcg/kg/h of fentanyl (R1.25F group), 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine (R1.5 group) or 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine with 0.2 mcg/kg/h of fentanyl (R1.5F group) for post-operative epidural analgesia. The epidural catheter was threaded caudally through the L4-5 interspace. The face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) score was assessed at every hour and at FLACC score >4, an epidural bolus of 0.5 ml/kg of ropivacaine 1.5 mg/ml was given as the rescue analgesia. The incidence of side effects such as hypoxia, sedation, pruritus, nausea and/or vomiting was recorded. RESULTS The need for rescue analgesia was higher in the R1.25 group compared with that in the other three groups (all P<0.05). The incidence of side effects was higher in the R1.5F group compared with that in the R1.25 and R1.5 groups (both P=0.010). CONCLUSION The addition of 0.2 mcg/kg/h fentanyl to 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine increased the incidence of side effects without improvement of analgesia in infants and children undergoing hypospadias repair. The use of plain 1.25 mg/ml ropivacaine increased the need for rescue analgesia and this could be compensated by addition of fentanyl.
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Epigenetic mechanisms underlying extinction of memory and drug-seeking behavior. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:612-23. [PMID: 19789849 PMCID: PMC3157916 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence shows that structural modifications of chromatin, the DNA-protein complex that packages genomic DNA, do not only participate in maintaining cellular memory (e.g., cell fate), but they may also underlie the strengthening and maintenance of synaptic connections required for long-term changes in behavior. Accordingly, epigenetics has become a central topic in several neurobiology fields such as memory, drug addiction, and several psychiatric and mental disorders. This interest is justified as dynamic chromatin modifications may provide not only transient but also stable (or even potentially permanent) epigenetic marks to facilitate, maintain, or block transcriptional processes, which in turn may participate in the molecular neural adaptations underlying behavioral changes. Through epigenetic mechanisms the genome may be indexed in response to environmental signals, resulting in specific neural modifications that largely determine the future behavior of an organism. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the formation of long-term memory and drug-seeking behavior and potentially how to apply that knowledge to the extinction of memory and drug-seeking behavior.
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Genetic aspects of behavioral neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:741-53. [PMID: 19647018 PMCID: PMC4086839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made over the past couple of decades concerning the molecular bases of neurobehavioral function and dysfunction. The field of neurobehavioral genetics is becoming mature. Genetic factors contributing to neurologic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease have been found and evidence for genetic factors contributing to other diseases such as schizophrenia and autism are likely. This genetic approach can also benefit the field of behavioral neurotoxicology. It is clear that there is substantial heterogeneity of response with behavioral impairments resulting from neurotoxicants. Many factors contribute to differential sensitivity, but it is likely that genetic variability plays a prominent role. Important discoveries concerning genetics and behavioral neurotoxicity are being made on a broad front from work with invertebrate and piscine mutant models to classic mouse knockout models and human epidemiologic studies of polymorphisms. Discovering genetic factors of susceptibility to neurobehavioral toxicity not only helps identify those at special risk, it also advances our understanding of the mechanisms by which toxicants impair neurobehavioral function in the larger population. This symposium organized by Edward Levin and Annette Kirshner, brought together researchers from the laboratories of Michael Aschner, Douglas Ruden, Ulrike Heberlein, Edward Levin and Kathleen Welsh-Bohmer conducting studies with Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, fish, rodents and humans studies to determine the role of genetic factors in susceptibility to behavioral impairment from neurotoxic exposure.
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Effects of zinc supplementation on parent and teacher behaviour rating scores in low socioeconomic level Turkish primary school children. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98:731-6. [PMID: 19133873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of zinc supplementation on behaviour in low-income school aged children. DESIGN Double-blind randomized, placebo controlled trial. SETTING Low-income district primary school in Turkey. PARTICIPANTS Third grade students in the school. Among 252 students, 226 participated and 218 completed the study. INTERVENTION Children in each class were randomized either to the study group to receive 15 mg/day elemental zinc syrup or to placebo group to receive the syrup without zinc for 10 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The change in Conner's Rating Scales for Teachers and Parents scores after supplementation. RESULTS The mean Conner's Rating Scale for Parents scores on attention deficit, hyperactivity, oppositional behaviour and conduct disorder decreased significantly in the study and placebo groups after supplementation (p < 0.01). The prevalence of children with clinically significant parent ratings on attention deficit (p = 0.01) and hyperactivity (p = 0.004) decreased in the study group while prevalence of oppositional behaviour (p = 0.007) decreased in the placebo group. In children of mothers with low education all mean Parents' scores decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in the study group while only hyperactivity scores decreased in the placebo group (p < 0.01). In this subgroup the prevalence of children with clinically significant scores for attention deficit, hyperactivity and oppositional behaviour decreased only in the study group (p < 0.05). There was no change in mean Teachers' scores. CONCLUSION In our study zinc supplementation decreased the prevalence of children with clinically significant scores for attention deficit and hyperactivity. The affect on behaviour was more evident in the children of low educated mothers.
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Neurobiological alterations at adult age triggered by adolescent exposure to cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 2009; 60:132-8. [PMID: 19559364 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is consistently the most widely used illicit drug among teenagers and most users first experiment it in adolescence. Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood, encompassing not only reproductive maturation, but also cognitive, emotional and social maturation and is characterized by a brain in transition that differs anatomically and neurochemically from that of the adult. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in this critical phase for cerebral development, therefore a strong stimulation by the psychoactive component of marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol, that acts through the cannabinoid system, might lead to subtle but lasting neurobiological changes that can affect adult brain functions and behaviour. The literature here summarized, exploiting animal models of cannabis consumption, points to the presence of subtle changes in the adult brain circuits after heavy cannabis consumption in adolescence. These alterations lead to impaired emotional and cognitive performance, enhanced vulnerability for the use of more harmful drugs of abuse, and may represent a risk factor for developing schizophrenia in adulthood. The few studies examining the neurobiological basis of the altered behaviours demonstrate the presence of stable alteration in the endocannabinoid system that can trigger subsequent alteration in synaptic protein and synaptic morphology, thus altering the responsiveness of selected brain areas to different internal and external stimuli. These pre-clinical observations are strengthened by literature in humans where longitudinal studies often support the experimental results. There is an urgent need of multidisciplinary approaches combining behaviour with neurochemical and genetic studies to build a scientific based opinion on the long-lasting consequences of cannabis use in adolescence.
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Tolerance development as a pharmacological and clinical problem. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 59 Suppl 6:27-33. [PMID: 3538777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two main forms of acquired pharmacological tolerance may be distinguished, dispositional (pharmacokinetic) and pharmacodynamic. Pharmacodynamic tolerance is common, and can in many cases be attributed to adaptive receptor changes. Such changes of beta-adrenoceptors have been extensively studied and widely used as models for explaining the mechanisms of tolerance development. The mechanisms behind tolerance to adrenoceptor agonists are discussed, and also tolerance development to these and some other agents when used in the treatment of asthma, uterine hyperactivity and congestive heart failure.
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An experimental study of the effects of daily connabis smoking on behaviour patterns. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 34 Suppl 1:1-44. [PMID: 4547658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1974.tb03315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The mechanism of action of psychopharmacological agents on behaviour. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 36:21-30. [PMID: 805510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1975.tb03076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used clinically since 1980, with an ever-increasing range of clinical applications. This has coincided with a period of massively expanded interest in the underlying biology of the neurotoxin. Tremendous advances have taken place in the scientific understanding of neurotoxin structure and function since the description of their endopeptidase activity in 1992. These developments have led to an increased understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the clinical use of the neurotoxins and also in the technologies available to support their clinical use. The expanding range of clinical applications, and use in increasing doses, has also generated challenges for the clinicians and manufacturers of BoNT preparations to ensure continuing efficacy and safety margins for these new clinical settings. To date the increased clinical use of BoNTs has occurred largely empirically, and not by application of the recent insights into neurotoxin structure and function. With the increased knowledge regarding the biology of the neurotoxins, however, there is the opportunity to select preferred forms of the toxin for particular clinical applications and even to consider engineering the neurotoxins to produce modified products more suited to specific clinical applications. These developments and opportunities that have arisen, particularly over the last decade, emphasise the increasing need to maintain an active two way dialogue between clinicians and basic scientists to ensure that the advances in the laboratory are translated into clinical benefit and that the clinical developments in use of neurotoxin are supported by the scientific research activity. This article is based upon presentations given in a workshop at the 5th International Conference on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Toxin in Denver in June, 2005 seeking to address issues relating to the laboratory/clinic interface.
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Abstract
Besides their well-known genomic actions, oestrogens also exert effects through the activation of receptors associated with the plasma membrane that are too fast to be mediated by transcriptional activation (nongenomic effects). Although the existence of such rapid effects of oestrogens and their involvement in various biological processes are not in doubt, questions remain about the mechanisms responsible for the rapid modulations of oestrogen production that are required to sustain their nongenomic effects. Recent data indicate that the conversion of androgens into oestrogens in the brain by the enzyme aromatase can be rapidly modulated by conformational changes of the enzyme, thus providing a possible mechanism for rapid controls of the effects of oestrogens on male sexual behaviour. In this review, the data supporting this hypothesis are described. Subsequently, a few unanswered questions are discussed, such as the mechanism of oestrogen inactivation or the potential cellular sites of action of brain-derived oestrogens on male sexual behaviour.
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Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:123-42. [PMID: 18698321 PMCID: PMC2670101 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine stimulants have been used medically since early in the twentieth century, but they have a high abuse potential and can be neurotoxic. Although they have long been used effectively to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents, amphetamines are now being prescribed increasingly as maintenance therapy for ADHD and narcolepsy in adults, considerably extending the period of potential exposure. Effects of prolonged stimulant treatment have not been fully explored, and understanding such effects is a research priority. Because the pharmacokinetics of amphetamines differ between children and adults, reevaluation of the potential for adverse effects of chronic treatment of adults is essential. Despite information on the effects of stimulants in laboratory animals, profound species differences in susceptibility to stimulant-induced neurotoxicity underscore the need for systematic studies of prolonged human exposure. Early amphetamine treatment has been linked to slowing in height and weight growth in some children. Because the number of prescriptions for amphetamines has increased several fold over the past decade, an amphetamine-containing formulation is the most commonly prescribed stimulant in North America, and it is noteworthy that amphetamines are also the most abused prescription medications. Although early treatment does not increase risk for substance abuse, few studies have tracked the compliance and usage profiles of individuals who began amphetamine treatment as adults. Overall, there is concern about risk for slowed growth in young patients who are dosed continuously, and for substance abuse in patients first medicated in late adolescence or adulthood. Although most adult patients also use amphetamines effectively and safely, occasional case reports indicate that prescription use can produce marked psychological adverse events, including stimulant-induced psychosis. Assessments of central toxicity and adverse psychological effects during late adulthood and senescence of adults who receive prolonged courses of amphetamine treatment are warranted. Finally, identification of the biological factors that confer risk and those that offer protection is also needed to better specify the parameters of safe, long-term, therapeutic administration of amphetamines to adults.
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Norman Cousins Lecture. Mechanisms of cytokine-induced behavioral changes: psychoneuroimmunology at the translational interface. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:149-58. [PMID: 18793712 PMCID: PMC2745948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Work in our laboratory has focused on the mechanisms by which cytokines can influence the brain and behavior in humans and non-human primates. Using administration of interferon (IFN)-alpha as a tool to unravel these mechanisms, we have expanded upon findings from the basic science literature implicating cytokine-induced changes in monoamine metabolism as a primary pathway to depression. More specifically, a role for serotonin metabolism has been supported by the clinical efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in blocking the development of IFN-alpha-induced depression, and the capacity of IFN-alpha to activate metabolic enzymes (indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase) and cytokine signaling pathways (p38 mitogen activated protein kinase) that can influence the synthesis and reuptake of serotonin. Our data also support a role for dopamine depletion as reflected by IFN-alpha-induced changes in behavior (psychomotor slowing and fatigue) and regional brain activity, which implicate the involvement of the basal ganglia, as well as the association of IFN-alpha-induced depressive-like behavior in rhesus monkeys with decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid. Neuroimaging data in IFN-alpha-treated patients also suggest that activation of neural circuits (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) associated with anxiety and alarm may contribute to cytokine-induced behavioral changes. Taken together, these effects of cytokines on the brain and behavior appear to subserve competing evolutionary survival priorities that promote reduced activity to allow healing, and hypervigilance to protect against future attack. Depending on the relative balance between these behavioral accoutrements of an activated innate immune response, clinical presentations may be distinct and warrant individualized therapeutic approaches.
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[Emotion and omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]. SEISHIN SHINKEIGAKU ZASSHI = PSYCHIATRIA ET NEUROLOGIA JAPONICA 2009; 111:1520-1526. [PMID: 20344879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Strategies to improve post-stroke behavioral recovery in aged subjects. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2009; 50:559-582. [PMID: 19942950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Old age is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to stroke and poor recovery from brain injury. Therefore, find therapeutic strategies aimed at improving functional recovery after brain ischemia in aged subjects is of considerable clinical interest. While environmental enrichment has been shown to improve the behavioral outcome of stroke in young animals, the effect of an enriched environment, hypothermia and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) on behavioral and neuropathological recovery in aged animals is not known. Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery in 3-month- and 20-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The functional outcome was assessed in neurobehavioral tests conducted over a period of 14-28 days following surgery. Brain tissue then was immunostained for proliferating astrocytes and the infarct and scar tissue volumes were measured. Aged rats showed more severe behavioral impairments and diminished functional recovery compared to young rats. Most infarcted animals had disturbances of sensorimotor function, with recovery beginning later, progressing more slowly, and reaching a lower functional endpoint in aged animals. However, the enriched environment significantly improved the rate and extent of recovery in aged animals. Correlation analysis revealed that the beneficial effect of the enriched environment on recovery, both in young and aged rats, correlated highly with a reduction in infarct size, in the number of proliferating astrocytes, and in the volume of the glial scar. These results suggest that temporally modulating astrocytic proliferation and the ensuing scar formation might be a fruitful approach to improving functional recovery after stroke in aged rats. In aged humans, stroke is a major cause of disability for which no neuroprotective measures are available. A viable alternative to conventional drug-based neuroprotective therapies is brain/body cooling, or hypothermia. In animal studies of focal ischemia, short-term hypothermia consistently reduces infarct size. Nevertheless, efficient neuroprotection requires long-term, regulated lowering of whole body temperature. In this study, we show that two days post-stroke exposure of aged rats to a mixture of air and a mild inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, H2S, causes deep hypothermia (27.8+/-0.3 degrees C) and a 50% reduction in infarct size without obvious neurological deficits or physiological side effects. G-CSF treatment after stroke exerted a robust and sustained beneficial effect on survival rate and running function. Transient improvement after G-CSF treatment could be observed for coordinative motor function on the inclined plane test and for working memory in the radial maze test. At cellular level, G-CSF treatment increased the number of proliferating cells in the SVZ and the dentate gyrus and increased the number of newborn neurons in the SVZ, ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggests that the G-CSF treatment in aged rats has a survival enhancing capacity and a beneficial effect on functional outcome most likely via supportive cellular processes such as neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings are important for the further clinical development of the drug in elderly stroke patients. Future studies should focus on an optimization of treatment schedule to achieve a maximum of post-stroke recovery enhancement in aged subjects.
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[Effects of dietary fats on brain function]. SEISHIN SHINKEIGAKU ZASSHI = PSYCHIATRIA ET NEUROLOGIA JAPONICA 2009; 111:1501-1506. [PMID: 20344876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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[Pathomorphosis of anxiety disorder in patients with intestinal dysbiosis]. EKSPERIMENTAL'NAIA I KLINICHESKAIA GASTROENTEROLOGIIA = EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 2009:91-96. [PMID: 20469713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
It is known, that anxiety is one of the most wide-spread mental disorders in-between psychiatric state and it takes part in pathogenesis a lot of somatic diseases as well. At the same time the host bowel microbiota participates in metabolic control of vital human functions such as mood and behavioural reactions. This title connection reveals some new therapeutic opportunity in treatment of psychiatric disorders that based on using with probiotics. In case non-clinically significant anxiety it is claimed to use probiotic (Enterol) however in case clinically significant anxiety it is claimed to use non-benzodiazepine tranquilizer (Stresam).
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Sauroine, an alkaloid from Huperzia saururus with activity in wistar rats in electrophysiological and behavioral assays related to memory retention. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:156-158. [PMID: 19067593 DOI: 10.1021/np800151v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the effects of sauroine (1), the main alkaloid obtained from Huperzia saururus, on memory retention and learning. To evaluate this, electrophysiological experiments and behavioral tests (step down) were performed on male Wistar rats. The results showed that 1 improved memory retention in the step-down test, significantly increasing hippocampal plasticity. Thus, 1 seems to be a constituent responsible for the activity claimed in folk medicine for H. saururus in Argentina.
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Correlates of stimulant treatment outcome across treatment modalities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 35:48-53. [PMID: 19152207 PMCID: PMC2722066 DOI: 10.1080/00952990802455444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated variables associated with stimulant use outcomes in stimulant users (N = 800) receiving care in community outpatient psychosocial or methadone maintenance treatment clinics as part of a national multi-site clinical trial. METHODS Results from the full sample were examined first, and then predictors were examined separately in the two treatment modalities. RESULTS A cocaine-positive urine sample at study intake was the most robust and consistent correlate of stimulant use outcome in all analyses. Psychiatric distress, social environment and employment had differential effects on outcome across modalities. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms that intake assessments have considerable value in identifying problems to be addressed in treatment.
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Behavioral effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in young adults with severe autism: an open label study. Arch Med Res 2008; 39:682-5. [PMID: 18760197 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pilot findings seem to suggest a potential beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation on behavioral alterations in children with autism. However, data on the potential benefits of omega-3 supplements in young adults with severe autism are lacking. In the present study, we sought to explore this issue in an open label study. METHODS Nineteen young adults with severe autism (CARS >40), aged 18-40 years, received two fish oil capsules per day [0.93 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plus 5 mg of vitamin E to avoid lipid peroxidation] for 6 weeks. Subjects were assessed with an ad hoc caregiver questionnaire, the Rossago Behavioral Checklist, for the assessment of behavioral anomalies. RESULTS No significant improvements were observed with regard to the severity and frequency of problematic behaviors either during the active treatment period or during the post-treatment 6-week observation period. Moreover, no effect on the number of episodes and severity of behavior aberrations was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our negative findings do not point toward a major effect of omega-3 FA supplementation on behavioral abnormalities in adults with severe autism. Further studies on larger sample sizes are warranted to shed more light on this important issue.
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[Angiotensin III participation in mechanisms of development of an alcoholism and other kinds of behavioural activity]. GEORGIAN MEDICAL NEWS 2008:83-89. [PMID: 19075352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To study the involvement of angiotensin III in the development of alcoholism and other types of behavioural activity the research on 24 male rats of Vistar species with 180-250 g weight was conducted. Alcoholic motivation was created by alcoholic beverage consisting of 20% ethyl alcohol water solution. The experiment lasted 30-day time period. It was concluded that the effect of angiotensin III depend on the individual resistance or predisposition to alcohol.
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Management of behavioral problems in dementia. MEDICINE AND HEALTH, RHODE ISLAND 2008; 91:335-338. [PMID: 19093380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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