Efficacy and efficiency of gastric electrical stimulation with short pulses in the treatment of vasopressin-induced emetic responses in dogs

The aim of this study was to determine the most effective and efficient anti-emetic parameters of short-pulse gastric electrical stimulation (GES) in dogs. Seven female beagle dogs implanted with four pairs of gastric electrodes were studied in eight randomized sessions (saline, vasopressin, and six GES sessions with different parameters). Each session consisted of four 20-min recordings of gastric slow waves and symptoms. In sessions 1 and 2, saline and vasopressin, respectively, were infused during the second 20-min period. The protocol of the other six sessions was the same as session 2 except that GES was continuously applied. It was found that: (1) vasopressin induced gastric dysrhythmia and emetic response (P < 0.01, anova); (2) short-pulse GES with a frequency of 14 or 40 Hz and pulse width of 0.1 or 0.3 ms, but not 0.6 ms was able to reduce symptoms induced by vasopressin; (3) short-pulse GES with a pulse width of 0.3 ms was the most effective in preventing vasopressin-induced symptoms; (4) none of the tested GES methods improved vasopressin-induced gastric dysrhythmia. We conclude that vasopressin induces gastric dysrhythmia and symptoms. Short-pulse GES with a pulse width of 0.3 ms and frequency of 14 Hz is most effective and efficient in preventing vasopressin-induced emetic responses in dogs.

Adrenoceptor blockade alters plasma gelatinase activity in patients with heart failure and MMP-9 promoter activity in a human cell line (ECV304)

This study assessed the effects of short-term adrenoceptor blockade on plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in patients with heart failure, and the ability of adrenoceptor stimulation to modulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoter activity in vitro. Patients with heart failure received standard therapy or standard therapy plus carvedilol. Plasma MMP activity was determined by zymography and tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) expression was measured by immunoblotting. MMP-9 promoter activity was assessed in transfected ECV304 cells following exposure to isoprenaline or phenylephrine in the absence or presence of either propranolol or prazosin. In patients with heart failure, carvedilol attenuated the increase in proMMP-9 activity observed at 4 and 12 weeks in non-beta-blocker-treated patients (44.0 +/- 4.9 AU versus 60.8 +/- 6.7 AU; P < 0.05). Although TIMP-1 expression was unaltered, the MMP-9:TIMP-1 ratio was lower in those receiving carvedilol at 4 and 12 weeks (0.54 +/- 0.07 versus 1.04 +/- 0.17; P < 0.05). Isoprenaline transiently increased MMP-9 promoter activity after 4 h exposure (80.6 +/- 14.8-fold; P < 0.001) before returning to baseline. The response to isoprenaline was prevented by propranolol (P < 0.01). Phenylephrine caused a biphasic increase in MMP-9 promoter activity, with the greatest increase occurring at 24 h (23 +/- 3.7-fold) compared to baseline. This response was unaffected by co-incubation with prazosin. In conclusion, treatment with a mixed alpha1/beta-adrenoceptor antagonist attenuates MMP activity and tips the degradative balance to a less degradative phenotype in heart failure patients. Furthermore, adrenoceptor stimulation increases MMP-9 promoter activity, which is inhibited by beta- but not alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Therefore, mixed adrenoceptor blockade may reduce remodeling in heart failure as a direct consequence of a beta-adrenoceptor-mediated reduction in MMP-9 transcription.

Curcumin induces human HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis by activating p53 and regulating apoptosis-related protein expression

Curcumin, a major yellow pigment and active component of turmeric, has multiple anti-cancer properties. However, its molecular targets and mechanisms of action on human colon adenocarcinoma cells are unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of curcumin on the proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method and confirmed the curcumin-induced apoptosis by morphology and DNA ladder formation. At the same time, p53, phospho-p53 (Ser15), and other apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, pro-caspase-3, and pro-caspase-9 were determined by Western blot analysis. The colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated with curcumin (0-75 microM) for 0-24 h. We observed that p53 was highly expressed in HT-29 cells and curcumin could up-regulate the serine phosphorylation of p53 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. An increase in expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and a decrease in expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 were also observed in a time-dependent manner after exposure of 50 microM curcumin, while the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL was unchanged. Curcumin could also down-regulate the expression of pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-9 in a time-dependent manner. These data suggest a possible underlying molecular mechanism whereby curcumin could induce the apoptosis signaling pathway in human HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells by p53 activation and by the regulation of apoptosis-related proteins. This property of curcumin suggests that it could have a possible therapeutic potential in colon adenocarcinoma patients.

Nonlinear dispersive three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain analysis for photonic-crystal lasers

The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method that can handle dispersive and dynamic nonlinear-gain media is proposed and realized. The effect of carrier diffusion is included through the laser rate equations. Through this three-dimensional nonlinear gain FDTD method, rich laser-dynamics behaviors, such as the lasing threshold, the relaxation oscillation, and the spatial hole burning, are directly observed from a hexapole mode.

Design of a high-Q channel add-drop multiplexer based on the two-dimensional photonic-crystal membrane structure

A significant improvement on the basic design of a channel add-drop multiplexer of the in-plane type, based on the two-dimensional photonic-crystal membrane structure of triangular-lattice holes, has been made to increase the channel-selectivity Q factor as high as 7300, which demonstrates the viability of the original basic design. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation shows that theoretically it is possible to design a channel add-drop multiplexer with better than -0.7 dB of the forward-drop insertion loss, -29 dB of the pass-through cross-talk at the center frequency. A revised coupled-mode analysis with an augmented directional coupling gives a good agreement between its parametric analysis and the finite-difference time-domain analysis in regard to the detailed asymmetric forward-drop frequency response of the multiplexer.

Real time TaqMan PCR detection and quantitation of HBV genotypes A-G with the use of an internal quantitation standard

BACKGROUND

Diagnostic assays for the accurate quantitation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels from patients undergoing antiviral therapy are useful for monitoring and tailoring therapy. Such assays should give accurate results with all HBV genotypes, including a seventh genotype of hepatitis B virus, genotype G, that has recently been identified in specimens from HBV-positive patients in the United States and Europe.

OBJECTIVES

To characterize the performance characteristics of a quantitative real time TaqMan PCR assay, the High Pure System Viral Nucleic Acid/COBAS TaqMan HBV Test, for the detection and quantitation of HBV genotypes A-G from patient plasma and serum. This test was evaluated for limit of detection, dynamic range, reproducibility, accuracy, and genotype inclusivity.

STUDY DESIGN

Primers and TaqMan probes specific for HBV and an internal quantitation standard (QS) were designed and tested using a set of plasmid DNAs representing various genotyped specimens. In addition, sensitivity, dynamic range, precision, and correlation with the COBAS AMPLICOR HBV MONITOR Test were evaluated using HBV dilution panels and patient specimens.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A real time TaqMan assay was developed that detects and quantifies DNA from genotypes A-G equivalently. The assay has a limit of detection of <50 copies/ml with plasma and serum, a dynamic range up to 10(9) copies/ml, and good precision and accuracy. Titers obtained with this method without dilutions show good correlation across the dynamic range with titers obtained with the COBAS AMPLICOR HBV MONITOR Test.

A neuroprotective role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in n-acetyl-o-methyldopamine-treated hippocampal neurons after exposure to in vitro and in vivo ischemia

In response to cerebral ischemia, neurons activate survival/repair pathways in addition to death cascades. Activation of cyclic AMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) is linked to neuroprotection in experimental animal models of stroke. However, a role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MAPK/ERK or MEK), an upstream kinase for CREB, and its relation to CREB phosphorylation in neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia has not been delineated. Previously, we reported that N-acetyl-O-methyldopamine (NAMDA) significantly protected CA1 neurons after transient forebrain ischemia [J Neurosci 19 (1999b) 87.8]. The current study is to investigate whether NAMDA-induced neuroprotection occurs via the activation of ERK and its downstream effector, CREB. NAMDA induced ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation with increased survival of HC2S2 hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. These effects were reversed by U0126, a MEK kinase inhibitor. Similarly, animals treated with NAMDA following ischemia showed increased ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus during early reperfusion period with increased number of surviving neurons examined 7 days following ischemia. The NAMDA-induced neuroprotection was abolished by U0126 administered shortly after reperfusion. The results showed that the ERK-CREB signaling pathway might be involved in NAMDA-induced neuroprotection following transient global ischemia and imply that the activation of the pathway in neurons may be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat stroke or other neurological syndromes.

Distribution of Elastomers and Silica in Polymer Blends Characterized by Raman Microimaging Technique

Raman microimaging technique was used to study the distribution of silica filler and elastomer domains in binary and ternary polymer blends containing cis1–4-polybutadiene BR; brominated poly(isobutylenecoparamethylstyrene) BIMS; Natural Rubber, NR; and/or Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, SBR. Contour maps depicting distribution of the elastomer phases and silica within each phase were obtained for 1 μm thick sections of blends having different compositions. All polymers were uniformly distributed throughout the blends. However, on a micrometer scale local fluctuations were clearly observed using Raman microimaging. The BR component is not as compatible with BIMS as are the other polymers based upon the presence of some single-phase BR domains exceeding 5 μm. Addition of the third polymer, either SBR or NR, to the blend improves the BR compatibility with BIMS since the BR domains are not as large. At low concentrations in a ternary blend, the NR phase appears concentrated near the BR domains, but in samples with higher NR concentrations, the natural rubber forms it own network and may also be found near the BIMS domains. The SBR phase was found to be near or within the BR domains. Silica was dispersed throughout the polymers in each blend, but tended to aggregate near the boundaries of the BIMS domains. Sometimes the silica was present within the BIMS domains, but did not locate within a BR domain.

[Induction of protective immunity in mice against Schistosoma japonicum by nucleic acid vaccine encoding the full-length paramyosin]

AIM

To investigate the immune efficacy of nucleic acid vaccination in mice against full-length paramyosin of Chinese Schistosoma japonicum.

METHODS

C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with the nucleic acid vaccine (pCMV-SjC97) encoding the full-length gene of paramyosin of Chinese S. japonicum. Each group was immunized three times at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Mice vaccinated with pCMV blank vector served as negative control. Mice were challenged three weeks after final DNA boosting by percutaneous infection with cercariae. Six weeks after infection the mice were perfused, worm burden and eggs in the livers, spleens and intestines were counted. Sera from vaccinated mice were collected from the tail vein at weeks 0, 3, 6 and 9, respectively.

RESULTS

C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with pCMV-SjC97 produced predominantly IgG2a and IgG2b; whereas in BALB/c mice, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies. Immunization with the pCMV-SjC97 in C57BL/6 mice could confer significant worm reduction rate (35.5%-41.4%, P < 0.05) and egg reduction rate (liver: 44.5%-59.6%, P < 0.05; spleen: 56.7%-82.4%, P < 0.05; intestines: 57.9%, P < 0.05), but not in BALB/c mice.

CONCLUSION

The nucleic acid vaccine, pCMV-SjC97, could induce protective immunity in C57BL/6 mice significantly.

[Cloning, sequencing and expression of the full-length gene encoding paramyosin of Schistosoma japonicum in vivo]

AIM

To clone and sequence the gene encoding paramyosin of S. japonicum (Chinese strain) and to study the expression of the DNA-based vaccine encoding the full-length paramyosin of S. japonicum in vivo.

METHODS

Total RNA was isolated from adult S. japonicum using TRIzol reagent. The full-length cDNA encoding paramyosin of S. japonicum was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pGEM-T vector and sequenced by the method of dideoxy-mediated chain-termination. The cDNA encoding paramyosin of S. japonicum was subcloned into the expressive plasmid vector pCDNA/AMP(pCMV-Sjc97), and the recombinants were identified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. The immunofluorescence assay was used to study the expression of Sjc97 in vivo in mice.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The 2.6 kb cDNA encoding the full-length paramyosin of Chinese S. japonicum has been successfully cloned and sequenced for the first time. The full-length sequence of paramyosin of S. japonicum was determined. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of Sjc97 with that of S. japonicum paramyosin (Philippine strain) (Sjp97), S. japonicum paramyosin(Japanese strain) (Sjj97), S. mansoni (Sm97), B6 and Y6 clone (the partial cDNA encoding paramyosin of Chinese strain) showed that Sjc97 differed from Sjp97 by 16/2,601 nucleotide and 3/866 amino acid substitutions (99.4% on nt-level and 99.7% on aa-level in homology); from Sjj97 by 20/2,601 nucleotide and 2/866 amino acid substitutions (99.2% on nt-level and 99.8% on aa-level in homology); and from B6 by 11/1,329 nucleotide and 1/443 amino acid substitutions (99.0% on nt-level and 99.8% on aa-level in homology); from Y6 by 13/1,329 nucleotide and 1/443 amino acid substitutions (98.9% on nt-level and 99.8% on aa-level in homology); Sjc97 differed from the Sm97 by 2,235/2,601 nucleotide and 34/866 amino acid (91.0% on nt-level and 96.0% on aa-level in homology). The plasmid expression vector encoding the full-length paramyosin of Chinese S. japonicum has been successfully constructed. The pCMV-Sjc97 vaccine could express Sjc97 protein in vivo in mice after intramuscular immunization.

[Observation on the dynamics of specific anti-GST antibodies in rabbits immunized with recombinant 26 kDa GST of Schistosoma japonicum]

AIM

To investigate the dynamics of the anti-GST antibodies in rabbits immunized with recombinant 26 kDa GST of Schistosoma japonicum.

METHODS

The specific antibodies were detected weekly by GST-ELISA in rabbits vaccinated with purified recombinant 26 kDa GST antigen of S. japonicum plus FCA/IFCA; rabbits immunized with 0.85% saline plus FCA/IFCA served as control group.

RESULTS

The specific anti-GST antibodies began to increase at week 4 post-immunization, the mean OD value in rabbits vaccinated with recombinant GST could reach 1.03 +/- 0.46 (adjuvant control group only 0.42 +/- 0.04). The experiment was completed at week 65 post-immunization when the mean OD values for specific anti-GST antibody in immunized rabbits were 0.94 +/- 0.26(0.29 +/- 0.16 in the control group).

CONCLUSION

Strong anti-GST antibody responses could be induced in rabbits vaccinated with recombinant 26 kDa GST of S. japonicum.

[Studies on the features of protective immune response induced by recombinant Sjc26GST of Schistosoma japonicum]

AIM

To compare the differences in the protective immune response induced by reSjc26GST between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

METHODS

Mice were immunized subcutaneously with reSjc26GST emulsified with Freund's adjuvant. The specific antibody isotypes elicited by reSjc26GST, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine responses to reSjc26GST were examined.

RESULTS

The level of anti-reSjc26GST IgG was higher in immunized C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice, and examination of the IgG subclasses demonstrated that reSjc26GST-immunized C57BL/6 mice resulted in predominantly IgG1 and IgG2a/IgG2b antibody responses, whereas in BALB/c mice, IgG1 antibody. Cytokine production assays revealed that the quantity of IFN-gamma and IL-2 and IL-5 released from the reSjc26GST-primed splenocytes were significantly higher in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice. These results showed that the immunization with reSjc26GST in C57BL/6 mice elicited a mixed immune reaction of Th1 and Th2 cell responses as demonstrated by the elevated levels of IgG1, IgG2a/IgG2b and IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-5, whereas in BALB/c mice, reSjc26GST immunization elicited Th2 response as demonstrated by the elevated levels of IgG1, IL-2 and IFN-gamma.

CONCLUSION

Immunization with reSjc26GST could elicit higher humoral and cellular immune responses in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice.

[Differences in haemozoin production and pathogenicity between chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei]

AIM

To better understand the differences in haemozoin formation and pathogenicity between chloroquine-sensitive(N) and chloroquine-resistant(RC) strains of Plasmodium berghei.

METHODS

IRC mice were grouped as follows: group Xba I (Normal control, NC), group II (control treated with chloroquine alone, CC), group III (mice infected with N strain), group IV (mice infected with RC strain, RC) and group V (mice infected with RC strain and treated with chloroquine, RCC). Morphologic features of the parasites, parasitaemia, histological and ultrastructural changes of livers among the groups were compared.

RESULTS

Severe damages of the hepatic cells of the N group including increased lysosomes and swollen and fused mitochondria were detected. On the contrary, the prominent features in liver section of the RC group were inflammatory cell (notably mononuclear) infiltration and Kupffer cell activation. Numerous trophozoites and schizonts were sequestrated in hepatic sinusoids and less degeneration of parenchymal cells was found except for some swollen and vacuolated mitochondria. Internal food vacuoles containing haemozoin were found in the parasites of the N group, whereas external food vacuoles without haemozoin granules were arranged in foamy appearance within the parasitized cell of the RC group.

CONCLUSION

P. berghei RC strain may modify the mode of ingestion and degradation of hemoglobin in the parasites, resulting in impeding haemozoin formation. The difference in virulence between the N and RC strain of P. berghei is probably attributed to the significant differences in the induction of immune response of the host.

Display of positron emission tomography with Cadplan

Recent clinical experience at Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute (PMCI) with the use of unregistered Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images for radiotherapy target marking in the lung suggests that co-registered PET images would be invaluable. PMCI has three radiotherapy treatment planning systems but none of them currently is able to display or co-register PET images with Computed Tomography (CT) images. This paper details the approach taken to display co-registered PET images with the CADPLAN treatment planning system. CT Image files are normally transferred to Cadplan by DICOM transfer, but the Cadplan DICOM server will not receive (has no presentation context for) PET images. The fundamental design of the CADPLAN system envisages display of only a single image dataset, which must be a CT scan for planning reasons. The problem of data transfer is crudely solved by File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over the network. Fortunately the multislice format of the PET image files makes individual transfer manageable. A menu based C program running at the same time as Cadplan is invoked to sample the DICOM PET Image and create multiple Cadplan CART image format files that are co-registered with each existing transverse CT slice. With the Cadplan in contour mode, the program allows the co-registered PET images to be swapped in and out of the image section of the CART files promptly, while keeping the contour information. This allows radiotherapy target volumes to be marked using transverse PET emission images, and effectively circumvents the design constraints prohibiting the display of more than one image set. Contours can be over-laid for review on reconstructed sagittal or coronal views of CT or PET images constructed using the standard Cadplan tools. Co-registration is facilitated by identical positioning with the aid of lasers and FDG loaded fiducial markers on the PET scanner and CT couch. A polyurethane cast fixed with EFFILOCK is used to ensure identical patient orientation on the CT and PET couches. Since both imaging modalities are without significant geometric distortion the co-registration is then simply a translation. PET transmission images can be used for co-registration verification. The practical implementation of display of PET images with CADPLAN has enabled us to begin a trial of 10 patients, the results of which will be reported separately.

[Effects of pressure induced retinal ischemia on ERG in rabbit]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effects of pressure induced retinal ischemia on electroretinogram(ERG) in rabbit.

METHODS

Retinal ischemia was induced in rabbits by increasing intraocular pressure at 30 mmHg, 60 mmHg, 90 mmHg, 120 mmHg for 45 minutes, and retinal function was monitored by eletroretinography.

RESULTS

There was no difference on ERG before or after the experiment both in 30 mmHg group and control one. In 60 mmHg pressure induced ischemia eyes, the amplitudes of the b-wave and OPs wave reduced significantly. Four hours after reperfusion, they were totally recovered. After an ischemic insult of 90 mmHg or 120 mmHg for 45 minutes, there was no response of ERG. Four hours later, the amplitudes of the b-wave and OPs wave were 66.912 +/- 20.157 and 16.423 +/- 3.965 the former, 38.852 +/- 23.438 and 8.610 +/- 12.090 the latter, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that higher intraocular pressure causes more severe retina ischemic damage, and less recovery ability.

[The value of color Doppler imaging ultrasound in diagnosis of orbital diseases]

OBJECTIVE

To study the useful value of color Doppler imaging (CDI) ultrasound in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of orbital diseases.

METHODS

By using the technique of CDI ultrasound, 288 cases with orbital diseases were examined to show color Doppler flow imaging and pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) spectrum.

RESULTS

Among 288 cases of the orbital diseases, 38 cases of malignant tumors and 23 cases inflammatory pseudotumors showed the signals of blood flow. From CDI ultrasound examination, there were 18 in 23 cases with benign mixed tumors of the lacrimal gland showing artery blood flow and 22 in 28 cases with neurilemoma showing signals of blood flow. No blood flow was obtained in 62 among 74 cases with cavernous hemangioma, in 16 cases of dermoid cysts or epidermoid cysts and 1 case of lipoma. From CDI, rich blood flow was seen in 4 and scarce in 3 cases with meningioma, and in 6 cases of optic nerve gliomas, there were 5 cases without any blood flow signals. Other 2 cases with benign hemangioendothelioma, 2 hemangiopericytoma and 1 neurofibroma showed rich or scarce blood flow signals. Among 29 cases of venous hemangiomas, 16 cases showed venous flow. Three cases with arteriovenous aneurysms showed artery blood flow in the CDI. Fifteen cases with varicosis exhibited a dynamic blood flow changes in the CDI. Six cases with infantile hemangioma, the decreased blood supply was shown in the CDI after treatment. In the thirteen cases with carotid artery cavernous sinus fistula, including 8 cases of internal carotid artery cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) and 5 dural cavernous sinus fistula (DCF), dilated superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) with arterialized blood flow was seen. In the mean time, PWD showed that the SOV of CCF had a higher velocity and a higher flow volume than that of DCF, while its resistance index was lower than that of the DCF. In 1 case with thrombophlebitis, its SOV showed dilated superior ophthalmic vein without blood flow.

CONCLUSIONS

CDI can provide the information of color blood flow in orbital diseases, especially the tumors with rich vascular tissue and orbital vascular diseases. It is important in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the orbital diseases in combination with B-mode ultrasound, CT or MRI.

GeneChip analysis after acute spinal cord injury in rat

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to induction and/or suppression of several genes, the interplay of which governs the neuronal death and subsequent loss of motor function. Using GeneChip, the present study analyzed changes in the mRNA abundance at 3 and 24 h after SCI in adult rats. SCI was induced at T9 level by the New York University impactor by dropping a 10-g weight from a height of 25 mm. Several transcription factors, immediate early genes, heat-shock proteins, pro-inflammatory genes were up-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. On the other hand, some neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, ion channels, kinases and structural proteins were down-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. Several genes that play a role in growth/differentiation, survival and neuroprotection were up-regulated at 24 h after SCI. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the changes observed by GeneChip were confirmed for seven up-regulated (interleukin-6, heat-shock protein-70, heme oxygenase-1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, interferon regulatory factor-1, neuropeptide Y), two down-regulated (vesicular GABA transporter and cholecystokinin precursor) and two unchanged (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase) genes. The present study shows that inflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, increased transcription, ionic imbalance and cytoskeletal damage starts as early as 3 h after SCI. In addition to these effects, 24 h after SCI the repair and regeneration process begins in an attempt to stabilize the injured spinal cord.

Synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationships of fluorine-containing 4,4-dihydroxylmethyl-2-aryliminooxazo(thiazo)lidines as trehalase inhibitors

Five fluorine-containing 4,4-dihydroxylmethyl-2-aryliminooxazolidines and five 4,4-dihydroxylmethyl-2-aryliminothiazolidines were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against trehalase in vitro. All these compounds were very readily synthesized compared with the natural trehalase inhibitors. They had moderate inhibitory activity toward trehalase, and showed larvicidal activity and inhibition action to insect flight. The steric parameters and semiempirical quantum parameters of these compounds were acquired by using the molecular modeling method and the PM3-SCF-MO method, respectively. A quantitative structure-activity relationship between half-inhibitory concentrations toward trehalase and the above parameters was established.

Syntheses and activities as trehalase inhibitors of N-arylglycosylamines derived from fluorinated anilines

Twelve N-arylglycosylamines were prepared in a one-pot reaction by treatment of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose or D-xylose with fluorinated anilines in the presence of small amount of hydrochloric acid. The inhibitory activity against porcine trehalase and the fungicidal activity of the title compounds toward Rhizoctonia solani have been tested.

[Study on different responses of rats' small intestine mucous membrane and bladder transitional epithelium in the same carcinogenic urine environment]

OBJECTIVE

To preliminarily verify the tentative idea of replacement of bladder transitional epithelium with small intestine mucous membrane to prevent recurrence of carcinoma of bladder.

METHODS

A certain segment of small intestine was transplanted to the urinary bladder of the same body in 17 rats. Then N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxy-butyl) nitrosamine (BBN) was used to induce carcinoma of bladder. BBN was used to 11 control rats that did not undergo operation.

RESULTS

Bladder carcinoma failed to be found in the transplanted small intestine mucous membrane in all experimental rats except one. After stimulation of BBN, carcinoma of urinary bladder occurred in all rats' bladder transitional epithelium.

CONCLUSION

1) The carcinogenic substances in the urine of rats suffering from BBN-induced bladder carcinoma are carcinogenic only to bladder transitional epithelium and have no effect on small intestine epithelium. 2) Bladder transitional epithelium may be more sensitive to the urine carcinogenic substances and easier to be cancerized than small intestine epithelium. 3) The tentative idea of substitution of small intestine mucous membrane for bladder transitional epithelium to prevent the recurrence of bladder carcinoma is worth further studying.

[Projections of 5-HTergic fibers to the spinal phrenic nucleus and medullary phrenic premotor neurons in the cat]

Experiments were performed on 6 adult cats. Brainstem neurons that project to the phrenic nucleus were retrogradely labeled by microinjection of WGA-HRP into the spinal phrenic nucleus. The brainstem sections were double processed for HRP histochemical staining with TMB-DAB method and 5-HT immunohistochemical staining with anti-5-HT primary antibody and FITC conjugated immunofluorescent secondary antibody. HRP-5-HT double-labeled neurons were observed mainly in the nucleus raphe pallidus. A few double-labeled neurons were also observed in nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus raphe magnus. 5-HT immunopositive terminal fibers were observed in the vicinity of HRP single-labeled neurons (phrenic premotor neurons) located in the nucleus ambiguus and ventrolateral solitary tract nucleus. The results indicate that the 5-HTergic neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus send axonal projections to the phrenic nucleus, and that the brainstem phrenic premotor neurons also receive 5-HTergic axonal projections.

Afferent projection to the retrotrapezoid nucleus from respiratory related structures in the brainstem of rabbit--a retrograde CB-HRP tracing study

Experiments were performed on 10 adult rabbits. After microinjection of cholera toxin B-subunit conjugated horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), retrogradely labeled neurons were mainly observed in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the medial parabrachial nucleus (PBM) and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL). A few labeled neurons were also observed in the ventrolateral solitary tract nucleus, the ambiguus and retroambiguus nuclei, and the ventromedial area of retrofacial nucleus. Labeled terminal fibers were mainly observed in the retrofacial nucleus, the ambiguus and retroambiguus nuclei, the ventrolateral area of solitary tract nucleus, and the PBL-PBM-KF. The above results show that the RTN has axonal connections with the pontine and medullary respiratory related structures.

[Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of full length L segment cDNA of Hantavirus strain A9]

OBJECTIVE

Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of full length cDNA sequence of L segment of Hantavirus strain A9.

METHODS

The L segment cDNA of Hantavirus strain A9 was amplified by RT-PCR. PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Full length cDNA clone of the L segment was obtained by subcloning.

RESULTS

The L segment of strain A9 was 6 533 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative L polymerase that was 2 151 amino acids in length. Analysis of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the L segment of strain A9 showed a close relationship with the other Hantaviruses most notably the 76-118, Cl-1 and Cl-2 strains, with which they shared a 83.8% nucleotide identity. More distant similarity could also be seen with other Hantaviruses. Sequence comparison performed among the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of 27 negative stranded RNA viruses revealed that the same existence of six conserved regions and several strictly conserved residues located at the deduced amino acid sequence of A9 L segment.

CONCLUSIONS

The nucleotide sequence of L segment of strain A9 was similar to other Hantavirus L segments. Deduced amino acid sequence of A9 L segment shares 6 conserved regions with other RNA virus RNA polymerase. The conserved residues in these polymerases and their possible functions in light of the available structural information have been discussed.

[The effect of Paeonol on erythrocyte deformability determined by micropipette aspiration technique]

OBJECTIVE

The effect of Paeonol (PAE) on erythorcyet(RBC) deformability was studied in order to provide experimental data for the application in clinic and the evaluation in pharmacological action.

METHODS

Micropipette Aspiration Technique was used to determine the RBC deformation length. The method of calculation was also simplified and a new apparent deformation Index(ADI) was defined.

RESULTS

PAE could increase the ADImin and ADImax and decrease Tmax significantly.

CONCLUSION

PAE has the effect of deformational ability on RBC. Micropipette aspiration technique is a feasible method for determining the effect of traditional Chinese medicine on erythrocyte deformability.

[Mortality study of major non-communicable diseases in Shanghai, from 1951 to 1998]

OBJECTIVE

To study the transition of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Shanghai.

METHODS

Demographic and mortality data since early 1950s in Shanghai was used. Linear regression model was employed to evaluate the mortality trends of diseases.

RESULTS

During the past five decades, age-adjusted mortality had been gradually decreasing, with leading cause of deaths shifting from infectious diseases to NCDs. In 1998, the average life expectancy reached 77.03, and the three leading causes of deaths, i.e. tumor, cardio-vascular diseases and respiratory diseases, accounted for 75% of all deaths. The crude mortality of major NCDs increased consistently. However, the age-adjusted mortality trends of major NCDs decreased during the past two decades after a 30-year's increase. Turnover took place in the late 1970s for tumors, for coronary heart in late 1980s diseases and in the early 1990s for strokes. For malignant tumors, the age-adjusted mortality of breast cancer, cancer of colon and rectum did not significantly decrease in the past two decades.

CONCLUSION

The increase of crude mortality of major NCDs was mainly due to the trend of aging in Shanghai. It is suggested that the risk factors of major NCDs had decreased to some extent but the behavior and dietary related risk factors remained serious.

[Investigation on the mechanics of adhesion to the selective extracellular matrix coated surfaces of lung cancer cells]

The adhesion properties of tumor cells with extracellular matrix(ECM) are closely associated with their invasion and metastasis. Our work reported here was intended reveal the relevant biomechanical and biorheological manifestations of human lung cancer. Using micropipette aspiration technique, we investigated quantitatively the adhesive mechanics properties of high metastatic human giant cell carcinoma(PG) cells as well as low metastatic adenocarcinoma(PAa) cells of lung based on cell culture in vitro. The results showed that the adhesion forces of PAa and PG cells to collagen IV were significantly higher than those to glass surfaces, but at the lower concentrations(1.00 microgram/ml and 2.00 micrograms/ml) of collagen IV, the amplitude for the increase of adhesion forces of PG cells were less than the amplitude for that of PAa cells, and most of the adhesion force values of PAa cells to the coated surfaces of incorporation of laminin along with 2 micrograms/ml collagen IV were significantly greater than those of PG cells. At the lower concentrations(0.625 microgram/ml for PAa cells, and 0.625 microgram/ml, 1.25 micrograms/ml for PG cells) of laminin tested, the adhesion force values of PAa and PG cells all decreased, but the amplitude and level for the decreased values of adhesion forces of PG cells were greater than those for the PAa cells. In conclusion, the adhesive and proteolytic behaviour of cancer cells to extracellular matrix might be mediated mainly by tumor cell membrane receptors such as integrin receptors and laminin receptors, it might affect the biological characteristics and the metastasis of the tumor cells. The results may benefit to explain some questions in biomechanical views about how the highly metastatic PG cells are prone to migration and invasion.

N'-tert-Butyl-N'-aroyl-N-(alkoxycarbonylmethyl)-N-aroylhydrazines, a novel nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist: syntheses, insecticidal activity, conformational, and crystal structure analysis

Seventeen N'-tert-butyl-N'-aroyl-N-(alkoxycarbonylmethyl)-N-aroylhydrazines were synthesized, and their insecticidal activities against armyworm (Leucania separata (Walker)) were tested. The conformation and structure of compound 1b was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure belongs to the orthorhombic system and the N—N bond adopts a gauche conformation, which was assumed to be the active conformation, with a dihedral angle of 69.9°.Key words: N'-tert-butyl-N'-aroyl-N-(alkoxycarbonylmethyl)-N-aroylhydrazine, syntheses, insecticidal activity, conformation, crystal structure.

Investigation on the rheological properties of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and their relevance to cytoskeleton structure

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relevance of the rheological properties, i.e., viscoelasticities and adhesion to basement membrane components coated surface, of both hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to the cytoskeleton structure.

METHODS

Micropipette aspiration technique was adopted to measure viscoelastic coefficients and adhesion forces to 2 microg/ml collagen IV/1.25 microg/ml laminin coated surface of the cells. Two kinds of cytoskeleton perturbing agents, colchicine and cytochalasin D, were used to treat both HCC cells and hepatocytes and the effects of these treatments on cell viscoelastic coefficients and cell adhesion forces were investigated.

RESULTS

Upon treatment of cells with colchicine in a concentration range of 1 to 60 mg/L, the elastic coefficients, especially the first elastic coefficient K1, and adhesion forces of hepatocytes generally tended to increase or increased significantly while, in contrast, viscoelastic coefficients and adhesion forces of HCC cells decreased obviously. Upon treatment of cells with cytochalasin D in a concentration range of 0.25-5.00 mg/L, viscoelastic coefficients of both hepatocytes and HCC cells decreased uniformly, with a larger magnitude for the decrease in elastic coefficients and adhesion forces of HCC cells than for those of hepatocytes. Adhesion forces of hepatocytes and HCC cells onto collagen IV/laminin coated surface varied similarly as viscoelastic coefficients under the action of the cytoskeleton perturbing agents. A significant positive correlation existed between changes of HCC cell adhesion forces on collagen IV/laminin coated surfaces and those of cell elastic coefficients (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of cochicine and cytochalasin D on rheological properties of HCC cells differed significantly either in ways or extents from those on rheological properties of hepatocytes. These results might reflect the difference in the state of cytoskeleton structure and function among these two kinds of cells.

[Change of prolactin in SD rats with experimental autoimmune thyroiditis]

OBJECTIVE

To verify the effect of prolactin (PRL) on the development and progression of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in SD rats and the inhibitive effect of bromocriptine (BRC) on the development of EAT.

METHODS

SD rats were injected with BRC to inhibit the development of EAT and the change of PRL were observed.

RESULTS

High level of serum PRL was found in the EAT rats [(8.70 +/- 0.42) microg/L, P < 0.01 vs. control (6.46 +/- 0.67) microg/L], and there was also high levels of thyroid autoantibodies (thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody). However, in rats receiving BRC, the levels of thyroid autoantibodies decreased as the PRL level declined (5.30 +/- 0.81) microg/L and the thyroid lesions were mild.

CONCLUSION

Hyperprolactinemia plays a role in the development of EAT and control of the hyperprolactinemia with BRC may afford therapeutic benefit.

Synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationships of new 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles

Fourteen new 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, namely (i) six 2-[2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-cyclopropyl]-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and (ii) eight 2-substituted-phenoxymethyl-5-substituted-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, were synthesized and evaluated for their insect growth regulatory activity against second-instar larvae of armyworm (Pseudaletia separata Walker). Two of these compounds (7 and 8) showed good insecticidal activities, with LC(50) values of 14.33 and 15.85 microg/mL, respectively. Steric parameters (e.g., the molecular length d and the ratio of the nonpolar surface area and polar surface area V(1)/V(2)) and semiempirical quantum parameters (e.g., the molecular total energy E(t) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy E(LUMO) and so on) of these compounds, as well as those of six other 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles reported, were acquired by the molecular modeling method and the PM3-SCF-MO method, respectively. With the help of the synthons' activity contribution method based on the Free-Wilson approach in its Fujita-Ban variant, quantitative structure-activity relationships were studied by regressing half-lethal concentrations against the above parameters.

[Monitor visual function with flash visual evoked potential during orbital surgery]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of monitoring visual function with flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) during orbital surgery.

METHOD

The visual function of 82 cases was monitored during orbital surgery with FVEP. Of these cases, the intraoperative and postoperative visual functions (IOVF and POVF) were compared.

RESULTS

Sixty-nine cases were successfully monitored. Sixty-seven cases obtained the accordance of IOVF and POVF, and there were false positive in 1 case and false negative in 1 case.

CONCLUSION

Intraoperative monitoring of visual function with FVEP can show the surgical injury of the optic nerve and unsuitable procedures, and decrease the surgical blind rate.

[Assay and L1 gene sequence analysis of human papillomavirus type 6 and 11 in condylomata acuminata]

OBJECTIVE

To determinate the prevalence of HPV type 6, 11 in condylomata acuminata, and analyze the sequence of L1 gene and its deduced L1 protein.

METHODS

PCR was used to amplify DNA sequences between E6 and E7 of HPV type 6 and 11. The PCR products were identified by the fragment length cleaved with restriction enzyme RsaI. L1 genes were amplified with high fidelity Taq, and cloned DNA sequences were detected by the dideoxynucleotide method.

RESULTS

In 34 examples of condylomata acuminata, HPV11 was found in 25 examples (73.5%), HPV6 in 15(44.1%), including HPV6 + HPV11 in 6(17.6%). In comparison with the prototypes there were 7-8 point mutations in HPV11 L1 gene and 3 in HPV6L1 gene. L1 encoded protein changes showed up only in 1-3 amino acids in the former cases.

CONCLUSION

Most of patients tested with condylomata acuminata are mainly infected by HPV11, the rest of them by HPV6 or by co-infection of two mixex types. Sequence analysis of L1 genes indicated that mutations were found in both HPV6 and 11, whereas deduced amino acid mutations in L1 protein were limited in HPV11 only.

The preparation and characterization of an immobilized l-glutamic decarboxylase and its application for determination of l-glutamic acid

This paper is to study the preparation and characterization of an immobilized L-glutamic decarboxylase (GDC) and develop a sensitive method for the determination of L-glutamate using a new biosensor, which consists of an enzyme column reactor of GDC immobilized on a novel ion exchange resin (carboxymethyl-copolymer of allyl dextran and N.N'-methylene-bisacrylamide CM-CADB) and ion analyzer coupled with a CO(2) electrode. The conditions for the enzyme immobilization were optimized by the parameters: buffer composition and concentration, adsorption equilibration time, amount of enzyme, temperature, ionic strength and pH. The dynamic response of Na(2)HPO(4)-citric acid buffer system selected is much better than that of the others, 0.10 M HAc-0.10 M NaAc and 0.10 M sodium citrate-0.10 M citric acid. The initial rate of the enzyme reaction v(0) in this buffer system is 1.76 mol. l(-1) min(-1), moreover, the rate of the enzyme reaction appears linear in the first 4 min. The optimum adsorption equilibrium time is around 6 h. The amount of enzyme adsorbed on CM-CADB resin affects the response to substrate L-glutamic acid, the widest range of linearity is obtained with over 30 mg (GDC)/g(resin). The GDC activity immobilized on CM-CADB reaches a maximum when the immobilization temperature was kept around 40 degrees C. pH was kept at 4.4 when measuring the activity of the immobilized GDC. No variation of the activity of immobilized GDC is observed when the capacity is over 2.5 meq/g.(CM-CADB resin). The properties of the immobilized enzyme on CM-CADB were characterized. No significant improvement can be achieved when the substrate concentration exceeds 12.00 mmol/l, where the activity of immobilized GDC is equal to 1.58 mmol/l.min.g. The optimum pH is found to be 5.2, which changes 0.2 unit, comparing with that of the free GDC (5.0). The optimum temperature is found to be around 48 degrees C, which is lower than that of free GDC (55 degrees C). The critical temperature of the free GDC and the immobilized GDC is approximately 50 degrees C and 45 degrees C, respectively. The half-life of the activity is 127 days when the immobilized enzyme was stored in the cold (4 degrees C). An immobilized GDC enzyme column reactor matched with a flow injection system-ion analyzer coupled with CO(2) electrode-data collection system made up the original form of the apparatus of biosensor for determining of L-glutamic acid. The determination conditions are that the buffer solution is 0.10 M Na(2)HPO(4)-0.05 M citric acid at pH 4.4 and t = 37 degrees C. The limit of detection is 1.0 x 10(-)(5) M. The linearity response is in the range of 5 x 10 (-2) - 5 x 10 (-5) M. The equation of linear regression of the calibration curve is y = 43.3x + 181.6 (y is the milli-volt of electrical potential response, x is the logarithm of the concentration of the substrate of L-glutamic acid). The correlation coefficient equals 0.99. The coefficient of variation equals 2.7%.

Changes in cardiovascular risk factors in different socioeconomic groups: seven year trends in a Chinese urban population

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To analyse trends in socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors among an urban Chinese population using educational attainment as the socioeconomic indicator.

DESIGN

Population surveys with randomly selected independent samples were carried out in 1989 and in 1996. Educational attainment, blood pressure, body mass index, cigarette smoking and lack of leisure time physical activity were determined.

SETTING

Urban areas of the city of Tianjin, China.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 14 275 respondents aged 25-64 years.

MAIN RESULTS

Diastolic blood pressure increased and the proportion of people without leisure time physical activity decreased in both sexes during the study period. The prevalence of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked daily increased significantly among men. Smoking decreased in the least educated men and increased in those who had studied at least to college level. Body mass index decreased across all educational strata in women, but blood pressure increased in women with at least college level education.

CONCLUSIONS

These data reveal a different picture in trends in the association of education and cardiovascular risk factors from those depicted in developed countries. This highlights the need for an effective intervention programme in the study population.

[The effect of vinblastine on the viscoelastic properties of lung cancer cells]

BACKGROUND

To explore the effect of vinblastine on the viscoelastic properties of highmetastatic human giant cell carcinoma cells ( PC) and low metastatic adenocarcinoma cells (PAa) of the lung and its biomechanical mechanisms.

METHODS

The viscoelastic properties of PG and PAa cells and their changes after treated with vinblastine (VCR, 0. 10-2. 00Lg/ml) were detected by micropipette aspiration technique. Viscoelasticity was analyzed by the special three-element standard linear solid model.

RESULTS

Before treated with VCR, the elastic coefficients K1 and K2 as well as viscous coefficient L of PAa were significantly higher than those of PG cells. The values of K1, K2 and L of PAa cells decreased along with the increase of VCR concentration. However, the viscoelastic coefficient values in PG cells decreased when the VCR concentration was lower than 1. 00Lg/ml and then turned to increase as concentration of VCR went on increasing. The microtubules and microfilaments were sparse random in the PAa cells and diminished in PG cells. After treated with VCR, they were cut down seriously in PAa cells, and manifestations of mitotic arrest of cell cycle increased unusually in PG cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The cytoskeleton structure component changes are related to the viscoelasticity of the tumor cells. The anti-neoplasm actions of cytoskeleton interferents such as VCR might be realized by mainly regulating the message of tumor cells growth and differentiation.

[Synthesis and DNA binding studies of Ruthenium complexes by spectra]

New Complexes Ru(bpy)2dppx2+ were synthesized. The binding of Ru(bpy)2dppx2+ to calf thymus DNA has been investigated by using electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra. The intercalation mode was proved to exist. The DNA leads to a dramatic enhancement of the photoluminescence of the drug at 599 nm (lambda ex = 471 nm) and absorption hypochromic effect and red shift. It was obvious that Ruthenium complexes may be used at a good DNA probe.

Protective immunity induced by the full-length cDNA encoding paramyosin of Chinese Schistosoma japonicum

The full-length cDNA encoding paramyosin of Chinese S. japonicum (Sjc97) has been cloned and sequenced for the first time. The homology of the nucleotide sequence of paramyosin and the deduced amino acid sequence between Chinese, Philippine, Japanese strains and S. mansoni (Sm97) were 99.7, 99.8 and 96% at amino acid level, respectively; 99.4, 99.2 and 91% at nucleotide level, respectively. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding Sjc97 was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Mice immunized intramuscularly with pCMV-Sjc97 resulted in predominantly IgG2a and IgG2b immune responses, and immune sera were able to mediate antibody-dependent macrophage mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Cytokine profiles in immunized C57BL/6 mice demonstrated Th1 bias, with IFN-gamma and IL-2 production and lack of IL-4 and IL-5. Immunization with pCMV-Sjc97 conferred a significant level of protection against cercariae in C57BL/6 mice. These results demonstrate that the nucleic acid encoding Sjc97 was able to induce a Th1 type immune response and confer protective efficacy in C57BL/6 mice when administrated via the intramuscular route.

[Point mutations of N-ras oncogene and abnormal expression of rasp21, p53 proteins in orbital rhabdomyosarcoma]

OBJECTIVE

The point mutations of N-ras oncogene and the abnormal expression of rasp21 and p53 proteins in orbital rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) were analyzed in order to explore the role of oncogene mutations in the pathogenesis of orbital RMS and its relation to patients' prognosis.

METHOD

21 human orbital RMS tissues were analyzed by dot-blot hybridization and immunohistochemistry using synthetic specific oligonucleotide probes and mutant rasp21, p53 monoclonal antibodies.

RESULTS

The second base mutation of codon 12 of the N-ras oncogene was found in 4 patients. The third base mutation of codon 61 was found in 5 patients. The mutant rate was 33.3%. By immunohistochemistry analysis, the overexpression of rasp21 and p53 protein level was found in 42.9% and 76.2% respectively. The prognosis of patients with overexpression of ras p21, p53 was worse than that of normal expression (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The mutants of ras and p53 oncogene play important roles in the pathogenesis of orbital RMS, and the abnormal expression of their protein products is related to patients' prognosis.

[A study on methods to measure the social burden of disease and their significance]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects of social burden of disease (BOD) on the total BOD.

METHODS

With stroke as an example, BOD was measured using the index, disability adjusted life years (DALY), and partial social BOD was measured using another index, time lost for nursing care of hospitalized patients.

RESULTS

The burden of stroke was 11.70 DALYs per thousand in men and 9.38 in women, respectively, and the burden for caring of patients with stroke during hospitalization accounted for 2.2% and 2.8% of the total BOD for men and women, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Effects of social BOD should be taken into consideration in measurement of total BOD.

TNF-alpha gene expression in macrophages: regulation by NF-kappa B is independent of c-Jun or C/EBP beta

The interaction of transcription factors is critical in the regulation of gene expression. This study characterized the mechanism by which NF-kappa B family members interact to regulate the human TNF-alpha gene. A 120-bp TNF-alpha promoter-reporter, possessing binding sites for NF-kappa B (kappa B3), C/EBP beta (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta), and c-Jun, was activated by cotransfection of plasmids expressing the wild-type version of each of these transcription factors. Employing adenoviral vectors, dominant-negative versions of NF-kappa B p65, and c-Jun, but not C/EBP beta, suppressed (p < 0.05-0.001) LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion in primary human macrophages. Following LPS stimulation, NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers bound to the kappa B3 site and c-Jun to the -103 AP-1 site of the TNF-alpha promoter. By transient transfection, NF-kappa B p65 and p50 synergistically activated the TNF-alpha promoter. In contrast, no synergy was observed between NF-kappa B p65, with or without NF-kappa B p50, and c-Jun or C/EBP beta, even in the presence of the coactivator p300. The contribution of the upstream kappa B binding sites was also examined. Following LPS stimulation, the kappa B1 site bound both NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers and p50 homodimers. The binding by NF-kappa B p50 homodimers to the kappa B1, but not to the kappa 3, site contributed to the inability of macrophages to respond to a second LPS challenge. In summary, adjacent kappa B3 and AP-1 sites in the human TNF-alpha promoter contribute independently to LPS-induced activation. Although both the kappa B1 and kappa B3 sites bound transcriptionally active NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers, only the kappa B1 site contributed to down-regulation by NF-kappa B p50 homodimers.