151
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Barisoni L, Gimpel C, Kain R, Laurinavicius A, Bueno G, Zeng C, Liu Z, Schaefer F, Kretzler M, Holzman LB, Hewitt SM. Digital pathology imaging as a novel platform for standardization and globalization of quantitative nephropathology. Clin Kidney J 2017; 10:176-187. [PMID: 28584625 PMCID: PMC5455257 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of digital pathology to nephrology provides a platform for the development of new methodologies and protocols for visual, morphometric and computer-aided assessment of renal biopsies. Application of digital imaging to pathology made substantial progress over the past decade; it is now in use for education, clinical trials and translational research. Digital pathology evolved as a valuable tool to generate comprehensive structural information in digital form, a key prerequisite for achieving precision pathology for computational biology. The application of this new technology on an international scale is driving novel methods for collaborations, providing unique opportunities but also challenges. Standardization of methods needs to be rigorously evaluated and applied at each step, from specimen processing to scanning, uploading into digital repositories, morphologic, morphometric and computer-aided assessment, data collection and analysis. In this review, we discuss the status and opportunities created by the application of digital imaging to precision nephropathology, and present a vision for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charlotte Gimpel
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- Faculty of Medicine and National Center of Pathology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gloria Bueno
- VISILAB – E.T.S.I.I., University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Franz Schaefer
- University Children Hospital, Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence B. Holzman
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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152
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Kwak JT, Hewitt SM. Multiview boosting digital pathology analysis of prostate cancer. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2017; 142:91-99. [PMID: 28325451 PMCID: PMC8171579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Various digital pathology tools have been developed to aid in analyzing tissues and improving cancer pathology. The multi-resolution nature of cancer pathology, however, has not been fully analyzed and utilized. Here, we develop an automated, cooperative, and multi-resolution method for improving prostate cancer diagnosis. METHODS Digitized tissue specimen images are obtained from 5 tissue microarrays (TMAs). The TMAs include 70 benign and 135 cancer samples (TMA1), 74 benign and 89 cancer samples (TMA2), 70 benign and 115 cancer samples (TMA3), 79 benign and 82 cancer samples (TMA4), and 72 benign and 86 cancer samples (TMA5). The tissue specimen images are segmented using intensity- and texture-based features. Using the segmentation results, a number of morphological features from lumens and epithelial nuclei are computed to characterize tissues at different resolutions. Applying a multiview boosting algorithm, tissue characteristics, obtained from differing resolutions, are cooperatively combined to achieve accurate cancer detection. RESULTS In segmenting prostate tissues, the multiview boosting method achieved≥ 0.97 AUC using TMA1. For detecting cancers, the multiview boosting method achieved an AUC of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97-0.99) as trained on TMA2 and tested on TMA3, TMA4, and TMA5. The proposed method was superior to single-view approaches, utilizing features from a single resolution or merging features from all the resolutions. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method was insensitive to the choice of the training dataset. Trained on TMA3, TMA4, and TMA5, the proposed method obtained an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98), 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99), and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The multiview boosting method is capable of integrating information from multiple resolutions in an effective and efficient fashion and identifying cancers with high accuracy. The multiview boosting method holds a great potential for improving digital pathology tools and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tae Kwak
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD 20852, USA
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153
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Hewitt SM. Editor's Note. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:254. [PMID: 28347263 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416688260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hewitt
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (SMH)
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154
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Hewitt SM. Formulation and pH of the Buffered Ethanol Fixative BE70. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:251-252. [PMID: 28347266 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416687279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hewitt
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (SMH)
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155
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Pandey PR, Chatterjee B, Olanich ME, Khan J, Miettinen MM, Hewitt SM, Barr FG. PAX3-FOXO1 is essential for tumour initiation and maintenance but not recurrence in a human myoblast model of rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pathol 2017; 241:626-637. [PMID: 28138962 DOI: 10.1002/path.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene is generated by a 2;13 chromosomal translocation and is a characteristic feature of an aggressive subset of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). To dissect the mechanism of oncogene action during RMS tumourigenesis and progression, doxycycline-inducible PAX3-FOXO1 and constitutive MYCN expression constructs were introduced into immortalized human myoblasts. Although myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 or MYCN alone were not transformed in focus formation assays, combined PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN expression resulted in transformation. Following intramuscular injection into immunodeficient mice, myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN formed rapidly growing RMS tumours, whereas myoblasts expressing only PAX3-FOXO1 formed tumours after a longer latency period. Doxycycline withdrawal in myoblasts expressing inducible PAX3-FOXO1 and constitutive MYCN following tumour formation in vivo or focus formation in vitro resulted in tumour regression or smaller foci associated with myogenic differentiation and cell death. Following regression, most tumours recurred in the absence of doxycycline. Analysis of recurrent tumours revealed a subset without PAX3-FOXO1 expression, and cell lines derived from these recurrent tumours showed transformation in the absence of doxycycline. The doxycycline-independent oncogenicity in these recurrent tumour-derived lines persisted even after PAX3-FOXO1 was inactivated with a CRISPR/Cas9 editing strategy. Whereas cell lines derived from primary tumours were dependent on PAX3-FOXO1 and differentiated following doxycycline withdrawal, recurrent tumour-derived cells without PAX3-FOXO1 expression did not differentiate under these conditions. These findings indicate that PAX3-FOXO1 collaborates with MYCN during early RMS tumourigenesis to dysregulate proliferation and inhibit myogenic differentiation and cell death. Although most cells in the primary tumours are dependent on PAX3-FOXO1, recurrent tumours can develop by a PAX3-FOXO1-independent mechanism, in which rare cells are postulated to acquire secondary transforming events that were activated or selected by initial PAX3-FOXO1 expression. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa R Pandey
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bishwanath Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary E Olanich
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markku M Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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156
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Mullooly M, Yang HP, Falk RT, Nyante SJ, Cora R, Pfeiffer RM, Radisky DC, Visscher DW, Hartmann LC, Carter JM, Degnim AC, Stanczyk FZ, Figueroa JD, Garcia-Closas M, Lissowska J, Troester MA, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Gierach GL. Relationship between crown-like structures and sex-steroid hormones in breast adipose tissue and serum among postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:8. [PMID: 28103902 PMCID: PMC5244534 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postmenopausal obesity is associated with increased circulating levels of androgens and estrogens and elevated breast cancer risk. Crown-like structures (CLS; microscopic foci of dying adipocytes surrounded by macrophages) are proposed to represent sites of increased aromatization of androgens to estrogens. Accordingly, we examined relationships between CLS and sex-steroid hormones in breast adipose tissue and serum from postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded benign breast tissues collected for research from postmenopausal women (n = 83) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the Polish Breast Cancer Study (PBCS) were evaluated. Tissues were immunohistochemically stained for CD68 to determine the presence of CLS per unit area of adipose tissue. Relationships were assessed between CD68 density and CLS and previously reported sex-steroid hormones quantified using radioimmunoassays in serum taken at the time of diagnosis and in fresh frozen adipose tissue taken at the time of surgery. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationships between hormones (in tertiles) and CLS. Results CLS were observed in 36% of benign breast tissues, with a higher frequency among obese versus lean women (54% versus 17%, p = 0.03). Detection of CLS was not related to individual hormone levels or breast tumor pathology characteristics. However, detection of CLS was associated with hormone ratios. Compared with women in the highest tertile of estrone:androstenedione ratio in fat, those in the lowest tertile were less likely to have CLS (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03–0.59). A similar pattern was observed with estradiol:testosterone ratio in serum and CLS (lowest versus highest tertile, OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04–0.72). Conclusions CLS were more frequently identified in the breast fat of obese women and were associated with increased ratios of select estrogens:androgens in the blood and tissues, but not with individual hormones. Additional studies on CLS, tissue and blood hormone levels, and breast cancer risk are needed to understand and confirm these findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0791-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Mullooly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Hannah P Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah J Nyante
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Renata Cora
- Independent contractor, CT(ASCP), MB(ASCP), Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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157
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Bodelon C, Oh H, Chatterjee N, Garcia-Closas M, Palakal M, Sherman ME, Pfeiffer RM, Geller B, Vacek P, Weaver DL, Chicoine R, Papathomas D, Xiang J, Patel DA, Khodr ZG, Linville L, Clare SE, Visscher DW, Mies C, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Storniolo AMV, He C, Chanock SJ, Gierach GL, Figueroa JD. Association between breast cancer genetic susceptibility variants and terminal duct lobular unit involution of the breast. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:825-832. [PMID: 27859137 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) are the predominant source of future breast cancers, and lack of TDLU involution (higher TDLU counts, higher acini count per TDLU and the product of the two) is a breast cancer risk factor. Numerous breast cancer susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified, but whether they are associated with TDLU involution is unknown. In a pooled analysis of 872 women from two studies, we investigated 62 established breast cancer SNPs and relationships with TDLU involution. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to calculate adjusted per-allele relative risks (with the non-breast cancer risk allele as the referent) and 95% confidence intervals between TDLU measures and each SNP. All statistical tests were two-sided; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, 36 SNPs (58.1%) were related to higher TDLU counts although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Six of the 62 SNPs (9.7%) were nominally associated with at least one TDLU measure: rs616488 (PEX14), rs11242675 (FOXQ1) and rs6001930 (MKL1) were associated with higher TDLU count (p = 0.047, 0.045 and 0.031, respectively); rs1353747 (PDE4D) and rs6472903 (8q21.11) were associated with higher acini count per TDLU (p = 0.007 and 0.027, respectively); and rs1353747 (PDE4D) and rs204247 (RANBP9) were associated with the product of TDLU and acini counts (p = 0.024 and 0.017, respectively). Our findings suggest breast cancer SNPs may not strongly influence TDLU involution. Agnostic genome-wide association studies of TDLU involution may provide new insights on its biologic underpinnings and breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bodelon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hannah Oh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Maya Palakal
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Daphne Papathomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jackie Xiang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zeina G Khodr
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura Linville
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Carolyn Mies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna Maria V Storniolo
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics and Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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158
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Han SY, Ko A, Kitano H, Choi CH, Lee MS, Seo J, Fukuoka J, Kim SY, Hewitt SM, Chung JY, Song J. Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Is Necessary to Prevent Cellular Senescence via Lysosomal Degradation of p14ARF. Cancer Res 2016; 77:343-354. [PMID: 27793846 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor function of p14ARF is regulated at a posttranslational level via mechanisms yet to be fully understood. Here, we report the identification of an unconventional p14ARF degradation pathway induced by the chaperone HSP90 in association with the E3 ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of HSP70-interacting protein (CHIP). The ternary complex of HSP90, CHIP, and p14ARF was required to induce the lysosomal degradation of p14ARF by an ubiquitination-independent but LAMP2A-dependent mechanism. Depletion of HSP90 or CHIP induced p14ARF-dependent senescence in human fibroblasts. Premature senescence observed in cells genetically deficient in CHIP was rescued in cells that were doubly deficient in CHIP and p14ARF. Notably, non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) positive for p14ARF were sensitive to treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin. Furthermore, overexpression of HSP90 and CHIP with a concomitant loss of p14ARF correlated with poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Our findings identify a relationship between p14ARF and its chaperones that suggest new therapeutic strategies in cancers that overexpress HSP90. Cancer Res; 77(2); 343-54. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Aram Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Haruhisa Kitano
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Min-Sik Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Jinho Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).
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159
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Felix AS, Lenz P, Pfeiffer RM, Hewitt SM, Morris J, Patel DA, Geller B, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine RE, Shepherd J, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Wang J, Fan B, Malkov S, Herschorn SD, Johnson JM, Cora RL, Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Gierach GL. Relationships between mammographic density, tissue microvessel density, and breast biopsy diagnosis. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:88. [PMID: 27552842 PMCID: PMC4995674 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with high levels of mammographic density (MD) have a four- to six-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer; however, most neither have a prevalent tumor nor will they develop one. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that background parenchymal enhancement, an indicator of vascularity, is related to increased breast cancer risk. Correlations of microvessel density (MVD) in tissue, MD and biopsy diagnosis have not been defined, and we investigated these relationships among 218 women referred for biopsy. METHODS MVD was determined by counting CD31-positive vessels in whole sections of breast biopsies in three representative areas; average MVD was transformed to approximate normality. Using digital mammograms, we quantified MD volume with single X-ray absorptiometry. We used linear regression to evaluate associations between MVD and MD adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) overall, and stratified by biopsy diagnosis: cases (in situ or invasive cancer, n = 44) versus non-cases (non-proliferative or proliferative benign breast disease, n = 174). Logistic regression adjusted for age, BMI, and MD was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between MVD and biopsy diagnosis. We also assessed whether the MVD-breast cancer association varied by MD. RESULTS MVD and MD were not consistently associated. Higher MVD was significantly associated with higher odds of in situ/invasive disease (ORAdjusted = 1.69, 95 % CI = 1.17-2.44). MVD-breast cancer associations were strongest among women with greater non-dense volume. CONCLUSIONS Increased MVD in tissues is associated with breast cancer, independently of MD, consistent with MRI findings suggestive of its possible value as a radiological cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S. Felix
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- Present address: Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, 1841 Neil Avenue, 300C Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Petra Lenz
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jennifer Morris
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Deesha A. Patel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Berta Geller
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Pamela M. Vacek
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Donald L. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Rachael E. Chicoine
- Office of Health Promotion Research, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | | | | | - Jeff Wang
- University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- Present address: Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bo Fan
- University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Jason M. Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Renata L. Cora
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mark E. Sherman
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gretchen L. Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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160
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hewitt
- Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, Truchas, New Mexico (SMH)
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161
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Figueroa JD, Pfeiffer RM, Brinton LA, Palakal MM, Degnim AC, Radisky D, Hartmann LC, Frost MH, Stallings Mann ML, Papathomas D, Gierach GL, Hewitt SM, Duggan MA, Visscher D, Sherman ME. Standardized measures of lobular involution and subsequent breast cancer risk among women with benign breast disease: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 159:163-72. [PMID: 27488681 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lesser degrees of terminal duct-lobular unit (TDLU) involution predict higher breast cancer risk; however, standardized measures to quantitate levels of TDLU involution have only recently been developed. We assessed whether three standardized measures of TDLU involution, with high intra/inter pathologist reproducibility in normal breast tissue, predict subsequent breast cancer risk among women in the Mayo benign breast disease (BBD) cohort. We performed a masked evaluation of biopsies from 99 women with BBD who subsequently developed breast cancer (cases) after a median of 16.9 years and 145 age-matched controls. We assessed three metrics inversely related to TDLU involution: TDLU count/mm(2), median TDLU span (microns, which approximates acini content), and median category of acini counts/TDLU (0-10; 11-20; 21-30; 31-50; >50). Associations with subsequent breast cancer risk for quartiles (or categories of acini counts) of each of these measures were assessed with multivariable conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). In multivariable models, women in the highest quartile compared to the lowest quartiles of TDLU counts and TDLU span measures were significantly associated with subsequent breast cancer diagnoses; TDLU counts quartile4 versus quartile1, OR = 2.44, 95 %CI 0.96-6.19, p-trend = 0.02; and TDLU spans, quartile4 versus quartile1, OR = 2.83, 95 %CI = 1.13-7.06, p-trend = 0.03. Significant associations with categorical measures of acini counts/TDLU were also observed: compared to women with median category of <10 acini/TDLU, women with >25 acini counts/TDLU were at significantly higher risk, OR = 3.40, 95 %CI 1.03-11.17, p-trend = 0.032. Women with TDLU spans and TDLU count measures above the median were at further increased risk, OR = 3.75 (95 %CI 1.40-10.00, p-trend = 0.008), compared with women below the median for both of these metrics. Similar results were observed for combinatorial metrics of TDLU acini counts/TDLU, and TDLU count. Standardized quantitative measures of TDLU counts and acini counts approximated by TDLU span measures or visually assessed in categories are independently associated with breast cancer risk. Visual assessment of TDLU numbers and acini content, which are highly reproducible between pathologists, could help identify women at high risk for subsequent breast cancer among the million women diagnosed annually with BBD in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Medical School, The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maya M Palakal
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daphne Papathomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maire A Duggan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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162
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Simon N, Antignani A, Sarnovsky R, Hewitt SM, FitzGerald D. Targeting a Cancer-Specific Epitope of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw028. [PMID: 27075852 PMCID: PMC5017938 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are typically more aggressive and result in poorer outcomes than other breast cancers because treatment options are limited due to lack of hormone receptors or amplified human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Many TNBCs overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or manifest amplification of theEGFRgene, supporting EGFR as a therapeutic target. While EGFR-directed small molecule inhibitors have shown limited effectiveness in clinical settings, use of EGFR as a mechanism of delivering enzymatic cytotoxins to TNBC has not been demonstrated. METHODS Using the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the 806 antibody that binds only cells with overexpressed, misfolded, or mutant variants of the EGFR, a recombinant immunotoxin was engineered through gene fusion withPseudomonas aeruginosaExotoxin A (806-PE38). The potency of 806-PE38 on reducing TNBC cell growth in vitro and in xenograft models (n ≥ 6) was examined for six TNBC cell lines. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS 806-PE38 statistically significantly reduced the viability of all tested TNBC lines, with IC50values below 10 ng/mL for three of six cell lines, while not affecting cells with wild-type EGFR (IC50>300 ng/mL). Systemic treatments with 806-PE38 vs vehicle resulted in statistically significantly reduced tumor burdens (806-PE38 mean = 128 mm(3)[SD = 46 mm(3)] vs vehicle mean = 749 mm(3)[SD = 395 mm(3)], P = .001) and increased median survival (806-PE38 median = 82 days vs vehicle median = 50 days,P= .01) in a MDA-MB-468 TNBC mouse xenograft. Deletion of the catalytic residue eliminated both cytotoxic activity in vitro and the reduction in tumor burden and survival (P= .52). CONCLUSIONS These data support the further development of the 806-PE38 immunotoxin as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with EGFR-positive TNBC. Follow-up experiments with combination therapies will be attempted to achieve full remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Antonella Antignani
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Sarnovsky
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David FitzGerald
- Affiliations of authors: Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (NS, AA, RS, DF), and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology (SMH), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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163
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Pandey PR, Chatterjee B, Khan J, Hewitt SM, Miettinen MM, Barr FG. Abstract 2461: Rhabdomyosarcoma tumors recur by a PAX3-FOXO1-independent mechanism in a human myoblast xenograft model. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene is generated by a 2;13 chromosomal translocation, and is a characteristic feature of a subset of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. This study utilizes an inducible expression system in human myoblasts to dissect the molecular mechanism of PAX3-FOXO1 action during RMS tumorigenesis and progression.Constitutive and doxycycline-inducible expression constructs were used to generate a human myoblast cell line that constitutively expresses MYCN and reversibly expresses PAX3-FOXO1, respectively. PAX3-FOXO1 expression was assessed by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Oncogenicity in these engineered myoblasts was studied in vitro by focus formation and in vivo by intramuscular injection of NOD-SCID mice. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and myogenic differentiation were assessed by western blot or immunohistochemical assays.In focus formation assays, doxycycline-treated myoblasts expressing constitutive MYCN and doxycycline inducible PAX3-FOXO1 showed a high level of oncogenic transformation. When doxycycline was removed during the course of this assay, smaller foci formed with prominent myogenic differentiation and cell death. Intramuscular injection of these engineered myoblasts resulted in RMS tumor formation when fusion protein expression was induced by feeding mice a doxycycline-supplemented diet. After small palpable tumors formed, doxycycline withdrawal resulted in decreased PAX3-FOXO1 expression and tumor regression. Microscopic examination of regressing tumors revealed widespread myogenic differentiation and cell death. In most cases, the tumors recurred several weeks later despite the absence of inducing agent. Analysis of recurrent tumor samples revealed that a subset emerged in the absence of PAX3-FOXO1 expression. A cell line generated from a PAX3-FOXO1-independent recurrence demonstrated transformation in vitro in the absence of doxycycline. Though cell lines derived from primary tumors were dependent on PAX3-FOXO1 and differentiated when doxycycline was removed, the recurrent tumor-derived cells did not differentiate under these conditions and instead proliferated continuously. Furthermore, reinjection of these recurrent tumor-derived cells resulted in tumor formation in mice in the absence of doxycycline, and even more rapid tumor formation in the presence of doxycycline.Our study provides evidence that the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein is necessary to develop primary tumors but recurrent tumors can develop by a PAX3-FOXO1-independent mechanism. The recurrent tumors are postulated to have acquired secondary oncogenic events that were activated or selected by initial PAX3-FOXO1 expression. These secondary events have an additive oncogenic effect with PAX3-FOXO1 expression, and then contribute to tumor recurrence in the absence of PAX3-FOXO1 expression.
Citation Format: Puspa R. Pandey, Bishwanath Chatterjee, Javed Khan, Stephen M. Hewitt, Markku Martti Miettinen, Frederic G. Barr. Rhabdomyosarcoma tumors recur by a PAX3-FOXO1-independent mechanism in a human myoblast xenograft model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2461.
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164
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Choi CH, Chung JY, Chung EJ, Sears JD, Lee JW, Bae DS, Hewitt SM. Prognostic significance of annexin A2 and annexin A4 expression in patients with cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:448. [PMID: 27402115 PMCID: PMC4940752 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The annexins (ANXs) have diverse roles in tumor development and progression, however, their clinical significance in cervical cancer has not been elucidated. The present study was to investigate the clinical significance of annexin A2 (ANXA2) and annexin A4 (ANXA4) expression in cervical cancer. METHODS ANXA2 and ANXA4 immunohistochemical staining were performed on a cervical cancer tissue microarray consisting of 46 normal cervical epithelium samples and 336 cervical cancer cases and compared the data with clinicopathological variables, including the survival of cervical cancer patients. RESULTS ANXA2 expression was lower in cancer tissue (p = 0.002), whereas ANXA4 staining increased significantly in cancer tissues (p < 0.001). ANXA2 expression was more prominent in squamous cell carcinoma (p < 0.001), whereas ANXA4 was more highly expressed in adeno/adenosquamous carcinoma (p < 0.001). ANXA2 overexpression was positively correlated with advanced cancer phenotypes, whereas ANXA4 expression was associated with resistance to radiation with or without chemotherapy (p = 0.029). Notably, high ANXA2 and ANXA4 expression was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that ANXA2+ (HR = 2.72, p = 0.003) and ANXA2+/ANXA4+ (HR = 2.69, p = 0.039) are independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival in cervical cancer. Furthermore, a random survival forest model using combined ANXA2, ANXA4, and clinical variables resulted in improved predictive power (mean C-index, 0.76) compared to that of clinical-variable-only models (mean C-index, 0.70) (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that detecting ANXA2 and ANXA4 expression may aid the evaluation of cervical carcinoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John D Sears
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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165
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Oh H, Bodelon C, Palakal M, Chatterjee N, Sherman ME, Linville L, Geller BM, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine RE, Papathomas D, Patel DA, Xiang J, Clare SE, Visscher DW, Mies C, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Storniolo AMV, He C, Garcia-Closas M, Chanock SJ, Gierach GL, Figueroa JD. Ages at menarche- and menopause-related genetic variants in relation to terminal duct lobular unit involution in normal breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:341-50. [PMID: 27342457 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduced levels of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution, as reflected by higher numbers of TDLUs and acini per TDLU, have been associated with higher breast cancer risk. Younger age at menarche and older age at menopause have been previously related to lower levels of TDLU involution. To determine a possible genetic link, we examined whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously established in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for ages at menarche and menopause are associated with TDLU involution. We conducted a pooled analysis of 862 women from two studies. H&E tissue sections were assessed for numbers of TDLUs and acini/TDLU. Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations of 36 menarche- and 21 menopause-SNPs with TDLU counts, acini counts/TDLU, and the product of these two measures, adjusting for age and study site. Fourteen percent of evaluated SNPs (eight SNPs) were associated with TDLU counts at p < 0.05, suggesting an enrichment of associations with TDLU counts. However, only menopause-SNPs had >50 % that were either significantly or nonsignificantly associated with TDLU measures in the directions consistent with their relationships shown in GWAS. Among ten SNPs that were statistically significantly associated with at least one TDLU involution measure (p < 0.05), seven SNPs (rs466639: RXRG; rs2243803: SLC14A2; rs2292573: GAB2; rs6438424: 3q13.32; rs7606918: METAP1D; rs11668344: TMEM150B; rs1635501: EXO1) were associated in the consistent directions. Our data suggest that the loci associated with ages at menarche and menopause may influence TDLU involution, suggesting some shared genetic mechanisms. However, larger studies are needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Clara Bodelon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maya Palakal
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Linville
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daphne Papathomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jackie Xiang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn Mies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Genomic Health, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anna Maria V Storniolo
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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166
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Rosenberg AZ, Palmer M, Merlino L, Troost JP, Gasim A, Bagnasco S, Avila-Casado C, Johnstone D, Hodgin JB, Conway C, Gillespie BW, Nast CC, Barisoni L, Hewitt SM. The Application of Digital Pathology to Improve Accuracy in Glomerular Enumeration in Renal Biopsies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156441. [PMID: 27310011 PMCID: PMC4911144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In renal biopsy reporting, quantitative measurements, such as glomerular number and percentage of globally sclerotic glomeruli, is central to diagnostic accuracy and prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine the number of glomeruli and percent globally sclerotic in renal biopsies by means of registration of serial tissue sections and manual enumeration, compared to the numbers in pathology reports from routine light microscopic assessment. Design We reviewed 277 biopsies from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) digital pathology repository, enumerating 9,379 glomeruli by means of whole slide imaging. Glomerular number and the percentage of globally sclerotic glomeruli are values routinely recorded in the official renal biopsy pathology report from the 25 participating centers. Two general trends in reporting were noted: total number per biopsy or average number per level/section. Both of these approaches were assessed for their accuracy in comparison to the analogous numbers of annotated glomeruli on WSI. Results The number of glomeruli annotated was consistently higher than those reported (p<0.001); this difference was proportional to the number of glomeruli. In contrast, percent globally sclerotic were similar when calculated on total glomeruli, but greater in FSGS when calculated on average number of glomeruli (p<0.01). The difference in percent globally sclerotic between annotated and those recorded in pathology reports was significant when global sclerosis is greater than 40%. Conclusions Although glass slides were not available for direct comparison to whole slide image annotation, this study indicates that routine manual light microscopy assessment of number of glomeruli is inaccurate, and the magnitude of this error is proportional to the total number of glomeruli.
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MESH Headings
- Biopsy
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/diagnostic imaging
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/surgery
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/diagnostic imaging
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/surgery
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/diagnostic imaging
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/surgery
- Humans
- Kidney Glomerulus/diagnostic imaging
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/surgery
- Microscopy/methods
- Nephrotic Syndrome/diagnostic imaging
- Nephrotic Syndrome/pathology
- Nephrotic Syndrome/surgery
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- National Institute of Digestive Diseases and Kidney, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Palmer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lino Merlino
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Troost
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Adil Gasim
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Serena Bagnasco
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Duncan Johnstone
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Hodgin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Catherine Conway
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brenda W. Gillespie
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Cynthia C. Nast
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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167
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Hao X, Xiao H, Ju J, Hewitt SM, Morse HC. Decreased Expression of Retinoid X Receptors During Human and Azoxymethane-induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis in the Rat. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:2659-2664. [PMID: 27272774 PMCID: PMC8183748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The family of retinoid X receptors (RXRs) including RXRα, β and γ, is involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and development. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to characterize the role of RXRs during colorectal carcinogenesis, the expression of RXRs in human and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rat colorectal tumors was profiled by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Both human and rat normal colorectal epithelia and hyperplasia exhibited strong nuclear, but weak cytoplasmic staining for all three proteins. Expression of RXRα, β and γ was significantly reduced in rat carcinomas compared to high-grade dysplasia whether in aberrant crypt foci or in adenomas. All three proteins displayed dramatically reduced nuclear expression in both human adenomas and carcinomas. Reduced expression of RXRα and RXRγ seems more significant than RXRβ in both human and rat carcinomas. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of RXRs is associated with colorectal carcinogenesis in both humans and AOM-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpei Hao
- Susan Lehman Cullman laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Earnest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Susan Lehman Cullman laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Earnest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Jihyueng Ju
- Susan Lehman Cullman laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Earnest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, U.S.A
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168
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Kwak JT, Hewitt SM, Kajdacsy-Balla AA, Sinha S, Bhargava R. Automated prostate tissue referencing for cancer detection and diagnosis. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:227. [PMID: 27247129 PMCID: PMC4888626 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current practice of histopathology review is limited in speed and accuracy. The current diagnostic paradigm does not fully describe the complex and complicated patterns of cancer. To address these needs, we develop an automated and objective system that facilitates a comprehensive and easy information management and decision-making. We also develop a tissue similarity measure scheme to broaden our understanding of tissue characteristics. Results The system includes a database of previously evaluated prostate tissue images, clinical information and a tissue retrieval process. In the system, a tissue is characterized by its morphology. The retrieval process seeks to find the closest matching cases with the tissue of interest. Moreover, we define 9 morphologic criteria by which a pathologist arrives at a histomorphologic diagnosis. Based on the 9 criteria, true tissue similarity is determined and serves as the gold standard of tissue retrieval. Here, we found a minimum of 4 and 3 matching cases, out of 5, for ~80 % and ~60 % of the queries when a match was defined as the tissue similarity score ≥5 and ≥6, respectively. We were also able to examine the relationship between tissues beyond the Gleason grading system due to the tissue similarity scoring system. Conclusions Providing the closest matching cases and their clinical information with pathologists will help to conduct consistent and reliable diagnoses. Thus, we expect the system to facilitate quality maintenance and quality improvement of cancer pathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1086-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tae Kwak
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2122 Siebel Center, 201 N. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 4265 Beckman Institute 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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169
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Perry C, Chung JY, Ylaya K, Choi CH, Simpson A, Matsumoto KT, Smith WA, Hewitt SM. A Buffered Alcohol-Based Fixative for Histomorphologic and Molecular Applications. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:425-40. [PMID: 27221702 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416649579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is the predominant preparation for diagnostic histopathological evaluation and increasingly the biospecimen on which molecular diagnostics are performed. However, formalin is carcinogenic and results in cross-linking of proteins and nicking and alterations of nucleic acids. Alternative fixatives, including 70% ethanol, improved biomolecular integrity; however, they have yet to replace neutral-buffered formalin (NBF). Herein, we describe the phosphate-buffered ethanol 70% (BE70) fixative. The histomorphology of BE70-fixed tissue is very similar to that of NBF; however, it is a non-cross-linking fixative and lacks the carcinogenic profile of formaldehyde-based fixatives. RNA isolated from tissue fixed in BE70 was of substantially higher quality and quantity than that was recovered from formalin-fixed tissue. Furthermore, the BE70 fixative showed excellent RNA and DNA integrity compared with that of NBF fixative based on real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis results. Immunohistochemical staining was similar for the antigen tested. In conclusion, BE70 is a non-cross-linking fixative that is superior to NBF and 70% ethanol with reference to biomolecule recovery and quality from paraffin-embedded tissue. Additional studies to compare the histomorphologic and immunohistochemical performance and utility in a clinical setting are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Perry
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH),Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland (CP)
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH)
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH)
| | - Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH),Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (CHC)
| | - Amari Simpson
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH)
| | - Kaipo T Matsumoto
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH)
| | - William A Smith
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH)
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (CP, J-YC, KY, CHC, AS, KTM, WAS, SMH)
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170
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Choi CH, Chung JY, Kim JH, Kim BG, Hewitt SM. Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor family members is associated with prognosis in early stage cervical cancer patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:124. [PMID: 27154171 PMCID: PMC4859953 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The oncogenic role of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) has been recognized in a number of different cancer types. However, the prognostic significance of FGFRs has not been elucidated yet in cervical cancer. In the present study, we investigate the expression of FGFRs and their prognostic value in cervical cancer patients. Methods FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in conjunction with quantitative digital image analysis of 336 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues and 61 normal cervical tissues, as well as NCI60 cell microarray. Subsequently, the association between clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival was assessed. Results FGFRs proteins were differentially expressed in the NCI60 cell line panel and showed considerable correlation between protein and mRNA expression. The expression of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4 were higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues, whereas the expression of FGFR3 was higher in normal tissues. FGFR1 was highly expressed in adeno-/adenosquamous carcinoma (P = 0.020), while FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4 expression were more prominent in squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.020, respectively). FGFR2 expression was significantly higher in small sized tumors (P = 0.020). Additionally, high FGFR2 and FGFR4 were correlated with negative lymph node metastasis (P = 0.048 and P = 0.040, respectively). FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were highly expressed in tumors without parametrial involvement (P = 0.030, P = 0.005, and P = 0.010, respectively). In survival analysis, high expressions of FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4 was associated with longer disease-free survival (P = 0.006, P = 0.035, P = 0.001, respectively) and overall survival (P = 0.003, P = 0.002, P = 0.003, respectively). Notably, the co-expression of all three FGFRs was significantly associated with favorable disease-free survival (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P < 0.001), compared to the negative expressions of the three FGFRs. The prognostic significance persisted in the cox regression analysis. Conclusions The frequent expression of members of the FGFR family in cervical cancer suggests they may have prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0874-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 135-720, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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171
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Castro NP, Fedorova-Abrams ND, Merchant AS, Rangel MC, Nagaoka T, Karasawa H, Klauzinska M, Hewitt SM, Biswas K, Sharan SK, Salomon DS. Cripto-1 as a novel therapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11910-29. [PMID: 26059540 PMCID: PMC4494913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents the poorest prognosis among the breast cancer subtypes and no current standard therapy. Here, we performed an in-depth molecular analysis of a mouse model that establishes spontaneous lung metastasis from JygMC(A) cells. These primary tumors resembled the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) both phenotypically and molecularly. Morphologically, primary tumors presented both epithelial and spindle-like cells but displayed only adenocarcinoma-like features in lung parenchyma. The use of laser-capture microdissection combined with Nanostring mRNA and microRNA analysis revealed overexpression of either epithelial and miRNA-200 family or mesenchymal markers in adenocarcinoma and mesenchymal regions, respectively. Cripto-1, an embryonic stem cell marker, was present in spindle-like areas and its promoter showed activity in primary tumors. Cripto-1 knockout by the CRISPR-Cas9 system inhibited tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Our findings show characterization of a novel mouse model that mimics the TNBC and reveal Cripto-1 as a TNBC target hence may offer alternative treatment strategies for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia P Castro
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Anand S Merchant
- CCRIFX Bioinformatics Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tadahiro Nagaoka
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hideaki Karasawa
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Malgorzata Klauzinska
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kajal Biswas
- Genetics of Cancer Susceptibility Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Genetics of Cancer Susceptibility Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David S Salomon
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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172
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Horne HN, Sherman ME, Pfeiffer RM, Figueroa JD, Khodr ZG, Falk RT, Pollak M, Patel DA, Palakal MM, Linville L, Papathomas D, Geller B, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine R, Shepherd J, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Wang J, Fan B, Malkov S, Herschorn S, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Gierach GL. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and terminal duct lobular unit involution of the breast: a cross-sectional study of women with benign breast disease. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:24. [PMID: 26893016 PMCID: PMC4758090 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) are the primary structures from which breast cancers and their precursors arise. Decreased age-related TDLU involution and elevated mammographic density are both correlated and independently associated with increased breast cancer risk, suggesting that these characteristics of breast parenchyma might be linked to a common factor. Given data suggesting that increased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) factors are related to reduced TDLU involution and increased mammographic density, we assessed these relationships using validated quantitative methods in a cross-sectional study of women with benign breast disease. Methods Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratios were measured in 228 women, ages 40-64, who underwent diagnostic breast biopsies yielding benign diagnoses at University of Vermont affiliated centers. Biopsies were assessed for three separate measures inversely related to TDLU involution: numbers of TDLUs per unit of tissue area (“TDLU count”), median TDLU diameter (“TDLU span”), and number of acini per TDLU (“acini count”). Regression models, stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for potential confounders, were used to assess the associations of TDLU count, median TDLU span and median acini count per TDLU with tertiles of circulating IGFs. Given that mammographic density is associated with both IGF levels and breast cancer risk, we also stratified these associations by mammographic density. Results Higher IGF-I levels among postmenopausal women and an elevated IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio among all women were associated with higher TDLU counts, a marker of decreased lobular involution (P-trend = 0.009 and <0.0001, respectively); these associations were strongest among women with elevated mammographic density (P-interaction <0.01). Circulating IGF levels were not significantly associated with TDLU span or acini count per TDLU. Conclusions These results suggest that elevated IGF levels may define a sub-group of women with high mammographic density and limited TDLU involution, two markers that have been related to increased breast cancer risk. If confirmed in prospective studies with cancer endpoints, these data may suggest that evaluation of IGF signaling and its downstream effects may have value for risk prediction and suggest strategies for breast cancer chemoprevention through inhibition of the IGF system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0678-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisani N Horne
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA. .,Present Affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
| | - Zeina G Khodr
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | - Roni T Falk
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | | | - Deesha A Patel
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA. .,Present Affiliation: Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maya M Palakal
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | - Laura Linville
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | - Daphne Papathomas
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - John Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Amir Pasha Mahmoudzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jeff Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Present Affiliation: Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Serghei Malkov
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sally Herschorn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
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173
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Naik HB, Steinberg SM, Middelton LA, Hewitt SM, Zuo RC, Linehan WM, Kong HH, Cowen EW. Efficacy of Intralesional Botulinum Toxin A for Treatment of Painful Cutaneous Leiomyomas: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 151:1096-102. [PMID: 26244563 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cutaneous leiomyomas can be associated with severe paroxysmal pain in which nerve conduction may have a key role. Medical management of painful cutaneous leiomyomas is generally unsatisfactory. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of intralesional botulinum toxin A in the management of pain associated with cutaneous leiomyomas. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study conducted from January 5, 2009, to March 27, 2014. The setting was a single-center study at the National Institutes of Health among participants 18 years or older with cutaneous leiomyomas characterized by pain at least once weekly and pain of at least 4 on a pain scale ranging from 0 to 10. INTERVENTIONS Eighteen participants were randomized to receive intralesional botulinum toxin A (5 U per 1 cm2) or equivalent volumes of intralesional saline placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomes were the differences in average lesional pain assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory and visual analog scale before and after ice provocation over a 4-week period. RESULTS No significant difference in average lesional pain was observed between the study arms. Decreased pain was reported in the botulinum toxin vs placebo arms by visual analog scale scores before ice provocation (median, 0.00; range, -3.30 to 0.70 for botulinum toxin and median, 0.40; range, -1.30 to 1.50 for placebo; P = .06); however, this finding was nonsignificant. No significant difference was observed in change in pain after ice provocation. A significant difference was seen between the arms in skin-related quality of life by total Dermatology Life Quality Index (median, -4.00; range, -8.00 to 2.00 for botulinum toxin and median, 0.00; range, -1.00 to 4.00 for placebo; P = .007) and with the specific skin pain-related question on the Dermatology Life Quality Index (median, -1.00; range, -2.00 to 1.00 for botulinum toxin and median, 0.00; range, -1.00 to 0.00 for placebo; P = .048). No significant difference was found in pain as ascertained by Patient Global Impression of Change at week 4. No serious adverse events related to botulinum toxin use were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The use of botulinum toxin to treat painful cutaneous leiomyomas was associated with improved quality of life and with a trend toward improved pain at rest. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00971620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley B Naik
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lindsay A Middelton
- Urologic Surgery and the Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rena C Zuo
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Surgery and the Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward W Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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174
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Dine JL, O'Sullivan CC, Voeller D, Greer YE, Chavez KJ, Conway CM, Sinclair S, Stone B, Amiri-Kordestani L, Merchant AS, Hewitt SM, Steinberg SM, Swain SM, Lipkowitz S. The TRAIL receptor agonist drozitumab targets basal B triple-negative breast cancer cells that express vimentin and Axl. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 155:235-51. [PMID: 26759246 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that GST-tagged tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand preferentially killed triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells with a mesenchymal phenotype by activating death receptor 5 (DR5). The purpose of this study was to explore the sensitivity of breast cancer cell lines to drozitumab, a clinically tested DR5-specific agonist; identify potential biomarkers of drozitumab-sensitive breast cancer cells; and determine if those biomarkers were present in tumors from patients with TNBC. We evaluated viability, caspase activity, and sub-G1 DNA content in drozitumab-treated breast cancer cell lines and we characterized expression of potential biomarkers by immunoblot. Expression levels of vimentin and Axl were then explored in 177 TNBC samples from a publically available cDNA microarray dataset and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tumor tissue samples obtained from 53 African-American women with TNBC. Drozitumab-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal TNBC cell lines but not in cell lines from other breast cancer subtypes. The drozitumab-sensitive TNBC cell lines expressed the mesenchymal markers vimentin and Axl. Vimentin and Axl mRNA and protein were expressed in a subset of human TNBC tumors. By IHC, ~15 % of TNBC tumors had vimentin and Axl expression in the top quartile for both. These findings indicate that drozitumab-sensitive mesenchymal TNBC cells express vimentin and Axl, which can be identified in a subset of human TNBC tumors. Thus, vimentin and Axl may be useful to identify TNBC patients who would be most likely to benefit from a DR5 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dine
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Sinclair School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ciara C O'Sullivan
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donna Voeller
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yoshimi E Greer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn J Chavez
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine M Conway
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Sinclair
- Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brandon Stone
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laleh Amiri-Kordestani
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anand S Merchant
- Center for Cancer Research Bioinformatics Core, Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Sinclair School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics & Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sandra M Swain
- Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hewitt
- Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Truchas, New Mexico, USA (SMH)
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176
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Kim BW, Cho H, Choi CH, Ylaya K, Chung JY, Kim JH, Hewitt SM. Clinical significance of OCT4 and SOX2 protein expression in cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1015. [PMID: 26706028 PMCID: PMC4691290 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cell markers have become a major research focus because of their relationship with radiation or chemotherapy resistance in cancer therapy. Cancer stem cell markers including OCT4 and SOX2 have been found in various solid tumors. Here, we investigate the expression and clinical significance of OCT4 and SOX2 in cervical cancer. Methods To define the clinical significance of OCT4 and SOX2 expression, we performed immunohistochemistry for OCT4 and SOX2 on 305 normal cervical epithelium samples, 289 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia samples, and 161 cervical cancer cases and compared the data with clinicopathologic factors, including survival rates of patients with cervical cancer. Results OCT4 and SOX2 expression was higher in cervical cancer than normal cervix (both p < 0.001). OCT4 overexpression was associated with lymphovascular space invasion (p = 0.045), whereas loss of SOX2 expression was correlated with large tumor size (p = 0.015). Notably, OCT4 and SOX2 were significantly co-expressed in premalignant cervical lesions, but not in malignant cervical tumor. OCT4 overexpression showed worse 5-year disease-free and overall survival rates (p = 0.012 and p = 0.021, respectively) when compared to the low-expression group, while SOX2 expression showed favorable overall survival (p = 0.025). Cox regression analysis showed that OCT4 was an independent risk factor (hazard ratio = 11.23, 95 % CI, 1.31 - 95.6; p = 0.027) for overall survival while SOX2 overexpression showed low hazard ratio for death (hazard ratio = 0.220, 95 % CI, 0.06–0.72; p = 0.013). Conclusions These results suggest that OCT4 overexpression and loss of SOX2 expression are strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wook Kim
- Experimental Pathology Lab, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, 135-701, South Korea.
| | - Hanbyoul Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 146-92 Dogok-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-720, South Korea.
| | - Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Lab, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Experimental Pathology Lab, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Lab, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 146-92 Dogok-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-720, South Korea.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Lab, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Gipson DS, Troost JP, Lafayette RA, Hladunewich MA, Trachtman H, Gadegbeku CA, Sedor JR, Holzman LB, Moxey-Mims MM, Perumal K, Kaskel FJ, Nelson PJ, Tuttle KR, Bagnasco SM, Hogan MC, Dell KM, Appel GB, Lieske JC, Ilori TO, Sethna CB, Fervenza FC, Hogan SL, Nachman PH, Rosenberg AZ, Greenbaum LA, Meyers KEC, Hewitt SM, Choi MJ, Kopp JB, Zhdanova O, Hodgin JB, Johnstone DB, Adler SG, Avila-Casado C, Neu AM, Hingorani SR, Lemley KV, Nast CC, Brady TM, Barisoni-Thomas L, Fornoni A, Jennette JC, Cattran DC, Palmer MB, Gibson KL, Reich HN, Mokrzycki MH, Sambandam KK, Zilleruelo GE, Licht C, Sampson MG, Song P, Mariani LH, Kretzler M. Complete Remission in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 11:81-9. [PMID: 26656320 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02560315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This analysis from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) assessed the phenotypic and pathology characteristics of proteinuric patients undergoing kidney biopsy and defined the frequency and factors associated with complete proteinuria remission (CRever). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We enrolled adults and children with proteinuria ≥0.5 g/d at the time of first clinically indicated renal biopsy at 21 sites in North America from April 2010 to June 2014 into a prospective cohort study. NEPTUNE central pathologists assigned participants to minimal-change disease (MCD), FSGS, membranous nephropathy, or other glomerulopathy cohorts. Outcome measures for this analysis were (1) CRever with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) <0.3 g/g with preserved native kidney function and (2) ESRD. Continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th, 75th percentile). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess factors associated with CRever. RESULTS We enrolled 441 patients: 116 (27%) had MCD, 142 (32%) had FSGS, 66 (15%) had membranous nephropathy, and 117 (27%) had other glomerulopathy. The baseline UPC was 4.1 g/g (IQR, 1.9, 7.7) and the eGFR was 81 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (IQR, 50, 105). Median duration of observation was 19 months (IQR, 11, 30). CRever occurred in 46% of patients, and 4.6% progressed to ESRD. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher prebiopsy proteinuria (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.5) and pathology diagnosis (FSGS versus MCD; hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.5) were inversely associated with CRever. The effect of immunosuppressive therapy on remission varied by pathology diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS In NEPTUNE, the high frequency of other pathology in proteinuric patients affirms the value of the diagnostic kidney biopsy. Clinical factors, including level of proteinuria before biopsy, pathology diagnosis, and immunosuppression, are associated with complete remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S Gipson
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
| | - Jonathan P Troost
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Richard A Lafayette
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Michelle A Hladunewich
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Howard Trachtman
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Crystal A Gadegbeku
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - John R Sedor
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Lawrence B Holzman
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Marva M Moxey-Mims
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Kalyani Perumal
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Frederick J Kaskel
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Katherine R Tuttle
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Serena M Bagnasco
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Marie C Hogan
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Katherine M Dell
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Gerald B Appel
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - John C Lieske
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Titilayo O Ilori
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Christine B Sethna
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Susan L Hogan
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Patrick H Nachman
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Larry A Greenbaum
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Kevin E C Meyers
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Michael J Choi
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Olga Zhdanova
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Jeffrey B Hodgin
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Duncan B Johnstone
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Sharon G Adler
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Carmen Avila-Casado
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Alicia M Neu
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Sangeeta R Hingorani
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Kevin V Lemley
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Cynthia C Nast
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Tammy M Brady
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Laura Barisoni-Thomas
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - J Charles Jennette
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Daniel C Cattran
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Matthew B Palmer
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Keisha L Gibson
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Heather N Reich
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Michele H Mokrzycki
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Kamalanathan K Sambandam
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Gaston E Zilleruelo
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Christoph Licht
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Matthew G Sampson
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Peter Song
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Laura H Mariani
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
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178
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Gierach GL, Patel DA, Pfeiffer RM, Figueroa JD, Linville L, Papathomas D, Johnson JM, Chicoine RE, Herschorn SD, Shepherd JA, Wang J, Malkov S, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Fan B, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Palakal M, Xiang J, Oh H, Horne HN, Sprague BL, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Sherman ME. Relationship of Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution of the Breast with Area and Volume Mammographic Densities. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 9:149-58. [PMID: 26645278 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated mammographic density (MD) is an established breast cancer risk factor. Reduced involution of terminal duct lobular units (TDLU), the histologic source of most breast cancers, has been associated with higher MD and breast cancer risk. We investigated relationships of TDLU involution with area and volumetric MD, measured throughout the breast and surrounding biopsy targets (perilesional). Three measures inversely related to TDLU involution (TDLU count/mm(2), median TDLU span, median acini count/TDLU) assessed in benign diagnostic biopsies from 348 women, ages 40-65, were related to MD area (quantified with thresholding software) and volume (assessed with a density phantom) by analysis of covariance, stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for confounders. Among premenopausal women, TDLU count was directly associated with percent perilesional MD (P trend = 0.03), but not with absolute dense area/volume. Greater TDLU span was associated with elevated percent dense area/volume (P trend<0.05) and absolute perilesional MD (P = 0.003). Acini count was directly associated with absolute perilesional MD (P = 0.02). Greater TDLU involution (all metrics) was associated with increased nondense area/volume (P trend ≤ 0.04). Among postmenopausal women, TDLU measures were not significantly associated with MD. Among premenopausal women, reduced TDLU involution was associated with higher area and volumetric MD, particularly in perilesional parenchyma. Data indicating that TDLU involution and MD are correlated markers of breast cancer risk suggest that associations of MD with breast cancer may partly reflect amounts of at-risk epithelium. If confirmed, these results could suggest a prevention paradigm based on enhancing TDLU involution and monitoring efficacy by assessing MD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura Linville
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daphne Papathomas
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason M Johnson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - John A Shepherd
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeff Wang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Serghei Malkov
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Bo Fan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Maya Palakal
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jackie Xiang
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hannah Oh
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hisani N Horne
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Hoskins JW, Ibrahim A, Emmanuel M, Manmiller S, Jia J, Parikh H, Collins I, Ylaya K, Altekruse SF, Hewitt SM, Petersen GM, Amundadottir LT. Abstract A1-09: Functional analysis of the chr13q22.1 pancreatic cancer risk locus suggests allele-specific effects on DIS3 expression with prognostic implications. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.transcagen-a1-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of pancreatic cancer conducted within the NCI Cohort Consortium (PanScan I and II) identified pancreatic cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 1q32.1/NR5A2, 5p15.33/CLPTM1L/TERT, 9q34.2/ABO, and 13q22.1. The most significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified on 13q22.1, rs9543325, lies in a ~600 kb gene desert; the nearest genes are KLF5, KLF12, PIBF1, DIS3, and BORA (265–586 kb away). Imputation using the 1000 Genomes and DCEG reference datasets did not improve the GWAS signal, but produced a set of highly correlated SNPs for functional follow-up. We performed eQTL analysis to test for association between the genotypes of these functional candidate variants and expression of nearby genes. Among 64 normal derived pancreatic tissue samples, DIS3 expression showed the strongest association with a 30 bp indel variant in the risk locus (P = 4.8 × 10-4), indicating risk alleles associate with reduced DIS3 expression. Mutations in DIS3 have previously been identified in acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma, and its expression has been correlated with metastatic potential in colorectal cancer, suggesting DIS3 is relevant to cancer biology. Chromosome conformation capture identified a physical interaction between the indel-containing locus and a region near the DIS3 promoter. Luciferase assay for regulatory function of this indel-containing locus revealed allele-specific silencer activity for the insertion allele. Supershift electromobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated binding of LEF1 specifically to the insertion allele of the indel, which contains two in silico predicted LEF1 binding elements. Finally, through immunohistochemical analysis, high DIS3 protein levels associated with better survival for pancreatic cancer patients (hazard ratio = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.49–5.53, P = 0.001). Our results suggest that at least one target gene for the pancreatic cancer risk variants on chr13q22.1 may be DIS3, and that the underlying biology may be mediated by the novel indel through a long-range repressive effect on DIS3 expression.
Citation Format: Jason W. Hoskins, Abdisamad Ibrahim, Mickey Emmanuel, Sarah Manmiller, Jinping Jia, Hemang Parikh, Irene Collins, Kris Ylaya, Sean F. Altekruse, Stephen M. Hewitt, Gloria M. Petersen, Laufey T. Amundadottir. Functional analysis of the chr13q22.1 pancreatic cancer risk locus suggests allele-specific effects on DIS3 expression with prognostic implications. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A1-09.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kris Ylaya
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
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180
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Zhu G, Liu Z, Epstein JI, Davis C, Christudass CS, Carter HB, Landis P, Zhang H, Chung JY, Hewitt SM, Miller MC, Veltri RW. A Novel Quantitative Multiplex Tissue Immunoblotting for Biomarkers Predicts a Prostate Cancer Aggressive Phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1864-72. [PMID: 26404961 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early prediction of disease progression in men with very low-risk (VLR) prostate cancer who selected active surveillance (AS) rather than immediate treatment could reduce morbidity associated with overtreatment. METHODS We evaluated the association of six biomarkers [Periostin, (-5, -7) proPSA, CACNA1D, HER2/neu, EZH2, and Ki-67] with different Gleason scores and biochemical recurrence (BCR) on prostate cancer TMAs of 80 radical prostatectomy (RP) cases. Multiplex tissue immunoblotting (MTI) was used to assess these biomarkers in cancer and adjacent benign areas of 5 μm sections. Multivariate logistic regression (MLR) was applied to model our results. RESULTS In the RP cases, CACNA1D, HER2/neu, and Periostin expression were significantly correlated with aggressive phenotype in cancer areas. An MLR model in the cancer area yielded a ROC-AUC = 0.98, whereas in cancer-adjacent benign areas, yielded a ROC-AUC = 0.94. CACNA1D and HER2/neu expression combined with Gleason score in a MLR model yielded a ROC-AUC = 0.79 for BCR prediction. In the small biopsies from an AS cohort of 61 VLR cases, an MLR model for prediction of progressors at diagnosis retained (-5, -7) proPSA and CACNA1D, yielding a ROC-AUC of 0.78, which was improved to 0.82 after adding tPSA into the model. CONCLUSIONS The molecular profile of biomarkers is capable of accurately predicting aggressive prostate cancer on retrospective RP cases and identifying potential aggressive prostate cancer requiring immediate treatment on the AS diagnostic biopsy but limited in BCR prediction. IMPACT Comprehensive profiling of biomarkers using MTI predicts prostate cancer aggressive phenotype in RP and AS biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjing Zhu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhi Liu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Davis
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christhunesa S Christudass
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - H Ballentine Carter
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patricia Landis
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Robert W Veltri
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Figueroa JD, Koutros S, Colt JS, Kogevinas M, Garcia-Closas M, Real FX, Friesen MC, Baris D, Stewart P, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Karagas MR, Armenti KR, Moore LE, Schned A, Lenz P, Prokunina-Olsson L, Banday AR, Paquin A, Ylaya K, Chung JY, Hewitt SM, Nickerson ML, Tardón A, Serra C, Carrato A, García-Closas R, Lloreta J, Malats N, Fraumeni JF, Chanock SJ, Chatterjee N, Rothman N, Silverman DT. Modification of Occupational Exposures on Bladder Cancer Risk by Common Genetic Polymorphisms. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv223. [PMID: 26374428 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have demonstrated gene/environment interactions in cancer research. Using data on high-risk occupations for 2258 case patients and 2410 control patients from two bladder cancer studies, we observed that three of 16 known or candidate bladder cancer susceptibility variants displayed statistically significant and consistent evidence of additive interactions; specifically, the GSTM1 deletion polymorphism (P interaction ≤ .001), rs11892031 (UGT1A, P interaction = .01), and rs798766 (TMEM129-TACC3-FGFR3, P interaction = .03). There was limited evidence for multiplicative interactions. When we examined detailed data on a prevalent occupational exposure associated with increased bladder cancer risk, straight metalworking fluids, we also observed statistically significant additive interaction for rs798766 (TMEM129-TACC3-FGFR3, P interaction = .02), with the interaction more apparent in patients with tumors positive for FGFR3 expression. All statistical tests were two-sided. The interaction we observed for rs798766 (TMEM129-TACC3-FGFR3) with specific exposure to straight metalworking fluids illustrates the value of integrating germline genetic variation, environmental exposures, and tumor marker data to provide insight into the mechanisms of bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Joanne S Colt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Francisco X Real
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Patricia Stewart
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Molly Schwenn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Alison Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Karla R Armenti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Alan Schned
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Petra Lenz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - A Rouf Banday
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Ashley Paquin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Michael L Nickerson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Consol Serra
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Reina García-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Núria Malats
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Joseph F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JDF, SK, JSC, MGC, MCF, DB, PS, LEM, LPO, ARB, AP, JFFJr, SJC, NC, NR, DTS), Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (KY, JYC, SMH), and Cancer and Inflammation Program (MLN), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh UK (JDF); CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain (MK, AT, JL); Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain (MK); Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (MGC); Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain (FXR, NM); Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (FXR, CS); Maine Cancer Registry, Augusta, ME (MS); Vermont Cancer Registry, Burlington, VT (AJ); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (MRK, AS); New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH (KRA); Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (PL); Molecular Epidemiology Group, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (AT); Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Elche, Madrid, Spain (AC); Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain (RGC)
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Choi CH, Chung JY, Cho H, Kitano H, Chang E, Ylaya K, Chung EJ, Kim JH, Hewitt SM. Prognostic Significance of AMP-Dependent Kinase Alpha Expression in Cervical Cancer. Pathobiology 2015; 82:203-11. [PMID: 26337566 DOI: 10.1159/000434726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies worldwide, and its association with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is still unknown. We aimed to investigate the clinical correlation between AMPK expression and cervical cancer. METHODS The expression of AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and phosphorylated AMPKα (p-AMPKα) was determined immunohistochemically in 524 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded malignant and premalignant cervical tissues. Subsequently, associations with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival were assessed. RESULTS AMPKα2 expression was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while expression of AMPKα1 and p-AMPKα was mainly observed in the cytoplasm. p-AMPKα expression increased during the normal-to-tumor transition of cervical carcinoma (p < 0.001), but, once cancer developed, the expression of AMPKα2 and p-AMPKα decreased in large-sized tumors when compared to smaller tumors (36 vs. 68%, p = 0.004 and 39 vs. 64%, p = 0.029, respectively). Notably, AMPKα2 expression was significantly associated with better disease-free survival (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10-0.86, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION The AMPKα2 isoform showed potential as a favorable prognostic marker in cervical cancer. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to further clarify the complex contribution of AMPK isoforms and of phosphorylation status to cervical cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA
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Khodr ZG, Sherman ME, Pfeiffer RM, Gierach GL, Brinton LA, Falk RT, Patel DA, Linville LM, Papathomas D, Clare SE, Visscher DW, Mies C, Hewitt SM, Storniolo AMV, Rosebrock A, Caban JJ, Figueroa JD. Circulating sex hormones and terminal duct lobular unit involution of the normal breast. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 23:2765-73. [PMID: 25472681 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminal duct lobular units (TDLU) are the predominant source of breast cancers. Lesser degrees of age-related TDLU involution have been associated with increased breast cancer risk, but factors that influence involution are largely unknown. We assessed whether circulating hormones, implicated in breast cancer risk, are associated with levels of TDLU involution using data from the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank (KTB) at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (2009-2011). METHODS We evaluated three highly reproducible measures of TDLU involution, using normal breast tissue samples from the KTB (n = 390): TDLU counts, median TDLU span, and median acini counts per TDLU. RRs (for continuous measures), ORs (for categorical measures), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and Ptrends were calculated to assess the association between tertiles of estradiol, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), progesterone, and prolactin with TDLU measures. All models were stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for confounders. RESULTS Among premenopausal women, higher prolactin levels were associated with higher TDLU counts (RRT3vsT1:1.18; 95% CI: 1.07-1.31; Ptrend = 0.0005), but higher progesterone was associated with lower TDLU counts (RRT3vsT1: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72-0.89; Ptrend < 0.0001). Among postmenopausal women, higher levels of estradiol (RRT3vsT1:1.61; 95% CI: 1.32-1.97; Ptrend < 0.0001) and testosterone (RRT3vsT1: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09-1.59; Ptrend = 0.0043) were associated with higher TDLU counts. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that select hormones may influence breast cancer risk potentially through delaying TDLU involution. IMPACT Increased understanding of the relationship between circulating markers and TDLU involution may offer new insights into breast carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2765-73. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina G Khodr
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland. Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura M Linville
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Daphne Papathomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn Mies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Applied Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anna Maria V Storniolo
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adrian Rosebrock
- Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesus J Caban
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
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184
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Felix AS, Lenz P, Pfeiffer RM, Hewitt SM, Morris J, Patel D, Geller B, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine RE, Shepherd J, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Wang J, Fan B, Herschorn S, Johnson J, Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Gierach GL. Abstract 2768: Relationships between mammographic density, microvessel density, and breast biopsy diagnosis. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Mammographic density (MD) is a strong breast cancer risk factor; however, the majority of women with high MD have neither a prevalent tumor nor will they develop one in immediate follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that background parenchymal enhancement, an indicator of vascularity, is another strong breast cancer risk predictor. However, it is uncertain how correlated microvessel density (MVD), a histological marker of vascularity, is with MD and if it adds information for disease detection. We therefore investigated relationships between MVD, area and volume measures of MD, and biopsy diagnosis among 218 women referred for image-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsies.
Methods: MVD was determined by counting CD31 (endothelial marker) positive vessels in whole sections of breast biopsies in three areas containing five 40X high power fields. Average MVD per area was calculated and then transformed based on a Box-Cox analysis to approximate a normal distribution. MD volume was quantified using single X-ray absorptiometry (SXA) in digital mammograms and MD area was quantified on the same image using thresholding methods. We used linear regression to evaluate associations between MVD (as the outcome) and MD measures (area and volume) adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) in the overall population and stratified by biopsy diagnosis: cases (in situ or invasive carcinoma, n = 44) vs. non-cases (non-proliferative or proliferative benign breast disease, n = 174). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between MVD and biopsy diagnosis (cases vs. non-cases) in models adjusted for age, BMI, and MD measures.
Results: MVD was inversely associated with absolute dense area and absolute dense volume in the overall sample (area p = 0.01, volume p = 0.11) and among non-cases (area p = 0.009, volume p = 0.007). In age-, BMI-, and dense area- or dense volume- adjusted logistic regression models, MVD was significantly associated with risk of in situ/invasive disease independent of absolute dense area (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.28) and independent of absolute dense volume (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.05-1.29).
Conclusion: Our histopathologic analysis suggests that tissue vascularity, as reflected by MVD, may predict breast cancer risk independently of MD, thus providing theoretical support for the potential utility in breast cancer detection of imaging methods that reflect vascularity, such as contrast-enhanced MRI.
Citation Format: Ashley S. Felix, Petra Lenz, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Stephen M. Hewitt, Jennifer Morris, Deesha Patel, Berta Geller, Pamela M. Vacek, Donald L. Weaver, Rachael E. Chicoine, John Shepherd, Amir P. Mahmoudzadeh, Jeff Wang, Bo Fan, Sally Herschorn, Jason Johnson, Louise A. Brinton, Mark E. Sherman, Gretchen L. Gierach. Relationships between mammographic density, microvessel density, and breast biopsy diagnosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2768. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2768
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Lenz
- 2Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Shepherd
- 4Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Amir P. Mahmoudzadeh
- 4Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeff Wang
- 5Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bo Fan
- 4Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jason Johnson
- 6Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Houston, TX
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185
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Kitano H, Chung JY, Hanaoka J, Inoue S, Yoshinori D, Fukuoka J, Hewitt SM. Abstract 5184: Synaptonemal complex protein 3 is associated with lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is a key component for tumor growth and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and is a promising target in cancer therapy strategy. The axis of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)/VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 is considered to be a major driver of lymphangiogenesis but the detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. We recently showed that the expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3) is associated with poor prognosis and linked with lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. To investigate the possible lymphangiogenic significance of SCP3 in NSCLC, we assessed SCP3, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D expressions in archival tumor tissues from 89 NSCLC patients with lymph node metastasis by immunohistochemical staining. The positive staining of SCP3, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D expressions were detected in 24 (27.0%), 22 (24.7%), 27 (30.3%), and 24 cases (27.0%), respectively. Notably, we have identified that the SCP3 expression is positively correlated with VEGF-C and VEGF-D (for both, p < 0.001) whereas its expression is negatively correlated with VEGF-A and VEGF-B (p = 0.029 and p = 0.026, respectively). Furthermore, we have also detected the linkage between SCP3 and VEGF-C or VEGF-D expressions in human lung cancer cell lines. In multivariate analysis of patients with lymph node metastasis, SCP3 expression displayed the worse overall survival (HR = 1.86, p = 0.008). These data suggest that SCP3 is linked with lymphangiogenesis and provide insight into the SCP3-VEGF-C/VEGF-D axis based anti-lymphangiogenic therapy strategy.
Citation Format: Haruhisa Kitano, Joon-Yong Chung, Jun Hanaoka, Shuhei Inoue, Doki Yoshinori, Junya Fukuoka, Stephen M. Hewitt. Synaptonemal complex protein 3 is associated with lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5184. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5184
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- 2Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jun Hanaoka
- 1Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shuhei Inoue
- 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashi-Ohmi General Medical Center, Higashi-oumi, Japan
| | - Doki Yoshinori
- 4First Department of Surgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- 5Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- 2Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,, Bethesda, MD
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186
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Chaisaingmongkol J, Budhu A, Dang H, Rabibhadana S, Pupacdi B, Forgues M, Bhudhisawasdi V, Lertprasertsuke N, Chotirosniramit A, Pairojkul C, Auewarakul CU, Sricharunrat T, Phornphutkul K, Sangrajrang S, Cam M, He P, Hewitt SM, Wu X, Thorgeirsson SS, Meltzer PS, Loffredo CA, Wiltrout RH, Harris CC, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat M, Wang XW. Abstract LB-173: The Thailand initiative in genomics and expression research for liver cancer (TIGER-LC): Defining novel subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-lb-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represent two major histological cancer subtypes confined within the liver. They are clinically and biologically heterogeneous, and are highly resistant to treatment, which makes them the second most lethal cancer for men in the world. In Thailand, liver cancer represents the primary cause of cancer-related death and is a major health problem, especially in north-eastern area of Thailand where liver fluke (O. viverrini) is endemic and approximately 70% of liver cancers are CCA. While HBV and HCV are major etiological factors for HCC globally, liver fluke infection is a major etiological factor for CCA in Thailand. These unique risk factor patterns provide an opportunity to study cancer heterogeneity and its unique tumor biology. The Thailand Initiative in Genomics and Expression Research for Liver Cancer (TIGER-LC) consortium was established to identify genomic and expression factors that may modify HCC and CCA susceptibility and progression. In a Phase I study, we determined molecular subtypes of HCC and CCA. We performed genomic profiling of 398 surgical specimens derived from 199 liver cancer patients. We employed the Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 to examine transcriptome profiles. Unsupervised Consensus Clustering (cCluster), Subclass Mapping (SM) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) algorithms were used to analyze transcriptome data. The results were validated in 247 Asian HCC cases and 104 Caucasian CCA cases. We found that the Thai HCC cases consisted of 3 stable subgroups (C1-C3), while the Thai CCA cases contained 4 stable subgroups (C1-C4) based on gene expression patterns determined by cCluster. SM analysis revealed that CCA-C1 and HCC-C1 subtypes shared a similar gene expression matrix, as did CCA-C2 and HCC-C2 for a separate pattern. Interestingly, patients in both CCA-C1 and HCC-C1 had a poor prognosis, while those in CCA-C2 and HCC-C2 had a good prognosis. These prognostic subtypes were validated in an independent Asian HCC cohort but not in a Caucasian CCA cohort. GSEA revealed that among 17 significantly altered canonical pathways in the C1 subtype, 8 are related to mitotic checkpoint signaling. In contrast, the main signaling pathways associated with the C2 subtype were related to cytokine and chemokine signaling. We found that certain mitotic checkpoint genes are highly activated only in C1, but not in the C2 subtype. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CCA and HCC from Asian populations consist of molecularly-similar tumor subgroups with similar prognostic impacts and unique tumor biology and that the C1 subtype may be sensitive to mitotic checkpoint blockage. Our ability to rigorously classify and validate both HCC and CCA using these tools may represent a new avenue for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.
Citation Format: The TIGER-LC Consortium, Jittiporn Chaisaingmongkol, Anuradha Budhu, Hien Dang, Siritida Rabibhadana, Benjarath Pupacdi, Marshonna Forgues, Vajarabhongsa Bhudhisawasdi, Nirush Lertprasertsuke, Anon Chotirosniramit, Chawalit Pairojkul, Chirayu U. Auewarakul, Thaniya Sricharunrat, Kannika Phornphutkul, Suleeporn Sangrajrang, Maggie Cam, Ping He, Stephen M. Hewitt, Xiaolin Wu, Snorri S. Thorgeirsson, Paul S. Meltzer, Christopher A. Loffredo, Robert H. Wiltrout, Curtis C. Harris, Chulabhorn Mahidol, Mathuros Ruchirawat, Xin W. Wang. The Thailand initiative in genomics and expression research for liver cancer (TIGER-LC): Defining novel subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-173. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-173
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hien Dang
- 1National Cancer Institute, BETHESDA, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maggie Cam
- 1National Cancer Institute, BETHESDA, MD
| | | | | | - Xiaolin Wu
- 1National Cancer Institute, BETHESDA, MD
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187
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Pandey PR, Hewitt SM, Miettinen MM, Barr FG. Abstract 3273: PAX3-FOXO1 is essential for initiation but not for recurrence during rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene, which is generated by a 2; 13 chromosomal translocation, is a characteristic feature of fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a major RMS subtype associated with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. This study utilizes a novel inducible expression system in human myoblasts to dissect the molecular mechanism and contribution of PAX3-FOXO1 in RMS tumorigenesis.A human myoblast cell line (immortalized by BMI1 and TERT expression) was transduced with a retroviral construct that constitutively expresses MYCN and a lentiviral based- doxycycline inducible construct that variably and reversibly expresses PAX3-FOXO1. Focus formation and animal xenograft experiments were performed to study transformation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, respectively. Myogenic differentiation was assessed by light microscopy and by western blot or immunohistochemical assays of muscle-specific protein expression.PAX3-FOXO1-transduced myoblasts treated with doxycycline demonstrated a time- and dose-dependent increase in expression of PAX3-FOXO1 mRNA and protein and its downstream targets genes; doxycycline withdrawal led to cessation of fusion protein expression. Though myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 or MYCN alone did not show any evidence of transformation in culture, combined PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN expression resulted in myoblast transformation. Under differentiation-promoting culture conditions, combined PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN expression inhibited myogenic differentiation. Intramuscular injection of myoblasts with MYCN and PAX3-FOXO1 resulted in rapid RMS tumor formation in NOD-SCID mice when fusion protein expression was induced by feeding mice a doxycycline-containing diet. Myoblasts with MYCN expression alone did not form any tumors while PAX3-FOXO1 induction without MYCN expression resulted in RMS tumors only after a much longer latency period. After tumors formed from myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 with or without MYCN, down-regulation of PAX3-FOXO1 expression by doxycycline withdrawal resulted in tumor regression associated with widespread myogenic differentiation. However, the regressed tumors slowly grew back in the absence of doxycycline induction demonstrating a PAX3-FOXO1-independent oncogenic mechanism for recurrence.The PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein collaborated with MYCN in the initial stage of RMS tumorigenesis to promote dysregulated cell proliferation and inhibit myogenic differentiation. Though most cells in the initial tumor were dependent on the fusion protein, recurrent tumors formed in which the fusion protein was not required to maintain the tumorigenic phenotype.
Citation Format: Puspa R. Pandey, Stephen M. Hewitt, Markku M. Miettinen, Frederic G. Barr. PAX3-FOXO1 is essential for initiation but not for recurrence during rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3273. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3273
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188
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Olanich ME, Sun W, Hewitt SM, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, Barr FG. Abstract 3093: CDK4 amplification reduces sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma and includes an aggressive, PAX3-FOXO1 fusion-positive subtype. Amplification of chromosomal region 12q13-q14, which contains the CDK4 proto-oncogene, was identified in a subset of fusion-positive RMS. Other tumor types with CDK4 amplification or overexpression, including liposarcoma and neuroblastoma, are sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibition, suggesting that CDK4/6-targeted therapies may provide a new treatment strategy in fusion-positive RMS. To evaluate the role of CDK4 in chromosomal region 12q13-14 amplification in fusion-positive RMS and the potential clinical utility of CDK4/6 inhibition in this disease setting, we examined the biological consequences of CDK4 knockdown, CDK4 overexpression, and pharmacologic CDK4/6 inhibition in fusion-positive RMS in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of CDK4 abrogated proliferation and transformation of 12q13-14-amplified and non-amplified fusion-positive RMS cells via G1-phase cell cycle arrest. This arrest was associated with reduced RB phosphorylation and E2F-responsive gene expression. Significant differences in E2F target expression, however, were not observed in RMS cells overexpressing CDK4 or in fusion-positive tumors harboring 12q13-14 amplification relative to control cells or tumors lacking amplification, respectively. Treatment with the small molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor LEE011 phenocopied CDK4 knockdown, decreasing viability, RB phosphorylation, and E2F-responsive gene expression and inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest. All fusion-positive RMS cell lines showed sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition, with evidence of differential antitumor activity resulting from an inverse relationship between CDK4 expression and inhibitor vulnerability. This variable responsiveness to LEE011 was recapitulated in xenograft models of CDK4-amplified and non-amplified fusion-positive RMS. Our findings demonstrate that CDK4 is necessary for RB-E2F-mediated G1-phase cell cycle progression, proliferation, and transformation in fusion-positive RMS regardless of CDK4 amplification status. Our studies further indicate that single-agent LEE011 is active in the setting of fusion-positive RMS and suggest that CDK4 amplification may be a marker of reduced sensitivity whereas low CDK4 expression may be associated with higher susceptibility to CDK4/6 inhibition. Collectively, our data provide preclinical evidence supporting further investigation of CDK4/6-targeted therapies in treatment regimens for fusion-positive RMS.
Citation Format: Mary E. Olanich, Wenyue Sun, Stephen M. Hewitt, Zied Abdullaev, Svetlana D. Pack, Frederic G. Barr. CDK4 amplification reduces sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3093. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3093
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189
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Lee MS, Jeong MH, Lee HW, Han HJ, Ko A, Hewitt SM, Kim JH, Chun KH, Chung JY, Lee C, Cho H, Song J. PI3K/AKT activation induces PTEN ubiquitination and destabilization accelerating tumourigenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7769. [PMID: 26183061 PMCID: PMC4518267 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is known to be suppressed via post-translational modification. However, the mechanism and physiological significance by which post-translational modifications lead to PTEN suppression remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that PTEN destabilization is induced by EGFR- or oncogenic PI3K mutation-mediated AKT activation in cervical cancer. EGFR/PI3K/AKT-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of PTEN are dependent on the MKRN1 E3 ligase. These processes require the stabilization of MKRN1 via AKT-mediated phosphorylation. In cervical cancer patients with high levels of pAKT and MKRN1 expression, PTEN protein levels are low and correlate with a low 5-year survival rate. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PI3K/AKT signals enforce positive-feedback regulation by suppressing PTEN function. Mutations and post-translational modifications of the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor PTEN are a feature of many cancers, but these have not been associated with cervical cancer. Here, the authors identify a PI3K/AKT-mediated ubiquitination degradation pathway of PTEN that occurs in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sik Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Hyung Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH MSC 1500, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- 1] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea [2] Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH MSC 1500, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Cheolju Lee
- BRI, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Hanbyoul Cho
- 1] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea [2] Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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190
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Hoskins JW, Ibrahim A, Emmanuel M, Parikh H, Jia J, Collins I, Ylaya K, Altekruse SF, Hewitt SM, Petersen GM, Amundadottir LT. Abstract B111: Functional analysis of the chr13q22.1 pancreatic cancer risk locus suggests allele-specific effects on DIS3 expression with prognostic implications. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca2014-b111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of pancreatic cancer conducted within the NCI Cohort Consortium (PanScan I and II) identified pancreatic cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 1q32.1/NR5A2, 5p15.33/CLPTM1L/TERT, 9q34.2/ABO, and 13q22.1. The most significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified on 13q22.1, rs9543325, lies in a 600 kb gene desert; the nearest genes are KLF5, KLF12, PIBF1, DIS3, and BORA (265–586 kb). Imputation using the 1000 Genomes and DCEG reference datasets did not improve the GWAS signal, but produced a set of highly correlated SNPs for functional follow-up. We performed eQTL analysis to test for association between the genotypes of these functional candidate variants and expression of nearby genes. Among 100 normal derived pancreatic tissue samples, DIS3 expression showed the strongest association with a novel 30 bp indel variant in the risk locus (P = 4.0 × 104), indicating risk alleles associate with reduced DIS3 expression. Mutations in DIS3 have previously been identified in acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma, and its expression has been correlated with metastatic potential in colorectal cancer, suggesting DIS3 is relevant to cancer biology. Chromosome conformation capture identified a physical interaction between the indel-containing locus and a region near the DIS3 promoter. Luciferase assay for regulatory function of this indel-containing locus revealed allele-specific silencer activity for the insertion allele. Supershift electromobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated binding of LEF1 specifically to the insertion allele of the indel, which contains two in silico predicted LEF1 binding elements. Finally, through immunohistochemical analysis, high DIS3 protein levels associated with better survival for pancreatic cancer patients (hazard ratio = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.49–5.53, P = 0.001). Our results suggest that at least one target gene for the pancreatic cancer risk variants on chr13q22.1 may be DIS3, and that the underlying biology may be mediated by the novel indel through a long-range repressive effect on DIS3 expression.
Citation Format: Jason W. Hoskins, Abdisamad Ibrahim, Mickey Emmanuel, Hemang Parikh, Jinping Jia, Irene Collins, Kris Ylaya, Sean F. Altekruse, Stephen M. Hewitt, Gloria M. Petersen, Laufey T. Amundadottir. Functional analysis of the chr13q22.1 pancreatic cancer risk locus suggests allele-specific effects on DIS3 expression with prognostic implications. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B111.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kris Ylaya
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
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191
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Choi CH, Chung JY, Park HS, Jun M, Lee YY, Kim BG, Hewitt SM. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor expression is associated with disease-specific survival in cervical cancer patients. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:884-93. [PMID: 25870121 PMCID: PMC7717069 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) is a novel soluble protein involved in tumor development and metastases. This study was to investigate the PAUF expression and its prognostic value in cervical cancer patients. The expression of PAUF was immunohistochemically determined in 345 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues and 107 normal cervical epitheliums. Subsequently, its associations with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival were assessed. PAUF protein was expressed both in cytoplasm and nucleus, and cytoplasmic expression was more frequent in cancers than normal tissues (32% versus 17%, P = .002), and the difference was prominent in glandular cells. Notably, the expression was more frequent in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma (57% versus 25%, respectively; P < .001), and the differential expression was also seen at the messenger RNA level (P = .014). Cox regression analysis showed that the cytoplasmic expression of PAUF protein was independently associated with poor disease-free (hazard ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.3; P = .008) and overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.5; P = .020). Detection of PAUF expression may aid current evaluation of prognosis in cervical adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chel Hun Choi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ho-Seop Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan School of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Jun
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yoo-Young Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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192
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Hewitt SM. The evolution of pre-analytic factors in Anatomic Pathology. Recent Results Cancer Res 2015; 199:27-34. [PMID: 25636426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13957-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Anatomic Pathology has continuously evolved since launch by Virchow in Berlin. The era from 1990 to 2010 saw the rise of immunohistochemistry and its application for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Currently the next wave of evolution is ongoing; molecular pathology, with emphasis on alterations to DNA, and expression of mRNA as biomarkers. The interrogation of biomolecules by specific probes is more demanding on specimens than the traditional application of histologic stains to tissue. This issue is juxtaposed to the fact that the majority of specimens are purely evaluated by histomorphology, for which current specimen practices are adequate. The capacity to identify a priori which cassette of tissue is appropriate for molecular analysis is difficult, if not impossible, the goal is to improve the quality of all pathology specimens in an economically viable model to enable advanced assay, when applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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193
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May M, Rojas P, Sequeira G, Elia A, Martinez Vazquez P, Gonzalez P, Abba MC, Molinolo A, Hewitt SM, Perou CM, Gass H, Lanari C. Progesterone receptor isoform ratio to define the molecular signature of luminal breast cancers and their antiprogestin responsiveness. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria May
- IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles M. Perou
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hugo Gass
- Hospital General de Pacheco, Tigre, Argentina
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194
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Moriarity BS, Otto GM, Rahrmann EP, Rathe SK, Wolf NK, Weg MT, Manlove LA, LaRue RS, Temiz NA, Molyneux SD, Choi K, Holly KJ, Sarver AL, Scott MC, Forster CL, Modiano JF, Khanna C, Hewitt SM, Khokha R, Yang Y, Gorlick R, Dyer MA, Largaespada DA. A Sleeping Beauty forward genetic screen identifies new genes and pathways driving osteosarcoma development and metastasis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:615-24. [PMID: 25961939 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are sarcomas of the bone, derived from osteoblasts or their precursors, with a high propensity to metastasize. Osteosarcoma is associated with massive genomic instability, making it problematic to identify driver genes using human tumors or prototypical mouse models, many of which involve loss of Trp53 function. To identify the genes driving osteosarcoma development and metastasis, we performed a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-based forward genetic screen in mice with and without somatic loss of Trp53. Common insertion site (CIS) analysis of 119 primary tumors and 134 metastatic nodules identified 232 sites associated with osteosarcoma development and 43 sites associated with metastasis, respectively. Analysis of CIS-associated genes identified numerous known and new osteosarcoma-associated genes enriched in the ErbB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Lastly, we identified several oncogenes involved in axon guidance, including Sema4d and Sema6d, which we functionally validated as oncogenes in human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden S Moriarity
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - George M Otto
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric P Rahrmann
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan K Rathe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natalie K Wolf
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Madison T Weg
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luke A Manlove
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nuri A Temiz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin J Holly
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Milcah C Scott
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- BioNet, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program (TARP), Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rama Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Gorlick
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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195
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Nast CC, Lemley KV, Hodgin JB, Bagnasco S, Avila-Casado C, Hewitt SM, Barisoni L. Morphology in the Digital Age: Integrating High-Resolution Description of Structural Alterations With Phenotypes and Genotypes. Semin Nephrol 2015; 35:266-78. [PMID: 26215864 PMCID: PMC4764351 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Conventional light microscopy has been used to characterize and classify renal diseases, evaluate histopathology in studies and trials, and educate renal pathologists and nephrologists. The advent of digital pathology, in which a glass slide can be scanned to create whole slide images (WSIs) for viewing and manipulating on a computer monitor, provides real and potential advantages compared with conventional light microscopy. Software tools such as annotation, morphometry, and image analysis can be applied to WSIs for studies or educational purposes, and the digital images are available globally to clinicians, pathologists, and investigators. New ways of assessing renal pathology with observational data collection may allow better morphologic correlations and integration with molecular and genetic signatures, refinements of classification schema, and understanding of disease pathogenesis. In multicenter studies, WSIs, which require additional quality assurance steps, provide efficiency by reducing slide shipping and consensus conference costs, and they allow slide viewing anytime and anywhere. Although validation studies for the routine diagnostic use of digital pathology still are needed, this is a powerful tool currently available for translational research, clinical trials, and education in renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C. Nast
- Dept of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin V. Lemley
- Division of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Serena Bagnasco
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD
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196
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O'Sullivan CC, Amiri-Kordestani L, Sinclair S, Chavez KJ, Dine JL, Stone B, Hewitt SM, Steinberg SM, Swain SM, Lipkowitz S. Abstract P5-10-05: TRAIL receptor agonists target basal B triple negative breast Cancer (TNBC) that expresses vimentin and axl. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs14-p5-10-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Ligand (TRAIL) triggers apoptosis by binding to cell surface receptors. We previously showed that TRAIL receptor agonists preferentially kill TNBC cells with mesenchymal features (Basal B cell lines) through activation of TRAIL Receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2). We used preclinical models to identify predictive biomarkers of TRAIL sensitivity and tested expression of these markers in TNBC patient (pt) samples.
Methods:
We tested sensitivity to the TRAIL-R2 specific agonist drozitumab in vitro using cell viability and caspase assays. We examined expression of the mesenchymal proteins Axl and vimentin(vim) in breast cancer cell lines including TNBC by immunoblotting and using commercially available cDNA microarray data sets. Next, we performed an exploratory analysis on IHC tumor expression of vim and Axl in 53 African American pts with TNBC diagnosed between February 2003 and February 2009. In a retrospective cohort study, overall survival (OS) was calculated from date of surgery until date of death or last follow up. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated from the date that the pt was identified as being disease free until date of recurrence or date of last followed without recurrence. The significance of the difference among Kaplan-Meier curves was determined by a log-rank test. Axl, vim, and age at diagnosis values were divided approximately into quartiles based on data from all available pts before being used in actuarial analyses. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was also performed to determine if Axl or vim retained prognostic value after adjusting for other factors jointly associated with outcome. All p-values were two-tailed.
Results:
As previously demonstrated with TRAIL, drozitumab selectively killed Basal B TNBC cell lines. Gene analysis and protein expression demonstrated that vim and Axl were selectively expressed in drozitumab sensitive Basal B cells. Analysis of cDNA microarray data sets showed that approximately 40% of TNBC express high levels of both Axl and vim. IHC confirmed that expression of Axl and vim seen on cDNA microarray was in TNBC tumor cells. In an exploratory analysis of the relationship of vim and Axl expression to OS and DFS, Axl, vim, stage, and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy were factors found to be potentially associated with OS in univariate analyses while Axl, vim, age and stage were associated with at least trends towards significance with respect to DFS in univariate analyses. Cox models showed that higher vim levels (p=0.08) and stage I and II disease (p=0.024) were potentially associated jointly with OS, while higher Axl levels (p=0.05), age (p=0.016) and stage I and II disease (p=0.0007) were jointly associated with DFS.
Conclusions:
Preclinical data suggest that expression of vim and Axl can identify TRAIL Receptor agonist sensitive TNBC cells. Based on microarray and IHC, a subset of TNBC tumors express these markers in tumor cells. In our exploratory analysis with limited pts, greater vim and Axl expression were associated with a trend towards better DFS and OS. Vim and Axl may be useful predictive biomarkers for identifying TNBC pts in whom to test TRAIL receptor agonists.
Research funding: Safeway Foundation and National Cancer Institute.
Citation Format: Ciara C O'Sullivan, Laleh Amiri-Kordestani, Sara Sinclair, Kathryn J Chavez, Jennifer L Dine, Brandon Stone, Stephen M Hewitt, Seth M Steinberg, Sandra M Swain, Stanley Lipkowitz. TRAIL receptor agonists target basal B triple negative breast Cancer (TNBC) that expresses vimentin and axl [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-10-05.
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197
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Abstract
S100A14 is an EF-hand calcium-binding protein that has been reported to be involved in the progression of many malignancies. However, its role in ovarian cancer has not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the significance of S100A14 expression in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) as well as it's mechanism of action. On both RNA and protein levels, S100A14 was overexpressed in transformed cells. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that S100A14 expression was associated with advanced stage (P < 0.001) and poor tumor grade (P < 0.001). Moreover, S100A14 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 4.53, P = 0.029). We also investigated S100A14's functional role by employing lentiviral-mediated overexpression and knockdown in EOC cells. S100A14 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, migration, and invasion, whereas S100A14 knockdown inhibited these properties. TOV112D cells that overexpressed S100A14 also exhibited greater tumor growth potential in xenografted mice. S100A14 promoted such a malignant phenotype in EOC cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Taken together, our data indicate that S100A14 has a crucial role in EOC progression, and its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Further study of S100A14's molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyoul Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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198
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Hayase S, Sasaki Y, Matsubara T, Seo D, Miyakoshi M, Murata T, Ozaki T, Kakudo K, Kumamoto K, Ylaya K, Cheng SY, Thorgeirsson SS, Hewitt SM, Ward JM, Kimura S. Expression of stanniocalcin 1 in thyroid side population cells and thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid 2015; 25:425-36. [PMID: 25647164 PMCID: PMC4390205 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse thyroid side population (SP) cells consist of a minor population of mouse thyroid cells that may have multipotent thyroid stem cell characteristics. However the nature of thyroid SP cells remains elusive, particularly in relation to thyroid cancer. Stanniocalcin (STC) 1 and 2 are secreted glycoproteins known to regulate serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In recent years, the relationship of STC1/2 expression to cancer has been described in various tissues. METHOD Microarray analysis was carried out to determine genes up- and down-regulated in thyroid SP cells as compared with non-SP cells. Among genes up-regulated, stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) was chosen for study because of its expression in various thyroid cells by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Gene expression analysis revealed that genes known to be highly expressed in cancer cells and/or involved in cancer invasion/metastasis were markedly up-regulated in SP cells from both intact as well as partial thyroidectomized thyroids. Among these genes, expression of STC1 was found in five human thyroid carcinoma-derived cell lines as revealed by analysis of mRNA and protein, and its expression was inversely correlated with the differentiation status of the cells. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated higher expression of STC1 in the thyroid tumor cell line and thyroid tumor tissues from humans and mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SP cells contain a population of cells that express genes also highly expressed in cancer cells including Stc1, which warrants further study on the role of SP cells and/or STC1 expression in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hayase
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Kuwana East Medical Center, Kuwana, Mie, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daekwan Seo
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Bioinformatics Core, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masaaki Miyakoshi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Murata
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Dental and Oral Surgery, Tomakomai City Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Ozaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Japan
| | - Kennichi Kakudo
- Department of Pathology, Nara Hospital Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kumamoto
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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199
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Olanich ME, Sun W, Hewitt SM, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, Barr FG. CDK4 Amplification Reduces Sensitivity to CDK4/6 Inhibition in Fusion-Positive Rhabdomyosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4947-59. [PMID: 25810375 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma and includes a PAX3- or PAX7-FOXO1 fusion-positive subtype. Amplification of chromosomal region 12q13-q14, which contains the CDK4 proto-oncogene, was identified in an aggressive subset of fusion-positive RMS. CDK4/6 inhibitors have antiproliferative activity in CDK4-amplified liposarcoma and neuroblastoma, suggesting CDK4/6 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in fusion-positive RMS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the biologic consequences of CDK4 knockdown, CDK4 overexpression, and pharmacologic CDK4/6 inhibition by LEE011 in fusion-positive RMS cell lines and xenografts. RESULTS Knockdown of CDK4 abrogated proliferation and transformation of 12q13-14-amplified and nonamplified fusion-positive RMS cells via G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. This arrest was mediated by reduced RB phosphorylation and E2F-responsive gene expression. Significant differences in E2F target expression, cell-cycle distribution, proliferation, or transformation were not observed in RMS cells overexpressing CDK4. Treatment with LEE011 phenocopied CDK4 knockdown, decreasing viability, RB phosphorylation, and E2F-responsive gene expression and inducing G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. Although all fusion-positive cell lines showed sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition, there was diminished sensitivity associated with CDK4 amplification and overexpression. This variable responsiveness to LEE011 was recapitulated in xenograft models of CDK4-amplified and nonamplified fusion-positive RMS. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that CDK4 is necessary but overexpression is not sufficient for RB-E2F-mediated G1-phase cell-cycle progression, proliferation, and transformation in fusion-positive RMS. Our studies indicate that LEE011 is active in the setting of fusion-positive RMS and suggest that low CDK4-expressing fusion-positive tumors may be particularly susceptible to CDK4/6 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Olanich
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program and Applied Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Chromosome Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Svetlana D Pack
- Chromosome Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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200
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Abstract
Many adults have circulating lymphocytes with the BCL2 gene translocation characteristic of follicular lymphoma. We therefore conducted a nested case-control study of incident lymphomas with peripheral blood obtained a median 4.9 years pre-diagnosis from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Overall, 13 of 26 cases of lymphoma and 14 of 47 controls had BCL2 major breakpoint region (MBR) translocations in pre-diagnosis blood (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8). Nine cases had BCL2-MBR-positive tumors; eight of these nine had BCL2-MBR translocations in paired blood versus five of the 17 with BCL2-MBR-negative tumors (p = 0.01). Comparing both tumor types to controls, blood BCL2-MBR translocations had a strong, statistically significant association with BCL2-MBR-positive tumors (OR = 26), but not with BCL2-MBR-negative tumors (OR = 0.9). All eight BCL2-MBR-positive tumors with pre-diagnosis BCL2 translocations were clonally related to these circulating cells, based on similarity of recombination sequences. These data indicate that blood BCL2-MBR translocations represent lymphoma precursor clones with malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hirt
- a Hematology and Oncology, Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - M Constanza Camargo
- b Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Kelly J Yu
- c Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- d Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Gottfried Dölken
- a Hematology and Oncology, Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- b Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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